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并列结构在托福独立写作中的运用

并列结构在托福独立写作中的运用
并列结构在托福独立写作中的运用

托福写作高分范文仿写技巧

托福写作高分范文仿写技巧作为托福考试写作部分两篇文章其中之一,独立写作主要以学生的学术知识背景和个人生活经验为基础来考察语语言的学习规律是相通的。有了正确的『输入』,才能有正确的『输出』。所以,要想在英文写作中有所提高,我们可以借鉴一些上乘的范文,对其思路、结构、语言等进行模仿,并最终应用在我们自己的文章中。这个过程就叫做『仿写』。今天文都国际教育小编就给大家介绍下托福写作高分范文仿写技巧。 如何做仿写? 托福写作高分范文仿写技巧Step 1 通读范文,了解通篇大意,仔细研究各段构思。 在教学过程中,我会为学生甄选符合国外考试评分标准的优秀范文。学生拿到这些范文后,可以从宏观的角度了解作者对于题目的观点,是采用了单边、双边还是中立的角度来进行论证。学生还可以从微观的角度,深度分析每个主体段,作者是如何通过有逻辑地说理,并配以恰当具体的例子,来证明此段的分论点。 以下为范?段落实例: Modern society places a lot of emphasis on success. Though success is clearly desirable, Ithink our intense focus on success is unhealthy and counter productive.People would be better served by learning how to adopt a positive attitude towards failure. 托福写作高分范文仿写技巧Step 2 学习优秀的语言点 针对每一篇范文,我会为学生总结出其中用法得到的词组和句式,并让学生趁热打铁,强化对这些语料的记忆。这种从整体中提取,呈现成个体的形式,会让学生对这些语料的印象更加深刻。 以下为提取实例:

英语写作经典段落结构(雅思托福都适用)Five Paragraph Essay Structure

Five Paragraph Essay Structure The five-paragraph essay is the commonest and most basic form of academic essay used in English and American high schools. Below you will find a map of the essay structure, and we will be using this structure in all of our argumentative and persuasive essays. Introduction (3-4 sentences) 1.Hook – Attracts the readers attention and introduces the main idea 2.Bridge – Develops the topic enough to explain the thesis statement 3.Thesis Statement – Introduces the topic and controlling ideas of the essay Main body Paragraph 1 (5 sentences) 1.Topic sentence – Introduces the topic and controlling idea for this paragraph (this controlling idea should be linked to the thesis statement) 2.Development – The topic should be expanded and more information introduced (5W1H) 3.Evidence – An example/fact should be used to prove your opinion 4.Development – Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence – Pulls together and summarises main point from topic sentence and paragraph Main body Paragraph 2 (5 sentences) 1.Topic sentence – Introduces the topic and controlling idea for this paragraph (this controlling idea should be linked to the thesis statement) 2.Development – The topic should be expanded and more information introduced (5W1H) 3.Evidence – An example/fact should be used to prove your opinion 4.Development – Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence – Pulls together and summarises main point from topic sentence and paragraph Counter Argument (4-5 sentences) 1.Counter argument –Introduces opposition’s strongest argument 2.Refutation – Explain why that argument is not valid or appropriate 3.Example – Use an example to support your refutation 4.Development (optional) - Further develop the fact and show how it proves your point 5.Concluding sentence - Pulls together and summarises main point from refutation Conclusion 1.Restate thesis – Restate the main topic and controlling idea from the thesis statement (paraphrased) 2.Summary – Summarise the main points from the article to support your opinion 3.Conclusion – Create a new idea/thinking point based on the points raised in the article

托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析

托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优 劣势对比分析 托福独立写作中间段一般大家都会写3段,也就是围绕主要观点树立三个分论点来分别展开。今天和大家分享托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析,希望能帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作中间段2种常用写法优劣势对比分析 托福独立写作主体段如何丰富结构? 托福考生经常会有疑惑的问题就是:我的三个主体段全部都是讲故事,好像手法太单一了,会不会被扣分?如何丰富?答案是:有可能;以及,偶尔的使用纯解释型段落。众所周知,TOEFL写作中展开手法有两种,exemplification和explanation。例证显然是二者中更简单的一个。因此,大部分同学都更倾向于使用例证。因为它更容易快速上手,并且大家可以通过举例来展开具体化的细节,从而获得高分。但注意,如果三个主体段全部是讲故事展开,未免会有语言太差的嫌疑。因此,除了例证,我们*中最好可以稍微涉及到一些说理部分。 举例和说理写法各自优势讲解

例证的优势即为能够更轻松的展开出有效并具体化的细节,或俗称“好凑字”。解释的好处为语言简练,表达效率高,*的递进性、节奏会更紧凑。这两种论证方式都有各自的明显优势,考生在选择写法时也需要结合自身需求(比如提升*篇幅用举例,增强说服力用说理)。 举例和说理写法弱点对比分析 例证在TOEFL写作中并无太明显的劣势。解释的劣势就比较明显了。同样的一个分论点,有的同学用例证可以很轻松写到200字,而解释只能说到100字。有的同学可能有个刻板印象:讲故事的语言通常比较简单,句式单一,因此不容易得高分。注意,讲故事语言和句式也是可以复杂的;或者大家可以选择简单但地道的表达,可同样可以获得满分。 托福独立写作中如何选择不同写法? 因此我们以后考场上的答题战略很简单。第一段为例证段落。目的为使劲凑字,尽量直接写满200字。第二、三段可以选择简短的小故事或者解释性段落,分别写到60~100字左右。这样主体段已经达到至少320字,再加上开头结尾段,可以轻松满足350字的字数要求。 托福独立写作说理explanation写法怎么练?

托福写作段落衔接的方法

托福写作段落衔接的方法 导读:托福写作段落衔接的常用方法,如下: 1.引用例子 托福写作辅导提到对于一个观点的提出,往往后面会跟着例子进行进一步的解释说明,那么如何引出接下来的例子或者数据呢?主要的几个短语词组有:regarding / as whether to / as regard / in respect of / with respect to / in terms of等,前三个词组后面是跟句子,而后三个词组后面加的是词组或者名词短语,这点要注意区分。考生们可以用这些词汇来承接观点和例子,使得文章更为连贯和流畅。不过要注意不要使用about,这不是书面用语。 对于举例子一般分为这几类: 例子比较具体,考生可以使用namely,to be more specific/more specifically等,引出一个比较详细的事例。 引用名人的著作或者话的'时候,要注意reference,比如:A number of writers, notably Frank (1974) and Rostow (1967) refer to this issue…格式问题要引起重视。 如果是想要强调某个之前提到过的内容,或者是特定的某个内容的时候,可以用in particular/particularly。 同样的,不建议过多的使用for example / take...for example / such as等,比较口语化,不太formal。 2.前呼后应

如果想要对之前的内容进行总结,呼应全文,那么考生就可以使用这些词汇:accordingly / therefore / consequently / as stated earlier in … / the aforementioned work / as stated above in (paragraph two)等。 3.句子中的承接 往往,托福考试写作中句子与句子之间的衔接是最容易掌握的,可以使用一些表示因果、转折、并列等关系的连词将其连接。常见的就有so,nevertheless,besides this,furthermore等等。不过还是要少用as for/as to/besides这些比较口语化的词汇。再者,such,this也是很好的承接词,比如In such situation,In this cases 等。 4.数字关系 这点在小作文里面使用的比较多,比如描述A和B的数据,可以使用respectively或者separately,描述时间顺序可以用chronologically等等。 【2015年托福写作段落衔接的方法】 1.托福写作中词汇替换的方法 2.托福写作词汇和句型选用的方法 3.在托福写作中选用词汇和句型的方法 4.突破托福写作瓶颈的方法 5.段落过渡的方法小学生写作指导

托福写作段落衔接的五种方法

托福写作段落衔接的五种方法 段落的实现 ⑴例证法每个理由后面必须同时有例子每篇文章至少两个例子 提出论点-列举事例-分析事例-得出结论-(重述论点)我认为-因为我觉得-比如说-你看 举例之后一定要强调这样的例子不胜枚举。。。 Abraham Lincoln ⑵因果法提出论点-原因-分析条件(如果这样会有什么好处/坏处,而这正是我们所需要/担心的)-得出结果 Lead to/result in result from Because of/due to/thanks to/owing to/by reason of/on account of For 表示“因为”时不能放在句首 Because/for/since/as As a result/outcome/consequence of In consequence/in the end/consequently Therefore/thereby/hence/thus(副词) So(连词) ⑶比较对照法(整体、分项比较)

整体比较的好处:写起来容易整体印象完整缺点:两者对比不鲜明 分项比较的好处:两者对比特别鲜明缺点:零碎的印象,大量的重复 Interweave 交织 ⑷分类法/并列法 总论点 分论点一在A方面在B方面在C方面 分论点二 分论点三 ⑸定义法 衔接手段 使用连接词和短语(表示并列、转折、递进、因果、比较、对照、举例) 使用代词 使用语意粘连 举例:同意建工厂 常用词汇和结构 表示第一项 Firstly, to begin/start with, first of all, in the first place, on the one hand, the most important reason is, first and foremost 另一项secondly, in the second place, on the other hand,

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧――双观点篇(精)

托福独立写作主体段写法技巧——双观点篇 托福独立写作对于很多托福考生来说是取得高分难以逾越的一道鸿沟, 这不仅需要大量的练习, 还需掌握其中的诀窍。今天, 教育优选为各位考生带来托福独立写作主题段双观点的写法点拨,希望对各位考生有所帮助。 通常对于独立写作我们都会选择五段式的结构,这个结构包括三个主体段, 按照题型我们可以将写作类型分为三个:支持反对类 (单观点、对比比较类 (双观点、自主定义类。今天,闫玲娟老师跟各位考生分析一下有关双观点类题目的写作技巧,下面是一道典型的题目: Topic 2008.11.9 Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’ s behavior. 电影电视对于青少年行为的影响利大于弊。 题目中明显要求就电视的优点以及缺点进行比较,我们暂且用 A 、 B 表示两个不同观点 1.A+A+B 双关的写作的第一种写法是运用两个正向的论点去支撑 A , 再用一个论点去支持 B ,因为 A 的优势更大一些,所以最终得出 A 更合适的结果。 Topic 2008.11.9 Movies and TV have more positive effects than negative effects on young people’ s behavior. 电影电视对于青少年行为的影响利大于弊。 Agree :

The positive influence outweighs their negative effects. Large quantities of motion pictures (movies about encouragement strengthen young generation’ s willpower to chase dreams with determination. Influenced by a number of interesting TV programs, young people begin to learn things that they used to feel boring. Admittedly , we should not ignore that there are some violent plots which tend to result in teenage crimes.However, this kind of movie makes up only a small section of products in film industry and is under the strict control of government. Therefore, its influence is quite limited. 我们可以看到, 在这种写法中, 我们所支持的观点为电影电视是利大于弊的。 前两个理由我们先正向抛出两个论点说明为什么它们对青年人的影响利大于弊, 最后一个分论点我们写让步段, 先承认它们的确有可能对青年人行为产生错误的引导, 但是其后又对这些错误影响做一些弥补, 因为有负面影响的节目只是整个电影市场的一小部分,不能够以偏概全,断章取义。 2.A+A-B 我们介绍的第二种写法是, 先用两个正向的论点支持 A , 再用一个论点去反对B ,最终得出 A 更适合的结果。 Topic :Some people argue that the government should not spend money on public services and facilities, but on arts. 有一部分人认为政府应该花更多的钱在公共服务和基础设施上,而非艺术上。 Public facilities, widely accepted as the main foundation to a city’ s development, should be one of the highest priorities. In addition to social benefits, ther e are a great number of economic merits that …

托福写作评分标准

托福写作评分标准公司内部编号:(GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-

托福写作评分标准托福写作评分包括机器评分以及人工评分两部分: 机器评分E-rater- 语法是否正确、用词是否得当、以及单词拼写及大小写是否准确等方面, 一篇考生的文章会经过两台机器评分。 人工评分通过ETS阅卷人评分,综合写作和独立写作分别有两位阅卷人给出分数。 托福写作原始分数为0-5分,考生得分分为三个level GOOD,FAIR,LIMITED 最终成绩通过两个科目的分数取平均分,再换算为30分制的分数。 详解托福综合写作的评分细则

综合写作是托福写作板块中的其中一项。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块,这两块分别独立评分,取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说,这两个部分各占一半权重,因此应给予相同程度的重视。关于这两部分的了解,强烈建议同学们自己去看看ETS出版的托福考试官方指南(OG),OG里面对于考试形式和评分标准有非常详尽的介绍,有些同学在准备输出端考试(写作或者口语)的时候,居然连评分细则都不看,仅凭自己的主观臆测和对于老师讲解的依稀记忆去打造自己的文章,考不好真的不奇怪。下面,我们就来分析一下托福考试的评分细则。 综合写作的满分要求是: A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lectu 5分:文章切题,阐说充分,文章有说服力;段落组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活,娴熟;用词确切,得体。文章中有个别语法拼写错误,但不影响内容表达。 4分:文章切题,阐说基本充分,在某些细节上有缺陷。段落层次组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅,句式使用恰当,灵活;用词基本得体。文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误。 3分:文章切题,阐说尚可,展开不够。段落层次组织有序,衔接紧密,过渡自然,有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般,有时不得体。词性区分和拼写等有若干错误

托福独立写作范文解析2020

托福独立写作范文解析2020 在备考托福写作的过程中,如何写出一篇好*,下面就和大家分享托福作文,希望能够帮助到大家,一起来学习吧! 托福独立写作范文解析如何写好* Essay Topic Which one is the most important for teacher of high school? 1. The ability to help students plan for their future; 2. The ability to find the students who need help most and help them; 3. Teach students how to learn outside the classroom. 就这道题来讲,题型基本结构的选择有两种:三项能力都重要,但是第一项最重要;或者,第一项是重要的,而第二项和第三项是不重要的。其他的*结构都是这两种的变体。我们拿第二种结构举例: 总论点:规划未来能力最重要(vs.发现需要帮助的同学教会自学) 主体段1:学生最需要规划,而只有老师有能力提供

主体段2:发现需要帮助的能力不重要,因为学生自己会来找 主体段3:课外自学不重要,高中生没有课外时间 The ability to help student with planning their future is definitely the most important capability for high school teachers. To begin with, high school students are in desperate need for guidance about their future, and teachers are the only competent candidate to provide it. I know this from my personal experience. When I was in high school, a great portion of my classmates’ only goal is to reach for the minimum requirement for graduation, and to be able to get an offer from a middle-ranged college in the US, as all 15-year-old boys are profoundly addicted to either computer games or love affairs. Because of our immature mind, we had no idea regarding the choice of universities, or the selection of a future career path. What made matters worse is that our high school teachers provided us with virtually zero guidance concerning our college applications, not because they lack of the intention, but simply because they know nothing about it. Consequently, the vast majority of our parents had to hire an outside agency that specializes in the college application process which costs tons of money. Later we realized that this is an utter mistake, for what they

托福独立写作高分开头写作方法

托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 好的开端等于成功的一半,所以托福写作如果能写好开头,你的作文也能奠定下高分的基础。今天和大家分享托福独立写作高分开头写作方法,希望能帮助到大家,来欣赏一下吧。 托福独立写作高分开头写作方法 一.先根据话题铺设背景 在独立写作的背景铺垫中,首先我们需要明晰独立写作常考的15个topic,其中包括education,technology,sports等。在审题、理解题意之后,可以适当定位关键词进行文题分析和头脑风暴,进行社会背景定位。 示范:Increasingly,under the backdrop of the fierce social competition and the need for searching for individual growth,people especially employees show great concern to their career development. 二.确定观点 此步骤一定不要直接抄写原题。结合第一句的背景铺垫,可适当改写题目,引出有争议性的argument。 三.表明自己针对话题的立场

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