中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
H O L I S T I C W E B B R O W S I N G:T R E N D S O F T H E F U T U R E
The future of the Web is everywhere. The future of the Web is not at your desk. It’s not necessarily in your pocket, either. It’s everywhere. With each new technological innovation, we continue to become more and more immersed in the Web, connecting the ever-growing layer of information in the virtual world to the real one around us. But rather than get starry-eyed with utopian wonder about this bright future ahead, we should soberly anticipate the massive amount of planning and design work it will require of designers, developers and others.
The gap between technological innovation and its integration in our daily lives is shrinking at a rate much faster than we can keep pace with—consider the number of unique Web applications you signed up for in the past year alone. T his
has resulted in a very fragmented experience of the Web. While running several different browsers, with all sorts of plug-ins, you might also be running multiple standalone applications to manage feeds, social media accounts and music playlists.
Even though we may be adept at switching from one tab or window to another, we should be working towards a more holistic Web experience, one that seamlessly integrates all of the functionality we need in the simplest and most contextual way. With this in mind, l et’s review four trends that designers and developers would be wise to observe and integrate into their work so as to pave the way for a more holistic Web browsing experience:
1.The browser as operating system,
2.Functionally-limited mobile applications,
3.Web-enhanced devices,
4.Personalization.
1. The Browser As Operating System
Thanks to the massive growth of Web productivity applications, creative tools and entertainment options, we are spending more time in the browser than ever before. The more time we spend there, the less we make use of the many tools in the larger operating system that actually runs the browser. As a result, we’re beginning to expect the same high level of reliability and sophistication in our Web experience that we get from our operating system.
For the most part, our expectations have been met by such innovations as Google’s Gmail, Talk, Calendar and Docs applications, which all offer varying degrees of integration with one another, and online image editing tools like Picnik and Adobe’s on line version of Photoshop. And those expectations will continue to be met by upcoming releases, such as the Chrome operating system—we’re already thinking of our browsers as operating systems. Doing everything on the Web was once a pipe dream, but now it’s a reality.
U B I Q U I T Y
The one limitation of Web browsers that becomes more and more obvious as we make greater use of applications in the cloud is the lack of usable connections between open tabs. Most users have grown accustomed to keeping many tabs open, switching back and forth rapidly between Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs and various social media tools. But this switching from tab to tab is indicative of broken connections between applications that really ought to be integrated.
Mozilla is attempting to functionally connect tools that we use in the browser in a more intuitive and rich way with Ubiquity. While it’s definitely a step in the right direction, the command-line approach may be a barrier to entry for those
unable to let go of the mouse. In the screenshot below, you can see how Ubiquity allows you to quickly map a location shown on a Web page without having to open Google Maps in another tab. This is one example of integrated functionality without which you would be required to copy and paste text from one tab to another. Ubiquity’s core capability, which is creating a holistic browsing experience by understanding basic commands and executing them using appropriate Web applications, is certainly the direction in which the browser is heading.
This approach, wedded to voice-recognition software, may be how we all navigate the Web in the next decade, or sooner: hands-free.
T R A C E M O N K E Y A N D O G G
Meanwhile, smaller, quieter releases have been paving the way to holistic browsing. This past summer, Firefox released an update to its software that includes a brand new JavaScript engine called TraceMonkey. This engine delivers a significant boost in speed and image-editing functionality, as well as the ability to play videos without third-party software or codecs.
Aside from the speed advances, which are always welcome, the image and video capabilities are perfect examples of how the browser is encroaching on the operating system’s territory. Being able to edit images in the browser could replace the need for local image-editing software on your machine, and potentially for separate applications such as Picnik. At this point, it’s not certain how sophisticated this functionality can be, and so designers and ordinary users will probably continue to run local copies of Photoshop for some time to come.
The new video functionality, which relies on an open-source codec
called Ogg, opens up many possibilities, the first one being for developers who do not want to license codecs. Currently, developers are required to license a codec if they want their videos to be playable in proprietary software such as Adobe Flash. Ogg allows video to be played back in Firefox itself.
What excites many, though, is that the new version of Firefox enables interactivitybetween multiple applications on the same page. One potential application of this technology, as illustrated in the image above, is allowing users to click objects in a video to get additional information about them while the video is playing.
2. Functionally-Limited Mobile Applications
So far, our look at a holistic Web experience has been limited to the traditional br owser. But we’re also interacting with the Web more and more on mobile devices. Right now, casual surfing on a mobile device is not a very sophisticated experiences and therefore probably not the main draw for users. The
combination of small screens, inconsistent input options, slow connections and lack of content optimized for mobile browsers makes this a pretty clumsy, unpredictable and frustrating experience, especially if you’re not on an iPhone.
However, applications written specifically for mobile environments and that deal with particular, limited sets of data—such as Google’s mobile apps,
device-specific applications for Twitter and Facebook and the millions of applications in the iPhone App Store—look more like the future of mobile Web use. Because the mobile browsing experience is in its infancy, here is some advice on designing mobile experiences: rather than squeezing full-sized Web applications (i.e. ones optimized for desktops and laptops) into the pocket, designers and developers should become proficient at identifying and executing limited functionality sets for mobile applications.
A M A Z O N M O
B I L E
A great example of a functionally-limited mobile application is Amazon’s interface for the iPhone (screenshot above). Amazon has reduced the massive scale of its website to the most essential functions: search, shopping cart and lists. And it has optimized the layout specifically for the iPhone’s smaller screen.
FA C E B O O K F O R I P H O N E
Facebook continues to improve its mobile version. The latest version includes a simplified landing screen, with an icon for every major function of the website in order of priority of use. While information has been reduced and segmented, the scope of the website has not been significantly altered. Each new update brings the app closer to replicating the full experience in a way that feels quite natural.
G M A I L F O R I P H O N E
Finally,Gmail’s iPhone application is also impressive. Google has introduced a floating bar to the interface that allows users to batch process emails, so that
t hey don’t have to open each email in order to deal with it.
3. Web-Enhanced Devices
Mobile devices will proliferate faster than anything the computer industry has seen before, thereby exploding entry points to the Web. But the Web will vastly expand not solely through personal mobile devices but through completely new Web-enhanced interfaces in transportation vehicles, homes, clothing and other products.
In some cases, Web enhancement may lend itself to marketing initiatives and advertising; in other cases, connecting certain devices to the Web will make them more useful and efficient. Here are three examples of Web-enhanced products or services that we may all be using in the coming years:
W E B-E N H A N C E D G R O C E RY S H O P P I N G
Web-connected grocery store “VIP” card s may track customer spending as they do today: every time you scan your customer card, your purchases are added to a massive database that grocery stores use to guide their stocking choices. In exchange for your data, the stores offer you discounts on selected products. Soon with Web-enhanced shopping, stores will be able to offer you specific promotions based on your particular purchasing history, and in real time (as illustrated above). This will give shoppers more incentive to sign up for VIP programs and give retailers more flexibility and variety with discounts, sales and other promotions.
W E B-E N H A N C E D U T I L I T I E S
One example of a Web-enhanced device we may all see in our homes soon enough is a smart thermostat (illustrated above), which will allow users not only to monitor their power usage using Google PowerMeter but to see their current charges when it matters to them (e.g. when they’re turning up the heater, not sitting in front of a computer).
W E B-E N H A N C E D P E R S O N A L B A N K I N G
Another useful Web enhancement would be a display of your current bank account balance directly on your debit or credit card (as shown above). This data would, of course, be protected and displayed only after you clear a biometric security system that reads your fingerprint directly on the card. Admittedly, this idea is rife with privacy and security implications, but something like this will nevertheless likely exist in the not-too-distant future.
4. Personalization
Thanks to the rapid adoption of social networking websites, people have become comfortable with more personalized experiences online. Being greeted by name and offered content or search results based on their browsing history not only is common now but makes the Web more appealing to many. The next step is to increase the user’s control of their personal information and to offer more tools that deliver new information tailored to them.
C E N T R A L I Z E
D P R O F I L
E S
If you’re like most people, you probably maintain somewhere between two to six active profiles on various social networks. Each profile contains a set of information about you, and the overlap varies. You probably have unique usernames and passwords for each one, too, though using a single sign-on service to gain access to multiple accounts is becoming more common. But wh y shouldn’t the information you submit to these accounts follow the same approach? In the coming years, what you tell people about yourself online will be more and more under your control. This process starts with centralizing your data in one profile,
which will then share bits of it with other profiles. This way, if your information changes, you’ll have to update your profile only once.
D ATA O W N
E R S H I P
The question of who owns the data that you share online is fuzzy. In many cases, it even remains unaddressed. However, as privacy settings on social networks become more and more complex, users are becoming increasingly concerned about data ownership. In particular, the question of who owns the images, video and messages created by users becomes significant when a user wants to remove their profile. To put it in perspective, Royal Pingdom, in
its Internet 2009 in Numbers report, found that 2.5 billion photos were uploaded to Facebook each month in 2009! The more this number grows, the more users will be concerned about what happens to the content they transfer from their machines to servers in the cloud.
While it may seem like a step backward, a movement to restore user data storage to personal machines, which would then intelligently share that data with various social networks and other websites, will likely spring up in response to growing privacy concerns. A system like this would allow individuals to assign meta data to files on their computers, such as video clips and photos; this meta data would specify the files’ availability to social network profiles and other websites. Rather than uploading a copy of an image from your computer to Flickr, you would give Flickr access to certain files that remain on your machine. Organizations such as the Data Portability Project are introducing this kind of thinking accross the Web today.
R E C O M M E N D AT I O N E N G I N E S
Search engines—and the whole concept of search itself—will remain in flux as personalization becomes more commonplace. Currently, the major search engines are adapting to this by offering different takes on personalized search results, based on user-specific browsing history. If you are signed in to your Google account and search for a pizza parlor, you will more likely see local results. With its social search experiment, Google also hopes to leverage your social network connections to deliver results from people you already know. Rounding those out with real-time search results gives users a more personal search experience that is a much more realistic representation of the rapid proliferation of new information on the Web. And because the results are filtered based on your behavior and preferences, the search engine will continue to “learn” more about you in order to provide the most useful information.
Another new search engine is attempting to get to the heart of personalized results. Hunch provides customized recommendations of information based on
users’ answers to a set of questions for each query. The more you use it, the better the engine gets at recommending information. As long as you maintain a profile with Hunch, you will get increasingly satisfactory answers to general questions like, “Where should I go on vacation?”
The trend of personalization will have significant impact on the way individual websites and applications are designed. Today, consumer websites routinely alter their landing pages based on the location of the user. Tomorrow, websites might do similar interface customizations for individual users. Designers and developers will need to plan for such visual and structural versatility to stay on the cutting edge.
整体网页浏览：对未来的发展趋势
克里斯托弗·巴特勒
未来的网页无处不在。未来的网页，不是在你的办公桌，也不一定在你的口袋里，它是无处不在的。随着每一个新的技术创新,我们将越来越沉浸在网络中,连接层中信息的日益增长使虚拟世界与现实环绕在我们周围。不过这种光明的未来并不能过分乐观的看待,我们应该清醒的预见大量的规划和设计工作依赖于设计人员、开发人员和其他人。
在我们的日常生活中仅去年一年技术创新和一体化之间的差距正在萎缩，其速度远远超过我们可以考虑到的一些独特的你已注册了的网页应用。这导致了网络体验起来有一种非常分散的感觉。比如当不同的浏览器、各种各样的插件运行时,您也不得不运行多个独立应用程序来管理feed,社交媒体账户和音乐播放列表。
尽管我们可能善于从一个选项卡或窗口切换到另一个，我们仍应该努力建立一个更全面的网络体验，一个衔接完美的集成了所有我们需要的最简单最简便的功能。考虑到这一点，让我们回顾一下四个趋势，设计人员和开发人员将会明智的观察和融入他们的工作，为更全面的Web浏览体验铺平道路：
1.浏览器作为操作系统；
2.功能有限的移动应用程序；
3.增强网络的设备；
4.个性化。
1浏览器作为操作系统
大量增长的网络生产力应用程序，创作工具和娱乐选择，让我们在浏览器中比以往任何时候花更多的时间。我们花越多的时间在那里，我们对运行在更大的操作系统中的浏览器里的许多工具的利用率就越低。因此，我们开始期待从我们的操作系统中体验到同样高水平的可靠和老练的感觉。
在大多数情况下，我们对这样的创新的预期已被满足，如谷歌的Gmail，通话，日历和文档应用程序，其中提供所有不同程度的与彼此的融合的改革，还有在线图像编辑工具Picnik和Adobe的在线版的Photoshop等。而那些期望在即将到来的版本中继续得到满足，Chrome操作系统的人----我们已经在考虑我们的浏览器，操作系统等。正在网络上发生的一切曾经是一个白日梦，但现在它已是一个现实。
1.1无处不在
有一个网络浏览器的局限正在变得越来越明显，那就是当我们正在更大的利用计算机的云应用时缺乏可用打开的选项卡之间的连接。大多数用户已经习惯于在保持打开的许多标签，Gmail，谷歌日历，谷歌Docs和各种社会化媒体工具之间来回快速切换。但是这种象征着应用程序之间的断开的从选项卡到选项卡的转换，却真的应该被整合。
Mozilla正试图在功能上，让我们在浏览器中使用更直观，更丰富的方式与无处不在的连接工具。虽然这绝对是向一个正确的方向前进的一步，但命令行方式可能是解放鼠标的壁垒。在下面的截图中，你可以看到无处不在的一个Web页面，这可以让您快速查找到谷歌地图上显示的位置，而无需在另一个选项卡中打开。这是一个综合功能的例子，
没有它，你将需要从一个标签到另一个复制和粘贴文本。Ubiquity的核心能力，是通过理解基础的命令并执行它们用适当的网络应用创造一个整体的浏览器体验，这正是浏览器标题的方向。
这种对于语音识别软件的投身的方法，，可能关系到在未来的十年我们如何浏览网页，或迟早会变成：解放双手（不用鼠标或键盘）。
1.2T R A C E M O N K E Y和O G G
及时，更小，更安静的版本已经铺平了道路，以便全面的浏览。刚刚过去的这个夏天，火狐发布了一个更新其软件，其中包括一个全新的JavaScript引擎TraceMonkey的。该引擎提供了一个显着的提升，在速度和图像编辑功能，以及能够播放视频，而无需第三方软件或编解码器。
除了从速度前进，随时欢迎，图像和视频功能是如何在浏览器的操作系统的领土侵犯的完美的例子。能够在浏览器中编辑图像可以替换为本地的图像编辑软件在您的计算机上，并有可能为独立的应用程序，如Picnik的需要。在这一点上，它不能确定这个功能可以多么复杂，因此，设计人员和普通用户可能会继续运行，今后一段时间内的本地副本的Photoshop。
新的视频功能，它依赖于一个开放源码的编解码器，称为奥格，开辟了许多可能性，是第一个不需要许可证编解码器的开发。目前，开发人员需要的编解码器授权，如果他们希望自己的视频的专用软件如Adobe的Flash播放。奥格允许视频播放在Firefox本身播放。
是什么激发许多，虽然是新版本的Firefox可以在同一页面上的多个应用程序之间的交互性。一个潜在的应用，如上面的图片所示，这项技术允许用户在播放视频时的视频，以获得更多关于他们的信息，单击“对象。
2功能有限的移动应用程序
到目前为止，我们看一个全面的Web体验已不限于传统的浏览器。但我们也与Web 交互越来越多的移动设备上。眼下，休闲冲浪在移动设备上是一个非常复杂的经历，因此可能不会对用户具有主要的吸引力。小屏幕，输入选项不一致，连接速度慢，内容缺乏针对移动浏览器进行了优化组合，这是一个很笨拙的，不可预知的和令人沮丧的经验，特别是如果你在iPhone上。
但是，应用程序编写的专门为移动环境中和，处理与特定的，有限集的数据，例如作为谷歌的移动应用程序，设备特定的应用程序的Twitter的和Facebook的和高达数百万的应用程序在iPhone App商店，看起来更像未来的使用移动网络。由于移动浏览体验还处于起步阶段，这里有一些建议设计的移动体验，而不是挤压全尺寸的Web应用程序（即那些用于台式机和笔记本电脑进行了优化）纳入囊中，设计人员和开发人员应该熟练掌握确定和执行有限的功能集于移动应用。
2.1亚马逊手机
一个功能有限的移动应用程序的一个很好的例子是Amazon的接口为iPhone（上面的截图）。亚马逊已经降低了大规模其网站的最重要的功能：搜索，购物车，并列出。它
优化了布局，专为iPhone的小屏幕。
2.2FACEBOOK的IPHONE
Facebook继续提高它的移动版本。最新版本包括一个简单的登陆画面，每一个主要功能的网站中使用的优先顺序的图标。信息已减少，分段的网站，其范围没有显著改变。每一个新的更新带来了更接近应用程序复制充分的体验，感觉很自然的方式。
2.3GMAIL的IPHONE
最后，Gmail的iPhone应用程序也令人印象深刻。谷歌已经推出了一个浮动栏的界面，允许用户批量处理电子邮件，这样他们就不必打开每封电子邮件以处理。
3增强网络的设备
移动设备将扩散的速度比任何计算机行业已经出现之前都要迅速，因此成为爆炸网络的入口点。但网络将极大地扩大并不仅仅通过个人移动设备，而是通过全新的增强型网络接口的运输车辆，家庭，服装和其他产品。
在某些情况下，网络增强本身的营销活动和广告，在其他情况下，将某些设备连接到Web会让他们更加有用和有效的。这里有三个例子，增强网络的产品或服务，我们可能会在未来几年内都将使用：
3.1增强网络的杂货店购物
网络连接的杂货店“VIP”卡可以跟踪客户的消费，因为他们今天要做的是：每次扫描您的客户卡，您的购买将被添加到一个庞大的数据库，杂货店用它来指导自己导购的选择。为您的数据的交换，店家为您提供所选产品的折扣。不久，增强网络的购物，商店将能够为您提供具体的优惠根据您的特定的购买历史。这将给消费者更多的激励来报名参加VIP计划，并给予零售商更多的灵活性和多样性的折扣，销售和其他优惠。3.2网络的增强型工具
增强Web的设备，我们可以看到在我们的家园很快的一个例子是一个智能恒温，这将允许用户不仅可以使用谷歌的Power Meter监测用电量，而且可以看到他们目前的费用，重要的是，一切让他们转向了加热器，而不是坐在电脑前。
3.3增强网络的个人银行业务
另一个有用的改进是直接在您的借记卡或信用卡显示您当前的银行账户余额。当然，直接在卡上读取您的指纹生物识别安全系统后这个数据将被保护，并仅显示清除后。无可否认的是，这种想法充斥着隐私和安全性的影响，但这样的事情会在不太遥远的将来，是极有可能存在。
4个性化
由于社交网站的迅速普及，人们已经变得倾向，更舒适、更个性化的网络的体验。映入眼帘的名称和提供的内容或搜索结果中根据自己的浏览历史，不仅是十分常见的，而且现在网络以此吸引更加多的用户。接下来的步骤是增加了用户的控制自己的个人信息，并提供更多的工具，提供适合于他们的新信息。
4.1集中配置文件
网站建设技术* 1.介绍 网络技术的发展,为今天全球性的信息交流与资在建立源共享和交往提供了更多的途径和可能。足不出户便可以知晓天下大事,按几下键盘或点几下鼠标可以与远在千里之外的朋友交流,网上通信、网上浏览、网上交互、网上电子商务已成为现代人们生活的一部分。Internet 时代, 造就了人们新的工作和生活方式,其互联性、开放性和共享信息的模式,打破了传统信息传播方式的重重壁垒,为人们带来了新的机遇。随着计算机和信息时代的到来,人类社会前进的脚步在逐渐加快。近几年网页设计发展,快得人目不暇接。随着网页设计技术的发展,丰富多彩的网页成为网上一道亮丽的风景线。要想设计美观实用的网页就应该深入掌握网站建设技术。在建立网站时,我们分析了网站建立的目的、内容、功能、结构,应用了更多的网页设计技术。 2、网站的定义 2.1 如何定义网站 确定网站的任务和目标,是建设网站所面临的最重要的问题。为什么人们会来到你的网站? 你有独特的服务吗? 人们第一次到你的网站是为了什么? 他们还会再来吗? 这些问题都是定义网站时必须考虑的问题。要定义网站,首先,必须对整个网站有一个清晰认识,弄清到底要设计什么、主要的目的与任务、如何对任务进行组织与规划。其次,保持网站的高品质。在众多网站的激烈竞争中,高品质的产品是长期竞争的最大优势。一个优秀的网站应具备： （1）用户访问网站的速度要快； （2）注意反馈与更新。及时更新网站内容、及时反馈用户的要求； （3）首页设计要合理。首页给访问者留下的第一印象很重要,设计务必精美,以求产生良好的视觉效果。 2.2 网站的内容和功能 在网站的内容方面,就是要做到新、快、全三面。网站内容的类型包括静态的、动态的、功能的和事物处理的。确定网站的内容是根据网站的性质决定的,在设计政府网站、商业网站、科普性网站、公司介绍网站、教学交流网站等的内容和风格时各有不同。我们建立的网站同这些类型的网站性质均不相同。 *Feng Liu ,Lingling Zhang, Jifa Gu, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES, Volume 4.Number 4 .December 2007
外文资料译文及原文 译文(一) 消费者体验旅游和品牌的结合 米契尔罗伯特 定义消费者体验旅游 制造工厂参观，公司博物馆和公司访客中心表现为被不同名字已知的观光事业片段：制造业观光事业，工业的吸引、工业的观光事业和工业的遗产观光事业。在每一个描述性的长期的共同目标是在消费者学习品牌，其运作，生产过程，历史和历史意义的时候建立一个消费者和品牌之间的纽带。有人建议在这里CET代表一个统一的主题的旅游。这个术语捕捉消费者的消费能力发现更多关于他们所消费的品牌，而制造商可以在与该工厂的客人接触的30-120分钟时间里建立与这些消费者更密切的关系。 参与的品牌 品牌经理寻求解决在三个层次消费者的需求： （1）功能（对消费者提供解决问题的办法）; （2）符号（提供心理欲望满意度）; （3）经历（提供感官快乐，品种，认知，刺激） CET可以通过视觉地介绍品牌，运作，生产工艺，历史和历史意义加强消费者和品牌之间的纽带。这种纽带可以被看作是个人品牌参与和品牌忠诚度的提高。认知参与反映了消费者对产品的兴趣（或学习更多）。CET可以通过刺激消费者对于品牌和生产过程的想象提高消费者的认知水平。此外，积极口碑沟通刺激满足旅客可能会比其他形式的促销更可信。 缺乏现有的直接研究关注 迄今为止，CET已经在行销文学中受到一点注意。米契尔和米契尔（2001年）对此内容这种的旅游网站进行了评估。此外，这些相同的作者已经评估食物和饮料工业中的现象（米契尔和米契尔，2000年），非营利部门（米契尔和米契尔，2001年b），和整体经济（米契尔等， 2001）。米契尔和米契尔（2002）为学者提出了格式，用来评估在当地的服务领域这些设施的地方利益。该主题通常包括对整合营销的简要讨论，但已收到直接研究的关注很有限。
文献综述 建筑设计参考文献综述： [1]《房屋建筑学》，邢双军主编 建筑学作为一门内容广泛的综合性学科，它沙及到建筑功能、工程技术、建筑经济、建筑艺术以及环境规划等许多方面的问题。般说来，建筑物既是物质产品，又具有一定的艺术形象，它必然随着社会生产生活方式的发展变化而发展变化，并且总是受科学技术、政治经济和文化传统的深刻影响*建筑物—一作为人们亲手创造的人为环境的重要组成部分，需要耗用大量的人力和物力。它除了具行满足物质功能的使用要求外，其空间组合和建筑形象又常会赋予人们以精神上的感受。 [2]《建筑设计防火规范》（GB50016-2006） 1.0.1 为了防止和减少建筑火灾危害，保护人身和财产安全，制定本规范。 1.0.2 本规范适用于下列新建、扩建和改建的建筑： 1 9层及9层以下的居住建筑（包括设置商业服务网点的居住建筑）； 2 建筑高度小于等于24.0m 的公共建筑； 3 建筑高度大于24.0m 的单层公共建筑； 4 地下、半地下建筑（包括建筑附属的地下室、半地下室）； 5 厂房； 6 仓库； 7 甲、乙、丙类液体储罐（区）； 8 可燃、助燃气体储罐（区）； 9 可燃材料堆场； 10 城市交通隧道。 注：1 建筑高度的计算：当为坡屋面时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其檐口的高度；当为平屋面（包括有女儿墙 的平屋面）时，应为建筑物室外设计地面到其屋面面层的高度；当同一座建筑物有多种屋面形式时，建筑 高度应按上述方法分别计算后取其中最大值。局部突出屋顶的瞭望塔、冷却塔、水箱间、微波天线间或设 施、电梯机房、排风和排烟机房以及楼梯出口小间等，可不计入建筑高度内。 2 建筑层数的计算：建筑的地下室、半地下室的顶板面高出室外设计地面的高度小于等 于 1.5m 者，建筑底部设置的高度不超过2.2m 的自行车库、储藏室、敞开空间，以及建筑屋顶上突出的局部设备用房、出屋面 的楼梯间等，可不计入建筑层数内。住宅顶部为两层一套的跃层，可按1 层计，其它部位的跃层以及顶部 多于2 层一套的跃层，应计入层数。 1.0.3 本规范不适用于炸药厂房（仓库）、花炮厂房（仓库）的建筑防火设计。 人民防空工程、石油和天然气工程、石油化工企业、火力发电厂与变电站等的建筑防火设计，当有专门的国家现行标准时，宜从其规定。 1.0.4 建筑防火设计应遵循国家的有关方针政策，从全局出发，统筹兼顾，做到安全适用、技术先进、经济合理。 1.0.5 建筑防火设计除应符合本规范的规定外，尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。
精品网页设计欣赏及评析 1.商业清爽型 国外现在较流行的风格，国内也有不少模范者，可是往往在色彩调配和细节方面有所欠缺。图一图二特点：利用方框构图，简介明了，图片一般大面积出现，但图片一定要结构清晰，色彩鲜明色彩方面多使用大面积浅灰度和白色，以衬托logo 和配图的色彩鲜艳，配以高明度小小色块（如导航处）。因为结构构图简单，细节方面一定要讲究，不适宜有过于复杂的logo 和点缀出现，多用简洁明快的几何图形结合。一般此类风格背景如果是彩色，都会是低纯度低亮度彩色，以反衬主题图片和logo。在大面积背景压住的情况下，图片明度越高越爽。画面应该有一个主色调。注意图二左下脚的logo，有意与背景色调相同，以免抢了视觉中心，这是很多人常犯的错误。图三注意细节图案的使用，这是大多数设计者弱点所在，细直线条与箭头、方块、园点不要乱用，每个点的存在你都要有理由。 2. 商业门户型现在的商业门户网站在几乎都是三栏，上面是logo＋banner 。其实门户网站因为信息大，更新频繁，在设计时应该充分考虑可扩展性，我认为可以充分利用下拉特性，充分考虑左上位置的设计，主体争取结构明了简洁。下面我们一起来看看几个门户网站的设计。图四所示的这个网站是卡通网站，广告栏很大，但通过精心设计使之醒目而不凌乱。图片统一使用斜角，统一又不呆板。图五所示网站使用曲线与直线的结合，蓝灰色主色，画面沉静而不脏，这里的色彩难度很高，需要细心调试，色块分割，简单明了。图六所示网站主题部分简之又简，在背景上做足了功夫，轻轻的灰度变化，是现在国际流行的风格，高雅，不花，充分烘托主体。图四图五图六 3. IT 企业实用模板图七图八图九图十 4. 时尚企业网站模板图十一图十二 5. 主题型实用网站模板图十三上图所示模板其logo 和图片以及其绿色的主色调与动物园的环境和业务非常贴切。美食业务主题网站，布局合理大方，整体设计“色香味”俱全，主题鲜明，功能齐全。 6. 学校教育型模板图十四图十五 7. 儿童主题型网站模板图十六图十七图十八图十九 8. 个人个性化网站模板 以下的10个网页设计作品是ThemeForest上最受欢迎的优秀企业网站设计模板的其中一小部分。它们风格低调沉稳，几乎只使用黑白灰三种色彩，却不雷同，并且在细节上都非常讲究。ThemeForest是非常值得网页设计师关注的高品质网站，其上的几乎每一个设计模板都称得上是杰出的设计作品，值得我们认真揣摩学习。这篇文章里我将根据自己的观点对这10个设计模板的设计思路和方法做一总结，列出其中的要点，挖掘值得我们在网页设计中值得借鉴的东西，希望能够对大家有所帮助。
外文资料 JavaServer Pages Overview JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology enables Web developers and designers to rapidly develop and easily maintain, information-rich, dynamic Web pages that leverage existing business systems. As part of the Java technology family, JSP technology enables rapid development of Web-based applications that are platform independent. JSP technology separates the user interface from content generation, enabling designers to change the overall page layout without altering the underlying dynamic content. Benefits for Developers If you are a Web page developer or designer who is familiar with HTML, you can: Use JSP technology without having to learn the Java language: You can use JSP technology without learning how to write Java scriplets. Although scriptlets are no longer required to generate dynamic content, they are still supported to provide backward compatibility. Extend the JSP language: Java tag library developers and designers can extend the JSP language with "simple tag handlers," which utilize a new, much simpler and cleaner, tag extension API. This spurs the growing number of pluggable, reusable tag libraries available, which in turn reduces the amount of code needed to write powerful Web applications. Easily write and maintain pages: The JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library(JSTL) expression language is now integrated into JSP technology and has been upgraded to support functions. The expression language can now be used instead of scriptlet expressions. JSP Technology and Java Servlets JSP technology uses XML-like tags that encapsulate the logic that generates the content for the page. The application logic can reside in server-based resources (such as JavaBeans component architecture) that the page accesses with these tags. Any and all formatting (HTML or XML) tags are passed directly back to the response page. By separating the page logic from its design and display and supporting a reusable component-based design, JSP technology makes it faster and easier than ever to build Web-based applications. JavaServer Pages technology is an extension of theJava Servlet technology. Servlets are platform-independent, server-side modules that fit seamlessly into a Web server framework and can be used to extend the capabilities of a Web server with minimal overhead, maintenance, and support. Unlike other scripting languages, servlets involve no platform-specific consideration or modifications; they are application components that are downloaded, on demand, to the part of the system that needs them. Together, JSP technology and servlets provide an attractive alternative to other types of dynamic Web scripting/programming by offering: platform independence; enhanced performance; separation of logic from display; ease of administration; extensibility into the enterprise; and, most importantly, ease of use. Today servlets are a popular choice for building interactive Web applications. Third-party servlet containers are available for Apache Web Server, Microsoft IIS,
旅游品牌定位外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
原文： Destination brand positions of a competitive set of near-home destinations Abstract: Although the branding literature commenced during the 1940s, the first publications related to destination branding did not emerge until half a century later. A review of 74 destination branding publications by 102 authors from the first 10 years of destination branding literature (1998–2007) found at least nine potential research gaps warranting attention by researchers. In particular, there has been a lack of research examining the extent to which brand positioning campaigns have been successful in enhancing brand equity in the manner intended in the brand identity. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an investigation of brand equity tracking for a competitive set of destinations in Queensland, Australia between 2003 and 2007. A hierarchy of consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) provided an effective means to monitor destination brand positions over time. A key implication of the results was the finding that there was no change in brand positions for any of the five destinations over the four year period. This leads to the proposition that destination position change within a competitive set will only
《文献检索》课程教学设计 目录 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 (2) 项目一科技文献检索方法和图书馆的科学利用 (8) 项目二常见化学化工科技论文的写作 (11) 项目三美国化学文摘的使用 (14) 项目四专利文献的查询 (17) 项目五标准文献的查询 (20) 项目六计算机信息检索的应用 (23) 项目七信息检索策略综合应用训练 (26)
徐州工业职业技术学院教学设计（讲稿）
教学内容与设计 绪论：文献（信息）检索的意义及基础 自我介绍 提问一：你会检索吗？ 如果会，那么会用检索以下毕业专题的相关资料吗？ ?杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取分离 ?有机废水处理工艺设计 ?蚕丝蛋白制备工艺研究 ?铁矿石含铁量测定方法新工艺 ?基因工程干扰素生产工艺研究 提问的目的：突出检索技术直接是为毕业专题服务，这是一门技术。提问二：信息检索课是什么？ 学生如是说： 文献检索课程是井底之蛙的升降机，是雄鹰的翅膀，是横跨天堑的桥梁。 针对某一课题，通过电子检索查阅有关资料，才知道知识的浩瀚，才知道世界的宽广，才知道“山外青山，楼外楼”。 它是我在大学期间所学的最重要，最有用的课程之一，有了它，我们将会受益终生。教会我们一种方法，一种主动 了解外界，提高自己，放眼世界的方法。 检索不仅是我们学习的制胜法宝，更是一条贯穿我们生活的红线。正因为有了这门课的学习，现在大脑的检索意识 就比较强烈，越搜越快！前几天，问同学借自行车，他告 诉我车子大致地点，是永久牌，有车栏，略有一点蓝。到 了现场，脑海中一下就有了先找有栏的，再找蓝颜色的， 最后确定是不是永久的，很快就找到了。 我爱检索，就像爱自己的生命一样。 最后我想说，我们是幸运的！我们学到了一门真正有用的课，它对我的影响和帮助将是伴随我一身的。 提问三：借鉴与创新的关系？ 科学研究是“站在前人肩膀上”的事业，而创新又是科学研究的灵魂，即要求“前无古人”。 时间分配 2min 引导学生回答 8min 10min 通过往届学生对信息检索课的评价能够激起学生学习这门课的兴趣，也可以突出这门课对个人的作用。 10min 通过提问让学生
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Tourism and the Environment: A Symbiotic Relationship Nowadays, with the improvement of people's living standards and the pursuit of higher spiritual life, tourism is developing rapidly, and it has an increasing proportion in the national economy. Tourism is getting more and more people's attention, followed by the impact of tourism on the ecological environment. The vigorous development of the tourism industry has multiple effects on the environment. They are both positive and negative. In order to adapt the development of tourism to the capacity of tourism resources, and promote the coordinated development of environment protection and tourism, and this paper will state the impact of tourism on the environment from three aspects: 1 The negative impact of tourism on the environment; 2 The positive impact of tourism on the environment; 3 The countermeasure to against the negative impact of tourism on the environment. Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. The negative impact of tourism on the environment
外文文献—动画
Animation Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D or 3-D artwork or model positions to create an illusion of movement. The effect is an optical illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision, and can be created and demonstrated in several ways. The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods. Early examples An Egyptian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. Five images sequence from a vase found in Iran There is no single person who can be considered the "creator" of film animation, as there were several people working on projects which could be considered animation at about the same time. Georges Méliès was a creator of special-effect films; he was generally one of the first people to use animation with his technique. He discovered a technique by accident which was to stop the camera rolling to change something in the scene, and then continue rolling the film. This idea was later known as stop-motion animation. Early examples of attempts to capture the phenomenon of motion drawing can be found in paleolithic cave paintings, where animals are depicted with multiple legs in superimposed positions, clearly attempting to convey the perception of motion. An Egyptian burial chamber mural , approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestlers in action. Even though this may appear similar to a series of animation drawings, there was no way of viewing the images in motion. It does, however, indicate the artist's intention of depicting motion. A 5,000 year old earthen bowl found in Iran.It has five images of a goat painted along the sides. This has been claimed to be an example of early animation. However, since no equipment existed to show the images in motion, such a series of images cannot be called animation in a true sense of the word. A Chinese zoetrope-type device had been invented in 180 AD. The phenakistoscope, praxinoscope, and the common flip book were early popular animation devices invented during the 19th century. These devices produced the appearance of movement from sequential drawings using technological means, but animation did not really develop much
网站设计毕业论文参考文献 网站设计要能充分吸引访问者的注意力，让访问者产生视觉上的愉悦感。因此在网页创作的时候就必须将网站的整体设计与网页设计的相关原理紧密结合起来。 网站设计毕业论文参考文献范本一： [1] 王寅田. 基于Hadoop的交通物流大数据处理系统设计与实现[D]. 上海交通大学2014 [2] 滕勇. 基于WMI的电信营业终端管理系统的设计与实现[D]. 上海交通大学 2013 [3] 刘畅. 模型驱动的飞机座舱显示控制应用软件开发方法研究与实现[D]. 上海交通大学 2014 [4] 李岩. 可调整时间自动机可达性算法的研究与实现[D]. 上海交通大学 2014 [5] 余启鸿. 物流企业信用评级技术研究及系统实现[D]. 上海交通大学 2014 [6] 张明锐. 基于AOP的座舱显示应用软件框架研究与实现[D]. 上海交通大学 2014 [7] 浦杰. 券商门户系统统一通讯平台的研究和实现[D]. 上海交通大学 2012 [8] 陆志林. 基于jBPM和SSH的电子政务开发平台的研究和实现[D]. 上海交通大学2012 [9] 郑琦. 基于OCM模型的在线计费系统开发及应用[D]. 上海交通大学 2007 [10] 华天. 电子制造企业产品生命周期管理系统的研究与实现[D]. 上海交通大学 2013 [11] 陈振东. 台风预报系统关键技术的研究与实现[D]. 福州大学 2011 [12] 王猛. 矿浆中和沉降分离过程模型软件的研发[D]. 东北大学 2011 网站设计毕业论文参考文献范本二： [1]吴涛主编，网站全程设计技术(修订本)，北京：清华大学出版社;北京交通大学出版社 [2] 张华、贾志娟主编，asp项目开发，中国铁道出版社 [3] 沈大林主编，中文Flash 8案例教程，中国铁道出版社 [4]龙马工作室编，ASP+SQL Server组建动态网站实例精讲，北京：人民邮电出版社
中国出境旅游市场营销研究文献综述 摘要：出境旅游是中国旅游业的重要组成部分之一。近年来, 中国的出境旅游取得了巨大发展, 引起社会广泛关注, 出境旅游市场的研究已成为旅游研究的重要领域之一。本文首先对出境旅游相关文献进行了梳理,以出境旅游的内涵为出发点,从出境旅游市场发展的影响因素、市场特征、发展中存在的问题及发展趋势等方面对近三年国内出境旅游市场研究进行了总结, 并指出当前国内在出境旅游市场研究方法、研究内容上的闪光点与不足之处, 以期为中国出境旅游研究的发展提供参考。 一、研究背景与意义 随着社会经济的发展,中国的出境旅游市场日益壮大，越来越多国内外学者对中国出境旅游市场展开了研究，但是由于中国出境旅游市场统计信息不足，学者们无法得到足够的信息去研究中国的出境旅游市场，这就导致了中国出境旅游市场的理论研究落后于实践，无法为出境旅游市场的进一步发展提供合理的理论指导,阻碍了出境旅游市场的健康发展，而旅游市场营销是城市旅游发展的关键，因此十分有必要对出境旅游市场进行研究。探索出旅游市场发展的一般规律与特征，能够促进中国出境旅游市场的健康发展，对于以中国民众为目标市场的旅游目的地和旅游景点的旅游开发、产品设计和市场营销具有重要的指导意义。 二、相关理论与概念 国内外在旅游研究中，对出境旅游有不同的界定。在国际上，出境旅
游即出国旅游，指一个国家的公民跨越国界到其他国家或地区开展的旅游活动。国内，对出境旅游的界定存在特殊性。港澳作为特别行政区由于实行高度自治与大陆居民赴港澳旅游需交付外币，而台湾目前还未回归祖国，故中国大陆居民赴港澳台旅游习惯上被列为出境旅游的范畴。同时，中国大陆居民赴边境国家旅游活动因边境贸易与边民往来而实现快速发展，但由于其在出境地点、出境人员、活动范围、时间、目的及使用证件上的特别规定而作为出境旅游的一种特殊形式。因此，中国的出境旅游实际上包含出国游、港澳游与边境游 3 种形式。目前，国内学界对中国公民出境旅游还无公认的定义。总体而言，国内对出境旅游还未形成系统的概念体系，缺乏对出境旅游市场、出境旅游者行为等相关理论的认识。本文所探讨的中国公民出境旅游仅限于出国游与港澳游，暂不考虑边境游。 三、文献综述 1.探讨出境旅游市场发展的影响因素 旅游业是一种敏感性较高的综合性产业,它易受多种因素的影响而发生波动，出境旅游更为突出,国内外诸多因素的变动都会对其发展产生一定的影响。张传丽首先从国内客源市场角度对出境旅游主要影响因素进行归纳总结,并对相关因素进行关联分析。分析结果表明受教育程度和居民消费水平为最重要的因素,其次是旅游交通因素、旅游服务因素和政策因素。从境外旅游目的地的角度看,影响因素主要包括目的地的产品价格、旅游吸引物、空间距离、与中国的外交关系以及目的地的安全因素等。黄爱青深入分析广东省出境旅游市场发
有关教学设计论文参考文献(中文索引20篇) [1]王家友.《运动起来会怎样（二）》教学案例--基于网络资源的小学科学教 学设计[J].小学科学(教师版),2014,(10). [2]刘艳艳.《沉与浮》教学设计[J].教育实践与研究，2014,(8). [3]杨世凤.谈新课程下的小学科学课堂教学设计[J].少儿科学周刊(少儿 版),2014,(7). [4]黄晓,孙丽伟.小学科学教学设计的规范化和学科化[J].全球教育展望， 2014，43（4）:111-120. [5]陈磊.谈小学科学课堂教学设计模式之运用[J].赤子(中 旬),2014,(1):90. [6]吕笃康.基于问题学习模式的小学科学教学设计——以《水》教学为例[J]. 教学月刊(小学版)综合,2014,(1). [7]洪玉叶.基于个体差异的小学科学课堂教学设计[J].中国校外教育，2013， (25):113-114. [8]焦东林.浅谈小学科学实验教学的设计[J].科学大众（科学教育），2013， （1）：67. [9]叶宝生.小学科学教学观察实验设计的依据和方法[J].课程教材教法， 2013，（12）:68-72. [10]袁平.浅谈小学科学的有效教学设计[J].生物技术世界,2013,(9):121. [11]黄晓钰.支架式教学模式在小学科学中的教学设计[J].读与写(上,下 旬),2013,(9). [12]王军.论谈小学科学实验教学设计[J].数字化用户,2013,19(33). [13]汪丽,孙铭明.建构性教学策略在小学科学课堂教学设计中的应用[J].基 础教育研究,2013,(3). [14]胡俊.多媒体运用课——《心脏和血液循环》教学设计[J].科学大众（科 学教育），2013，（4）. [15]王慧君.科学探究教学设计:依据、实施与评价[J].中国电化教育，2013， （9）. [16]曹志刚.《运动的方式》教学设计[J]. 科学大众（科学教育），2013，（1）. [17]张庆法.小学科学有效课堂教学设计的研究[J].小学科学:(教 师),2012,(7). [18]孙长华.《观察我们周围的材料》教学设计——小学科学三年级上册材料 单元第一课[J].小学时代(教育研究),2012,(12). [19]郑琳弋.小学科学课“声音的强弱与高低”教学设计[J].科学大众(科学教 育),2012,(2). [20]王利亚.小学科学教学的几点反思[J].新课程:教师,2012,(10). 有关教学设计论文参考文献(英文索引10篇) [1]Chun-Yen Chang, Hagmann, Johannes-Geert, Yu-Ta Chien, Chung-Wen Cho. Leveraging educational pathway to bridge in-school and out-of-school science
湖南工学院本科外文翻译 基于JSP网页自动生成工具的设计与实现Produce the design of the tool and realize automatically on the basis of JSP web page 学院：计算机与信息科学学院 专业：信息与计算科学 学生姓名：何苏蓓 学号：11301440110 指导教师：王新祥 完成日期：2015-6 湖南工学院
Produce the design of the tool and realize automatically on the basis of JSP web page Alfred V.Aho and John E.Hopcroft It is an important respect that Internet uses that Web develops technology, and JSP is the most advanced technology that Web is developed, it is present Web developer's first-selected technology. But because JSP has relatively high expectations for Web developer, a lot of general Web developers can not use this advanced technology. The discussion produces the design of the tool and realizes automatically on the basis of JSP web page of the template and label storehouse, put forward concrete design philosophy and implementation method . With the popularization of WWW (World Wide Web), the technology of the dynamic web page is developed rapidly too. From original CGI (Common Gateway Interface) to ASP (Active Server Page), have met the web page developer to the demand for developing technology of the dynamic web page to a certain extent. But no matter CGI or ASP have certain limitation, for instance, consuming to resources of the server of CGI, ASP can only be used etc. with Microsoft IIS, all these have limited scope of application of the technology, have hindered their popularization greatly. The vast page developers all look forward to a kind of unified page and develop technology earnestly, characteristic that this technology there should be：Have nothing to do with the operating platform, can run on any Web or the application program server, Show the logic and page of application program that separates, Offer codes to put in an position, simplify and develop the course based on interactive application program of Web. JSP (Java Server Page) technology is designed and used for responding to the request that like this. JSP is developed technology by the new web page that Sun Micro System Company put out in June of 1999, it is that Web based on Java Serv-let and the whole Java system develops technology, and Servlet2. Expansion of 1API. Utilize this technology, can set up advanced, safely and stepping dynamic websites of the platform. Java is the future mainstream to develop technology, have a lot of advantages. JSP is Java important application technology on Internet/Intranet Web, get extensive support and admit, it can conbine with various kinds of Java technology together intactly, thus realize very complicated application. As a kind of technology of development based on text, taking showing as centre, JSP