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建筑学专业英语modern housing prototypes 现代住宅的原型

建筑学专业英语modern housing prototypes 现代住宅的原型
建筑学专业英语modern housing prototypes 现代住宅的原型

two-1evel unit复式单元

single-loaded 外廊式

double-loaded adj.内廊式

Walk-up n.无电梯的公寓/adj.无电梯的

skip-stop corridor 隔层设置的走廊

corridor-every-floor 每层设置走廊的

vertical circulation system 垂直交通系统

low-rise adj.低层;high-rise adj.高层

rowhouse adj.联排式住宅;slab n.板式住宅;tower n.塔式住宅

Single-orientation unit单一朝向单元

Double-Orientation Unit 90°转角单元

Double-Orientation Unit, open-ended 双向开敞的单元

natural light 自然采光

natural ventilation 自然通风

mechanical ventilation 机械通风

transverse walls 横墙

building codes 建筑规程

staggered- plan 交错变化的平面

auxiliary mean 辅助设施

self-contained adj.设备齐全的

single-run 单跑楼梯

return stairs双跑楼梯

英汉互译包含在以下加粗部分及最后一堂课讲到的例子中。

Unit 10 Section 1

Intensive Reading

Modern Housing Prototypes 《现代住宅的原型》

Roger Sherwood (罗杰·舍伍德)

Part I

INTRODUCTION

This book is presented in the belief that a reexamination of some of the great housing projects of this century is appropriate at a time when the design of housing commands the attention of architects the world around. The buildings offered here as case studies were selected because of their importance as prototypes, projects that set the standards and patterns of much that was, and is, to follow. Other considerations were diversity –so that a wide range of countries, buildings types and problems would be represented –and architectural quality. My assumption is that there is no excuse for poor architecture; that housing, like all buildings, to paraphrase Geoffrey Scott, must be convenient to use, soundly built, and beautiful.

当今住宅设计受到全世界建筑师的关注,所以对本世纪一些伟大的住宅项目

重新考究是无可厚非的,这本书就基于此观念做了一些介绍。这里提供作为案例研究的建筑由于它们作为原型的重要而被挑选,它们确定了许多标准和模式去遵循。其他的考虑是多样化和建筑品质,多样化使得大量的国家、建筑形式和问题将被陈述。我的假设是任何低劣的建筑都是没有理由的,就像所有的建筑一样,住宅——套用杰弗里·斯科特的话——必须使用方便、建造地优良并且美观。

But why prototypes? One of the essential points of heuristic thought – the process of discovery and invention relating to problem solving – is the awareness that, until a problem is clearly defined, guesses or conjectures must be made to help clarify the problem. During the period of uncertainty, reference to analogous problems can be used to give a new turn to one’s thinking. Through the study of solutions to related problems, a fresh conclusion may be reached.

但是为什么要有原型?一个基本的具有启发性思考的关键——发现和发明的过程与问题的解决相关——就是意识到在一个问题直到被清晰地定义以前,都必须运用猜想或推测帮助问题的澄清。在这段不确定的时期,参考类似的问题能够给一个人的思考以新的转折。通过对相关问题解决办法的研究,也许可以得到一个全新的结论。

Various writers have suggested that it is never possible to state all the dimensions of a problem, that ―truly quantifiable criteria always leave choices for the designer to make.‖In the absence of clear design determinants, and to avoid purely intuitive guessing, it has been argued that analogous reference might give design insight; that perhaps a paradigm of the problem might be accepted as a provisional solution, or an attack on the problem might be made by adapting the solution to a previous problem; that during the period when many of the variable are unknown, a ―typology of forms‖ might be used as a simulati ve technique to clarify the problem.

许多作者已经暗示过陈述一个问题的所有维度(所有方面)是绝不可能的,―精确的可定量的尺度总是留给设计师自己决定‖。由于缺少明确的设计决定因素以及为了避免纯粹直觉的猜想,讨论认为相似参照物需给出设计观点,这样也许问题的范例可以当做临时的解决方法,或者作为问题的突破,以调整之前问题的解决方法;当处于很多可变因素都未知的时期,原型(―象征形式‖)可以作为模拟技术使问题变清晰。

The notion of using an analogous problem as a paradigm for gaining insight into a present problem is not, of course, new. A mathematician typically looks for an auxillary theorem having the same or a similar conclusion. In architecture, invention often passes through a phase of groping, where ideas about a projected building form are triggered by exposure to some existing building with a similar program, functional specification, or site condition. The analogous building then becomes in some sense a model or a prototype.

用相似的问题作为范例而得到对于当前问题深刻认识的理念当然并不新鲜。一位数学家通常寻求一个有着相同或类似结论的辅助定理。在建筑中,创造通常是经过一个摸索的阶段获得,在此过程中,一些现存的建筑有着相似的制式、功能规格或基地条件,通过对这些因素的揭示,引发出预想建筑形式的概念,那么这些类似的建筑物在某种意义上就成为一种模型或者原型。

The use of prototypes is especially useful in the design of housing because housing lends itself to systematic typological study. Most building types, such as theaters, schools, factories, or even office buildings, have to respond to different programs and are rarely consistent and repetitive. Housing, because it consists of repeating units with a consistent relation to vertical and horizontal circulation, can more logically be studied in terms of its typological variations. Although housing would seem to embrace almost unlimited possible variations, in fact there are not many basic organizational possibilities and each housing type can be categorized easily.

原型的用处在住宅设计中显得尤其突出,因为住宅需要系统类型的研究。大多数建筑类型,像剧场、学校、工厂、甚至办公楼,都必须响应不同的策划,所以极少连续和重复。住宅,由于包括重复的单元,它们有一致的水平和垂直流线的联系,所以可以依照类型上的变化来进行更加逻辑性的研究。尽管住宅似乎包含几乎无限种可能的变化,但事实上没有那么多基本组织的可能性,而且每一种住宅组织类型都可以被简单地归类。

While building regulations, construction techniques, and housing needs have considerable impact on the form that housing may take at any given time in any given culture, still only a few dwelling unit types are plausible, and these units may be collected together in only a few rather limited ways that do not change very much from country to country. An apartment building unit today in Zagreb – as an organization of building units – is much like an apartment building in Berlin or Tokyo. Even extreme cultural requirements, such as the provision for a tatami life-style in Maekawa’s Harumi slab in Tokyo (Figure 10—1), have resulted in an organization that can easily be compared to a Western model: Park Hill in Sheffield of the sixties(Figure 10—2). For example, is organizationally similar. Both have larger and smaller units in the typical section.

虽然建筑规程、建造技术和住宅需求会在任何指定时间和任何指定文化之下对建筑形式产生相当大的影响,仍然有少量的居住单元形式是合理的,这些被选择的单元以很少的相当局限的方式组合在一起,这些方法在国家与国家之间改变很小。现今在萨格勒布的一个公寓大楼单元——像一个建筑单元的组合——与柏林或东京的公寓大楼很像。即使是极端的文化需求,例如在东京的提供榻榻米生活方式的Maekawa's Harumi公寓,也成为一个组织能够容易地与西方范例作比较:例如,60年代在谢菲尔德(Sheffield)的Park Hill(湖滨公寓)(图10-2)。他们在组织上很相似,都在典型的剖面中有大大小小的单元。

Entrance to the larger of the two – a two-level unit – is at the corridor level, with rooms above: stairs lead to the smaller unit below. In each, therefore, the corridor occurs at every other level, and stairs lead up and down from there. Although the position of the stairs, kitchen, and both are different – along parallel walls in Harumi and in a zone parallel to the corridor in Park Hill – and the sitings of the buildings are quite different, nevertheless they are organized fundamentally alike. Even the Arab housing designed in Morocco in the fifties by

ATBAT(Figure 10—3), where cultural requirements dictated absolute visual privacy, outdoor cooking, and a lack of the usual room subdivisions and conventional toilets, resulted in a building which, although it has a peculiar checkerboard elevation, is more or less a conventional single-loaded, gallery access apartment building.

通向两个中较大的一个复式单元的入口是在走廊层面上,它的上方有房间:楼梯通

向下面较小的单元。因此,在每一栋楼里,走廊出现在每两层,楼梯引导着内部上与下。尽管楼梯和厨房的位置都不一样——(楼梯)沿着Harumi的平行墙和一个平行于Park Hill走廊的区域——以及建筑的基址也相当不同,但他们的组织形式基本上是相同的。甚至在50年代由ATBAT事务所设计的位于摩洛哥的Arab住宅(图

10-3),(这是为传统穆斯林设计的住宅)当地的文化要求决定着:要有绝对的视觉私密性、户外烹调,由于缺乏对普通房间的划分和传统的厕所,尽管它有着独特的棋盘式立面,也导致这个建筑差不多就是传统的外廊、走廊进入式的公寓建筑。Whatever his cultural, economic and technical constraints, every architect is confronted with choices and questions about organization. How will the individual apartments be arranged? How will the mix of different apartment types be accommodated? What circulation systems –horizontal and vertical –can service this mix of apartments? What is the best circulation system? Walk-up or single-loaded, double-loaded, or skip-stop corridor system? Where is entrance and access to the vertical circulation system? What building form dose this collection of units take: low-rise or high-rise, rowhouse, slab or tower? These fundamental organization questions are pertinent to any housing project. Modern Housing Prototypes is intended to provide the architect with a set of analogues references to help him solve these basic organizational problems.

无论它的文化,经济,技术限制如何,每个建筑师都应该要正视组织形式的选择和问题。如何布置单独的公寓?如何使混合的不同公寓类型相互适应?什么样的交通系统能给混合的公寓提供水平和垂直的服务?什么是最好的交通系统?无电梯的公寓、外廊式、内廊式、还是隔层设置走廊系统?哪里是垂直交通系统的入口和通道位置?单元集合采取怎样的建筑形式:低层,高层,联排住宅,板式住宅还是塔式住宅?这些基础的组织问题与各种住宅项目都息息相关。《现代住宅的原形》试图提供给建筑师一套类似的参考去帮助他们解决这些基本的组织问题。

Unit 11

Section 1

Intensive Reading

Modern Housing Prototypes

Roger Sherwood

Part II

Unit Types

Beginning with basic apartments or units, only two are suitable for repetitive use; one other –the 90° double-orientation unit – has limited application. The basic types are:

Single-orientation

unit

Double-Orientation Unit

90°

Double-Orientation Unit,

open-ended

从基本的公寓或单元开始,只有两个是适合重复使用的;另一个转角单元有限制适用条件。基本的形式有:单一朝向单元、转角单元和双向开敞单元。

Each of these three unit type has several typical variations, depending upon the positioning of core elements –kitchen, bath and stairs (when used inside the unit) –the entrance options, and the depths necessary for natural light. Minimum unit dimensions vary from country to country as building regulations and construction practices differ, and the arrangement of core elements, natural light, and ventilation requirements change from place to place.

这三个单元类型中的每一个都有几个典型的变化,取决于核心元素:厨房、洗浴室、楼梯(当它在室内使用的时候)的位置,入口的选择和自然光所需的进深。极少量的单元尺寸随着各国建筑法规和结构实践的不同而不同。核心元素的安排,自然采光和通风要求随着地域不同而变化。

Single-orientation unit 单一朝向的单元

Units that open or face to one side come in two types: with core elements arranged along transverse walls, perpendicular to the corridor. Although these units have a preferred side –they face outward and are most often used where three sides are closed except for the entrance from the corridor (a typical double-loaded corridor arrangement) – some single-loaded, open gallery-access versions may have some minor windows opening to the gallery.

有一面开敞或单一朝向的单元演变出两种类型,它们的核心元素垂直于走廊沿横墙布置。虽然这些单元有更好的朝向——它们朝向外面,经常以通向走廊的入口开敞其他三边都围闭的方式被使用(一种典型的内廊安排)——一些外廊式的、向走廊开口的类型可能会有一些小窗户开向走廊。

Single-orientation unit: transverse core.单一朝向单元:横向核心

This type has the advantage of using the transverse structural wall for core elements, so that most plumbing and mechanical stacks are adjacent to structural walls in a back-to-back arrangement between units. The obvious disadvantage with the type is that the kitchen and in some cases the bath are taking up exterior surface which could be better used for living and sleeping areas, since under many building codes the kitchen and bath do not require natural light and ventilation. An awkward plan can result when the kitchen is on one transverse wall and the bath on the other. Also, the blank exterior walls that core elements tend to create (especially with the small windows typically used in a kitchen or bath) generate elevational problems: these blank surfaces also contradict the preferred side characteristics of the type.

这种形式的优势是利用横向的结构墙用作核心元素,因此大部分的管路系统和机械堆叠在单元之间背靠背地毗邻结构墙。这种形式有个明显的缺点就是:厨房,以及在某些情况下洗浴室占用了对于起居室和卧室来说更好的外表面,因为在很多建筑规程里厨房和洗浴室不需要自然采光和通风。一个糟糕的平面会导致厨房在一边横墙而洗浴室在另一边。同时,核心元素想要创造的空白的外墙(特别是用在厨房和浴室的典型的小窗子)产生立面问题:这些空白表面也和更好一面的形式特征相抵触。

The typical unit may include a scheme where the kitchen and bath are together on one wall with the kitchen to the outside, like the Sorgenfri block in Malmo, Sweden, by Jaenecke and Samuelson (Figure 11-1). Other variations include two-story units such as Lincoln Estate slab by J. I. Martin (Figure 11-2). Here two units interlock around an interior core of stairs and toilets; the kitchen in each unit is in a zone along the transverse wall on one side of the building. Park Hill (Figure 10-2) has a similar arrangement although it employs an alternate level corridor; the floor above and below the corridor level are double-orientation unit types (open both front and rear), with the kitchens lining up on one side of the building.

典型的单元包括这样一种方案,厨房和浴室一起占据同一面墙而厨房靠外,就像由Jaenecke和Samuelson在瑞典马尔莫设计的sorgenfri社区(图11-1)。其他的变化包括二层单元,像J.I.Martin设计的林肯酒庄板式楼(Lincoln Estate)(图11-2)。两个单元围绕室内的楼梯、卫生间核心相互结合在一起;在每个单元中,厨房处于一个沿横墙的区域里布置在建筑的一边。Park Hill有着相似的布局(图10-2),虽然他采用了另外一种水平廊道。廊道上下的楼层是双向开敞的单元形式(前后都开门),厨房排成一行布置在建筑的一侧。

FIGURE 11-1 Sorgenfri apartment block, Malmo, Sweden, Jaenecke and Samuelson, 1959

FIGURE 11-2 Lincoln Estate, London. Martin, Bennett, and Lewis, 1960.

Unit 12

Section 1

Intensive Reading

Modern Housing Prototypes

Roger Sherwood

Part Ⅲ

Single-orientation unit; interior core along the corridor.单一朝向单元;内部核心沿走廊布置。

In the more common type of single-orientation unit, the core elements are arranged in a zone parallel and adjacent to the corridor. Entrance is through this zone into the main spaces of the apartment, thus letting the major rooms open to the preferred side of the building. The kitchen and bath are interior spaces with mechanical ventilation. This simpler plan usually features a compact back-to-back kitchen and bath grouping and clear, consistent zoning of spaces. The double-loaded corridor slabs designed by Mies van der Rohe (Figure 12-1) are planned this way. He modifies the idea slightly in the Lake Shore Drive apartments (Figure 12-2), where the bath and kitchen are back-to-back but the kitchen opens to the major spaces on the preferred side. Although more typically a plan for double-loaded corridor buildings (where apartments are located on both sides of the corridor), the type is also used for single-loaded or access-gallery plans. The Lamble Street project by Powell and Moya (Figure 12-3) is an example of this type. Or, for a lower density type, there are the courtyard houses by Korhonen and Laapotti in Finland (Figure 12-4).

在多数普遍的单一朝向单元中,核心元素被布置在平行和紧邻走廊的区域。入口通过这个区域进入到住宅的主要空间,这样使得建筑的主要房间能向更好的朝向开敞。厨房和浴室设在内部空间,带有机械通风设备。这种简单的平面通常以紧密相连的厨房、浴室组团和清晰连续的空间划分为特征。由密斯凡德罗(Mies van der Rohe)设计的内廊式板式建筑就是以这种方式设计的(图12-1)。他在湖滨公寓(Lake Shore Drive

apartments)设计中稍微修改了一下这个概念,厨房和浴室仍然紧密相连,但厨房开向更好朝向的主要空间(图12-2)。尽管这种设计在内廊式建筑中更为典型(房间在走廊两边均有布置),但这种类型也同样适用于外廊式和走廊进入式的平面。由Powell和Moya负责的Lamble大街项目是这种类型的例子(图12-3)。或,在低密度类型中,有芬兰的Korhonen和Laapotti设计的带有庭院的住宅(图12-4)。

Aalto’s apartments at Bremen (Figure 12-5), an unusual variation of the single-orientation type, consist of fan-shaped units opening out to the site. Core elements here, although placed along transverse structural walls, are nevertheless in an interior zone along the corridor. The preston housing by Stirling and Gowan (Figure 12-6) is a two-storey version of the same type. These two are single-loaded corridor examples, but the single-orientation unit type is probably most advantageous where three sides of the unit are closed, implying a double-loaded, corridor-every-floor organization.

阿尔托(Aalto)设计的不莱梅港(Bremen)的公寓(图12-5),是一个单朝向户型的不寻常的变体,由向基地外围开敞的扇形单元组成。这里的核心元素,虽然是沿着横向结构墙布置的,却是在一个沿着走廊的室内空间内。斯特林(Stirling)和高恩(Gowan)设计的普林斯顿(Preston)住宅(图12-6)是一个户型相同的两层的版本。以上两种是外廊式住宅的实例,然而这个单朝向单元类型可能对于那些三面封闭的,意味着内廊式,每层设置楼梯的结构组织是最适用的。

A common variation of the single-oriented unit (applicable to units with either transverse or interior core) works from a strategy of increasing the exterior surface on the open side of the unit so that more rooms can get light and air. Le Co rbusier’s Immeuble Villas projects of the twenties (Figure 12-7) were of this type: L-shaped units around an open terrace. Although the Immeuble Villas are two-storey units with minor windows on the corridor side of the upper floor of each unit, implying a double orientation, the zone of large volumes and terraces to one side contribute to a definite preferred condition. This type can work in a single- or double-loaded situation. Bishopsfield and Charters Cross housing at Harlow by Michael Neyland (Figure 12-8) is another example of a repeating L-plan, in this case, double-loaded with corridor walls containing only minor windows to the kitchens.

一个单朝向的普遍变型单元(适用于横的或是室内的核心)工作原理即是通过增大单元开敞一边的外表面来使得更多的房间可以获得采光通风。勒.柯布西耶的二十世纪―I mmeuble别墅‖(―大厦别墅‖)项目就是这一单元类型(图12-7):L形的单元围绕开放的平台。虽然―Immeuble别墅‖是两层的单元,每个单元的上层面向走廊一边有小窗户,这意味着它的双朝向性,但是大量的区域和一边的阳台是用作划分一个较优的环境。这一类型可适用于外廊或内廊的建筑设计情况。位于哈洛(Harlow)并由Michael Neyland (迈克尔.尼兰)设计的―Bishopsfield and Charters Cross‖住房是另一个重复―L‖型单元的例子,在这个案例,内廊的廊道上只有厨房那一面墙有小窗口。

Aalto’s Hansa apartments in Be rlin (Figure 12-9) are basically a single-oriented type that follows the strategy of increasing exterior surface: its U-plan features dining, living, and bedrooms all around a central terrace. Schindler’s EL Pueblo Ribera houses at La Jolla (Figure 12-10) are also single-orientation, U-shaped units coupled together in pairs with hedges used to define and enclose the courtyard spaces.

阿尔托在柏林的汉莎公寓(Hansa apartments)(图12-9)是在单朝向的类型基础上遵循增加外表面的策略:它的U型平面是以餐厅、起居室和卧室围绕一个中心平台作为特色。辛德勒在la Jolla的EL Pueblo Ribera住宅也是单朝向的U型单元,两个单元通过

划分界限和围合庭院空间的树篱结合起来(图12-10)。

A possible variation of the single-orientation type is the matte housing scheme, where a matrix of walls is built with each unit inside a walled-in area. Access requirements limit the number of collective arrangements possible, but Egon Eiermann’s matte housing in Frankfurt of 1966 (Figure12-11) is an example of this type. Although there are small private gardens on the entrance side of each apartment, most major spaces open to a private garden to the rear, establishing the single orientation.

单朝向样式的一种可能的变体是表面粗糙的住宅方案,这个方案是在每一个单元用墙围住的区域内部,墙像矩阵一样排列建造。(如图12-11)。入口的要求限制了单元集体安排的数量,但是Egon Eiermann设计的在1966年法兰克福的表面粗糙的住宅就是这种类型的一个例子(图12-11)。虽然在每个公寓入口一边有小的私人花园,但是大多数

FIGURE 12-9 Hansaviertel apartments, Alvar

Unit 13

Section 1

Intensive Reading

Modern Housing Prototypes

Roger Sherwood

Part Ⅳ

Double-Orientation Unit, 90°(degrees) 转角单元

Double-orientation unit types come in many variations and can be collected together in many different ways. The corner type or 90° double-orientation unit may be seen simply as a singly-oriented in which one of the three closed walls has been opened up. This limits the strategies of collecting units together, since each needs a corner, and the use of this type seems to be limited to towers, smaller freestanding buildings, and to certain kinds of terrace housing.

双朝向单元有很多种变型,且可以通过很多不同方式集合起来。转角型或称90°双向开敞单元可以简单看成是单朝向建筑三面围合的墙体中有一面打开的形式。由于每个单元都需要有一个转角,这些单元组合的方式便受到了限制,而且这种类型建筑的运用范围貌似被局限在塔式建筑、小型独立建筑和一些特定类型的阶梯式住宅。

Frank Lloyd Wright’s Suntop Homes are a good example of this type: four units within crossed party walls, e ach three stories high opening at the corner. Wright’s earlier versions like the Cloverleaf development (Figure13-1) introduced an internal courtyard. St. Mark’s Tower (Figure13-2) and the built version of it, the Bartlesville Price Tower, adopt the same parti of four corner units with core elements on the interior. Buildings employing this kind of unit necessarily must be freestanding, with private entrance required for projects like Suntop and common lobbies for towers like Bartlesville.

弗兰克.劳埃德.赖特(Frank Lloyd Wright)设计的Suntop Homes(阳光屋顶住宅)便是这种类型的佳例:四个单元围绕着十字型分户墙设置,每个单元均三层楼高且在转角开敞。赖特(Wright)在他早期的设计譬如三叶草四翼房(Cloverleaf Quadruple Housing project)中,引入了室内庭院。圣马克塔楼(St. Mark’s Tower)和与它类似的另外一个建成建筑,巴特尔斯维尔(Bartlesville)的普赖斯塔楼(Price Tower),均采用了四个转角单元围绕内部核心的相同的构图。采用这种单元的建筑必须是独立的,且具备像suntop项目中的私人入口和像巴特尔斯维尔(Bartlesville)这种塔式建筑中的公共大堂。

FIGURE 13-1Cloverleaf project. Frank Lloyd Wright, 1939.

FIGURE 13-2St. Mark’s Tower, project. Wright, 1929.

Other examples of one- or two-story corner units include the atrium houses at Sc hwerzenback in Switzerland by Kunz (Figure13-3) and the Candilis, Josic, and Woods projects, which often consist of buildings planned to gain the corner advantage even to the extent of creating site arrangements consisting of many staggered-plan buildings in an overall system designed to maximize peripheral surface (Figure13-4). Most com pact towers use this type: for example, the Vallingby tower by Ancker and Gate (Figu re13-5) or the Nirwana apartment buildings by Duiker (Figure13-6), which have a muc h larger area in plan but are organized with an apartment in the each corner.

其他的一层或两层的转角单元的实例包括位于瑞士Schwerzenback、由Kunz设计的atrium houses和Candilis, Josic,Woods项目。这些建筑通常由建筑平面组织构成去获得转角优势,甚至在某种程度上进行场地规划的创造,即在整个系统中包含许多错列平面设计的建筑用来获得最大外表面(分别说出了图13-3和13-4的手法)。大部分紧凑型塔楼都是用这种类型:例如Ancker和Gate设计的Vallingby tower(图13-5)和Duiker设计的Nirwana公寓(图13-6),这些平面面积很大但都是由每个角落部分的组团构成的

Various permutations of the tower use a strategy of creating more exterior surface and hence more corner conditions. While many of these are not strictly 90° units, they are versions of the corner unit in that they cannot be repeated in linear fashion like the singly-oriented types. The Baldessari in the Hansa project in Berlin (Figure13-7) or the Albany Houses in Brooklyn by Fellheimer, Wagner, and V ollmer, done for the New York City Housing Authority (Figure13-8), are examples of this variation.

这些塔楼的各种变换方式通过创造更多外部平面来获得更多的转角条件。尽管当中的许多并不是严格的90°度转角单元,但它们还是属于转角单元的类型,因为他们不能像单一朝向开敞型单元一样呈线性重复。柏林Hansa(汉莎)项目中的Baldessari(图13-7),以及由Fellheimer、Wagner和V ollmer为纽约市房产管理局(New York City Housing Authority)设计完成的位于布鲁克林的Albany Houses(奥尔巴尼住宅)(图13-8),都是这种类型的例子。

FIGURE 13-7Hansaviertel tower, Berlin. Luciano Baldessari, 1956.FIGURE 13-8The Albany Houses, New York. Fellheimer, Wagner, and Vollmer, 1950.

Pinwheel plans such as the Candilis, Josic, and Woods project at Bagnols sur Ceze of 1957 (Figure13-9) try to maximize the corner situation. O. M. Ungers employed this idea with a slightly different variation in the Markischesviertel project in Berlin in 1962 (Figure13-10). Here bedrooms are put into the corners, which are solid except for small windows; the leftover void is designated as living space. Essentially, it is a corner, pinwheel parti that generates – when used in combination – a distinctive staggered site plan (Figure13-11). This

was a popular idea at Markischesviertel, and many architects besides Ungers used it.

像Candilis, Josic, 和Woods于1957年在Bagnols sur Ceze的项目中的风车型平面(图13-9),便尝试着把转角条件最大化。O. M. Unger运用这种设计思想再经过稍微的变化,在1962年完成了柏林的Markischesviertel项目(图13-10)。在这个项目中,卧室被安置在各个角,墙面开小窗;建筑剩余的空间便被设计成起居之类的使用空间。从本质上来说,正是转角、风车构图的混合运用生成了独特的错列式平面(图13-11)。这是Markischesviertel住宅中所流行的设计思想,并且除了Ungers之外,很多建筑师都会运用它。

All these projects are perhaps derived from various Candilis, Josic, and Woods schemes for cluster housing in the mid-fifties, where pinwheel blocks or towers hook up with each other to make a kind of continuous building (Figure13-12).

由于在五十年代中期,风车式块儿状建筑和塔式建筑相互搭接(/交融)而产生出一种连续性的建筑,因此所有这些类型的项目很可能都源自这个时期里Candilis, Josic,和

13-9

Still other strategies to increase peripheral surface and multiply corners are the slipped-slab schemes such as this by A/S Dominia in Copenhagen (Figure13-13). Lasdun in the Bethnal Green towers (Figure13-14) uses the same idea, as does Aalto with the Hansa block in Berlin.

另外,滑动错开型板式建筑方案是另一种增加外表面和多个角落的方法,例如A/S

Dominia在哥本哈根设计的塔楼(图13-13)。Lasdun在Bethnal Green

towers(贝思纳

尔格林塔楼)方案中使用了与Aalto在柏林

Hansa街区项目中同样的方法(图13-14)。

Figure13-13 Tower,Copenhagen. A/S Dominia, c. 1960. Figure13-14 Bethnal Green towers, London. Denys Lasdun, 1960.

Some terrace housing projects utilize a more complex version of 90° or corner unit. The Zollikerberg project in Zurich by Marti and Kast (Figure13-15) is an example of this. Here two-story L-shaped atrium units are placed on top of one anther and stepped up a slope, with a retaining wall against the slope. Side walls are punctured only with small windows. There is a preferred condition toward the garden, but the living room becomes the dominant void at one corner.

一些阶梯式(退台式)住宅项目利用了更为复杂的带90°的或角落单元的方式,Marti 和Kast在苏黎世的Zollikerberg项目就是这样的一个例子(图13-15)。在这里,两层的L形中庭单元被放置在花状平面里的其中一个“花蕊”的顶部并沿着一个斜坡叠加,斜坡通过挡土墙支撑加强。侧墙仅仅被开小窗户而削弱,这样有更好的条件去朝向花园,但起居室便会成为一个角落的主导空间。

The Stucky and Meuli units also in Switzerland (Figure13-16) step up a slope, again with the windowless retaining wall against the slope and with essentially closed walls on the two sides. All major rooms open to a continuous terrace, and the living room, which is the main space, opens to two sides at the corner. The above examples are not, strictly speaking, just 90°units because each apartment has openings to three side and does not attach horizontally to other units; however, the positioning of the living room as a large volume at the corner emphasizes the corner condition.

Stucky(斯塔基)和Meuli(穆利)在瑞士设计的项目单元(图13-16),再次利用没有窗的挡土墙支撑坡道并用完全封闭的实墙在两侧加强坡道。所有的主要房间开向连续的平台,而主要的起居室则开向一个角落的两边。严格意义上来说,上述例子不是仅仅90°的转角单元,因为每个单元的公寓向3面开放,而且在水平方向上没有和其他单元紧密地连在一起;然而, 鉴于客厅在转角处是一个的很大的体量,它的位置强调了转角的地位。

Figure13-15 Zollikerberg terrace housing,

Zurich. Marti and Kast, 1964.

Figure13-16 Terrace housing, Zug, Switzerland. Stucky and Meuli, c. 1960.

The drawing of the Aalto terrace house at Kauttua (Figure13-17) shows this condition three-dimensionally with openings to three sides. But this only suitable on very narrow sites, and a more typical condition perhaps would be side-by-side Kauttuas with each unit more literally a corner type. Denys Lasdun’s beautiful apartment block at St. James Place in London of 1960 (Figure13-18) is a high-rise example of the same condition. Although it is a tower backed up to an existing party wall on the side open space on the other three sides, it is spatially a 90° type. By use of an ingenious split-level section, Lasdun has been able to further accentuate the corner orientation of the living room, which is one and one-half floors high and opens to a park on the preferred side of the building.

Aalto 位于Kauttua 的退台式住宅的草图以三维角度展示了这种向三面开敞的情况(图13-17)。但这种方法只适合在非常狭窄的位置上,而且在一个更典型情况下Kauttuas 的联排式住宅可能比转角类型更实际。Denys Lasdun 在伦敦圣詹姆斯广场(St. James Place )建于1960年的美丽的公寓楼是一个在相同环境下的高层的例子(图13-18)。虽然这是一个塔楼,后退到现存分户墙的一边,其他三边开敞,但这是一个十分重要的转角空间类型。通过利用一个巧妙的错层剖面设计, Lasdun 已能够进一步强调起居室的转角方向,它是一个一层半高、面向建筑较好方位的公园开敞的客厅。

Figure13-17 Terrace housing, Kauttua, Finland.

Alvar Aalto, 1938.

Figure13-18 Apartment tower, St. James Place, London. Denys Lasdun, 1960.

Unit 14

Section 1

Intensive Reading

Modern Housing Prototypes

Roger Sherwood

Part V

Double-Orientation Unit, Open-Ended 双向开敞的单元

While single-orientation units are suitable for buildings with double-loaded corridors that open to each side and for hillside housing or

single-loaded corridor buildings that turn their backs upon some undesirable

site condition such as a highway or a northern exposure, housing units with a

double orientation are far more common. Probably stemming from the common

sense advantage of repeating units while maintaining maximum exterior surface,

this system of placing open-ended units side by side is perhaps the oldest form of collective urban housing.

单朝向单元适用于两侧都向走廊开门的内廊式建筑和山地住宅,还有背对着诸如公路或暴露的北面等一些不利场地因素的单廊式建筑,相对来说,双朝向的住宅则更加普遍。也许出于常识,重复的单元有维持最大的外表面积的优势,这种并排设置末端开口的单元系统或许是集体城市住宅最古老的方式。

A dwelling unit that is open at each end has many organizational options. If the unit is very deep, light is minimal and the open ends are not much of an advantage. O. M. Ungers’ Green Belt South housing of 1965 (Figure 14-1) or the Backen, Arrigoni, and Ross project in Tustin (Figure 14-2) are good examples of very deep units. In e ach, unit is so long that some auxiliary means of lighting the interior has been used. With Ungers, a parallel open slot lets light into the four-story building, while in the T ustin project a system of interior courtyards is used, resulting in a one-story building. 一个在每个末端都开口的居住单元有多种组织方式可以选择。如果单元的进深很大,光线是十分有限的,末端开口就不能带来多大的作用了。O.M. Ungers在1965年的作品Green Belt South housing(图14-1),或者在Tustin(塔斯廷)的Backen、Arrigoni和Ross项目(图14-2),在大进深单元中都是一些很好的案例。在每个例子中,单元都非常狭长以至于要应用一些室内照明的辅助设施。Ungers的项目中,一对平行的开口槽让光线可以照射进四层楼高的建筑,而在Tustin项目中运用了内部庭院的方法,因此建筑是单层的。

Figure 14-1 Green belt, South housing, Zollstock, Germany. O. M. Ungers, 1965.

Figure 14-2 Patio housing, Tustin, California. Backen, Arrigoni, and Ross, 1069.

By comparison, units such as Lurcat’s rowhouses at the Vienna Wer kbund Exposition (Figure 14-3) do not have a light problem because they are so shallow. But because the rooms are small, core elements come to an outside wall and the stairs are actually attached to the exterior as a separate element. So there are general criteria for optimum depth: shallower units could very well become single-orientation types, deeper units have to find some other means of introducing light, such as interior courtyards (which are unsuitable for high-rise buildings). Optimum widths and depths are also a function of building requirements: room sizes, stairs, and so on.

相比之下,像在维也纳联盟博览会上Lurcat的联排式房屋一样的单元就不存在采光问题,因为它们的进深很小(图14-3)。但因为房间很小,核心元素靠着外墙,并且楼梯实际上是作为一个单独的元素连接到外部。因此对于最佳进深有一般的准则:进深较小的非常适合变成单朝向类型,进深较大的则必须找到一些其他方法引入光线,例如内部庭院(这不适合高层建筑)最佳的宽度和深度还与建筑的功能要求:如房间尺寸、楼梯等等有关。

The open-ended slot requires open space outside the unit at each end and usually some means of providing privacy – a garden wall, for example – except where the unit is well off the ground. Access to this type can be from either end or, in the case of multistory buildings, from within, making internal skip-stop corridor systems mandatory. Walk-up units, which were especially popular in Europe before the postwar proliferation of high-rise building –Siemensstadt, for example (Figure 14-4) – also give access at an interior point.

两端开口的狭长住宅要求在单元的尽头有室外公共空间,以及一些通常意味着提供私密性的空间——除了离开地面的住宅单元外,园墙就是例子。进入这种类型住宅可以从单元的任何一端,或者对于多层建筑来说,从单元里面,必须通过内部隔层设置的走廊系统。在战后高层住宅激增前,无电梯的公寓在欧洲是非常受欢迎的,如Siemensstadt 住宅(图14-4),它也是通过内部进入的。

Figure 14-3 Rowhouses, Werkbund Exhibition, Vienna. Andre Lurcat, 1932. Figure 14-4 Siemensstadt housing, Berlin. Fred Forbat, 1930.

Generally, the double-orientation type is at least a two-story unit, so the architect must consider where the stair, kitchen, and bath can be put. Basically, the types may be classified as either transverse (stair perpendicular to the long axis of unit) or longitudinal (stair parallel to the long axis). Following are a few examples of the double-orientation types.

一般来说, 双向开敞单元是至少有两层楼的单元, 所以建筑师必须考虑楼梯、厨房、卫生间的摆放位置。基本上,这种类型可分为要么横向(楼梯垂直于单元长轴),要么纵向(楼梯平行于长轴)两类。下面一些是双向开敞单元的例子。

Double-orientation unit, open-ended;interior stair and core, longitudinal stair.

末端开口的双向开敞单元;内部楼梯和核心,纵向楼梯单元。

Sometimes called a ―dumbbell‖ plan because of its form –a void at each end and a concentration of parts in the middle – this type positions the major living spaces to the outside, where an opening to private outdoor space is a possibility, and keeps the core elements, including the stairs, on the interior. The dumbbell plan rowhouse has a tradition dating back to medieval times and in most Western cities was probably the most common form of housing until the invention of the rigid structural frame. Historic examples are wide-ranging: Scamozzi’s Procuratie Nuove of the s eventeenth century in Venice (39) is entered from an interior courtyard via stairs, with major living spaces facing the Piazza San Marco and sleeping spaces opening to the garden and the Grand Canal –palatial quarters ingeniously planned, of incredible beauty.

有时会称之为“哑铃”式平面,由于它的形式——两端上有空隙,各部分在中间集聚——这种类型将主要的生活空间与室外相连,使开放的私人户外空间得以实现,而楼梯等核心要素保留在内部。直到发明框架结构以前,哑铃平面的联排式住宅都保持着中世纪时代的传统并且在大部分西方城市中可能是最普通的建筑形式。历史案例广泛分布:在17世纪威尼斯,斯卡莫齐(Scamozzi)设计的Procuratie Nuove住宅(图14-5),建筑通过楼梯进入内庭院,而主要的起居空间面向圣马可广场,卧室则面向花园和威尼斯大运河开放——巧妙的设计,富丽堂皇的房间,难以置信的美丽。

Figure 14-5 Procuratie Nuove, Venice. Vincenzo Scamozzi, seventeenth century. Figure 14-6 Typical townhouse, Baltimore. Nineteenth century.

On the other hand one may find a rowhouse from Baltimore of the nineteenth century, which is typical of urban housing in the eastern part of the United States prior to 1920 or so (Figure 14-6). The dumbbell plan is popular in the United States because building codes allow interior kitchens and baths. Other examples include the rowhouses at Reston (Figure 14-7)and those at Roehampton by the London County Council (Figure 14-8).

在19世纪的巴尔的摩可以找到另一种联排别墅,那是一种在大约1920年之前美国东部的典型的城市住宅(图14-6)。因为当地建筑规范允许有室内厨房和浴室,因此使得哑铃式平面在美国十分的普遍。而其他联排别墅的例子,在雷斯顿(Reston)(图14-7)和伦敦罗汉普顿(Roehampton)郡议会可以找到(图14-8)。

Figure 14-7 Rowhoues, Reston, Virginia. Whittlesey and Conklin, 1964. Figure 14-8 Rowhouses, Roehampton. London County Council, 1952.

The typical early twentieth-century walk-up housing consisted of a dumbbell plan that was entered from an interior hallway. Even though European building codes tend to require that kitchens have exterior windows, a dumbbell type of plan usually results. Examples are Sert’s Peabody Terrace at Harvard (Figure 14-9) and Siemensstadt (Figure 14-4), the huge project outside Berlin of the 1930s. There one finds many different buildings done by many different architects, but all are just minor variations of the same unit type –a situation probably encouraged, in Germany at least, by Mies van der Rohe’s block at the Stuttg art Weissenhof exhibition of 1927 (Figure 14-10). This is the type of walk-up unit that was used in Germany to the practical exclusion of all else for almost two decades. The walk-up unit with a dumbbell plan is also popular in England, the King Street project by Morton, Lupton, and Smith (Figure 14-11) perhaps being representative of recent rowhousing there.

在二十世纪早期,典型的无电梯公寓是由从内廊进入的哑铃式平面组成的。即使欧洲的建筑法规倾向于要求厨房有外部窗口,哑铃类型的平面通常也可以做到。例如塞尔特(Sert)设计的位于哈佛大学的皮博迪公寓(Peabody Terrace)(图14-9),和建于20世纪30年代的在柏林城外的大型工程siemensstadt(图14-4)。在那里,可以找到很多由不同建筑师设计的不同的建筑,但全部都是仅仅有较小变化的同一种单元类型—一一种至少在德国可能被鼓励的形式,即是密斯凡德罗在1927年的斯图加特维森霍夫

建筑学专业英语翻译

建筑学专业英语翻译 1.1 新建筑时代的文化融合 Since the 1990s, China has obviously speeded up its steps to open the architectural field to the outside world. That is fully testified by its extensive adoption of the competition mechanism,introducing intern ati onal bidd ing for some importa nt con structi ons. As a result, visi ons of domestic architects have been expanded, t heir mentality updated, and a number of prominent masterworks created.The successful biddi ng for quite a few major projects by foreig n architects marks the begi nning of Chin a's accession into the international community in the architectural sector. 自20 世纪90 年代开始,中国明显力口快了向世界开放建筑领域的步伐,此事通过中国广泛采纳竞争机制,为一些重要建筑引入国际招标可以得到充分证 实。由此,国建筑师的眼见得以被扩充,心态得到升华,大量的知名建筑被创造。大量的重要建筑项目被国外的建筑师成功中标,标志着在建筑面中国融入国际社会的开始。 Just like the country's accession into the World Trade Organization, which originally provoked controversies among some Chinese people who worried aboutabout the fate of the domestic enterprises, only a temporary sacrifice of domestic architectural sectors can create cha nces for theirfuture success in ever- in creas ing intern ati onal competiti ons. 正如中国加入世界贸易组织一样,一些中国人担心国企 业的命运,只是暂时牺牲国建筑行业,在不断增加的国际竞争中创造未来的成功几会。 We still remember the words sighed out by a participating Chinese group of architects after the first round of review of the desig ning biddi ng for the Nati onal Cen ter for the Perform ing Arts. "We admit our in feriority to foreign competitors," they said. 我们还记得一个参与表演艺术中心投标的中国团队的建筑师们在 第一轮审查之后的叹气。我们承认相比外国竞争对手我们的劣势,“他们说。

建筑学专业英语词汇

a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDWARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯 j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】 【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】 【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】 【Timber 木材】 【Metallic Materials 金属材料】 【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】 【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】 【Building Hardware 建筑五金】 【Paint 油漆】 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语 【Discipline 专业】 【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】 【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】 【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】 【Drafting 制图】 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design b. STAGE OF DESIGN 设计阶段

建筑学专业英语翻译

Exhibition Hall Art Gallery In Bonn 波恩美术展览馆 这个建筑坐落在波恩市博物馆的旁边,非常地醒目,它是另一个建立在这个庞大正方形基础上的建筑,(它的)平行六面体的每条底边均长达95.7米,该建筑还有一个高11米的平台,可以栽种树木,有一个可供展览的花园以及恍如天堂般的曲径小道;上面还建有三个突出的焦点——3痤园锥体塔楼,屹立在开阔的风景线上,3面用于内部采光的天窗就是该建筑的标识了。 主通道位于东北方,通向与博物馆共享的公共区域,布满了像迷宫一样呈网状分布的小型植物。沿着弗里德里希·埃伯特大道,往东北方向或有些阻碍——11根柱子分列于两痤恢宏大厦之间,柱上点缀着一些纵向的充满韵律感的浮雕,象征并代表着十一个领域所取得的丰功伟绩。从这些柱子开始,地面上的一道时髦的白色线条引领着人们直达入口,一条又长又窄的阶梯将人们从这个区域引向最高的天台。 这个入口门厅是虚化处理的平行六面体结构,穿过它的就来到另一个外部天井,门厅的表面朝两个方向分别布满了光滑的波纹状和对角形斜纹。 这个正方形基础,已按9×9m的网形布局进行过调整,分为一个沿边的环状带和四个内部区域,即入口门厅,有观众席的讨论区,主馆和中央大厅。 外围的地带包括办公室,商店,会议室,图书馆,经典画廊。它露出了它自己在屋顶上覆盖了西南一半的天窗,(通过天窗)将自己从花园中分离出来。 展览的地方提供了一个独特的可供小型、中型、大型房间单独使用的同时,其或以不同方式合并的系统。 主馆是一个大的、呈长方形、两层高的空间,它被在两个侧面的天窗和对面角落里的锥形光明塔照亮。在中央大厅,有一个双跑的楼梯爬上墙壁、庭院和内部的双重空间。两者结合起来形成的中心广场的空间被上层的房间包围。在背叠式风格里,在这个楼层和双重空间里,可以找到对应的第二光塔的圆形大厅。第三个(光塔的圆形大厅)位于建筑的东北- 西南轴上,这个轴线包含了一个集合在门厅和礼堂之间的部分大厅、一个在东南外立面上的三层双跑楼梯的后门。

建筑类英文翻译

英语翻译1 外文原文出处: Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342 补充垂直支撑对建筑物抗震加固 摘要:大量的钢筋混凝土建筑物在整个世界地震活跃地区有共同的缺陷。弱柱,在一个或多个事故中,由于横向变形而失去垂直承载力。这篇文章提出一个策略关于补充安装垂直支撑来防止房子的倒塌。这个策略是使用在一个风险的角度上来研究最近实际可行的性能。混凝土柱、动力失稳的影响、 多样循环冗余的影响降低了建筑系统和 组件的强度。比如用建筑物来说明这个 策略的可行性。 1、背景的介绍: 建筑受地震震动,有可能达到一定程 度上的动力失稳,因为从理论上说侧面 上有无限的位移。许多建筑物,然而, 在较低的震动强度下就失去竖向荷载的支撑,这就是横向力不稳定的原因(见图。提出 了这策略的目的是为了确定建筑物很可 能马上在竖向荷载作用下而倒塌,通过 补充一些垂直支撑来提高建筑物的安 全。维护竖向荷载支撑的能力,来改变 水平力稳定临界失稳的机理,重视可能 出现微小的侧向位移(见图。 在过去的经验表明,世界各地的地 震最容易受到破坏的是一些无筋的混凝 土框架结构建筑物。这经常是由于一些

无关紧要的漏洞,引起的全部或一大块地方发生破坏,比如整根梁、柱子和板。去填实上表面来抑制框架的内力,易受影响的底层去吸收大部分的内力和冲力。 这有几种过去被用过的方法可供选择来实施: ) 1、加密上层结构,可以拆卸和更换一些硬度不够强的材料。 2、加密上层结构,可以隔离一些安装接头上的裂缝,从而阻止对框架结构的影响。 3、底楼,或者地板,可以增加结构新墙。这些措施(项目1、2和3)能有效降低自重,这韧性能满足于一层或多层。然而,所有这些都有困难和干扰。在美国,这些不寻常的代价换来的是超过一半更有价值的建筑。 4、在一些容易受到破坏的柱子裹上钢铁、混凝土、玻璃纤维、或碳纤维。 第四个选项可以增加柱子的强度和延性,这足以降低柱子受到破坏的风险在大多数的建筑物中。这个方案虽然成本比前面低,但是整体性能也会降低,对比较弱的地板破坏会更加集中。加强柱子的强度在美国很流行,但它的成本依旧是很高的。在发展中国家,这些先进的技术对某些种类的加料或加强,还不能够做到随心所欲。 这个程序的提出包含了另一个选择,美国已经运用这个选择用来降低房子倒塌的风险。这个方法是增加垂直支撑,来防止建筑在瞬间竖向荷载作用下就倒塌(见图。这是 为支撑转移做准备的,当柱子 被剪切破坏和剪切衰弱时。这 个补充支撑通常是钢结构、管 道支撑或木材支撑。他们通常 安装在单独的柱子上,但(图 钢柱也可以被放置在能承担 的水平框架上。这种技术能有 效的降低自重,从而降低了建 筑在瞬间竖向荷载下就遭到 破坏。在水平方向的强烈震 动,产生的不稳定大概很少被想到。补充的安装垂直技撑相对比较便宜。一些有用的空间可能通过安装支撑被影响,可是这是一些微不足道的比较。在美国为建筑安装一些补充支撑现在非常流行。

建筑学专业英语1.2

1.对任何住宅设计进行讨论时,必须包括美的概念,以及如何来评价美。因为 美是一个难以捉摸的想法,尽管我们都不愿意承认这一点。关于美的某些方面和设计只能主观地处理,但是,最是容易理解的也可以客观地来审查。2.美不是抽象的,它是真实的。美是在旁观者的眼睛中是没有必要的,它主要是 客观的、可量化的。这儿有三个准则是亨利爵士沃顿在十七世纪转述的,来自于公元前一世纪维特鲁威的著作,至今仍然适用,是关于住宅设计的基本测量模块的三个标准。这些标准分别是:便利实用性、稳固性、愉悦舒适性。 3.什么是便利实用性,是构建适合它的用途?还是让它看起来像什么一样。我 们正在谈论住房的时候可以扪心自问一下,希望它是像加拿大的房子?而不像瑞士别墅或者是詹姆斯一世的庄园或者是加州灰姑娘平房?是材料占有的位置并安排他们,所以才让他们尊重现有的环境?诚实的使用建材不等于住房只能用木材和石材,玻璃和铝可能更合适,事实上,可能在某些情况下会更自然。是否适用会影响平面图,这是在小房子尤为关键。它的循环利用工作是否能做好?房子的分区可以提供生活和安静的区域吗?有足够的空间,来做饭、打扫卫生,和所有的与从事家庭相关的活动吗? 4.稳固性和是否充足的建设有关。是否都是采用优质的材料?是否正确使用技 术?是否还有具有良好的工艺?天气会不会影响墙壁和屋顶?有没有不必要的维护?一个住房差到极点是因为,它的不充足建设使它不能成为美的对象。 5.愉悦的舒适性是一个奇妙的词,它意味着给旁观者以开心和高兴。同样,我 们现在谈的不是抽象的概念,而是可以量化的现实。 6.规模涉及的是:人与建筑物或人与场所的大小关系。当我们看一个建筑时, 我们希望找到线索如何解释它的大小。我们的眼睛寻找我们所知道的东西。 我们所熟悉的大小尺寸的砖和普通门的尺寸,当那些尺寸是我们所期待的时候,我们会感到舒服自在。规模的另一个方面涉及我们作为个体的重要性的感觉。如果我们周围出现大量,我们认为我们可以应付环境的元素。 7.比例是一些事情,或之间的一个事件的尺寸大小之间的比较关系。窗口有宽 度与高度尺寸的关系。一个房间有一个宽度长度,高度的关系。房子的大小有关的窗户或门的大小,它可能包含其中。在大规模,处理一个开放空间的大小比例,比如游戏场,可以与周围的建筑物的高度进行比较。一些比例相比其它会显得更令人顺眼。也有过很多尝试,如制定规则来达到令人满意的大小关系。人体的比例通常是密集的美感的来源。 8.和谐来源于以这样的方式把东西放在一起:即建筑的个体相互一致、相互和 谐。建筑式样的混合或随机混合材料,这是不恰当的。举个例子来说,如果主体外墙材料是砖,同时也有大面积的石头,或者石头和木头,那样是不和谐的。一群建筑应该呈现出一致性的形状、表面材料,颜色,等等。这并不意味着一刀切,但表明应该保持在一个有限的范围内变化。 9.节奏是我们生命过程的一个基础部分。我们的心脏跳动,到我们呼吸的方式 都遵循相同的一个节奏。睡眠和清醒之间的变化节奏都是我们的生活中是一个基本因素。因此节奏呼吁我们存在的最深根源,引起强烈的情绪反应。在音乐中最简单的节奏形式是鼓掌,在舞蹈中最简单的节奏形式是踏步。鼓掌必须处理好时间间隔,在建筑中也是如此,模式通过元素之间的距离来创建。 10.整体和谐就是合一。显然,将会有很多部分来组成一个设计,但我们应当能 够认识到它们是如何被放在一起的,来发挥整体的功能。一个建筑必须和观察者所知道的事实相关。这并不意味着一刀切,但表明应该保持在一个有限

建筑学专业词汇中英文翻译

. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 b. DESIGN STAGE 设计阶段 c. CLIMATE CONDITION 气象条件 d. GENERAL ROOM NAME 常用房间名称 e. ROOFING & CEILING 屋面及天棚 f. WALL(CLADDING) 墙体(外墙板) g. FLOOR & TRENCH 地面及地沟 h. DOORS 、GLASS、WINDOWS & IRONMONGERY(HARDW ARE)门、玻璃、窗及五金件 I. STAIRCASE、LANDING & LIFT(ELEVATOR)楼梯、休息平台及电梯 j. BUILDING MATERIAL WORDS AND PHRASES 建筑材料词汇及短语 【Bricks and Tiles 砖和瓦】 【Lime, Sand and Stone 灰、砂和石】 【Cement, Mortar and Concrete 水泥、砂浆和混凝土】 【Facing And Plastering Materials 饰面及粉刷材料】 【Asphalt (Bitumen) and Asbestos 沥青和石棉】 【Timber 木材】 【Metallic Materials 金属材料】 【Non-Ferrous Metal 有色金属】 【Anti-Corrosion Materials 防腐蚀材料】 【Building Hardware 建筑五金】 【Paint 油漆】 k. OTHER ARCHITECTURAL TERMS 其它建筑术语 【Discipline 专业】 【Conventional Terms 一般通用名词】 【Architectural Physics 建筑物理】 【Name Of Professional role 职务名称】 【Drafting 制图】 a. DESIGN BASIS 设计依据 计划建议书planning proposals 设计任务书design order 标准规范standards and codes 条件图information drawing 设计基础资料basic data for design 工艺流程图process flowchart 工程地质资料engineering geological data 原始资料original data 设计进度schedule of design

建筑学专业英语

1 转型和解型 Architecture and construction, by their nature, undergo a constant process of physical transformation, from concept to drawings, and from drawings to buildings. 建筑和建筑,从本质上说,接受一个物质转换的连续过程,从概念到图纸,从建筑图纸。Further, architects themselves are constantly under a process of transformation; they unavoidably exist between the multiple poles of reality and abstraction, of the man-made and the natural, of present and future. 进一步,建筑师本身是不断在转型过程中,他们难免之间存在着多极化的现实和抽象、人造和自然,对现在和未来。 John Hejduk noted that a painter starts from the real world, and works towards abstraction; an architect works the opposite way. 约翰·斯指出,一个画家开始从真实的世界,努力抽象的概念,一个建筑设计师的作品相反的方向。 However, “a significant architect is one who, when finished with a work, is as close to that original abstraction as he could possibly be...” 然而,“重大的建筑师是这样的人:当完成工作,尽量接近原始抽象化,他可能是…”Transformation is moulded by three major factors: 转换所塑造的三大因素: 1 External Constraints 外部约束 This refers to natural, environmental constraints imposed on a building, such as wind, topography, view, exposure, orientation, etc. 这是指自然、环境限制一栋建筑,如风能、地形地貌、视图、曝光、取向等。 2 Internal Requirements 内部需求 This refers to conditions applied to a building, such as building code, planning issues, program requirements, budget, etc. 这是指条件应用于建筑,比如构建代码,规划问题、项目的要求,预算等。 3 Artistic Response 艺术响应 This refers to the ability, attitude and will of the architect in developing and manipulating built forms based on the above factors. 这是指能力、态度和将架构师的开发和操作形式兴建基于上述因素。 Throughout the 20th century, building form and configuration typically evolved out of a direct response at least the first two of these factors, based solely on programmatic conditions which could be quite restrictive, predictable and utilitarian. 在整个20世纪,建筑形式和配置通常进化出来的直接反应至少是前两个这些因素,依靠编程条件可相当严格的、可预测的和实用的。 The overall transformation of an initially imagined solid “mass”, given a permitted number of incremental transformations which respond to optimum combinations of constraints, will generally yield mechanical results.

建筑学专业英语课文翻译

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