III、语言学知识练习150题
1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage is a system.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage is symbolic.
C.Animals also have languages.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage is arbitrary.
2.Which of the following is NOT a constituent?
A.I like the song.
B.I.
C.Song.
D.Like.
3.Of the following sound combinations, only is permissible.
A.kibl
B.bkil
C.ilkb
D.ilbk
4.The relation between the determiner “this” and the noun “man” in the phrase “this man” is
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,ernment
B.concord
C.binding
D.paradigmatic
5.The sentence that has a NP and a VP is mostly shown in a formula “S → NP + VP”.
A.hierarchical
B.linear
C.tree diagram
D.vertical
6.“Big” and “small” are a pair of opposites.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plementary
B.gradable
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plete
D.converse
7.Which of the following phrases is exocentric?
A.women and men
B.on the table
C. a clever boy
D.an ugly man
8.Arbitrariness of language was first discussed by
A.Chomsky
B.Halliday
C.Firth
D.Saussure
9.Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?
A.cat / bat
B.put / but
C.jig / pig
D.sit / bit
10.Which function is the major role of Language?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,rmative
B.Interpersonal
C.Performative
D.Emotive
11.If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are of the same phoneme.
A.symbols
B.allophones
C.phones
D.signs
12.Which branch of study cannot be included in the scope of Linguistics?
A.Syntax
B.Pragmatics
C.Phonetics
D.Anthropology
13.Atom is a word of origin.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,tin
B.Greek
C.Arabic
D.Spanish
14.The distinction of langue and parole is made by
A.Hall
B.Sapir
C.Chomsky
D.Saussure
15.are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.
A.Roots
C.Affixes
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,pounds
16.is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreter.
A.Syntax
B.Semantics
C.Pragmatics
D.Sociolinguistics
17.is the defining properties of units like nouns (number, gender, case, etc.) and verbs
(tense, aspect, voice, etc.)
A.Parts of speech
B.Word classes
C.Categories
D.Function of words
18.The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are
A.homophones
B.homographs
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plete homonyms
D.allophones
19.The function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so
crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.
A.performative
B.phatic
C.recreational
D.emotive
20.The term may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language
changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A.synchronic linguistics
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,parative linguistics
C.diachronic linguistics
D.historical comparative linguistics
21.examines how meaning is encoded in a language.
A.Semantics
B.Syntax
C.Pragmatics
D.Morphology
22.Saussure distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker as
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage
C.system
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,ngue
23.The fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discussed by
A.Chomsky
B.Saussure
C.Bloomfield
D.Austin
24.An affix can be added to certain type of to form a new word.
A.infix
B.affix
C.stem
D.word
25.In a sentence, which of the following is usually NOT stressed?
A.Nouns
B.Verbs
C.Prepositions
D.Adjectives
26.The maxim of requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the
conversation.
A.quantity
B.quality
C.manner
D.relation
27.The relationship between “meat” and “meet” is
A.synonymy
B.antonymy
C.polysemy
D.hononymy
28.That there is no direct link between language and the real world is the view of concerning
the study of meaning.
A.socialist
B.conceptualist
C.contextualist
D.behaviorist
29.What are the dual structure of language?
A.Sounds and letters
B.Sounds and meaning
C.Letters and meaning
D.Sounds and symbols
30.Where are the vocal cords?
A.In the mouth
B.In the nasal cavity
C.Above the tongue
D.Inside the larynx
31.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage is a means of verbal communication.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage is some arbitrary symbols.
C.The language system is unique to human beings.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage is yet to be understood.
32.studies the sound systems in a certain language.
A.Phonetics
B.Phonology
C.Semantics
D.Syntax
33.is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and
content.
A.Root
B.Allomorph
C.Morpheme
D.Word
34.A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called
A.deep structure
B.linguistic universals
C.universal grammar
D.surface structure
35.A word with several meanings is called word.
A. a polysemous
B. a synonymous
C.an abnormal
D. a multiple
36.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is
A.general linguistics
B.phonology
C.semantics
D.morphology
37.Leech divided meanings into types.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D.7
38.English has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages
EXCEPT
A.French
B.Korean
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,tin
D.Greek
39.Distinctive features are used to describe
A.phones
B.phonology
C.allophones
D.phonemes
40.The English word “untouchable” is composed of morphemes.
A.four
B.three
C.two
D.five
41.The process by which words are formed by putting the initial letters of several words together
is called
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,pounding
B.clipping
C.acronym
D.blending
42.“The Adam’s Apple” is
A. a kind of apple
B.related to Adam
C.the front part of larynx
D.on the top of larynx
43.The founder of modern linguistics is
A.Chomsky
C.Bloomfield
D.Saussure
44.Modern linguistics focuses on the present day language, and it will be possible to describe
language from a perspective.
A.sociological
B.synchronic
C.diachronic
D.psychological
45.The four major modes of semantic change are
A.extension, narrowing, meaning shift and class shift
B.extension, generalization, elevation and degradation
C.extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation
D.extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation
46.In the production of consonants at least articulators are involved.
A.one
B.two
C.three
D.four
47.The basic unit in the study of morphology is
A.the internal structure
B.morpheme
C.the rules by which words are formed
D.word
48.The relation between “food” and “bread” is called
A.synonymy
B.polysemy
C.hononymy
D.hoponymy
49.V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are
A.closed
B.apart
C.totally closed
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,pletely open
50.Which of the following is NOT a compound word?
A.Pencil box
B.Unreasonable
D.Upstairs
51.involve more than one manners of articulation.
A.Stops
B.Fricatives
C.Affricates
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,terals
52.Which is NOT true for the vowel /i/?
A.High
B.Unrounded
C.Mid
D.Front
53.The sentence “I apologize!”belongs to the category of according to the speech act
theory.
A.expressive
B.performative
C.representative
D.constative
54.General linguistics is the scientific study of
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage of a certain individual
B.the English language
C.human languages in general
D.the system of a particular language
55.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in
A.the place of articulation
B.the obstruction of airstreams
C.the position of the tongue
D.the shape of the lips
56.studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received.
A.Phonetics
B.Phonology
C.Phoneme
D.Phonics
57.sounds are produced with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.
A.Velar
B.Palatal
C.Glottal
58.is concerned with the study of the actual use of language in communication.
A.Sociolinguistics
B.Semantics
C.Pragmatics
D.Synchronic linguistics
59.Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?
A.pho
B.no
C.lo
D.gy
60.refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.
A.Locutionary act
B.Illocutinary act
C.Perlocutionary act
D.Speech act
61.Which of the following words is built by abbreviation?
A.Smog
B.Fridge
C.Motel
D.Edit
62.What is the full form of LAD?
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage associative district
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage acquisition district
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage associative device
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage acquisition device
63.The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as
A.+ amimate, + human, +male, adult
B.+ animate, + human, +male, + adult
C.+ animate, + human, -male, - adult
D.+ animate, + human, -male, + adult
64.A(n) is the smallest unit of sound in a language, which can distinguish two words.
A.morpheme
B.sound
C.phoneme
D.allophone
65.Productivity is one of the features of languages.
A.distinctive
B.design
C.suprasegmental
D.pragmatic
66.What is the common feature of the three sounds: /b/, /p/, /m/?
A.V oiceless
B.V oiced
C.Nasal
D.Bilabial
67.Which of the following items is NOT one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?
A.Gender
B.Number
C.Case
D.V oice
68.In the word “internationalism”, which part is the root?
A.inter
B.nation
C.al
D.ism
69.“V oiced fricatives→voiceless / voiceless” is a .
A.phonological rule
B.syntactic rule
C.phrase structure rule
D.functional rule
70.The word “pen”originally meant “feather used for writing with ink”. Now it refers to any
device used for writing with ink. This is an example of
A.degradation of meaning
B.broadening of meaning
C.narrowing of meaning
D.elevation of meaning
71.The word “smog” is formed through
A.breakformation
B.blending
C.clipping
D.derivation
72.In general, language acquisition refers to children’s development of their language.
A.first
B.second
C.dialectal
D.individualized
73.Which of the following statements is NOT true for vowels?
A.V owels are sonorants.
B.In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.
C.Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.
D.V owels are also called obstruents.
74.All syllables must have a(n) .
A.coda
B.onset
C.nucleus
D.consonant
75.Lkaps is not a possible word form in English due to .
A.sonority scale
B.phonological rule
C.syntactic rule
D.morphological rule
76.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Chomsky’s TG Grammar?
A.Innateness
B.Deductive methodology
C.Emphasis on interpretation
D.Emphasis on stimulus-response reinforcement
77.“Judo” is of origin.
A.Scottish
B.Korean
C.Japanese
D.Chinese
78.Which of the following is the major cause of invention of new lexical items?
A.The rapid development of science and technology
B.The way of language teaching
C.The way of children’s language acquisition
D.Economic activities
79.In Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which theory focuses discussion on government and binding?
A.The Classical Theory
B.The Standard Theory
C.The Extended Standard Theory
D.The Revised Extended Standard Theory
80.When the suffix is added to a verb, it changes this verb into an adjective.
A.less
B.ness
C.fully
D.er
81.The function of the sentence “Lovely weather, isn’t it?” is
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,rmative
B.phatic
C.performative
D.recreational
82.Once the notion of was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A.meaning
B.context
C.form
D.content
83.Which of the following criteria can NOT be used to classify vowels?
A.The part of the tongue that is held highest
B.The openness of the mouth
C.The vibration of the vocal cords
D.The shape of the lips
84.There are maxims under the cooperative principle.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
85.Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of elements.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
86.“Buy” and “sell” form a pair of
A.converse antonyms
B.gradable antonyms
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plementary antonyms
D.marked antonyms
87.If a phoneme is substituted for another in a word and the substitution results in a change of the
word meaning, the two phonemes are said to be
A.minimal pair
B.minimal set
C.distinctive phonemes
D.distinctive features
88.is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning
of each constituent word.
A.Collocation
B.Idiom
C.Semantic component
D.Synonym
89.The well-known formula: S→r…. s→R was put forward by
A.Bloomfield
B.Firth
C.Hockett
D.Harris
90.is a pair of complementary antonyms.
A.Wild and tame
B.Nimble and lame
C.Cold and warm
D.Alive and dead
91.Firth’s second important contribution to linguistics is his method of prosodic analysis, called
A.prosodic phonology
B.feature geometry
C.optimality phonology
D.supersegmental phonology
92.Which of the following is NOT a Suprasegmental feature?
A.Syllable
B.Stress
C.Tone
D.V oicelessness
93.The s in drums is
A. a morpheme
B. a stem
C. a root
D.an inflectional affix
94.The word bodyguard is a
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,pound word
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plex word
C.derivational word
D.free morpheme
95.In English, the gender distinctions are
A.not related to real world entities
B.on the whole natural
C.divided into Feminine, Masculine and Neuter
D.divided into Feminine and Masculine
96.Halliday’s Systemic-Functional Grammar takes as the object of study.
A.actual uses of language
B.ideal speaker’s linguistic competence
C.children’s language
D.adult’s language
97.Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?
A./ b /
B./ m /
C./ p /
D./ f /
98.can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.
A.Free morphemes
B.Bound morphemes
C.Affixes
D.Roots
99.Which of the following words is a derivational one?
A.Blackboard
B.Sings
C.Astonishment
D.Boys
100.John Austin proposed in the late 1950s.
A.Speech Act Theory
B.7 types of meaning
C.Cooperative Principle
D.Predication Analysis
101.WTO is
A.an abbreviation
B.an acronym
C. a word which is formed by blending
D. a word which is formed by backformation
102.For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology and specifically of the brand of psychology known as
A.behaviorism
B.structuralism
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,petence
D.performance
103.Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?
A./ w /
B./ m /
C./ b /
D./ p /
104.is NOT a grammatical category of English verbs.
A.Tense
B.Aspect
C.Number
D.Gender
105.All words contain a
A.root
B.bound morpheme
C.prefix
D.suffix
106.Of the following word formation processes, is the most productive.
A.clipping
B.blending
C.initialism
D.derivation
107.practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics and its most important contribution to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of function.
A.The London School
B.American structuralism
C.The Prague School
D.The TG Grammar
108.is NOT included in Leech’s associative meaning.
A.Connotative meaning
B.Social meaning
C.Collocative meaning
D.Thematic meaning
109.deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.
A.Sense
B.Reference
C.Symbol
D.Thought
110.Luggage and baggage are synonyms.
A.dialectal
B.stylistic
C.semantically different
D.collocational
111.The maxim of quality requires: do not say what you believe to be
A.false
B.true
C.indirect
D.insufficient
112.Knight originally meant youth, but now it means a medieval gentleman soldier. This is a meaning
A.broadening
B.narrowing
C.meaning shift
D.class shift
113.Expressions like “Tom” or “He” can both be filled in the blank of the sentence “is missing.” So Tom and He have relation.
A.syntagmatic
B.paradigmatic
C.systematic
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,erning
114.Foolish which comes from “fool + ish” is a word.
A.derivational
B.inflectional
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,pound
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plex
115.The Prague School is best known for its contribution to .
A.phonetics
B.syntax
C.morphology
D.phonology
116.Which of the following is NOT the function of language?
A.Metalingual function
B.Interpersonal function
C.Emotive function
D.Cultural transmission
117.“We can do things with words” is the main idea of
A.the speech act theory
B.the cooperative principles
C.the polite principles
D.pragmatics
118.Motel is a(n)
A.abbreviation
B.coinage
C.blending
D.acronym
119.is NOT a pair of homophones.
A.“Fair” (adj.) and “fair” (n.)
B.“Flea” and “flee”
C.“Lead” (v.) and “lead” (n.)
D.“Compliment” and “complement”
120.The classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance mainly illustrates the view of
A.conceptualism
B.contextualism
C.behaviorism
D.structuralism
121.We can refer to Confucius, even though he has been dead for over 2,500 years. This feature of language is called
A.duality
B.creativity
C.arbitrariness
D.displacement
122.Which function of language is also called ideational function in the framework of functional
grammar?
A. Informative function
B. Interpersonal function
C. Emotive function
D. Recreational function
123.investigates the interrelation of language and mind.
A.Psycholinguistics
B.Sociolinguistics
C.Anthropological linguistics
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,putational linguistics
124.Morphology is concerned with
A.the meaning of words
B.the pronunciation of words
C.the internal organization of words
D.the combination of words into sentences
125.The sentence “You should never use cliché in writing” is
A.descriptive
B.prescriptive
C.obligatory
D.narrative
126.If a study focuses on Shakespearean language, it is study.
A.diachronic
B.synchronic
C.systematic
D.pragmatic
127.is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.
A.Auditory phonetics
B.Articulatory phonetics
C.Acoustic phonetics
D.Phonology
128./ l / is the only in English.
A.fricative
B.affricative
C.nasal
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,teral
129./ f, v / are both labiodentals and .
A.nasals
B.fricatives
C.affricatives
D.alveolar
130.The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian
A.Otto Jespersen
B.Daniel Jones
C. A.J. Ellis
D. A.M. Bell
131.The Sound Patterns of English (SPE 1968) mainly deals with
A.multi-level phonology
B.non-linear phonology
C.super segmental phonology
D.linear approach of phonology
132.In Chinese Putonghua, only can occur after the vowel.
A.nasals
B.stops
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,teral
D.vowels
133.A compound is composed of
A. a root and an affix
B. a stem and an affix
C. a root and a free morpheme
D.two free morphemes
134.The word hamburger is of origin.
A.American
B.Italian
C.German
D.French
135.The phrase “the three small Chinese children” is construction.
A.endocentric
B.exocentric
C.hierarchical
D.linear
136.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from
A.function
B.context
C.instinct
D.observation
137.If one word has more than one meaning, then we call it
A.polysemy
B.synonymy
C.homonymy
D.hyponymy
138.The words “male” or “female” are antonyms.
A.gradable
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plementary
C.converse
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plete
139.The words “amaze” and “astound” are very close in meaning, they are synonyms.
A.dialectal
B.stylistic
C.semantically different
D.collocational
140.Which pair is the emotive synonyms?
A.dad and father
B.flat and apartment
C.mean and frugal
D.charge and accuse
141.The words “rain” and “reign” are
A.homographs
https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,plete homonyms
C.homophones
D.allophones
142.B.L. Whorf was the student of
A.Bloomfield
B.Firth
C.Halliday
D.Sapir
143.Which of the following functions is NOT the function put forward by Halliday?
A.The Ideational Function
B.The Interpersonal Function
C.Generative Function
D.The Textual Function
Design features（定义特征）: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals. Synchronic（共时的）: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic（历时的）: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Prescriptive（规定式）: to make an authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language. Descriptive（描写式）: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. Competence（语言能力）: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. 对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。Performance（语言运用）:
the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. 人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。 Langue（语言）: the language system shared by a “speech community”. 一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。 Parole（言语）: the concrete utterances of a speaker. 说话人实际说的话语。 Phonology（音系学）： the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. International Phonetic Alphabet（国际音标）: a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart (the IPA chart), designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. It has been revised from time to time to include
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction 1.1 What is linguistics? Scientific study of language.
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;
②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; Language is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;
Development Of Language And Translation ABSTRACTION:With the development of our society, and the meeting up to different kind of languages, the words which we used in our daily life are developing.Trough the changes of words, we can also find the movement of our life. Thus language is a way for us to handle the trajectory of our life. In this essay, we analyze the different kinds of reasons of these development and changes of translation because of the development of language. KEY WORDS: Language; Development; Translation; English; New words. INTRODUCTION: In civilization, people use words to give others ideas.We can express our feelings through language. Indeed, linguistics is a kind of science. As our social system's change, it changes; As our our ages change, it changes. The most basic thing in linguistics is words,with the rapid development of this world, many old words become useless, we can see them in less and less passages even in our oral talking, on the other hand, more and more words are invented.So these words enriched our language treasure house.And from here, we can get the rule: The only way that languages exist is being developing,the only way it can get developed is to be changeable. In today's world,English
壹汉语语言学基础知识（共80分） 一、填空题（每小题1分，共30分） 1．现代汉语普通话以语音为标准音。 2．与印欧语系语言相比，汉语在语法上最大的特点是。 3．现代汉语方言中，粤方言的代表话是。 4．中国使用人口最多的方言是。 5．元音与辅音的区别是。 6．普通话声母j、q、x从发音部位上看属于。 7．同一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小语音类型单位是。 8．现代汉语普通话有个声母（含零声母）。 9．普通话阳平调的调值是。 10．现代汉语普通话大约有个音节（包括声调）。 11．汉字是的书写符号系统。 12．《现代汉语常用字表》规定的常用字和次常用字分别是字。 13．汉字在历史上曾经被我们的邻国使用，现在还在使用部分汉字。 14．现代汉字的标准字体是。 15．语言中最小的音义结合体是。 16．语言中能独立运用的最小单位是。 17．单纯词有联绵词、叠音词、、拟声词四种形式。 18．合成词有复合式、附加式、三种形式。 19．词义的性质包括概括性、和民族性。 20．词语的褒义、贬义关注的是词义的。 21．构成词义的最小意义单位是。 22．词汇由和一般词汇组成。 23．歇后语“外甥点灯——照舅”是采用的方式来表达语义。 24．双音节状态形容词的重叠方式是。 25．根据语气分出来的句子类型叫。 26．根据句子结构特点分出来的句子类型叫。 27．汉语词类划分的主要依据是。 28．“既然”在复句中表示的关系。 29．“不是A而是B”是关系的复句。 30．大多数“把”字句中，“把”引出的是。 二、判断题（每小题1分，共20分）
1．语音的四要素是：音高、音强、音质、音色。 2．声调是汉语区别意义的重要语音手段。 3．儿化词都是名词。 4．轻声不是一个单独的声调。 5．汉字是由笔画直接组成的。 6．汉字经历了甲骨文、金文、隶书、篆书、楷书五种正式字体演变的过程。 7．一般认为，古代有象形、指事、会意、形声四种造字法。 8．单纯词不一定都是单音节的。 9．“姐姐”是叠音单纯词。 10．“舍不得”是惯用语。 11. “笔直”是表示状态的形容词。 12．语法单位可以分为四级：词、短语、单句、复句。 13．“老师”和“教师”的最大区别是所指对象的年龄不同。 14．“我的中国朋友李小京”是偏正短语。 15．“你什么都不买吗？”是特指疑问句。 16．“他这样有本事的人，我很佩服。”是单句。 17．“他希望领导派他到海外教汉语。”从整体上看是兼语句。 18．“与其长期租房，不如贷款买房。”是假设复句。 19．“我们要夹起尾巴做人。”运用了比喻修辞格。 20．“我今天是无事不登金銮殿。”运用了夸张修辞格。 三、选择题（每小题1分，共30分） 1. 苏州话属于。 A 粤方言 C 闽方言 B 吴方言 D 北方方言 2．普通话有韵头 A 2个 C 4个 B 3个 D 5个 3．普通话有韵尾 A 4个 C 5个 B 3个 D 6个 4．普通话声母中的塞音是。 A d、t、g、k C b、p、d、t、g、k B b、p、g、k D d、t、g、k、n、l
语言学概论重点总结 一、名词解释（4*6=24） 1、孤立语：孤立语又称词根语，其特点是缺乏形态变化，语法意义主要靠词序和虚词来表示，汉语就是一种比较典型的孤立语。例如，“我喜欢他”中的“我”是主语，“他”是宾语，主要取决于词序。又如，“买菜”是述宾结构，“买的菜”是偏正结构，主要取决于虚词。汉语缺乏严格意义上的形态变化，一个名词性词语无论是充当句子的主语还是宾语，词性都不曾发生变化。除了汉语外，属孤立语的还有越南语、彝语、苗语、缅甸语等。 2、屈折语：屈折语的特点是通过各种屈折方式来表示语法意义。屈折可以分为内部屈折和外部屈折。内部屈折指通过词的语音交替（改变部分语音）来构成不同的语法形式，表示不同的语法意义；如阿拉伯语以固定的辅音框架表示语汇意义，以元音交替表示不同的语法意义。 外部屈折指通过附加词缀的方式表示不同的语法意义。例如英语的book（书，单数）在后面加上词缀-s,就表示复数意义books(书，复数)。 屈折语的一个构型词缀可以同时表示几种语法意义，例如英语的-s在动词后面表示第三人称、单数、现在时、主动语态，如works. 同样的语法意义，在不同的词里也可以用不同的词缀来表示，如俄语中性名词单数主格的词尾有-o(如neop钢笔)，-e（noπe田地）。 屈折语的词根和构型词缀结合得很紧，如果去掉构型词缀，词根往往就不能成词，如俄语nepo去掉词尾-o,nep-就不能独立使用。 印欧语系各语言以及阿拉伯语等，一般都属于屈折语，其中俄语和德语是最典型的屈折语。 3、音位：是某种语言中能区别语素或词的语音形式的最小语音单位，是依据语音的社会属性划分出来的语音类别。 音位本身并不含有任何意义。音位只有在和别的音位组合成高一层级的单位后才能负载意义。如单个的/k/和/ae/或/t/是没有什么意义的，但是他们组合成了[caet](cat)之后就有了“猫”的意义。因此，音位只有区别音形进而区别意义的作用，而没有表达意义的作用。 音位分析的目的是要把语言里数目繁多的语言归纳为数目有限的一套音位系统，分析音位的三基本原则是：对立、互补、语音相似。 音位可以分为音质音位和非音质音位两大类。一般把音素的音质角度分析归并出来的音位叫音质音位，因为它占有一个时段，所以又叫音段音位。除了音质以外，音高、音强、音长这些非音质形式也能区别词的语音形式，由这些韵律（音律）形式构成的音位叫非音质音位。又叫超音段音位。包括调位、重位、时位。 调位：主要由音高特征构成的音位叫调位，又叫声调。调位是汉藏语系诸语言中区别词的语言形式的重要手段之一。 重位：主要由音强特征构成的音位叫重位。重音在英语、俄语中是区别词的语音形式和词义的重要手段。构成重位的非音质特征是综合的。 时位：由音长特征构成的音位叫时位。长短音的区别主要表现在元音上，如广东话和许多少数民族语言里，时位都有区别词的语音形式和意义的作用。 4、语流音变就是指在连续的语流中某些语音成分受前后语音环境的影响而发生变化的现象。有时说话人由于种种原因调整语音的快慢、高低、强弱，也会造成语音的某种变化。
一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 三、音位学 1、最小对立体minimal pairs 2、音位phoneme
一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it
语言学第七章知识点总结 Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society. In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context. Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors. 1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalities The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant 2.The relevant objects 3.The effects of the verbal action Speech Community It refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world. https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,nguage may determine our thinking patterns
Desig n features （定义特征）： the disti nctive features of huma n Ian guage that esse ntially make huma n Ian guage disti nguishable from Ian guages of ani mals. Synchronic （共时的）： said of an approach that studies Ianguage at a theoretical point "in time. Diachro nic （历时的）： said of the study of developme nt of Ian guage and Ian guages over time. Prescriptive （规定式）： to make an authoritaria n stateme nt about the correct ness of a particular use of Ian guage. Descriptive （描写式）： to make an objective and systematic acco unt of the patter ns and use of a Ian guage or variety. Compete nee （语言能力）： uncon scious kno wledge of the system of grammatical rules in a Ian guage. 对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。 Performa nee （语言运用）： the Ianguage actually used by people in speaking or writing. 人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。 Langue （语言）： the Ianguage system shared by a speech community ” 一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。 Parole （言语）： the con crete uttera nces of a speaker. 说话人实际说的话语。 Pho no logy （音系学）： the study of the sound patter ns and sound systems of Ian guage. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in Ianguages, and to explain the variati ons that occur. Intern ati onal Phon etic Alphabet （国际音标） a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart （the IPA chart）, designed by the Intern ati onal Phon etic Associati on si nee 1888. It has bee n revised from time to time to include new discoveries and changes in phonetic theory and practice. Cardi nal Vowels （基本元音）： a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the descriptio n of the actual vowels of exist ing Ian guages.
Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.语言能力Competence Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period
Chapter 1 Introduction 语言学的定义： Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 问题：How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language? →It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. What the linguist has to do “first, then, but”: ①to observe and collect language facts and generalizations are made about them. ②to formulate some hypotheses about the language structure. ③to check the hypotheses thus formed repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学) 问题: What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? →phonetics（语音学）→the study of sounds →phonology（音位学）→study how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning →morphology（形态学）→study the way in which symbols or morphemes are arranged and combined to form words. →syntax（句法学）→the study of rules of forming sentences
Chapter 6 Cognition is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. There exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptual approach. The Formal approach basically addresses the structural patterns exhibited by the overt aspect of linguistic forms, largely abstracted away from or regarded as autonomous from any associated meaning. The Psychological approach looks at language from the perspective of relatively general cognitive systems ranging from perception, memory, and attention to reasoning. The conceptual approach is concerned with the patterns in which and the processes by which conceptual content is organized in language. Structure will be used to refer both to patterns and to process, the conceptual approach can more simply be said to address how language structures conceptual content. Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activities associated with the use of language. Six aspects of research within psycholinguistics: ①Acquisition ②Comprehension ③Production ④Disorders ⑤Language and thought ⑥Neurocognition Language acquisition: ①Holophrastic stage ②Two-word stage ③Stage of three-word utterances ④Fluent grammatical conversation stage Connectionism in psycholinguistics claims that readers use the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate pronunciations of written words like tove and to access the pronunciations
人文 一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系 二重性duality 指语言由两层结构组成 创造性creativity 指语言可以被创造 移位性displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要） 信息功能informative 人际功能interpersonal 施为功能performative 感情功能emotive function 寒暄功能phatic communication 娱乐功能recreational function 元语言功能metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支 语音学phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音 音位学phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列 形态学morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则 句法学syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则 语义学semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义 语用学pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学macrolingustics 心理语言学psycholinguistics 社会语言学sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学computational linguistics 5语言学中的重要区别 规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的 描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的 共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言 历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律 语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体 言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言 语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出) 能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备 运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用 二、语音学 1、语音学分支 发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生 声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性 听觉语音学auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知 2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的 三、音位学
2021年汉语国际教育硕士《354汉语基础》考研题库 第一部分汉语语言学基础知识 第3章现代汉语语音 一、填空题 1．声调又叫字调，具有区别意义的作用，其性质主要取决于____。 【答案】音高 【解析】发音时声带越紧，在一定时间内振动的次数越多，声音就越高；反之声音就越低。在发音过程中，声带可以自始至终保持一样的松紧度，也可以先松后紧，或先紧后松，也可以松紧相间，这样造成的种种不同的音高变化，就构成各种不同的声调。这样一个贯穿整个字音的高低升降变化的就是声调，主要是由音高决定的。 2．从发音角度来看，“多”和“拖”声母的区别在于____。 【答案】前者不送气，后者送气 【解析】送气和不送气是根据除阻时气流强弱的不同区分的，送气音是指发音时呼出气流较强的音，呼出气流较弱的是不送气音。“多”的声母为[t]，“拖”的声母为[t‘]，两个声母的分别在于前者不送气，后者送气。 3．从发音角度来看，“章”和“昌”两者声母的区别在于____。 【答案】前者不送气，后者送气 【解析】“章”的声母为zh[t?]，“昌”的声母为ch[t?‘]。两个声母的区别在于前者是
不送气音，后者为送气音。他们两个都是舌尖后、清、塞擦音。 4．普通话的13个复韵母根据____所处的位置，可以分为3类：前响复韵母、后响复韵母、中响复韵母。 【答案】韵腹 【解析】由两个或三个元音结合而成的韵母称作复韵母，其中开口度最大、发音最响亮的元音称为韵腹，根据韵腹所处的位置，可以将复韵母分为3类。 二、选择题 1．“者惹舍吃”四字是（）。 A．同声母字 B．同韵母字 C．同声调字 D．同发音部位字 【答案】D 【解析】“者惹舍吃”四个字的声母分别是“zh、r、sh、ch”，都是舌尖后音，属于同一发音部位的字。A项，他们的声母不同。B项，“者惹舍”的韵母都是“e”，但“吃”的韵母是“i”。C项，他们的声调分别是三声、三声、三声和一声。 2．用一个字来直接注另一个字的音，如“蛊”音“古”，这种注音方法是（）。 A．直音 B．反切
1._Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 2._Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 3.Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation 4.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_ 5.Semantics examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language. 6._Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context. 7._Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community. 8.In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. 9.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, for example, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. 10.In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching to foreign and second languages. 11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds. 12.[d] _voiced stops, alveolar_; [θ] _voiceless fricatives, dent al_; 13.[?] _front, open, low, unrounded_; [i:] _front, close, high, unrounded_; 14. 15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription. 16.[itɑr] _guitar_ [tuzdei] _Tuesday_ [twuθbr??] _toothbrush_ 17.[?ph?intm?nt] _appointment_ [p??keik] _pancake_ 18. 19. https://www.doczj.com/doc/904907797.html,paring [ɡwo?t] and[??ɡ?r], _goat_ and _anger_ are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phoneme are called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_. 20. 21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primary and secondary stress with super- and sub-ticks. 22.repeat _[ri’pit]_, repetitive _[ri’petitiv]_, repetition _[?r?p??t???n]_. 23. 24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the following sentences.