对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院
2010-2011学年第二学期
跨文化交际导论(英) 复习大纲
课程名称: ENG338a【跨文化交际导论(英)】
考核方式: 开卷笔试[占总分的70%]
复习范围：以指定教材（第1-9章）为主，课件内容为辅。
试题形式：客观试题50 题，每题2分，题型共三种形式：
I. Definition Matching. Match the terms with their definitions. （给术语配对定
义，10题，1题2分，共20分）
II．True-False. Circle A if the statement is true; circle B if it is false. （判断各句是否正确，20题，1题2分，共40分）
III. Multiple Choice.Circle the letter corresponding to the correct response.
（在所给的4个选项中选择一个最恰当的答案，20题，1题2分，共40分）
复习方法：
认真学习指定教材，结合课件的教学内容，全面复习，从总体上掌握这门
跨学科课程的特点；
理解各讲中的主要教学内容，即每讲开始前的Learning Objectives，不要死
记硬背，重理解、勤思考、细观察，从跨文化交际的角度对文化差异进
行分析、记忆、总结；
要力图将跨文化交际理论与交往实践相结合，将西方文化交际的理论与实践与中国的本土文化相结合，通过大量真实生动的交际的成败案例的学
习，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力；
参考指定教材各章后的练习以及书后附的两套模拟自测题，术语定义配对题、是非题和多项选择题可帮助复习检验对所学内容熟悉的掌握程度，
熟悉客观题型，问答题和案例有助于进一步理解。
跨文化交际导论课程期末考试模拟题
（红色答案来自答疑系统，供参考）
Ⅰ. Match the following terms with their definition. （20%）
1.the study of the way that people use physical space to convey messages. C
2.the way in which time is used in a culture. A
3.the actual practice of concepts or beliefs. B
4.the total activity of learning one's culture. D
5.social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. E
A.Temporal language/ chronemics
B.Behavior communication
C.Spatial language/proxemics
D.Enculturation
E.Values
6. between nations and governments rather than individuals A
7. perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities C
8. a learned organization of rules for making choices and for solving conflicts D
9. volume, pitch, and rate that affects message meaning E
10. the idea that every act of communication must happen in some sort of surroundings B
A.international
B.context
C.value
D.stereotypes
E.paralanguage
Ⅱ.True or False
Mark A if the statement is true; mark B if it is false.
11.When engaging in small talk with a person of another culture, remember that discussing
one's family and political discussions are inappropriate topics in all cultures. B
12.Transference of pragmatic rules refers to the transference of corresponding words and
sentence structure from mother tongue to target language. A
13.Since all cultures share the same basic values, cultures attach the same meanings to these
basic values. B
14.Primary values are the most important. A
15.Some countries officially recognize religious rituals that affect business encounters. A
16.People in the United States place a greater emphasis on history and do not like change as
compared with people of Asian and Latin cultures. B
17.The behavior of John lying in bed and reading a novel is a two-way contact. B
18.Linear Model is one of the earliest and still the most useful attempts to describe the
communication process A
19.International communication takes place between such groups as African Americans and
Latin Americans. B
20.Intercultural communication as a discipline was not established in U.S. until the 1980s. B
21.Without the cultural rules people also can behave properly. B
22.Culture is not something we are born with, but rather it is learned. A
23.Kisses and hugs are not appropriate greeting behavior between males of any culture. B
24.In Germany, business gifts are usually exchanged at the beginning of formal negotiations. B
25.New and improved technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the global
economic arena have increased globalization. A
26.No country is completely self-sufficient. A
27.All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which the politeness is achieved
may vary significantly. A
28.International English is used only by businesspeople who practice English as a second
language. B
29.International communication takes place between such groups as African Americans and
Latin Americans. B
30.The process of learning culture is always conscious. B
31.Ethnocentrism leads to a objective evaluation of how another culture conducts its daily
business. A
32.The hierarchy is a theory has not been proven applicable to all the countries. A
33.Cultures may differ, but communication practices do not differ. B
34.Culture is ongoing and subject to change. A
35.The term “co-cultures” suggests the inequality between groups.B
36.Chinese is an example of linear language. A
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,munication barriers are caused by the same communication having different meanings
in different cultures. A
38.New and improved technology, growth in the world’s population, and shifts in the global
economic arena have increased globalization. A
39.Power distance in the United States is comparatively high. B
40.Pragmatic failure is the inability to understand what is meant by what is said. A
motivate people. A
are the same thing as values. A
, with the spread of technology everyone will have the same values. B
order to understand a culture's values, you need only to learn the "do's and taboos" of behavior in that culture. A
class is unimportant in negotiator selection. B
46. Relationship building is important in Arab and Latin America. A
47. Achievement in countries with high masculinity scores is expressed through material possessions. B
48. Acculturation is the socialization process of how people learn their own culture through what is said and done. B
48. Consumers in high uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to perceive little or no risk in the purchase of new products.
49. Intercultural communication competence requires sufficient awareness, knowledge, motivations, and skills. A
50. Values are enduring attitudes about the preferability of one belief over another.
51. Cultures are so different that we will never be able to communicate
successfully. B
52. Transference of pragmatic rules refers to the transference of corresponding words and
sentence structure from mother tongue to target language. A
53. Today intercultural communication encounters are different from encounters
of the past. A
54. All languages can, in their own way, distinguish between present and past
events, but they may not feel that this distinction is important enough to create a system of verb tense. A
55. Kisses and hugs are not appropriate greeting behavior between males of any
culture.B
56. Values are learned; they are not innate. A
57. Long-term-oriented cultures are characterized by patience, perseverance, and respect for
one’s elders and ancestors. A
58. Nonverbal aspects are very important in low-context cultures. A
59. When engaging in small talk with a person of another culture, remember that discussing
one's family and political discussions are inappropriate topics in all cultures. B
60. Chinese is an example of a linear language. A
61. Language serves as the only guide to how a culture perceives reality. B
61. All languages can, in their own way, distinguish between present and past events, but they
may not feel that this distinction is important enough to create a system of verb tense.
A
62. Globalization is the ability of a corporation to take a product and market it anywhere in the
world. A
63. In order for intercultural negotiation to be successful, the parties must provide for a win-lose
situation. B
64. In some countries, using gifts to assure success in sealing an agreement is an accepted way of
doing business. A
65. As they become globalized, companies will have to train their work forces to deal with multiculturality. A
66. People from countries with strong uncertainty avoidance are more likely to remain close
friends in spite of differing opinions. A
66. Even if the language is common to both cultures, one culture may restrict the meaning of certain words. A
67. In their business letters, the French do not usually apologize for mistakes. B
68. Achievement in countries with high masculinity scores is expressed through
material possessions. B
69. Acculturation is the socialization process of how people learn their own culture
through what is said and done. B
70. In the Japanese society, knowing the rank of people with whom you conduct business is very
important. A
、
Ⅲ. Multiple Choices
Mark the letter corresponding to the correct response.
1. What country ranks the lowest on individualism C
A.Australia
B. Canada
C.Guatemala
D. United States
of which attitude feel that self-interest is an appropriate goal
A.Uncertainty-reduction
B. Attribution
C. Individualism
D. Collectivism
3. Language is important because it A
A.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how we
perceive others.
B. allows us to be understood by foreigners.
C.is determined by colonialism.
D.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.
4. Which of the following countries uses high-context language C
A.Canada
B. Germany
C.Japan
D. United States
5. Which one of the following statements is not among the functions of culture offered by Dressler and Carns C
A.Culture makes it possible to anticipate how others in our society are likely to respond to
our actions.
B.Culture enables us to communicate with others through a language that we have
learned and that we share in common.
C.Culture leads to better understanding in business.
D.Culture provides the knowledge and skill necessary for meeting sustenance needs.
6. Culture can be classified in all the following ways except B
a)Artifact, concepts and behavior
b)Positive culture and negative culture
c) A level of values and a level of resultant behaviour or artifacts of some form
d)An invisible level and a visible level
7. "The part was found defective, and it was determined that there is a defect in the button
causing it not to fit into the chassis." This statement is an example of a D
A.linear explanation.
B.verbose explanation.
C.nonlinear explanation.
D.why explanation.
8. Which of the following would be an example of a translation problem D
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,ing the intention of the speaker rather than the actual words in the translation.
B.Qualifying slang terms.
C.Not translating conversation taboos.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,ing a word for which no exact word or concept is available in the second language. of the following greeting way is somewhat unique to Chinese B
A. Giving regards to others.
B. Commenting on something.
C. Using address forms as greeting.
D. Using nonverbal forms as greeting.
styles of paragraph development for oriental countries could be described as D
A. a vertical straight line.
B. zigzagged lines.
C. a circular, spiral line
D. a digressive, back-and-forth zigzag.
11. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect C
A. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.
B. Thought patterns impact oral communication.
C.When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the facts and goes
to generalizations.
D. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation with different
cultures.
12. Which statement is incorrect B
A. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge of another
culture's nonverbal communication patterns.
B. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.
C. Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages in
intercultural encounters.
D. When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch the behavior of
the persons you are talking with and match their style.
of which type of society believe their truth is the only truth
A.Individualistic
B. Strong-uncertainty avoidance
C.C ollectivistic
D.Weak-uncertainty avoidance
we are willing to die for and what we deem worthy of protection is determined by our ___
B
A.b elief system
B.v alue system
C.a ttitude processes
D.social organizations
15. Slang is generally D
A.understood by everyone.
B.spoken by the masses.
C.easily translated.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,ed by subgroups.
16. Nonverbal communication does not include
A. chromatics.
B. chronemics.
C. haptics.
D. semantics.
17. As a result of globalization, new issues facing corporations include
A.cultural differences in work ethics
B.stereotyping by members of international teams
C.personnel who are overqualified for overseas positions
D. a & b
18. The classic The Silent Language published in 1959, was written by
A.Kluckhohn
B.Benedict
C.Mead
D.Edward Hall
19. Which of the following has occurred due to advances in technology
A.People are beginning to spend more time with family members.
B.The number of relationships we have with people have decreased.
C.People have more frequent contact with people from other cultures.
D.People are gaining a clearer sense of who they really are.
20. It is important to study intercultural communication because
A. it is a necessary and worthwhile pursuit.
B. most people are more alike than they realize.
C. cultural differences bring people together.
D. intercultural communication is subjective.
21. ______ are the most important. A
A. Primary values
B.Secondary values
C.Tertiary values
D.None of the above
22. In cultures that tend toward individualism, what aspects are encouraged D
A. competition
B.p ersonal goals
C.i ndividual rights
D.all of the above
23. We learn culture D
A.from folk tales, legends and myths
B.in conscious or unconscious ways
C.through art and mass media
D.all of the above
24. Which statement least represents U.S. values C
A. . Americans value directness over indirectness.
B. . Americans value time management over leisure.
C. . Americans value history over planning for the future.
Americans value equality over inequality.
25. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance
A.One group's truth should not be imposed on others.
B.Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.
C.Citizen protest should be repressed.
D.Negative attitudes are expressed toward young people
26. Which time orientation is held by cultures that value living and realizing the potential of today
C
A.past orientation to time
B.immutable orientation to time
C.present orientation to time
D.mutable orientation to time
27. Which of the following value orientations emerged from the Chinese research team
A.long-term versus short-term orientation
B.masculinity/femininity orientation
C.preferred form of activity orientation
D.uncertainty avoidance orientation
28. The notions of masculinity and femininity
A.are universal for every culture across time.
B.are not just based on biological differences.
C.have not changed through the ages.
D.have well-established and understood meanings.
29. From what areas of the world do most of today's immigrants to the United States come
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html, and Latin America
B.Mexico and Eastern Europe
C.Haiti and China
D.Eastern Europe and the Middle East
30. The China Association for Intercultural Communication is held ______.
A. once a year
B. every two years
C. every three years
D. every four years
31. Who of the following would feel most comfortable with silence during a conversation A
manager from _____. C
E.the United States
F.Germany
G.Great Britain
H.Japan
32 Which statement related to work attitudes is incorrect A
A.U.S. attitudes toward work are more relaxed than those in Europe.
B.In the United States, hard work is applauded and often rewarded.
C.The Japanese attitude toward work is very group-oriented.
D.In the United States, the attitude toward work is ingrained from an early age.
33. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect D
A.The structure of a language affects the perceptions of reality of its speakers
B.The structure of a language influences thought patterns and worldviews of its speakers
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,nguage functions as a way of shaping one’s experience
D.There is a general agreement concerning the validity of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
34. Which statement is incorrect D
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,nguage is a reflection of the environment
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,nguage is reflection of cultural values
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,nguage is a reflection of culture, and culture is a reflection of language.
D. A good mastering of a foreign language equals a complete understanding of its culture.
35. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect C
a. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.
b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.
c.When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts with the facts and
goes to generalizations.
d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important in negotiation with different
cultures.
36. Which statement is incorrect B
a. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack of knowledge of another
culture's nonverbal communication patterns.
b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same in all cultures.
c.Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbal messages in
intercultural encounters.
d.When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be to watch the
behavior of the persons you are talking with and match their style.
37. Language is important because it A
a.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how we
perceive others.
b.allows us to be understood by foreigners.
c.is determined by colonialism.
d.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.
38. Which of the following countries uses high-context language D
B.Canada
C.Germany
D.Japan
E.United States
39. Slang is generally H
E.understood by everyone.
F.spoken by the masses.
G.easily translated.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,ed by subgroups.
40. General guidelines to follow when conversing with someone from another culture
include all of the following except: c
a. politics is a safe topic in most cultures.
b. avoid telling jokes.
c. avoid personal questions.
d. keep the conversation positiv
e.
41. Which statement best describes an incorrect handshake c
a. In the U.S., a handshake should be firm.
b. An Asian handshake is usually gentle.
c. Germans repeat a brusque handshake upon arrival and departure.
d. A British handshake is firm and repeated frequently.
42. Language is important because it e
e.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controls how we
perceive others.
f.a llows us to be understood by foreigners.
g.is determined by colonialism.
h.is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.
43. Which of the following countries uses high-context language H
F.Canada
G.Germany
H.Japan
I.U nited States
44. Slang is generally L
I.u nderstood by everyone.
J.spoken by the masses.
K.easily translated.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,ed by subgroups.
45. Nonverbal communication does not include
a. chromatics.
b. chronemics.
c.haptics.
d.semantics.
46. "The part was found defective, and it was determined that there is a defect in the button
causing it not to fit into the chassis." This statement is an example of a H
E.linear explanation.
F.verbose explanation.
G.nonlinear explanation.
H.why explanation.
47. Which of the following would be an example of a translation problem H
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,ing the intention of the speaker rather than the actual words in the translation.
F.Qualifying slang terms.
G.Not translating conversation taboos.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,ing a word for which no exact word or concept is available in the second
language.
48. Which statement highlights weak uncertainty avoidance
a. One group's truth should not be imposed on others.
b. Scientific opponents cannot be personal friends.
c. Citizen protest should be represse
d.
d. Negative attitudes are expressed toward young peopl
e.
49. The main idea of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis is that
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,nguage is just a device for reporting a person's experience.
b.two languages can represent the same social reality.
c.the social reality can be conveyed to a person who does not speak the
language.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7c8141985.html,nguage functions as a way of shaping a person's experienc
e.
50. Many multinational firms find that cultural shock can be alleviated by D
a. sending only top executives abroad.
b. sending only young, single associates on overseas assignments.
c. testing associates to see who is most qualifie
d.
d. selecting employees for overseas assignments who possess certain personal and
professional qualifications.
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
广东职业技术师范学院学报 2002年第2期 Journal of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University No 2,2002 汉英跨文化交际翻译中的C HINA ENGLISH 金惠康 (广东职业技术师范学院外语系,广东广州 510665) 摘 要:本文讨论什么是中国英语及其在汉英跨文化交际翻译中的功能。关键词:跨文化交际;汉英翻译;中国英语 中图分类号:H 315 9 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2803(2002)02-0072-07 一、什么是中国英语 中国英语(China English)不同于中式英语(Chinglish),它既不是中国学生学习英语过程中所产生的 过渡语 ,也不是因英语不够表达而胡编乱造的英语。本文倡导的宗旨就是要使用规范英语来描述中华文化和社会,尽量避免中式英语。目前行之有效的手段之一就是使用和拓展中国英语。 1 从广义上来说,中国英语产生于国际英语对中华文明和华夏社会的描述,也源于中国人长期用英语对自己与世界描述,它是国际英语的拓展与延伸。中国英语以国际规范英语为共核,把中国独有的文化、语言、事物、意念和传统等通过音译、译借及语义再生等手段传入国际(英语)社会,同时也融入许多具有中国文化内涵和汉语言特色的表达方式。如别有风味的词汇、短语、句式、认知方式、修辞手段、行文风格和章法结构。因而,中国英语具有国际规范英语的共性,又具有汉文化的内涵和汉语言的一些个性特色。毫无疑问,中国英语是长期东西方跨文化交流的产物。从狭义的角度来说,中国英语指的就是:在描述(翻译)华夏文明、中国社会及汉语言中所拓展了的那部分英语。 有人说在汉译英中使用中国英语是不得已而为之,其实这句话也要从另一面理解为 非得如此不可 。社会发展与变革必然引起语言的变化发展并给语言注入新的文化内涵和新的表达方式,这是很值得深入研究和总结的。 中国英语的规范主要是来自现代中国官方媒体的英语文本典范和国际现代英文媒体的主流内涵;也来自汉英双语娴熟者描写华夏文明和中国社会的英文文本和由中国人用英语创作的文学作品等。这里使用 中国英语 这个词语(概念)来描述和记录国际英语在描述中华文明和社会、中国人民和政府用英语表达自己对世界事务的理解、看法和立场时,英语所发生的变化与发展。从这个意义上讲,凡是有中国文化内涵和汉语表达特色的、并能为国际英语读者所普遍理解和接受的英文(文本)都可称之为中国英语。 2 从社会语言学的角度来看,中国本土的社会文化环境造成了中国英语的中国特色,即本土化(nativization 或是indigenization)。社会语言学中的本土概念的实质是主张文化和语言的相对价值、尊重个性,并以此来促进不同文化和语言之间的彼此的适应与沟通。 72 收稿日期:2001-11-05 作者简介:金惠康(1950~),男,湖南邵东人,广东职业技术师范学院教授,研究方向为跨文化交际研究与应用语言学。
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a lecture to a group of American students. He talked about university students in China. During the question-and-answer period after the lecture, one female student asked a question that surprised Zhang Hua. “When you talked about female students, you referred to them as girls. Why?” “Because they are girls. That’s what they are called,” Zhang Hua tried to answer, but he knew he did not really understand the intent of the question. “ I don’t quite understand your question, I’m afraid.” “In the States, we call ourselves ‘ women’ if we’re old enough to go to the university. Calling us ‘girls’ is insulting.” Do Chinese female college students prefer to be called women? Case 2 Many years ago, a Chinese man showed a photo of his wife to some American visitors. Out of courtesy, they all said,” She is very beautiful.” Also out of courtesy, the man replied with what he would have done in Chinese under the circumstance,” Where! Where!” Quite taken aback, nobody said anything for a moment, until the most ingenious one among the visitors, taking another look at the photo, said, “Oh, everywhere!” What did the Chinese intend to mean by replying with “ Where! Where!”? Case 1 Girl-ness As a visiting professor in an American university, Zhang Hua was invited to give a
跨文化交际翻译作业10级中文系对外汉语 张妍 20101040022030
原文： If movie trailers supposed to cause a reaction, the preview for “United 93”more than succeeds .Featuring no famous actors, it begins with image of a beautiful morning and passengers boarding an airplane .It take you a minute to realize what the movie’s even about .That’s when a plane hits the World Trade Center .The effect is visceral .When the trailer played before “Inside Man”last week at a Hollywood theater, audience member began calling out, “Too soon !” In New York City , the response was even more dramatic .The Loews theater in Manhattan took the rare step of pulling the trailer from its screens after several complaints . 译文： 如果电影预告片能够引起一种反应，那么《93号航班》的试映不仅仅是成功了。（trailer译为预告片,suppose to译为应该做，能够做，cause译为引起，preview译为试映.n. more than 译为不仅仅.而且第一句为虚拟语气）这部电影没有著名的演员出演，他只是开始于在一个美丽的早晨乘客登机的画面。（feature译为由…主演,featuring no famous actors为状语从句,我译时将其主语译出来了,而面主语用“它”来代替了.登记用“board an airplane”）你只需要花费一分钟就会明白这部电影实际上讲的是什么（这句话有一个句型：it takes sb. Some
对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院 2009-2010学年第二学期 跨文化交际导论(英) 复习大纲 课程名称: ENG338a【跨文化交际导论(英)】 考核方式: 开卷笔试[占总分的70%] 复习范围：以指定教材（第1-9章）为主，课件内容为辅。 试题形式：客观试题50 题，每题2分，题型共三种形式： I. Definition Matching.Match the terms with their definitions. （给 术语配对定义，10题，1题2分，共20分） II． True-False. Circle A if the statement is true; circle B if it is false. （判断各句是否正确，20题，1题2分，共40分） III. Multiple Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the correct response. （在所给的4个选项中选择一个最恰当的答案，20题，1题2分，共40分） 复习方法： ●认真学习指定教材，结合课件的教学内容，全面复习，从总体上掌握这 门跨学科课程的特点； ●理解各讲中的主要教学内容，即每讲开始前的Learning Objectives， 不要死记硬背，重理解、勤思考、细观察，从跨文化交际的角度对文化 差异进行分析、记忆、总结；
●要力图将跨文化交际理论与交往实践相结合，将西方文化交际的理论与 实践与中国的本土文化相结合，通过大量真实生动的交际的成败案例的 学习，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力； ●参考指定教材各章后的练习以及书后附的两套模拟自测题，术语定义配 对题、是非题和多项选择题可帮助复习检验对所学内容熟悉的掌握程度，熟悉客观题型，问答题和案例有助于进一步理解。 跨文化交际导论课程期末考试模拟题 （答案供参考） Ⅰ. Match the following terms with their definition. （20%） 1.the study of the way that people use physical space to convey messages. B 2.the way in which time is used in a culture. A 3.the actual practice of concepts or beliefs. E 4.the total activity of learning one's culture. C 5.social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. D A.Temporal language/chronemics B.Behavior communication C.Spatial language/proxemics D.Enculturation E.Values 6. between nations and governments rather than individuals A 7. perceptions about certain groups of people or nationalities C 8. a learned organization of rules for making choices and for solving conflicts B 9. volume, pitch, and rate that affects message meaning E 10. the idea that every act of communication must happen in some sort of surroundings D A.international B.context C.value
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
跨文化交际概论 第一章跨文化交际概述 第一节文化、交际和语言 （一）文化的定义 1.文化 “文化”这个词古已有之，但它的含义与现代的理解不一样，指与“武力”相对的文德教化。如汉代刘向《说苑指武》中说：“圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之兴，为不服也；文化不改，然后加诛。夫下愚不移，纯德之所不能化，而后武力加焉。”又如晋代束广微《补亡诗由仪》：“文化内辑，武功外悠。”《文选》李善注：“言以文化辑和于内，用武德加以外远也。”后来“文化”一词被日语借入，到近代又被日语用来作为英语culture的对译词。再后来“文化“作为日语借词又被现代汉语吸收，于是“文化”就同英语的culture有了直接的词源关系，并衍生出“文明”、“教育”等含义。文化属于人类创造的精神财富和物质财富，人性具有的共性就使得人们能共享这些财富。然而正如孔子所说的“性相近，习相远”，人性固然相通，但“习相远”导致了文化的差异。因此，克服文化差异所产生的障碍就显得很重要，这意味着在达到有效交际之前，我们必须了解别人的文化。 在文化学或文化人类学中，“文化”一词通常指人类社会区别于其他动物的全部活动方式以及活动的产品。就这一概念的核心内涵而言，它的意义是明确的，然而在实际研究中，专家们给的定义却五花八门。美国人类学家克鲁伯曾搜罗并列举了西方近现代160多位学者对“文化”所下的不同定义，并从下定义的方法角度进行了分类和研究。在众多的关于文化的定义中，文化人类学家泰勒和马林索夫斯基两人的定义比较受人推崇。泰勒认为“文化”是一个符合的整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗，以及人类在社会里所获得的一切能力与习惯；马林诺夫斯基把文化看作一种具有满足人类某种生存需要的功能的“社会制度”，是“一群利用物质工具而固定生活于某一环境中的人们所推行的一套有组织的风俗与活动的体系。”前者着眼于文化的整合性和精神性，后者着眼于文化的功能性和制度性。 着眼于跨文化交际的研究，另外两位学者关于文化的定义或许更准确，更直接。社会语言学家戈德朗夫指出，文化是“由人们为了使自己的活动方式被社会的其他成员所接受，所必须知晓和相信的一切组成。作为人们不得不学习的一种有别于生物遗传的东西，文化必须由学习的终端产品“知识”组成。本尼迪克特认为，文化是“通过某个民族的活动而表现出来的一种思维和行动方式，一种使这个民族不同于其他任何民族的方式”。这两个定义都强调了文化的民族性，前者突出了民族内部的规范，后者突出了民族之间的差异。概括地将，文化就是人们所觉、所思、所言、所为的总和，在不同的生态环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。 一般认为，“文化”作为一个专门概念，可以有狭义和广义两种理解。狭义的理解着眼于精神方面，指社会的意识形态，风俗习惯，语用规范以及与之相适应的社会制度和社会组织。但是，精神或意识并不可能脱离人类物质生产的社会实践凭空产生或独立存在，而是在人类改造自然的社会实践中产生出来的。在这一社会实践中，人类既创造了物质财富，改善了自身赖以生存的客观物质条件，也创造了精神财富，形成了人类独有的意识形态，思维能力和生活方式，使自身摆脱了“自然人”状态并获得了不断进步。在使人类生活超脱动物性并区别于动物生存的一切因素中，精神方面和物质方面始终纠结为一体，互为因果，密不可
题名／责任者／语种：跨文化交际翻译／金惠康著／中文 出版发行／载体形态：北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003 ／402页;20厘米ISBN／装订形式／定 价： ISBN：7-5001-1010-3／23.00元 索书号：H315.9/8050 丛编：翻译理论与实务丛书．－（） 附注：“十五”国家重点图书 附件： 文摘或提要：本书以实例描写为主，配以适量的理论指导与分析，收集了近二十年来大陆、港、台、澳及海外华人的精彩汉英翻译例证，形成了一个比较统一、规范的汉英对译系统。 跨文化交际翻译 作者:金惠康 书摘 a sea oI people／flames／blood／flags／flowers／happy faces如海般的／如潮一样的人群；火海；血海；旗海；花海；无数幸福的面孔 an ocean of trouble／time／space／cheering 无穷的麻烦；无休止的时间；浩瀚的宇宙；欢乐的海洋 a scene of great rejoicing一片欢腾 a chorus of protest／praise一片抗议之声／赞扬之声 a trove of Chinese porcelain一批中国磁器 a grove of coco(a)nut／hamboo一战挪椿}镌椿 a blaze of lights一片灯火
a mountain of debts／rubbish／money／dirty clothes 债台高筑／gr圾如山；家财万贯；一大堆脏衣服 a mass of images／facts／figures／data大量的图像／事实／数据等 a rain／storm of tears／ashes／arrows／bullets嚎啕大哭；尘土蒙蒙；一阵箭雨，一阵弹雨 a storm of applause／criticism／cheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声；激烈的批评；狂热的欢呼 a gale oflaughter／excitement阵阵欢笑；一阵激动 a flood of tears／words／light／terror 泪如潮涌；滔滔言辞；一片光明；一片恐惧 a store oflearnlng／experience知识渊博；经验丰富 a wealth of experience／data／troubles／good／goods 经验丰富；丰富数据；问题多多；大有好处；商品丰富 a sudeit offood／drug dosage 过量的食品；过量的药品 a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败 a world of goods／food／pleasure／meaning／to do s b a world of good／harm a forest of hllls／nags／chimneys／hands 这些表量的手法也可用复数，像10ts of，tho。。。。d。。f一样．如seas。f，mountains。f，st。r es。f，swamls。f，thunders。f。sh。wers of，in showers，in stores，in numbers。 a(great)number of books许多的书 numbers of peoples许多的民族 a quantity of energy大量的能量 quantities of oxidize大量的氧化酶 an amount of material大量的材料 small amount of water少量的水 l he。mount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on it s frequency．一定量的辐射所掘有的能量完全基于其频率。 The total amount of radiation辐射的总量 What’S the size?尺码多少?
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
《跨文化交际概论》教学大纲 课程类别选修课 适用专业全部开课学期 1 学分 2 总学时32理论学时32 与其他课程的联系：本课程是一门具有综合性的语言文化课程，有利于学生文化历史知识的拓展，提高和其他国家人士交往的能力。 建议教材《跨文化交际实用教程》胡超外语教学与研究出版社，2006. 6 主要参考书[1] 《跨文化交际》，顾日国. 北京: 外国语言与研究出版社,2000 [2]《跨文化交际与英语学习》，胡文仲.上海:译文出版社,1988 [3] 《跨文化交际学》贾玉新. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社,1999 [4] 《跨文化交际英语教程》许力生上海: 上海外语教育出版社,2004 [5] 《跨文化交际研究》林大津福州：福建人民出版社，1996 一、课程的性质、地位和任务 本课程是一门实用型课程，通过跨文化交际失误案例分析、生活中出现的英汉商标、广告翻译失误分析等形式，深入浅出，生动但系统地讲授英语国家的人文习俗、社会规约、社交礼仪、体势语言、词语文化内涵等方面的必备知识。 引导学生了解英语文化背景，培养学生的“跨文化交际”意识，懂得和英语国家的人交往时应该如何遵守相应的社交规约、如何准确使用得体的体势语言、如何理解英语词汇的文化内涵，提高学生的语言交际能力。同时也是为了能够开启学生新的思维方式，学会以跨文化的视角来看待文化现象及其内涵，扩展语言专业学生的人文知识面，并帮助学生学会以包容的态度对待他者文化，以开放的心态尊重异域习俗。 二、课程章节的教学内容及学时分配 序号章节教学内容 学时分配 理论实践合计 1 Chapter 1：Communication and Culture 4 4 2 Chapter :2：The Hidden Core of Culture 4 4 3 Chapter 3：Verbal Communication 4 4 4 Chapter 4：Nonverbal Communication 4 4 5 Chapter 5：Interpersonal Relationships 4 4 6 Chapter 6：Social Interaction Custom 4 4 7 Chapter 7：Cultural Influences on Educational Context 4 4