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初中英语中考10大词类详解

初中英语中考10大词类详解
初中英语中考10大词类详解

初中英语10大词类详解+用法+考点

英语语法最最基础的就是词性了,因为后续的各种时态变化、从句很多的考点都是结合词性才产生的!要想学好语法,那就一定要打牢词性这个基础! 词性的分类

词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十大类。

1.名词 noun n. student 学生

2.代词 pronoun pron. you 你

3.形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的

4.副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地

5.动词 verb v. cut 砍、割

6.数词 numeral num. three 三

7.冠词 article art. a 一个

8.介词 preposition prep. at 在...

9.连词 conjunction conj. and 和

10.感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦

一、名词

1名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。作主语,宾语,宾补,定语

2、名词分类:专有名词和普通名词

(1)专有名词表示特定的人或事物的名称。如:Mr. Green 格林先生

the Spring Festival 春节 the Great Wall 长城 Britain 英国

提示:关于单词首字母大写

1)、句首的第一个单词的首字母要大写,Today is Thursday.

2)、人名:姓和名两个单词第一个字母都大写, Mr. Ye, Mrs. Zhang

3)、称呼、头衔的第一个字母要大写,

Doctor Wang, Chairman Mao

4)、国家、地名等专有名词第一个字母要大写, Australia, Wuhan, Zhejiang,

Wenzhou

5)、月份、星期几、节假日每个单词的第一个字母都要大写. March, Tuesday,

National Day, Labour Day

6)、语言名称要大写. Chinese, Japanese

7)、文章标题的每个实词的第一个字母应大写,但不包括of, in, and这样的介词、连词, My Mother School in Beijing.

8)、特殊简称如FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation美国联邦调查局)WTO (World Trade Organization世界贸易组织)等字母都大写.

(2)普通名词是不属于特定的人或事物名称的词。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。

个体名词,如:radio(广播),watch(手表);

集体名词,如:class(班级),people(人民);

物质名词,如:milk(牛奶)water(水);

抽象名词,如:work(工作),health(健康)。

普通名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的,有单数和复数两种形式。如:an apple

不可数名词表示的事物是不可以用数字一个一个数出来的,不分单、复数;

抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词一般都是不可数名词。如:milk牛奶,ice

冰,water水,rice大米,juice橘汁

提示:有少数名词既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但中文意思就不同了。如:fish(可数→鱼类;不可数→鱼肉),chicken(可数→小鸡;不可数→鸡肉),people(可数→民族,不可数→人)

3、可数名词变复数规则变化:

不规则变化,必须死记,如:

man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,child-children,sheep-sheep,deer-deer,fish-fish

4、如何表示不可数名词的数量?

不可数名词没有单、复数的区别,前面不能有数字,后面不能有复数,用量词表示它的数量,

如: a glass of water 一杯水two bottles of milk 两瓶牛奶five bags of rice 五袋大米

提示:这种形式也可以用于可数名词,但可数名词必须用复数形式。

“a/数词+ 量词+ of + 可数名词”的格式也对,如:a basket of apples一篮子苹果five baskets of tomatoes 五篮子西红柿

5、名词所有格:名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格,意为“……的”,1)Of:---的,表示无生命的所有格,(倒着说)如:a map of China 一张中国地图the title of the passage 那篇文章的标题 A story of the hero 那个英雄的故事

2)一般在名词后加是’s,表示有生命的所有格。如Grandma’s house 奶奶的房子

(1)如果名词代表的事物是有生命的,那么其所有格有以下几种形式:

二,动词:动词是表示动作或状态的一类词。只能作谓语,与主语的人称和数一致。

分为:助动词

系动词

情态动词

实义动词

1、助动词:是语法功能词,本身没有词义,不可单独使用。助动词+动词原形作谓语。

最常用的助动词有:do, will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need,

2,系动词:即连系动词,不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟表语。系动词和表语一起构成谓语。

系动词后+名词/形容词/介词短语如:He looked

angry/sad/happy.

3,情态动词:本身有词义,无人称和数的变化,后+动词原形。

can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)

4,实义动词:即行为动词,表示动作的动词,能独立作谓语,分为及物动词和不及物动词

及物动词不能单独使用,后面必须跟宾语,并且是直接跟宾语;

不及物动词1)可以单独使用,后面不跟词,也可以跟副词来修饰它,。

He is listening carefully. 他正在认真听。

2)如果要跟宾语,就必须加介词。

—He is listening to the teacher carefully. 他正在认真听老师讲课

1. ---Could you give me some advice on learning English?

---Sure. I think interest is important. For example, you start by watching English movies.

A. should

B. can

C. need

D. must

2,—Why do you listen to Spanish songs all the time?

—This is just my to learn Spanish.

A. choice

B. road

C. way

D. reason

3. The number of giant pandas is getting ______ because their living areas are becoming farmlands.

A. less and less

B. larger and larger

C. smaller and smaller

D. fewer and fewer 4,We sell __________ in our shop.

A. woman and child’s clothes

B. women and children T shirts

C. women’s and children’s jackets

D. woman’s and child’s coats

5.We had a good time during our __________ holiday.

A. two weeks

B. two-weeks

C. two-week’s

D. two weeks’

6.__________ room is on the 5th floor.

A. Lucy and Lily

B. Lucy and Lily’s

C. Lucy’s and Lily

D. Lucy’s and Lily’s 7,I like that son of __________.

A. John’s sister

B. John sister’s

C. John’s sister’s

D. John’s sisters 8,Tom's car is more beautiful than__________.

A. his brother's and sister

B. his brother and sister

C. his brothers and sister’s

D. his brother's and sister's

9.I’ll go and call at __________ right after school.

A. the doctor

B. the Smiths

C. Smith

D.my uncle’s

10. In time, there are a lot of trees on those mountains.

A. a few year

B. a few years'

C. few year

D. a few year's 11,I have to write __________, but I have __________ to write __________.

A. a paper, no paper, on

B. paper, no paper, with

C. a paper, not any papers, on

D. a paper, not a paper, on

三,形容词:---的,

1,作表语(放be后),定语(放名词,代词前,不定代词后,) ,宾补(放宾语后,如make sb happy)

Jane is a beautiful girl. Is there anything wrong with your MP4?

提示:1).有的形容词只能作表语,如:afraid害怕,alone 独自的,asleep 睡着的,awake醒着的,alive活着的,well健康的,ill病的

2).某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西,谓语动词用复数。

The Chinese have long history. We should help the old 注意:多个形容词修饰名词时,顺口溜:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新

老,

颜色国籍出材料,作用类别往后靠。

She bought herself a new silk skirt. I have long straight golden hair.

2,形容词有三种形式:原级、比较级和最高级。

as ---as :用于原级比较,Liu Hai is as tall as me. (tall是原级)

than: 用于比较级。It is warmer today than it was yesterday. (warmer是比较级) in /of:用于最高级。She is the best student in her class. (best是最高级)

四、副词

1,副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的词,以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

We should listen to our teachers carefully. In spring, I can see flowers everywhere.

2.副词的种类

(1)方式副词,如quickly, neatly, happily

(2)地点、方位副词,如here, away, outside, west

(3)时间副词,如yesterday, already, just, now, before, later, often, sometimes (4)强调副词,very, too, even, only,

4.副词在句中的位置和排列顺序

(1)时间、地点副词,小在前,大在后。

He comes from New York, America.

(2)方式副词,短在前,长在后。

Please write slowly and carefully.

(3)方式+地点+时间(记住地点和时间同时出现时,地点在前,时间在后)The old woman runs very slowly along the river at 6:00 every morning.

4.副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式。

5.常见副词的区别:

(1)very, much, very much

Very用于修饰形容词或副词的原级;much用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级;very much用于修饰动词。

John is very good. This garden is much bigger than that one. I love music verymuch (2)so, such

so修饰形容词或副词;such修饰名词。

My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him.He is such a boy.

,句型:“so + 形容词+ a/an/the + 可数名词单数”;

such + a/an + 形容词+ 可数名词单数

such + 形容词+ 名词复数/不可数名词”。

如:He is so clever a boy. = He is such a clever boy.

It is such cold weather. They are such good students.

注:如果可数名词复数前有many, few或不可数名词前有much,little(少)修饰,用so不用such。

(3)also, too, as well, either

also常用于肯定句中,放be动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前,too, as well用于肯,疑句句末;either用于否定句末。

My mother is also a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well. My mother is a teacher, too.

I can’t speak French. Jenny can’t speak French, either.

(4)sometime, sometimes, some time, some times

sometime意为“某时”,可指将来,过去;sometimes意为“有时”;

Some time指“一段时间”;some times指“几次,几倍”。We’ll have a test sometime next month.Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not.

He stayed in Beijing for some time last year. I have been to Beijing some times.) 练习题

1,—Han Li has improved her English a lot since she joined the English club.

—How she chose to join it at first!

A,quickly B. suddenly C. simply D. wisely

2._______ of the two women is Mrs. Brown.

A. The beautiful

B. The more beautiful

C. More beautiful

D. The most beautiful

3.The weather in Shenyang is even colder_______.

A. than that in Beijing

B.than Beijing

C. than in Beijing

D. as that in Beijing

4.---- Which month has _______ days in a year? ---- February.

A. fewer

B. more

C. the fewest

D. the most

5.The horse is getting old and can’t run ______ it did.

A,as faster as B. so fast than C. faster D. so fast as

6, This sweater looks ____and sells___. A well, well B good, nice C nice,

good D nice, well

7. I’m 1.70 meters __________. A. high B. higher C. tall D. taller

8. My father usually finishes his jobs ______________. He is a __________ man. (A, successful B,successfully)

9. I am so ________ today. I won the match __________. (A, lucky B, luckily)

10. Shanghai is a ________ city. Everyone works _________. (A,busy

B,busily )

11J. She sings really __________. (A, good B, well )

五、数词

1,分为:基数词:表示数量,one,two,three

序数词:表示顺序,first,second,third

2. 基数词的用法

(1)表示“哪一年”,每两位数一读。

1998年,读作nineteen ninety-eight 2009年读作two thousand and nine

(2)表示“几点” at five o’clock

(3)表示编号No.101 bus

(4)表示加减乘除One and two is three.

(5)表示小数 5.3 读作five point three

(6)表示百分数40% 读作forty percent

3.序数词的用法

(1)表示日期3月8号写作:March 8th/March eighth 读作:March the eighth

8th March the eighth of March (2)表示分数1/6 one sixth 3/5 three fifths

4,倍数表示法

a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as

The earth is 49 times as big as the moon.地球是月球的49倍

b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length ,width , height ,depth 等…) of…

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…

The earth is 49 times bigger than the moon.地球是月球的49倍

d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.

(2)分数表示法

构成:分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1时,分母+复数:2/3 : two-thirds ;3/37 : three and three-sevenths

分数,百分数作主语,谓语与of后的名词一致。

5. 世纪表达法:定冠词+序数词+世纪century,也可以用定冠词加百位进数加

`s表示

in the sixth(6th)century 在公元六世纪the 1900s 二十世纪

in the eighteenth(18th)century 公元十八世纪the 1600s 十七世纪

6. 年代:定冠词+基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式

in the 1930s(in the thirties of the twentieth century或in the nineteen thirties)在二十世纪三十年代

in the 1860s(in the sixties of the 19th century或in the eighteen sixties)

7,表示在某人20多岁时,30多岁时:in +形物代+整十位数的复数

In his twenties 在他20多岁时,in my forties 在我40多岁时

六、代词

1代词是用来代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的一类词。按其指代作用不同可分为人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、反身代词、不定代词、关系代词、相互代词八类。

2.(1)人称代词

人称代词是为了避免重复,用来代替前面提到的人或事物的名称的一类代词。Jim and Liu Tao, Miss Li is waiting for you! Pick up your books and put them away.

(2) 人称代词的人称、数和格

She likes playing volleyball very much.

them.

Mr. Brown teaches us English. You must look after

(1)物主代词是表示所有关系的一类代词。

This isn’t my Walkman(随身听). It’s hers.

(2)物主代词分类:形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。

4. 疑问代词

(1)疑问代词基本用法

疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,常被用来构成疑问句,置于句首。

Whose book is this? What are you reading now?

(2)常见的疑问代词有:what, which, who, whom, whose等。指人的是who,

whom, whose;指的是:what;既可指人又可指物的是which。

Which do you like better, tea or milk?(茶或牛奶,你更喜欢哪一个?)5. 指示代词

This(这个), these(这些)指较近的事物;that(那个), those(那些)指较远的事物。

6. 反身代词

(1)反身代词的构成:myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves herself, himself, itself, themselves,

(2)反身代词的用法:作宾语、表语、同位语等。

We enjoyed ourselves very much. I bought a new coat for myself. He himself did it.

7.不定代词

(1)常见的不定代词有:all(全部,可指人,也可指物), each(每个,可指人,也可指物), both(都,只限于两者), either(两者间的任意一个), neither (两个都不), little(很少,几乎没有,表否定,修饰不可数), few(很少,几乎没有,表否定,修饰可数), many(许多,修饰可数), much(许多,修

饰不可数), other(其他的,修饰可数不可数都行), another(另一个), some (一些,修饰可数不可数都行), any(一些,用于否定句和疑问句), somebody (某人), anybody(任何人,用于否定句和疑问句), nobody(没人), everybody (每个人), someone(某人), anyone(任何人), no one(没人), everyone (每个人), something(某事或某物), anything(任何事,用于否定句和疑问句), everything(每件事或每个东西), none(没有).

(2) 常见的不定代词区别

both, either, neither

both表示“两者都”,作主语,谓语用复数。

either 表示“两者中的任何一个”,neither 表示“两者都不”。作主语,谓语用单数

Both of us are right. Either of you two is OK. Neither of us is right.

提示:

1. both + 名词复数= either + 名词单数

There are many trees on both sides of the street.= There are many trees on either side of the street

2. both…and…作主语时谓语动词用复数,either…or… 和neither…nor…作主语时谓语动词的单复数与邻近的主语保持一致。

Both Tom and Jenny are from America. Either Tom or I am right.

Neither Tom nor I am right.

few, a few, 与little, a little

few和a few修饰可数名词的复数,谓语动词都用复数,

little 和a little 修饰不可数名词,谓语动词都用单数。a few , a little是肯定的含义,意为“一些”;few, little是否定的含义,意为“几乎没有”。

A few students go to the park. Few students go to the park.

He has a little hair. He has little hair.

each 和every

each 和every都意为“每一个”,后面的谓语动词都要用单数。但each比every 更强调个体。Each具有形容词和代词两个词性,可以作句子主语;every只能作形容词,不作主语。

Each (man)has his life. Every singer has his successful song.

other, another, the other, others与the others

other表示“其他的,另外的”,后面跟名词或代词复数;

Another:1)(三者或三者以上)又一个,另外一个”,泛指。后+名词单数2)another +数字=数字+more:又---,再----,还---

the other (两者中的)另一个,固定搭配:one-----the other(一个------另一个)others表示“其他人”,泛指复数含义,后面不跟名词;

固定搭配:some---others(一些---另一些)

the others表示“特指其他人”,后不+名词

I have two flowers. One is red, the other one is white.

Tom is taller than the others in his class. Would you like another cup of tea? There are many people in the park, some are talking, some are flying kites and others are reading.

练习题

1,If you read the article for second time, you will have better understanding of it. A. a; the B. /; the C. a; a D. /; a

2. About _______of the books in our school library are written in Chinese.

A. fourth-fifth

B. four-fifth

C. four-fifths

D. fourths-fifth

3. The road is over _______meters long.

A. six hundred and fifty-two

B. six hundreds and fifty two

C. six hundred ,

fifty-two D. six hundred , fifty and two

4,There were _______people in the meeting room yesterday.

A. two hundreds

B. two hundred of

C. hundreds of

D. hundred of

4. --- Dad, when will you be free? You agreed to go to the seaside with me four

days ago.

--- I’m sorry, Jean. But I think I will have a _______holiday soon.

A. four-days

B. four-day

C. fourth day

D. four day

5.He is an ______________boy.

A.eight years B.eight-year-old C.eight-years-old

6.We will have a___________ walk.

A.ten minutes B.ten minutes` C.ten-minutes

7. ________are all in Class 6.

A.You, I and he

B. He, you and I

C. I, you and he

D. You, he and I

8. The buildings in Dalian are similar(相似的)to ______in Tokyo.

A. ones

B. those

C. these

D. that

9. _______have a racing bicycle.

A. Each

B. Each of us

C. Every of us

D. We each

10. Of the three foreigners, one is from London, and _____are from the USA.

A. two others

B. the other two

C. another two

D. the both

10. ---Which would you like, sir, tea or coffee?

---I don’t mind. ______is OK.

A. Either

B. Neither

C. Any

D. Both

11. ________of us has read the newspaper, so we know nothing about it.

A. Some

B. Both

C. None

D. All

12. He is not a warm-hearted man, so _____people can get on well with hm.

A. few

B. a few

C. little

D. a little

七、冠词

1. 冠词是一种虚词,它置于名词前,帮助说明名词的含义。本身没有意义,

不可单独使用,只能和名词连用。英语中的冠词分不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两种。

2. 不定冠词的含义和主要用法

不定冠词a/an:一个(位、块、片……),表泛指,a用在辅音音素开头的单词前,如a book;

an用在元音音素开头的单词前,如an orange.

一般情况下以元音字母a, e, i, o, u开头的单词是以元音开始发音,用an,

European ,useful,university/ju?n?'v??s?t?/,前用a. hour前用an

26个字母前用an的有:a,e,f,h,i,l,m,n,o,r,s,x

There is an h in the word hand.

不定冠词主要有以下四种用法:

(1)指人或事物的某一种类。

It’s a basketball. A horse is a useful animal. This is an interesting movie. (2)表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有强烈。

She has a small nose and long hair.

(3)指某人或某物,但不具体说明是何人或何物。

His grandfather is an old man. There is an eraser on the desk.

(4)用于一些固定短语中,如:a few, a little, a lot of 等。

3. 定冠词的含义和主要用法

定冠词the通常对所修饰的名词有指定作用,表示“这(那)个”,“这(那)些”。

定冠词主要有以下用法:

(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物

The girl in an orange dress is my sister.

(2)指谈话双方都知道的人或物

Please look at the blackboard.

(3)指上文提过得人或物

I went to the People’s Park yesterday. The park is beautiful.

(4)指世界上独一无二的事物

The sun is bigger than the earth.

(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级前

Gao Shan lives on the fifth floor.

(6)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前

the Great Wall, the Palace Museum

(7)用在江、河、湖、海,山脉等地理名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词前

the Changjiang River或the Yangtze River(长江), the Yellow River (8)用在姓氏的复数形式前指一家

The Browns are very friendly.

(9)用在乐器名称前Can Tom play the violin?

(10)用在一些习惯用语中in the morning,/afternoon/evening, in the end

(11) 用在方位名词前。In the east

(12)用在形容词前,表示一类人,作主语,谓语用复数。

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