外研社初三英语语法总复习
名词
一、名词的分类：根据用法，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。
1．可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。
*以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
* 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes hero--heroes Negro--Negroes
*以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去f , fe 加ves ，
如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves
2.名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，它是由Germany去y变化而来，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复数同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters 3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths ，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。
b. news 是不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>故事书。
4) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
）常以复数形式出现并使用的名词：
congratulations, wishes, police, stairs(楼梯), works(著作), woods(森林), times(时代)
3．不可数名词量的表示：可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：a glass of water \ a piece of cake 4．修饰可数名词的词有：many, few, a few, a number of, 数词
修饰不可数名词的词有：much, little, a little, a great deal of
即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some (any), no, a lot of, plenty of
二、定语名词的复数（即名词修饰名词）：名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。如：sports meeting 运动会students reading-room 学生阅览室
2) man, woman, 等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workers
3) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如：two-dozen eggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋） a ten-mile walk 十里路two-hundred trees
a five-year plan.一个五年计划some banana trees two book stores
三、名词的格
1.有生命的人、物的所有格在词尾加“’s”，如the boy’s bag
2. 若名词词尾已有-s ，只加’，如：Teachers’ Day the twins’ parents, the students’ books
3. 时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-’s ：today’s newspaper\ten minutes’ walk \the city’s problem
4. 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词
如：the barber's at my aunt’s (house) go to the doctor’s .
5.凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系
如：the title of the song 歌的名字the window of the house 。
6. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's rooms（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）
7. 双重所有格形式：a novel of Mark Twin’s a friend of my father’s / mine
代词
1．人称代词
1．）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，例如：
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
2．）人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语。例如：I saw her with them。her做宾语，them做介词宾语，
a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me.--我。（me = It's me.）在正式文体中这里应为I。
宾格代替主格的情况：
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗? ---Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me. He is taller than I am.
3）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
多个人称的排序问题
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：you, he / she and I 如：You, he and I should return on time.
2)复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：we, you and they
*注意：在承认错误，承担责任时，第一人称放在前面It was I and John that made her angry.
*it的主要用法:可以表示天气, 时间, 距离, 形式主语, 形式宾语, 身份等.
2. 物主代词(…人的): 包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词
用法：形容词性的物主代词+ 名词; 名词性的物主代词= 形容词性的物主代词+ 名词
3．反身代词：（1）加强语气，起强调作用，“…自己”, “亲自”, “本人”
（2）用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者,也是动作的承受者.常见的这类动词有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash
4.不定代词
(1) none (of)指人或物回答how many / much的问题nobody, no one 指人nothing指物
(2) one指人或物, 复数为ones, that指物(不可数名词),it指代前面提到的物体
I have got a nice watch. Would you like to buy one? ( a watch)
I have got a nice watch. Do you like it? ( the watch)
The weather here is better than that in Beijing. (the weather)
(3) 三者或三者以上：all (全部，都) any (任何一个) none (一个也没有)
两者：both (全部，都) either (任意一个) neither（一个也没有）
*Neither of us is from the USA.
None of us have / has ever been there before.
*not与both, all 连用表示部分否定.
(4)some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中
any用于疑问句、否定句中；还有“任何的”意思
(5)another泛指另一个
the other常与one 连用，表示两者中的另一个one…the other…
others 泛指别的，其他的the others特指别的，其他的（有范围限制）
(the) others = (the) other + 名词
else放在合成不定代词或疑问词之后
(6)every + 名词，只能做定语，（三者或三者以上）
each两者或两者以上的“每一”，可以单独使用
常见的短语：each of each other
(7)合成不定代词的用法（略）*形容词后置
数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
基数词的用法：
1.编号的事物用基数词：如：Lesson Five，Room 101
2.表示“年，月，日”时用基数词。
3.表示“几点钟，几点过几分”用基数词。It is two to two. 现在是两点差两分。
4.加减乘除用基数词。One plus two is three.一加二等于三。Eight minus four is four. 八减四等于四。
Two times two is four.二乘二等于四.Ten divided by two is five.十除二等于五。
5表示百分数用基数词.
Thirty percent of them is water. 它们当中有30%的水。
6.表示分数时，分子数字用基数词，但分母要用序数词，如分子不是1，序数词要用复数形式。
One-fifth of the books are mine. 三分之一的书是我的。
Three-tenths of water is disappeared. 十分之三的水不见了。
基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
1.与of 短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如hundreds of；
2.表示"几十岁"；in his forties
3.表示"年代"，用in +the +数词复数；in the 1980s / 1980’s
序数词
1.序数词1━19 除第一，第二，第三，第五，第八，第九，第十二变化不规则外，其余均由在基
数词后加上-th。
2.十位整数的序数词的构成方法是将十位整数基数词的词尾-y 变成i 再加-eth。
3.几十几的序数词，只是把个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。
4.第一百以上的多位序数词由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。
one hundred and twenty-first ，one thousand，three hundred and twentieth
5.序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有：
first--lst second--2nd third--3rd fourth--4th sixth--6th twentieth--20th twenty-third--23rd 其中lst，2nd，3rd 为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。
6.通常前面要加定冠词the；但是如果序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时，则表示“再”，“又”.
We’ve tried it three times．Must we try it a fourth time？
7.基数词也可以表示顺序。只需将基数词放在它所修饰的名词之后(名词需大写) 即可，不需要添加
定冠词。
the first lesson----Lesson One ，the fifth page----Page 5，the twenty----first room-Room 21
三、数词的用法
1.倍数表示法
1.) 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
2.) 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount，length…) of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
3.) 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
4.) 还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2.分数表示法：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数：1/3 ---one-third ；2/3 ---two thirds.
冠词
冠词包括定冠词(the) 和不定冠词(a, an) 两类。冠词不能单独使用，通常用在名词前面，帮助说明名词的含义。
不定冠词a, an的用法：
1.常放在可数名词的单数形式前面，表示“一”的概念，但数的概念没有one强烈。
An interesting story book; a small boy; There’s a kite in the tree.
2.放在可数名词的单数形式前，表示一类人或物。
3．用在固定短语中。
定冠词the与指示代词this，that同源，有“那（这）个”“这些，那些”的意思，但较弱，放在名词前，表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1.特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2.上文提到过的人或事：He bought a house.I've been to the house.
3.指世上独一无二的事物：the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth
4.与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词，only，very，same等前面：
. Where do you live?I live on the second floor.
That's the very thing I've been looking for.
He is the only person who knows the secret.
6．用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前：
the People‘s Republic of China中华人民共和国the United States美国
7. 用在表示乐器的名词之前She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
8. 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人：the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)
9. 用在惯用语中：in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre
*在sun , moon, breakfast等之前有形容词时,可用a, an a full moon
三、不用冠词的情况:
1．国名，人名前通常不用冠词：England，Mary；
2. 泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；They are teachers.
3. 抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；Failure is the mother of success.
4. 物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；
Man cannot live without water.
5. 在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；
We go to school from Monday to Friday.
6. 在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；
The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7. 在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词如：have breakfast，play chess
8. 重叠运用的名词短语前常省去冠词：from house to house, hour after hour, one by one
9. 在一些习惯用语中
*注意以下一些短语的区别(有定冠词时,表示相关处所或地点，没有定冠词时,表示与相关处所有关的活动或功能.)
go to hospital去医院看病----- go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)
in front of -----in / at the front of in hospital -----in the hospital go to school---go to the school
at table--- at the table\ in class---- in the class \by sea---- by the sea \a number of ---- the number of
*两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
*如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。
四、冠词的位置
1、不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
1.）位于下列形容词之后：such，what，many，half，
I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job.
2.). 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a way.
3.) quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。quite a nice picture
2、定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times等词之后，名词之前。All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
形容词和副词
一、形容词的用法：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在系动词后面作表语。1．直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
That’s a heavy box.(定语) He’s very happy to come here.(表语)
The good news made me very happy.(宾语补足语)
2.有些形容词是表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。例如：afraid 害怕的alone单独，独自asleep睡着的ill生病的
He is an ill man. （错）The man is ill. （对）
She is an afraid girl.（错）The girl is afraid. （对）
这类形容词还有：well，（身体）好的unwell（身体)不舒适的，alike相象的，alive活着的, awake醒着的。
3.形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody 等不定代词时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice
1.)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly友好的，lovely可爱的，lonely孤单的，lively热闹的,
有生气的，活泼的,等仍为形容词。
She sang lovely. (错) ------ Her singing was lovely. （对）
He spoke to me very friendly.（错）------ He spoke to me in a very friendly way. -(对)
* politely, truly, terribly
2）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 如:The poor are losing hope.
3) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4.)多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
a small round table a dirty old brown shirt
a tall gray building a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car
二、副词的用法：用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词，在句中做状语。
三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式：
1）单音节形容词及部分双音节次加－er, est
2）部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more, most或less, least构成．
3
2.使用比较级时要注意的问题:
1) 在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰:
much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等
数词+ 量词也可以修饰比较级如:He is two years younger than I.
还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。This room is twice as big as that one.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a, an a / an + 比较级+ 名词
How fast he runs. I’ve never seen a better runner.
比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers.
4) than 后面可以用主格，也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。
I’m taller than he / him. I like the boy than her.--------I like the boy than she.
3．比较级的常见句型：
1.)比较级+ and + 比较级越来越……
2.) the + 比较级…, the + 比较级…. 越…,就越…
3.)as…as 和……一样;
not as / so …as和……不一样;不如…（中间用形容词或副词的原级）
4.) like …. better than …和……相比更喜欢……
5.)prefer to do sth rather than do sth. 宁可……也不…. prefer to do sth. \\prefer doing sth to doing sth.
6.) more B than A与其说A,不如说B less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
7.) no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than…与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you.
8.) more than不只是，非常She is more than kind to us all.
介词
介词不能单独使用,必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语，在句中做表语，定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法，通常可以分为：时间、地点、趋向和其他四类介词。
一、表示时间的介词：
(1) at示时刻、时间的某一点at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment
on具体的某一天on Sunday, on Friday afternoon, on a cold morning, on the morning of …；on March 12th, 2005
in示周、月、季节、年以及泛指的上、下午，晚上in spring, in 2004,in the morning,
*在his, last，that, next, every 等词前面不用介词this afternoon, last Sunday, every morning
区别：next week -------- the next week
(2) by“在……前”多和完成时态连用
till“直到……才”I’ll wait here till you come back.
until“不到……就不”常和until连用I’ll not leave until you come back.
(3) in过……以后, 大多用于将来时after多用于过去时
(4) since + 过去的一个时间点(表示时间段, 从……开始到现在) for + 一段时间
二、表示场所、方向的介词：
（1）at 表示比较具体的地点at 37 Renming Road
in表示比较宽敞的地点in Renming Street
（2）above斜上方-------below斜下方over正上方-------under正下方
on两物体有接触
(3) between…and..在……和……之间among在……中间(三者以上)
(4) across (从物体表面)跨越, 越过through (从物体中间)穿透, 穿越
(5) in在……里面(表示静止的位置)
into进入,表示运动方向,常用在表示动作的动词之后,如go, come, walk, jump, run 等into的反义词是out of
（6）to到(目底地)或方向
towards指朝着某方向,而不是目的地.He walked towards the beach.
三、其它介词
1．with（１）在一起; （２）有;（３）用某种工具
in用什么材料或语言，或表示衣着，声调特点等
by用．．．．．．手段
2. like象．．．．．．一样
as作为；按照，象．．．．．．一样（连词）＋句子
3.for（１）为了（表示目的或原因）（２）（后面加一段时间）表示时间段
动词
一、动词的分类：根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类，分别是：实义动词（行为动词）、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。
１．实义动词有完整的词义，能单独做谓语．根据用法，可分为及物动词（vt.后面直接跟名词或代词作宾语）和不及物动词（vi不能直接跟名词或代词，加宾语时必须加介词）。同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词。例如：
She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物动词。）
She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物动词。）
但也有一些动词只能用做及物动词，如：visit, ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry,
discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等．
而下列一些动词通常情况下只能用做不及物动词：reply (to), return (to), point (to, at), knock (at, on, into), wait (for), listen (to), arrive (at, to), fall (down, off), look (at, after…)
2．连系动词（Link Verb）它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的连系动词有：be, feel,become, look, smell,seem, taste, sound, keep,其它一些可以和形容词连用的动词也属于连系动词：fall ill / asleep,grow worse,turn red, get lost,keep healthy等
３．助动词：本身没有词义，不能单独作句子的谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语．主要帮助句子构成否定、疑问以及动词的不同时态、语态等语法特征。常见的助动词有：be, do (does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。
４．情态动词：本身有一定的词义，单不能单独做谓语，后面必须跟其它动词的原形，表示说话人的语气和态度；常见的情态动词有：can (could), may(might), must, need 等。
(1)can *能，会（表示能力）；*请求许可can’t be 不可能
could:can的过去式，但有时表示委婉的语气。
(2)may *可能（可能性）；*可以（请求许可，相当于can）；
*表示祝愿May you be happy! May you succeed!
might * may的过去式；*表示可能性（但可能性比may小）
(3) must 必须，应该mustn’t 禁止must be肯定, 一定
(4)need需要（一般用于否定句或疑问句，肯定句中一般用做实义动词）
needn’t(= don’t have to)没必要
二、动词有五种形态，分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）。
*go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等动词的进行时态可以表示对应的将来时态。
*表示过去经常发生而现在不再做的事情用used to do
四、动词的被动语态
1.用法：动作的承受者作句子的主语。基本结构：be + 过去分词
掌握下列一些常见结构：
1)一般现在时态：am / is / are ＋过去分词
2)一般过去时：was / were＋过去分词
3)现在完成时：have / has been＋过去分词
4)一般将来时：will be ＋过去分词或者be going to be ＋过去分词
2.含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词+ be + 过去分词
3．动词不定式的被动语态结构：to + be + 过去分词There are twenty more trees to be planted.
4. 下列动词的主动语态表示被动语态。miss(丢失), sell well(销路好), need / want doing
My bike is missing. This kind of food sells well. Your coat needs watering.
5. happen, take place发生, last(持续), cost, hold(容纳), have, like, feel, sound(听起来)等动词
没有被动形式。Great changes have taken place in our school. The water can last three days.
Silk feels soft and smooth. The cake looks nice. An accident happened to him.
五、动词不定式：由to + 动词原形构成，没有人称和数的变化，有时to可以省略。在句中
除了不能做谓语外，能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语。
1、动词不定式的句法功能：
*做主语。常用It + be + 形容词+ ( of / for sb. ) + to do sth.结构。
of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等
for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等
*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面，若主语很长而表语很短，可以将两者颠倒过来。
His job is to sell the computers. He seems to be interested in the detective stories.
*做状语。表目的：She was here to visit her daughter. 表原因：I’m sorry to trouble you.
表结果：The box is too heavy to carry. 表示程度：This room is big enough to hold 200 people.
*做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后，若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，这个不定式应
为及物的。如：I was the first to come. I have no pens to write with. (动宾关系)
*做宾语。常见的动词有：want, agree, choose, try, decide, hope, wish, learn,
fail, would like to do sth.
*做宾语补足语。
1．）必须使用to的动词有：ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow,
wait for, teach, would like, allow sb. to do sth.
2．）不能使用to的动词有：have, make, let; see, watch, hear, notice sb. do sth
注意：在主动语态中，to 要省略；而在被动语态中，to 必须加上
3．）可以使用to，也可以不用的动词：help
*疑问词（除why外）+ 动词不定式(what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.)
2. 下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词（动词的–ing形式）作宾语:
enjoy, finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, can’t help
be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on
3. 下列一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。
1．）意义相同或相近的有：begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, plan
2．）意思不同的有：forget, remember, stop, see, hear, go on
4. 注意：had better (not) do sth, would rather (not) do sth
5.动词不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to
主谓一致
一、就近原则：either…or…neither…nor…not only….but also…There / Here be +并列主语.
二、意义一致原则：
1.集体名词（class, family等）做主语时，可根据意义判断。
His family has moved into a new house. His family were having supper then.
主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时，动词用单数。
2.主语+ as well as / with / together with / like / but / except +动词单数。
Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.
Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.
3.下列一些不定代词做主语，动词用单数。each, either, neither, something,anything, somebody, anybody等。
4.The + 形容词/ 过去分词+ 动词复数The wounded were looked after well in the hospital.
The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world.
5.glasses, trousers, shoes, scissors等单独做主语时,动词用复数
但当它们与a pair of连用时,动词与pair的数保持一致。The pair of glasses fits you well.
句子（一）
根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句
一、简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。根据句子的结构，
又可分为五种：
1、S + V. 主语+ 不及物动词。
2、S + V + O. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语。
3、S + V + P. 主语+ 连系动词+ 表语。
4、S + V + IO + DO. 主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。可以转换成：
主语+ 直接宾语+ for 或to ＋间接宾语。
常见的这类动词有：buy, bring, make , choose, get sth. for sb.
teach, give, pass, hand(传递), show, offer, sell, lend, take, send sth to sb.
5、S + V + O + C. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语。
二、并列句：常由or, but, and, so for等词将两个简单句连接，表示转折，递进等关系。
三、复合句：包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。
1、宾语从句:掌握以下内容：*引导宾语从句的引导词*掌握宾语从句的语序*掌握宾语从句的时态一致
2、状语从句
（1）时间状语从句的连词有：when, while, before, after, until (till), since, as soon as等。
时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
注意下列几个词的区别：
when: *当……的时候指一点时间,表示短暂性动作*指一段时间,表示持续性的动作*什么时候引导宾语从句
while:*表示持续性的动作或状态*具有对比的含义, 意为“然而”
as: 表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,一般与延续性动词连用. “一边…一边…”“随着..”
As we walked, we talked. As time went by, we knew each other better and better.
（2）原因状语从句because(因为), since(既然), as (由于), for(因为)
（3）条件状语从句if(如果) unless(除非)
在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时.
（4）结果状语从句so + 形容词/ 副词+ that + 句子such + 名词+ that…
*such + a (an) + 形容词+ 名词= so + 形容词+ a (an) + 名词
（5）目的状语从句so that, in order that, (in order to do sth\ so as to do sth)
（6）比较状语从句as…as… , than, not as / so … as…
（7）让步状语从句though, although, even though…
3、定语从句: 修饰名词或代词的从句, 放在名词或代词的后面.
通常: 名词(人) + who / whom / that + 句子名词(物) + which / that + 句子
（1）引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用which 指物, 不用that.
I have lost my bag, which I like very much.
（2）关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.
Do you know the man who is standing against the door?
（3）下列几种情况只能用that 引导宾语从句:
*先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等, 如:
All that we have to do is to practise more. There is nothing that I can do for you.
*先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.
*先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰时,如:
I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.
（4）由when, where, why 引导的定语从句
I don’t know the reason why he was late. This is the place where I have lived for five years.
I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr. Li for the first time.
先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的动词是及物的,就用that (which),
如果动词不及物,就用where引导. This is the house that he has lived in for five years.
This is the house where he has lived for five years.
句子(二)
（外研版）初中英语语法总结 1 agree with sb 赞成某人 2 visit to… 参观某个地方 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……着名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do?
外研社初三英语语法总复习 名词 一、名词的分类:根据用法，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。 1. 可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。 *以y纟吉尾的专有名词，或元音字母+结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：女口：two Marysthe Henrys mon key---mon keysholiday---holidays 比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories * 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a.力口s,女口：photo---photospiano---pianos radio---radioszoo---zoos ； b. 力口es，如：potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes hero--heroes Negro--Negroes* 以f 或fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去 f , fe加ves， 如: half---halvesknife---knivesleaf---leaveswife---wiveslife---lives thief---thieves 2?名词复数的不规则变化 1）child---children foot---feettooth---teeth mouse---miceman---men woman---women 注意：与 man禾口woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men禾口-women。如：an Englishman，two En glishme n.但German不是合成词，它是由Germa ny去y变化而来，故复数形式为Germa ns； Bowman 是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。 2）单复数同形如: deer，sheep, fish，Chinese，Japanese，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters 3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news是不可数名词。 c. the Uni ted States，the Uni ted Natio ns 应视为单数。The Uni ted Natio ns was orga nized in 1945. d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. << 一千零一夜>>故事书。4）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses眼镜）trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;suit（套）;a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. ）常以复数形式出现并使用的名词：clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks, con gratulati ons, wishes, police, stairs（楼梯）,works（著作）,woods（森林）,times（时代） 3. 不可数名词量的表示：可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如： a glass of water \ a piece of cake 4. 修饰可数名词的词有：ma ny, few, a few, a nu mber of,数词 修饰不可数名词的词有：much, little, a little, a great deal of 即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有：some （an y）, no, a lot of, ple nty of 二、定语名词的复数（即名词修饰名词）：名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1）用复数作定语。如：sports meeting运动会students reading-room学生阅览室
中考英语语法总结 一、祈使句结构 1 祈使句结构 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。 1）祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。 Take this seat. Do be careful. 否定结构： Don't move. Don't be late. 2）第二种祈使句以let开头。 Let 的反意疑问句 a. Let's 包括说话者 Let's have another try，shall we / shan't we = Shall we have another try b. Let us 不包括说话者 Let us have another try，will you / won't you = Will you please let us have another try
否定结构： Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter. 二、感叹句结构 感叹句结构 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。 what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。 How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序 How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序 What +名词+ 陈述语序 What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序 What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序 How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is!
英语语法 1.名词 1.1名词复数的规则变化 1.2其他名词复数的规则变化 1.3名词复数的不规则变化 1.4不可数名词量的表示 1.5定语名词的复数 1.6不同国家的人的单复数 1.7名词的格 2.冠词和数词 2.1不定冠词的用法 2.2定冠词的用法 2.3零冠词的用法 2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构 2.5冠词位置 2.6数词 3.代词 3.1人称代词的用法 3.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换 3.3代词的指代问题 3.4并列人称代词的排列顺序 3.5物主代词 3.6双重所有格 3.7反身代词 3.8相互代词 3.9指示代词 3.10疑问代词 3.11关系代词 3.12every , no, all, both, neither, nor 3.13none, few, some, any, one, ones 3.14代词比较辩异 one，that 和it 3.15one/another/the other 3.16“the”的妙用 3.17anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each 3.18both, either, neither, all, any, none 3.19many, much 3.20few, little, a few, a little 4.形容词和副词 4.1形容词及其用法 4.2以-ly结尾的形容词 4.3用形容词表示类别和整体 4.4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 4.5副词及其基本用法 4.6兼有两种形式的副词
4.7形容词与副词的比较级 4.8as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 4.9比较级形容词或副词 + than 4.10可修饰比较级的词 4.11many,old 和 far 4.12the + 最高级 + 比较范围 4.13和more有关的词组 5.动词 5.1系动词 5.2什么是助动词 5.3助动词be的用法 5.4助动词have的用法 5.5助动词do的用法 5.6助动词shall和will的用法5.7助动词should和would的用法5.8短语动词 5.9非谓语动词 6.动名词 6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语6.2Worth的用法 7动词不定式 7.1不定式作宾语 7.2不定式作补语 7.3不定式主语 7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 7.5不定式作表语 7.6不定式作定语 7.7不定式作状语 7.8用作介词的to 7.9省to 的动词不定式 7.10动词不定式的否定式 7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to… 7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to 7.13不定式的特殊句型Why not 7.147不定式的时态和语态 7.15动名词与不定式 8.特殊词精讲 8.1stop doing/to do 8.2forget doing/to do 8.3remember doing/to do 8.4regret doing/to do 8.5cease doing/to do 8.6try doing/to do 8.7go on doing/to do
1 . (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen 从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 to 、look at ( 感官动词)+（sb. ）+do sth. eg : I am/ feel confident of myspoken English. eg:I like watching monkeys jump. I feel that I can pass the test . 2 . （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样18. be + doing 表：1现在进行时2将来时 eg:the more the more 越来越多19 . be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够?? 3. a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）eg : She is able to sing .= She can sing. 4 . agree with sb赞成某人20. be able to do sth. 能够干什么 5 . all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样e g :she is able to sing . 6 . all over the world = the whole world 整个21. be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕??世界eg : I'm afraed to go out at night . 7. along with 同??一道，伴随??I'm afraid of dog. eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去22. be allowed to do 被允许做什么 The students planted trees along with their eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允 8. as soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 许看电视 9 . as you can see 你是知道的(正如你所见)23. be angry with sb 生某人的气 10 . ask for ??求助向?要?（直接接想要的东e g : Don't be angry with me. 西）24. be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 12. ask sb to do sth询问某人某事 为什么而生某人的气 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事25. be as ?原级?as 和什么一样 13 . at the age of 在??岁时eg : She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高 eg ：I amsixteen. = I am at the age of sixteen . 26. be ashamed to 14. at the beginning of ????的起初；??27. be away from远离 的开始28. be away from 从??离开 15. at the end of + 地点/+时间最后；尽头；末29. be bad for对什么有害 尾eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eg : At the end of the day eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 16. at this time of year 在每年的这个时候30. be born 出生于 17. be /feel confident of sth /that clause + 31. be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事
外研版八年级英语上语法专练 Module 1 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和现在进行时的区分Ⅰ.单项选择 1. There ______ a football match on TV this evening. A. will have B. is going to be C. has D. is going to have 2. Look! The boys ______ football on the playground. A. plays B. play C. are playing D. played 3. Mr Black is going to marry a girl he ______ in Japan last year. A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet 4. Where’s Tom? His mother ______ him now. A. is looking for B. will look for C. has looked for D. looks for 5. ─When ______ again? ─I don’t know. But when he ______, I'll let you know. A. he comes; will come B. will he come; will come C. he comes; will come D. will he come; comes Ⅱ.用所给动词的适当形式填空 6. He ______ (go) swimming in the river every day in summer. 7. Just a minute! My brother ______ (wash) his car in the garden. 8. It is very cold. I think it ______ (rain). 9. ─I need some paper. ─I ______ (bring) some for you. 10. I can’t find my pen. Who ______ (take) it? Modules 2-3 形容词、副词的比较级和副词用法 单项选择 1. Tom is ______ than any other player in the school team. A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. more tall 2. Which do you like ______, tea or milk? A. the good B. better C. the better D. good 3. Lily isn’t as ______ as Peter. She often makes mistakes in her homework. A. careless B. careful C. carefully D. carelessly 4. Things are ______ on the moon than on the earth. A. much lighter B. much heavier C. the heaviest D. the lightest 5. Sam is ______ at Chinese than Jim. A. good B. well C. better D. gooder 6. He is ______ than before. A. happy B. happyer C. happier D. happiest 7. Could you please speak a little more ______? I can’t follow you. A. quietly B. quickly C. loudly D. slowly 8. Ted was hard-working. His success made him work ______. A. harder B. hardest C. more quickly D. most quickly 9. I am good at math, but his English is ______ than mine. A. much better B. more better C. very better D. pretty better
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句 结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句) ----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。 例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。 例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。 例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。 例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from
人教版2020届中考英语语法突破专题—— 《宾语从句》 宾语从句是历届中考必考单选题型，一般出现在单选题的倒数第一题或者倒数第二题，基本上各省份考试均涉及一道宾语从句题，一般在九年级第二学期开学或者第一学期期中学习，宾语从句是中考三大从句题之一（三大从句分别为：状语从句、定语从句和宾语从句）。因为涉及句子结构问题，很多学生对这一题型得分率很低，很多次模拟考试都不能做对，使得本应该轻松到手的分数白白丢弃。本人结合自己多年的教学经验，整理出宾语从句的解题方法，方便广大考生借鉴参考。 （一）什么是宾语从句 宾语从句先从字面上理解，其实就是原来的句子中的宾语或者宾语补足语，从原来的一个单词或词组变成了现在的一个句子，比如： ◎句子中只有宾语的情况 ①I told you.我告诉你 这个句子中，我是主语，told是谓语动词，you是宾语。 ◎句子中既有宾语又有宾语补足语的情况 ②I told you a story.我告诉你一个故事 这个句子中，我是主语，told是谓语动词，you是宾语，a story是宾语补足语。 初中英语所涉及的宾语情况就这两种情况，在初中阶段不会遇到其他情况，所以，我们的宾语从句形式也以此只有两种情况 分别将①和②中的宾语和宾语补足语用句子来代替，就形成了我们所说的宾语从句，即我们可以将①中的宾语you替换为一个句子，例如： ②I asked when they would come to there. 句中的I是主语，asked是谓语动词，when they will come to there.是宾语从句，是一个句子,在句中的作用地位和①中的you一致。 将②中的a story 变为句子，例如： ③I told you that he was not in the school yesterday.
史上最全英语语法速记口诀！be的用法口诀我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它； 单数名词用is，复数名词全用are. 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃 变否定，更容易，be后notxx忘记 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌 年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行 遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in. 要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行 午夜黄昏须用at，xx用它也不错 at也用在明分前，说差可要用上to， 说过只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记， xx岁月空蹉跎 可数名词的复数变化规律 名词复数有规律，一般词尾加s; 辅音字母+y型，变y为i,es; ch,sh真有趣，s,x,es; f,fe真小气，字母v来把它替，es在后别忘记； 字母o来真神奇，有生命来es,没有生命+s. 中日好友来聚会，
xx、xx、鱼把家回。 男士、女士a变e； 牙（齿）、脚双o变双e; 孩子们想去xx， 原形后面r、e、n; 老鼠本来爱大米， mice,ice和rice. 注： 中Chinese,日Japanese，好友people. 绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish（这些单词单复数一样）man--men woman--women tooth--teeth foot--feet child--children mouse--mice 一般现在时态 （一） I、we、you、they作主语， 动词原形后面跟； 否定句，更容易， 动词前面加don't; 疑问句，别着急， 句首Do，来帮你， 后面问号别忘记；
肯定回答用Yes, I、we、you、they加上do; 否定回答要用No, I、we、you、they加don't. （二） 主语三单他、她、它， 动三形式后面压， 词尾一般s加； 辅音字母+y型， 变y为i,es; ch,sh真有趣， s,x,es; 三个特殊那里去？ has、goes和does; 否定句，记住它， 动词前面doesn't; 疑问句，别着急， 句首Does，来帮你; 肯定回答用Yes, he、she、it加does; 否定回答要用No,
初中英语语法总结（七至九年级外研版） 1 agree with sb 赞成某人 2 visit to… 参观某个地方 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整 个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing S he can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我 应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太 阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……
八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 （2021最新版） 作者：______ 编写日期：2021年__月__日 【导语】要想取得好的学习成绩，必须要有良好的学习习惯。习惯是经过重复练习而巩固下来的稳重持久的条件反射和自然需要。建立良好的学习习惯，就会使自己学习感到有序而轻松。以下是小编为您整理的《八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结》，供大家查阅。 【篇一】 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语 reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from the context. (至于不懂的单词，
定语从句专题复习教案 Revising Attribute Clause Lecturer: Time: ◆Three dimensional Teaching Aims： Knowledge aims: 1. Know the trends of attributive clauses to be tested in NMET2008. Ability aims: 2. Master the usage of Relative pron. and Relative adverbs. Emotional aims: 3. Distinguish some groups of relative conjunctions easy to misuse. 4. Tell the difference among several kinds of clauses to cultivate Ss’ integrating skills. ◆Teaching Important Points: 1. How to tell the difference between “as/ which, that/which”,etc. 2. Revising “Prep+Relative pron.” ◆Teaching Difficulties: 1. “as” leading attributive clauses, 2. How to use “where, when, why” properly and understand the relation with “that” ◆Learning Strategy: Make the students learn to summarize and induce what they have learned, thus building knowledge network. Then they can develop life-long ability of learning. ◆Teaching Type: Revision ◆Teaching aids: 1) Multimedia 2) Paper sheet ◆Teaching Procedures: Step I. Lead-in Give out paper sheets, asking the students to find out attributive clauses in the reading material taken from Reading D NMET2007.I Step II. Analyzing the status of Attributive clause Introduction to trends of Attributive clause tested in NMET 1. The non-restrictive attributive clause is an important testing point, focused on difference between leading words “as” and “which”. 2. More than one clause is put together, such as emphasizing structure ( it be…that), appositive clauses(that…), adverbial clauses (such that/as…) 3. “Prep +Relative pron (which, whom)” 4. Testing forms: Multiple choice, Proofreading, Cloze test, Reading comprehension and Writing (Discuss the above, and make them have a better understanding their difference.) Strategy: 1. Have a better understanding of how to use Relative pron and Relative adverbs. 2. Try to tell the difference “as/which；that/which; that/as” 3. Know how to use a preposition in the structure “Prep+ Relative pron”.