0001 DBADB CDABD DDBDA ADABC DCBCC BBACA ABDBD DABCB DACBA CADCD BACBB CCADD CBBCD DBBDB ABDCC CBCDD CAADB DBBDD BCDCD CBABB DAACA DCBCD CADAD BCBBD BADBB ADABB CCDDC BADAC 0005 BBDBD ACACB DABCC BDAAD CBBDC CADAD DADCB CAACC CDACD BBACB DBBDB CBDAD CCCAA ADCCD BCABD CCDDB CAADC ADDAC DDCCB CADAB BBDBC CCDAA BBBAA BCBAB DBDBD AACDB DCBAD CCADD 0008 BDBBA BABCA CABBB ACCAB DDDBC BDDAD ADBBD ABDBD ABBDB ABDAC BCDBD BDADD BADCD CDBCA BAABA DBBAD CDABB AACDB CBDBD BBABB DDCDC BCACA CBDCA BDBCD AACBC ABBDB CCBAD BCBDB 0010 CCDDA CADDD CAACB CADAA CBADD CABAC CABDC BCCAB ADBAC DCADB ABBCA DDBDA CBCDA DDDBA BABDC DAACC BDDBD DDCAA ACDCA BCDBA BCACD DCBAC DABCC CBCBB DDCCA BADCB DCCAC BBCAD 0101 DDACC BBADC BBDCD DABDB ACDAD BCBDC DDBBA BCDDB ACCDB AADBA BABBA BBDCD DBCAD DDCCB ABDCA CADCC ABBDB BCCDD BCADB DADDB CADDD CADBC ADCDB DABDA BCDAC BDDAB CBBAA DCACC 0105 BDDBC ACCAB ADCBD DABBC DDDCC ACDBB DABDC CBADB ADBAA DCABD CDDBB DBBBA CDCDB BDDAD DACAB BABCC CDDDB DADDA AABDA ACDBD CABDC ABCBD BACAD DCACA CBADD CCABD CBDAC DCDCC 0108 BCCCB ACDBB DABDB CBDBD ABBCC CBBBC ADCBC ADBCA DDAAC BACCA
人体各部位英语说法 1.头部及颈部的人体部位英语单词和英文名称 head 头 brain 脑 skull 颅骨, 头盖骨hair 头发forehead 额temple 太阳穴eyebrow 眉毛eyelash眼睫毛ophryon印堂 eye 眼睛 ear 耳朵 nose 鼻子 cheek 面颊dimple 酒涡 mole 痣 philtrum人中 lip 嘴唇 mouth 口 cavity口腔 tooth 牙齿 uvual 小舌 tonsil 扁桃腺tongue 舌 vocal cords声带decayed tooth 龋齿gum 牙龈 palate 上牙膛incisors 切齿, 门齿canine tooth 大齿premolars 前齿molars 后牙denlture 假齿 chin 下巴mustache 小胡子beard 山羊胡whiskers 络腮胡sidebums 鬓角Adams apple 喉throat 喉咙, 咽喉neck 脖子 cervical vertebra颈 椎 2、手和手掌个不稳 英文单词和英语名 称 elbow joint 肘关节 hand 手 arm 手臂 palm 手掌 finger 手指 nail 指甲 thumb 大拇指 forefinger 食指 middle finger 中指 third finger 无名指 little finger 小指 ball 拇指腕掌 half moon 甲晕 fist 拳头 knuckle 指关节 back 手背 wrist 手腕 elbow 肘 3、人体胸部和下半 身各部位英语单词 和英文名称 collarbone 锁骨 shoulder 肩 shoulder blade 肩胛 骨 shoulder joint 肩关 节 pit 胸口 breastbone 胸骨 joint 关节 rib 肋骨 chest 胸部 nipple 乳头 armpit 腋下 armpit hair 腋毛 abdomen 腹部 navel 肚脐 waist 腰 lumbar vertebrae腰 椎 back 背 backbone 脊骨, 脊 柱 blood vessel 血管 vein 静脉 artery 动脉 capillary 毛细血管 nerve 神经 windpipe 气管 heart 心脏 diaphragm 隔膜 lung 肺 kidney 肾脏 stomach 胃 gullet 食管 liver 肝脏 gall bladder 胆囊 pancreas 胰腺 spleen 脾 duodenum 12指肠 small intestine 小肠 large intestine 大肠 blind gut 盲肠 vermiform. appendix 阑尾 rectum 直肠 anus 肛门 hip 臀部 buttock 屁股 pelvis 骨盆 private parts 阴部 bladder 膀胱 penis 阴茎 testicles 睾丸 scroticles 阴囊 urine 尿道 ovary 卵巢 womb 子宫 vagina 阴道 bone 骨 skeleton 骨骼 thigh 大腿 kneecap 膝盖骨 sinew 腱 muscle 肌肉 knee 膝盖 leg 腿 shank 小腿 calf 小腿肚 foot 脚 instep 脚背 toes 脚趾 ankle 脚踝 Achilless tendon 跟 腱 heel 脚后跟 sole 脚底 arch 脚掌心 spinal marrow 脊髓 internal organs 内 脏
临床试验中的随机分组方法 时间：2009-10-23 22:17:46 来源：admin 万霞1，刘建平2 (1．中国医学科学院基础医学研究所/中国协和医科大学基础医学院流行病学教研室,北京市东单三5号, 100005; 2．北京中医药大学循证医学中心) 【摘要】成功地实施随机分配依赖于两个相关的步骤:(1)产生随机分配序列用于试验组和对照组的分配; (2)随机分配方案在随机分组实施过程中的隐匿。随机分组方法有: 简单随机化、区组随机化分段(或分层)随机化、分层区组随机化及动态随机化等;随机分配方案隐匿的方法有按顺序编码、不透光、密封的信封, 中心随机系统, 编号或编码的瓶子或容器, 中心药房准备的药物等。科研工作者在临床研究中需要根据设计方法, 正确选择随机分组及随机分配方案隐匿的方法。 【关键词】随机分配; 随机分组; 随机方案; 隐匿 随机分配方法确保对比组之间基线均衡可比,被认为是减少两组患者选择偏倚的最佳方法[1]。因此,有学者认为正是由于随机分配方法,使得随机对照试验在提高医疗卫生服务中起着至关重要的作用[2]。在临床研究中,正确地实施真正的随机分配是临床试验的关键。成功地实施随机分配依赖于两个相关的步骤[3]:(1)产生随机分配序列并用于随机分配到试验组和 对照组; (2) 随机分配方案在随机分组中的隐匿(allocation concealment)。没有随机隐匿的随机临床试验也称为开放式的随机对照试验。 有试验研究表明[4],如果用不适当的分组和双盲方法, 即使是随机临床试验,其干预效果也 会被显着地高估(在一项研究中干预效果平均被夸大约50% )。遗憾的是90%以上的随机临床试验随机分组不恰当[5]。对卫生系统重大科研课题的终审标书进行的系统评价发现,部分治疗性研究存在假的随机分组[6]。有学者分层随机选择综合性国家级中医药学术期刊4种、省级和中医学院(大学)学报类中医药学术期刊各10种, 专业杂志(如针灸) 4种, 共计28种, 从1996 年12月开始回溯20年, 从中选取所有中医药疗效评价的文章逐一评阅。研究结果发现, 83%的文章未描述随机分组方法,操作是否恰当难以判断[7]。
老托Part C精选93篇 1 Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors—he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week. 【生词摘录】 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a1820435.html,ponent: n.［C］one of several parts that together make up a whole machine or system （机器或系统的）零件；成分；组成部分 2.tutor: n.［C］someone who teaches one pupil or a small group, and is directly paid by them 家庭教师，私人教师 v. to teach someone as a tutor 给… 当家庭教师；指导 3.mentor: n.［C］an experienced person who advises and helps a less experienced person 顾问，指导人，教练
人体各个部位的英文名称，你能说出几个？很全很实用 人体须知单词 Skeleton–骷髅，骨架 Bone–骨头 Joint–关节 Vein–静脉 Artery–动脉 Nerve–神经 Blood–血液 Muscle–肌肉 头部须知单词 Hair头发，体毛，寒毛 Blonde–黄发 Brunette–棕发 Tips of your hair or end of your hair–发尖 Root of your hair or hair follicles–发根 Skull–头骨 Brain–大脑 Forehead–额头 Eye Brow–眉毛
Eye Lashes–眼睫毛 Eye balls–眼球 Eyelid–眼皮 Pupil–瞳孔 Nose–鼻子 Nostrils–鼻孔 Bridge of the nose–鼻梁Mouth–嘴 Lips–嘴唇 Upper lip–上嘴唇 Lower lip–上嘴唇 Teeth–牙齿(单数：tooth) Tongue–舌头 Tip of the tongue–舌尖Gum–牙龈 Cheek–脸颊 Cheek bone–颧骨 Jaw–腮帮子 Chin–下巴 Ears–耳朵(单数：ear) Ear canal–耳朵眼儿
Temple–太阳穴 Neck–脖子 Throat–喉咙 Adams’s apple –男生喉结Windpipe–气管 Collarbone–锁骨 四肢(Limbs)须知单词——胳膊类Arm–胳膊 Forearm–前臂 Upper arm–后臂 Wrist–手腕 Elbow–胳膊肘 Elbow joint–肘关节 Funny bone–麻筋儿 Shoulder–肩膀 Shoulder blade–肩胛 Shoulder joint–肩关节 Biceps–二头肌 Triceps–三头肌 Deltoid–三角肌 Underarm/ armpits–腋下
临床试验中对于对照选择的考虑 临床试验中对照组选择是一个常见问题，本文简单叙述了安慰剂对照的临床试验的优点，重点阐述阳性药对照的临床试验应关注的问题。 在设计临床试验时，选择对照组常常是一项关键性的决定。这一选择对研究的许多方面都会产生影响，包括：对试验的推理，在研究进行和分析中能最大限度地减少偏倚的程度，被招募的受试者类型和募集的速度，研究终点的种类，研究结果的公众可信度，研究结果对于管理当局的可接受性，以及研究的许多其他特点，包括其实施和解释。 设置对照组一个主要目的，就是可以将受试药物给病人带来的结果(症状、体征或其他病状的改变)与其他因素，如疾病的自然进展、观察者或者病人的期望、其他治疗措施等造成的结果区分开来。 从试验的实施情况看，对照分为历史对照和并行对照。仅在少数情况下，疾病的病程在特定人群中是可以预测的，并且可以使用以往研究过的类似的病人组作为'历史对照'。然而，在多数情况下，需要有一个并行的对照组。 并行的对照组是从与试验组相同的人群中选出的，并且作为研究受试药物的同一个试验的一部分按规定的方法接受治疗。试验组和对照组的所有基线值，以及除了试验治疗外的其他可能影响结果的有关变量都应当相似。达不到这样的相似性就可能在研究中引入偏倚，从而使对治疗结果的估计偏离它的真实值。随机化和盲法是常用的两种技术，用以预防这种偏差的发生，以及保证试验组和对照组在开始研究时彼此相似，并在研究过程中接受相似的处理。试验设计是否包括有这些特性是决定临床试验质量和说服力的关键因素。 本文主要讨论并行对照中最常用的两种对照(安慰剂和阳性药)特别是采用阳性药作为对照的临床试验需要关注的问题。 一、总体考虑 在临床试验中，选择安慰剂还是阳性药作为对照组，根据临床试验目的、目标适应症人群、临床研究阶段、药政管理当局的要求等而不同。总体来说，在临床试验中选择安慰剂作为对照有许多优点。 首先，对于良好执行的临床试验而言，安慰剂对照试验能够可靠地证明研究药物的疗效，不像非劣效性设计试验，需要引入外在药效灵敏度的假设，以及需要考虑试验的检测灵敏度；其次，安慰剂对照的临床试验能够明确研究药物的绝对疗效；第三，能够较好地区分不良事件是由药物引起还是由于某些潜在的疾病或其他因素造成；第四，具有较高的效率，相对于任何其他并行对照研究相比，它需要的患者样本数较小；第五，可以减少来自于受试者和临床研究人员所期望的疾病改善程度，增加检测研究药物真实疗效的能力。 二、选择阳性药作为对照组的临床试验需要关注的问题
老托福听力93篇(33-34)-Today I want to talk about 33 Today I want to talk about the Earth's last major climatic shift, at the end of the last ice age. But first, let's back up a moment and review what we know about climatic change in general. First, we defined "climate" as consistent patterns of weather over significant periods of time. In general, changes in climate occur when the energy balance of the Earth is disturbed. Solar energy enters the Earth's atmosphere as light and is radiated by the Earth's surface as heat. Land, water, and ice each affect this energy exchange differently. The system is so complex that, to date, our best computer models are only crude approximations and are not sophisticated enough to test hypotheses about the causes of climatic change. Of course, that doesn't keep us from speculating. For instance, volcanic activity is one mechanism that might affect climatic change. When large volcanoes erupt, they disperse tons of particles into the upper atmosphere, where the particles then reflect light. Since less light is entering the system of energy exchange, the result would be a cooling of the Earth's surface. Of course, this is just one possible mechanism of global climate change. In all probability, a complete explanation would involve several different mechanisms operating at the same time. 【生词摘录】 1. climatic: adj. connected with the weather in a particular area 气候的 2. ice age: one of the long periods of time, thousands of years ago, when ice covered many northern countries 冰川期，冰河时代 3. consistent: adj. always having the same beliefs, behavior, attitudes, quality etc(信仰、行为、态度、品质等)一贯的，一致的;始终如一的 4. disturb: v. to interrupt someone so that they cannot continue what they are doing by asking a question, making a noise etc 干扰，打扰;使中断 5. radiate: v. if something radiates light or heat, or if light or heat radiates from something, it is sent out in all directions 辐射(光或热);(向四面八方)发射 6. crude: adj. not developed to a high standard or made with great skill 粗制的 7. approximation: n. [C]a number, amount etc that is not exact, but is almost correct 概算，近似值 8. hypothesis: n. [C]plural hypotheses, an idea that is suggested as a possible way of explaining a situation, proving and idea etc, which has not yet been shown to be true 假设，假说 9. speculate: v. to think or talk about the possible causes or effects of something without knowing all the facts or details 猜测，推测 10. disperse: v. if something disperses or is dispersed, it spreads over a wide area(使)消散;(使)分散 11. cooling: n.[U]the process of becoming cooler; a falling temperature 冷却 34 I know you're anxious to get your permits and get started. But there're just a few things I'd like to mention that might help you avoid trouble during your stay. First of all, make sure you carry adequate water. You'll need it if you're hiking, especially in this heat. A good rule of thumb is to bring one gallon per person per day this time of year. Don't try to rely on the park's natural springs to supply all your water needs. And please, do not use soap in the springs. It's your responsibility to protect the park's natural features. For those of you staying beyond the weekend, make sure that you set up camp well away from dry creekbeds. We may get some heavy rainfall, and those creekbeds could quickly
头:head 头顶：the top (或：crown)of the head 发：hair 额：forehead 太阳穴:temple 面部:face 颊:cheek 颧骨:cheekbone 眼:eye 眉毛:eyebrow 睫毛:eyelash 眼皮:eyelid 眼球:eyeball 瞳孔:pupil 虹膜:iris 耳:ear 耳膜鼓:ear drum 听道:auditory canal 鼻:nose 鼻孔:nostril 鼻腔:nasal cavity 鼻梁:brdge of the nose 人中:philtrum 口:mouth 唇:lip 舌:tongue 牙:tooth(teeth) 齿冠:crown 齿龈:gum 齿根:root;fang (牙)珐琅质:enamel 硬腭:hard palate 软腭:soft palate 小舌:uvula 扁桃体:tonsil 声带:vocal cords 咽头:pharynx 下巴:chin 颚,颌:jaw 颚骨:jawbone 颈;脖子:neck 吼:throat 咽喉:larynx
项;颈背:nape（或：scruff)of the neck 身躯,躯干:trunk 背:back 肩:shoulder 腋窝:armpit 胸:chest 乳房:breast;thorax 乳头:nipple 腰:waist;loins 肚脐:navel;belly button 腹:abdomen;belly 上腹:the upper abdomen 下腹;the lower abdomen 腹股沟:groin 臀部:buttocks;hips;bottom;backside 生殖器:genitals;genital organ 肢:limb 臂:arm 上臂:upper arm 前臂:fore arm 胳膊弯:bend (或：crook)of the arm 肘:elbow 腕:wrist 手:hand 手背:back of the hand 手掌:palm of the hand 手指:finger 大拇指:thumb 食指:forefinger;index finger 中指:middle finger 无名指:ring finger 小指:little finger 指甲:finger nail 腿:leg 大腿:thigh 小腿:lower leg;shank 膝:knee 膝关节:knee joint 膝盖骨:kneecap 膝弯:hollow of the knee;back of the knee 腿肚:calf 踝:ankle 足:foot(feet) 脚背:instep
在临床试验设计中设对照组的重要性 中国医学论坛报社名誉总编辑照日格图 Ｄｒａｚｅｎ教授在这一次来访期间，参观访问了北京的３家医院和１个专科疾病研治中心，与不少专家教授和科研人员进行了面对面的交流。他反复强调，他此次北京之行的目的是为推动中国临床医学科研的发展。在言谈话语中提到的最多的是临床研究的设计问题。在临床研究的设计方面，提到和讨论的最多的是设对照组的问题。 这个问题看起来似乎很简单，我们在国内开展的和在国内期刊上刊登的许多临床研究文章都设有对照组。大家对设对照组的目的和方法也并不陌生。但实际上这个问题并不简单。有不少已经设的对照组实际上并不合适，因此研究的结果和结论缺乏说服力。目前还有不少研究没有设对照组。有些临床工作者认为，一些临床研究，特别是有创性治疗方法的临床研究，似乎不能设对照组。例如，Ｄｒａｚｅｎ教授在参观了北京西山医院神经疾病研治中心黄红云医师用细胞移植方法治疗肌萎缩性侧索硬化症（ＡＬＳ）及脊髓损伤的病房后，建议其开展一项设有假手术（ｓｈａｍｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ）对照的临床研究。黄红云医师则提出设假手术对照组完全是不可行的，其原因有多种，包括伦理学、假手术本身对病人可能造成伤害、病人不可能接受、有关管理部门不会批准，等等。黄医师还提出了极具挑战性的反问：“为什么心脏移植、肾脏移植和肝脏移植这样全世界在普遍开展的手术治疗的疗效没有经过随机对照的研究去证实？”Ｄｒａｚｅｎ教授对这些问题的意见如何？我们究竟应当如何看待这些问题？以下介绍Ｄｒａｚｅｎ教授发表的意见和与这些问题相关的文献资料中有关的一些内容。 有创性疗法临床研究中设假手术对照的先例 当今世界上对病人进行新疗法临床研究时，有没有设立假手术对照组的先例呢？回答是有的，虽然不太多。我们以“ｓｈａｍｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ”为主要检索词，年代限制设为１９９５年３月至２００５年３月，文献类型设为“临床试验”，未加其他限制条件情况下，检索Ｍｅｄｌｉｎｅ结果得到１１１篇文章。其中有相当一部分文章虽然提到“ｓｈａｍｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ”但真正以有创性操作为对照的文章也许不到一半。但毕竟还是有一些。现举其中的几例。美国科罗拉多大学医学院Ｆｒｅｅｄ等报告的用胚胎多巴胺神经元脑内移植治疗重症帕金森病的研究（ＮＥｎｇｌＪＭｅｄ２００１３４４７１０）中，假手术对照组的病人也与治疗组病例一样接受局部麻醉，在前额部颅骨上钻４个孔，但不打开硬脑膜。另一项研究是美国休斯敦市退伍军人事务医学中心Ｍｏｓｅｌｅｙ等报告的关于关节镜手术治疗膝关节骨关节炎的临床试验（ＮＥｎｇｌＪＭｅｄ２００２３４７８１）。全部病例都提供了知情同意书，其中包括这样的内容：“我了解到，进入本项研究后我可能只接受安慰手术。我进一步了解到，这意味着我的膝关节将得不到手术治疗。这种手术对我的膝关节炎将没有益处”。３２４例连续就诊并且满足入选条件的病人中，１４４例（４４％）拒绝参加该研究。随机分组后，治疗组病例在气管插管后常规全麻下接受关节镜下清创和关节腔冲洗治疗。对照组的病例则接受了短效静脉内镇静剂和一种阿片类药并自主呼吸术者在膝关节处皮肤上切开了３个１ｃｍ长的切口，没有将任何器械插入关节腔，但模拟了关节镜下手术，包括使盐水发出一定的如同手术中的声音以及在手术室中停留的时间与清创手术相近等。该试验证实，经关节镜行关节腔清创和冲洗疗法对膝关节骨关节炎的疗效并不优于假手术对照组的效果。澳大利亚悉尼市的Ｔｏｏｕｌｉ等在一项奥狄括约肌功能紊乱的内镜括约肌切开术治疗研究中，对被随机分配到假手术对照组的病人，也用内镜将乳头切开刀送到十二指肠内，但并没有进行切开术Ｇｕｔ２０００４６９８。有趣的是，三个亚组中对照组即奥狄括约肌狭窄（１３例）、运动障碍（１０例）和胆管压力正常（１９例）病人，经过假手术后分别有５例、５例和８例在术后２４个月时，疼痛均有好转，其中只有第一个亚组括约肌切开术引起了比假手术更大的改善（Ｐ＝０．０
1 Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. Y ou education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. Y ou'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. Y ou can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors---he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. Y ou can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week. 2 I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so
1、头部及颈部的人体部位英语单词和英文名称head 头 brain 脑 skull 颅骨, 头盖骨 hair 头发 forehead 额 temple 太阳穴 eyebrow 眉毛 eyelash眼睫毛 ophryon印堂 eye 眼睛 ear 耳朵 nose 鼻子 cheek 面颊 dimple 酒涡 mole 痣 philtrum人中 lip 嘴唇 mouth 口 cavity口腔 tooth 牙齿 uvual 小舌 tonsil 扁桃腺 tongue 舌 vocal cords声带 decayed tooth 龋齿 gum 牙龈 palate 上牙膛
incisors 切齿, 门齿 canine tooth 大齿 premolars 前齿 molars 后牙 denlture 假齿 chin 下巴 mustache 小胡子 beard 山羊胡 whiskers 络腮胡 sidebums 鬓角 Adams apple 喉 throat 喉咙, 咽喉 neck 脖子 cervical vertebra颈椎 2、手和手掌个不稳英文单词和英语名称elbow joint 肘关节 hand 手 arm 手臂 palm 手掌 finger 手指 nail 指甲 thumb 大拇指 forefinger 食指 middle finger 中指 third finger 无名指 little finger 小指 ball 拇指腕掌 half moon 甲晕
knuckle 指关节 back 手背 wrist 手腕 elbow 肘 3、人体胸部和下半身各部位英语单词和英文名称collarbone 锁骨 shoulder 肩 shoulder blade 肩胛骨 shoulder joint 肩关节 pit 胸口 breastbone 胸骨 joint 关节 rib 肋骨 chest 胸部 nipple 乳头 armpit 腋下 armpit hair 腋毛 abdomen 腹部 navel 肚脐 waist 腰 lumbar vertebrae腰椎 back 背 backbone 脊骨, 脊柱 blood vessel 血管 vein 静脉 artery 动脉 capillary 毛细血管
器官组织 throat 喉 collar bone 颈骨 rib 肋骨 hip 髋部 thigh 大腿 ankle 踝关节 neck 颈 shoulder 肩膀 chest 胸腔 elbow 肘 spine 脊骨 wrist 腕关节 knee 膝盖 shin 小腿骨 heel 后脚跟 toe 脚趾 eye 眼 eyelid 眼睑 eyelashes 睫毛eyebrow 眉毛 ear 耳朵 cheek 脸颊 forehead 额头 mouth 嘴 tongue舌头 teeth 牙齿（复数：tooth) chin 下巴 waist 腰 lip 嘴唇 finger 手指 thumb 大拇指 belly 肚 skeleton 骨架，骨骼skull 头颅,头骨 brain 脑 intestines 肠 heart 心 liver 肝 kidney 肾 stomach 胃 lung 肺 blood vessel 血管vein 静脉 artery 动脉capillary 毛细血管nerve 神经diaphragm 隔膜internal organs 内脏stomach 胃 liver 肝脏gallbladder 胆囊pancreas 胰
spleen 脾 duodenum 十二指肠small intestine 小肠large intestine 大肠caecum 盲肠vermiform appendix 阑尾rectum 直肠 anus 肛门 kidney 肾脏 bladder 膀胱 penis 阴茎 testicle睾丸 scrotum 阴囊 urethra 尿道 ovary 卵巢 womb 子宫vagina 阴道 cell（细胞）chromosome（染色体）gene（基因） tissue（组织） organ（器官） blood vessel（血管）artery（动脉） vein（静脉） cerebral（大脑的）cerebral death（脑死亡）forehead（额头）wrinkles（皱纹）eyebrow（眉毛）eyelid（眼皮，眼睑）eye（眼睛） 疾病 Disease 疾病anemia, anaemia 贫血angina pectoris 心绞痛appendicitis 阑尾炎arthritis 关节炎bronchitis 支气管炎cancer 癌catarrh 卡他,粘膜炎chicken pox, varicella 水痘cholera 霍乱 cold 感冒,伤风,着凉(head) cold 患感冒diabetes 糖尿病diphtheria 白喉
临床试验常用的英文 Accuracy准确度 Active control, AC阳性对照，活性对照 Adverse drug reaction, ADR药物不良反应 Adverse event, AE不良事件 Adverse medical events不良医学事件 Adverse reaction药物不良反应 Alb白蛋白 ALD（Approximate Lethal Dose）近似致死剂量 ALP碱性磷酸酶 ALT丙氨酸氨基转换酶 Analysis sets统计分析的数据集 Approval批准 Assistant investigator助理研究者 AST天门冬酸氨基转换酶 ATR衰减全反射法 AUCss稳态血药浓度－时间曲线下面积Audit稽查 Audit or inspection稽查／视察 Audit report稽查报告 Auditor稽查员 Bias偏性，偏倚 Bioequivalence生物等效应 Blank control空白对照 Blind codes编制盲底 Blind review盲态审核 Blinding method盲法 Blinding/ masking盲法，设盲 Block分段 Block size每段的长度 BUN尿素氮 Carryover effect延滞效应 Case history病历 Case report form/ case record form, CRF病例报告表，病例记录表
Categorical variable分类变量 Cav平均浓度 CL清除率 Clinical equivalence临床等效应 Clinical study临床研究 Clinical study report临床试验的总结报告Clinical trial临床试验 Clinical trial application, CTA临床试验申请Clinical trial exemption, CTX临床试验免责Clinical trial protocol, CTP临床试验方案Clinical trial/ study report临床试验报告 C max峰浓度 Co-investigator合作研究者Comparison对照 Compliance依从性 Composite variable复合变量 Computer-assisted trial design, CATD计算机辅助试验设计Confidence interval可信区间Confidence level置信水平Consistency test一致性检验Contract research organization, CRO合同研究组织Contract/ agreement协议／合同 Control group对照组Coordinating committee协调委员会 Crea肌酐 CRF(case report form)病例报告表Crossover design交叉设计 Cross-over study交叉研究 Css稳浓度 Cure痊愈 Data management数据管理 Database建立数据库Descriptive statistical analysis描述性统计分析 DF波动系统Dichotomies二分类 Diviation偏差Documentation记录／文件 Dose-reaction relation剂量－反应关系Double blinding双盲
老托福听力93篇(27-28)-It seems like only yesterday 27 It seems like only yesterday that I was sitting where you are, just finishing my first year of medical school and wondering if I'd ever get a chance to use all my new knowledge on a real live patient! Well, I have good news for you! You don't have to wait until your third or fourth year of medical school to get some hands-on experience! The dean has invited me here to tell you about the university's rural opportunity program. If you enroll in this program, you can have the opportunity this summer, after your first year of medical school, to spend from four to six weeks observing and assisting a real physician like me in a small rural community. You won't have to compete with other students for time and attention, and you can see what life as a country doctor is really like. The program was designed to encourage medical students like yourselves to consider careers in rural communities that are still understaffed. It seems that medical students are afraid to go into rural family practice for two reasons. First, they don't know much about it. And second, specialists in the cities usually make more money. But, on the up-side, in rural practice, doctors can really get to know their patients and be respected members of the community. I participated in the program when it first started and spent six weeks in a small rural town. Let me tell you, it was really great! I got to work with real patients. I watched the birth of a child, assisted an accident victim, and had lots of really practical hands-on experience—all in one summer. And to my surprise, I found that country life has a lot to offer that city life doesn't—no pollution or traffic jams, for instance! My experience made me want to work where I'm needed and appreciated. I don't miss the city at all! 【生词摘录】 1. live: adj. not dead or artificial; living 活的;非人造的;有生命的 2. hands-on: adj. providing practical experience of something by letting people do it themselves 实际操作的，亲身实践的 3. enroll: v. to officially arrange to join a school, university or course, or arrange for someone else to 招(生)，吸收(成员);注册(学习) 4. physician: n. [C]AmE formal a doctor 【美，正式】(内科)医生 5. understaffed: adj. not having enough workers, or fewer workers than usual 人员(配备)不足的，人手不够的 6. up-side: n. especially AmE the positive part of a situation that is generally bad【尤美】(不利局面中)好的一面，积极面 7. victim: n. [C]someone who has been attacked, robbed, or murdered 受害者;牺牲者 8. jam: n.[C]a situation in which it is difficult or impossible to move because there are so many people, things, cars etc close together 拥挤;堵塞 9. appreciate: v. to understand how good or useful someone or something is 欣赏;赏识;鉴赏 28 In the few minutes that remain of today's class, I'd like to discuss next week's schedule with you. Because I'm presenting a paper at a conference in Detroit on Thursday, I won't be here for either Wednesday's or Friday's class. I will, however, be here for Monday's. Next Friday, a week from today, is the midterm exam, marking the halfway point in the semester. Professor Andrews has agreed to administer the exam. In place of the usual Wednesday class, I've arranged an optional review session. Since it is optional, attendance will not be taken; however, attending the class would be a good idea for those worried about the midterm. So, remember: optional class next Wednesday; midterm, Friday.