《高级英语》Advanced English
第一册
Unit 1The Middle Eastern Bazaar
THE MIDDLE EASTERN BAZAAR 教学目的及重点难点
Aims of teaching
1. To comprehend the whole text
2. To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions
3. To understand the structure of the text
4. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.
Important and difficult points
1. What is description?
2. The comprehension and appreciation of the words describing sound, colour, light, heat, size and smell.
3. The appreciation of the words and expressions used for stress and exaggeration.
4. Some useful expressions such as to make a point of, it is a point of honour…, and etc
Background information
This text is taken from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces (1962), which was intended for students preparing for the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency Examination, & for students in the top class of secondary schools or in the first year of a university course.
The Middle Eastern Bazaar
The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds --- even thousands --- of years. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brick and stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark
cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving
the bazaar. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder; crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.
Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, and the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to echo. The shop-keepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit .
One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar, in order to avoid competition, but collect in the same area, so that purchasers can know where to find them, and so that they can form a closely knit guild against injustice or persecution . In the cloth-market, for instance, all the sellers of material for clothes, curtains, chair covers and so on line the roadway on both sides, each open-fronted shop having a trestle trestle table for display and shelves for storage. Bargaining is the order of the cay, and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop, selecting, pricing and doing a little preliminary bargaining before they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down.
It is a point of honour with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and wants until the last moment. If he does guess correctly, he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining. The seller, on the other hand, makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging is depriving him of all profit, and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer. Bargaining can go on the whole day, or even several days, with the customer coming and going at intervals .
One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the copper-smiths' market. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers . In each shop sit the apprentices –boys and youths, some of them incredibly young – hammering away at copper vessels of all shapes and sizes, while the shop-owner instructs, and sometimes takes a hand with a hammer himself. In the background, a tiny apprentice blows a bi-, charcoal fir e with a huge
leather bellows worked by a string attached to his big toe -- the red of the live coals glowing, bright and then dimming rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows.
Here you can find
beautiful pots and bowls
engrave with delicate and
intricate traditional
designs, or the simple,
everyday kitchenware
used in this country,
pleasing in form, but
undecorated and strictly
functional. Elsewhere
there is the carpet-market,
with its profusion of rich
colours, varied textures and regional designs -- some bold and simple, others unbelievably detailed and yet harmonious. Then there is the spice-market, with its pungent and exotic smells; and the
food-market, where you can buy everything you need for the most sumptuous dinner, or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and apprentices and eat your humble bread and cheese. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters' market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai , where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while the great bales of merchandise they have carried hundreds of miles across the desert lie beside them.
Perhaps the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar, apart from its general atmosphere, is the place where they make linseed oil. It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room, some thirty feet high and sixty feet square, and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick walls and vaulted roof are only dimly visible. In this cavern are three massive stone wheels, each with a huge pole through its centre as an axle. The pole is attached at the one end to an upright post, around which it can revolve, and at the other to a blind-folded camel, which walks constantly in a circle, providing the motive power to turn the stone wheel. This revolves in a circular stone channel, into which an attendant feeds linseed. The stone wheel crushes it to a pulp, which is then pressed to extract the oil .The camels are the largest and finest I have ever seen, and in superb condition –muscular, massive and stately.
The pressing of the linseed pulp to extract the oil is done by a vast ramshackle apparatus of beams and ropes and pulleys which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone
wheels. The machine is operated by one man, who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes, and then throws his weight on to a great beam made out of a tree trunk to set the ropes and pulleys in motion. Ancient girders girders creak and groan , ropes tighten and then a trickle of oil oozes oozes down a stone runnel into a used petrol can. Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels.
(from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation pieces, 1962 )
NOTES
1) This piece is taken from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces, compiled for overseas students by L. A. Hill and D.J. May, published by Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1962.
2) Middle East: generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey.
3) Gothic: a style of architecture originated in N. France in 11th century, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, steep, high roofs, etc.
4) veiled women: Some Moslems use the veil---more appropriately, the purdah --- to seclude or hide their women from the eyes of strangers.
5) caravanserai (caravansary): in the Middle East, a kind of inn with a large central court, where bands of merchants or pilgrims, together with their camels or horses, stay for shelter and refreshment
THE MIDDLE EASTERN BAZAAR 文章结构
THE MIDDLE EASTERN BAZAAR
Structural and stylistic analysis&Writing Technique
Section I: ( paras. 1, 2) General atmosphere
Topic Sentence: The Middle Eastern...takes you ...years.
ancientness, backwardness, primitiveness
harmonious, liveliness, self-sufficient, simple, not sophisticated, active, vigorous, healthy
Section II (One of the peculiarities) the cloth market
Section III (One of the most picturesque) the coppersmith market and etc.
Section IV (Perhaps the most unforgettable) the mill where linseed oil is made
TYPE of Writing: Description: A description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.
a description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one’s senses --- sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. The writer generally chooses those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described.
1. From Macro to Micro
2. words appealing to senses: light & heat, sound & movement, and smell & colour.
3 nouns, adjectives and even adverbs used as verbs: thread, round, narrow, price, live, tower and dwarf.
4. words imitating sounds: onomatopoeia.
5. stressful and impressive sentence structures:
the one I am thinking of particularly…
one of the peculiarities …
one of the most picturesque and impressive parts …
the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar,…
The Middle Eastern Bazaar 课文讲解
THE MIDDLE EASTERN BAZAAR
Detailed Study of the Text
1. Middle East: Southeast Asia and Northeast Africa,
including the Near East and Iran and Afghanistan.
Near Ease: the Arabian Peninsula ( Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrein, and Kuwait), Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and Sudan.1. Middle East: Southeast Asia and Northeast Africa, including the Near East and Iran and Afghanistan.
Near Ease: the Arabian Peninsula ( Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrein, and Kuwait), Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and Sudan.
Far East: China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and East Siberia
2. particular: special, single and different from others. When sth. is particular, we mean it is the single or an example of the whole under consideration. the term is clearly opposed to general and that it is a close synonym of "single".
Particular is also often used in the sense of special.
I have sth. very particular (special) to say to Mr. Clinton.
She always took particular (special) notice of me.
On this particular (single) day we had to be at school early.
I don't like this particular (single) hat, but the others are quite nice.
3. Gothic-arched: a type of architecture (see. ALD, church picture)
Goth: one of the German tribes
Arch: a curved top sometimes with a central point resting on 2 supports as above a door.
aged: a. [d d]
My son is aged 10.
When he was aged 6, he went to school.
a middle aged couple
b. [d id] ancient
He is aged; her aged grandfather
medicare for the sick & aged
4. glare: shining intensely, harshly, uncomfortably, and too strong; in a way unpleasant to the eyes
5. cavern: a large deep cave (hollow place in the side of a cliff or hill, or underground), closed roofed place. Here in the text we can see that it is a long, narrow, dark street or workshops and stores with some sort of roof over them.
6. losing itself in the shadowy distance: in the farthest distance everything becomes obscure, unclear, or only dimly visible in the dark surroundings.
lose: come to be without
shadow: greater darkness where direct light, esp. sunlight, is blocked by sth.; a dark shape
shadowy: hard to see or know about clearly, not distinct, dim
Here shadowy suggests the changing of having and not having light, the shifting of lightness and darkness. There may be some spots of brightness in the dark.
7. harmonious:
harmony: musical notes combined together in a pleasant sounding way
tinkle: to make light metallic sound
cf:
jingle: light tinkling sound
The rain tinkled on the metal roof.
She laughed heartily, a sound as cool as ice tinkling in the glass. to tinkle coins together
8. throng: large crowd of people or things, a crowd of people busy doing sth. searching up and down, engaging in some kind of activity
cf: crowd: general term, large number of people together, but without order or organization.
Crowd basically implies a close gathering and pressing together. The boulevard was crammed with gay, laughing crowds.
Throng varies so little in meaning from crowd that the two words are often used interchangeably without loss. Throng sometimes carries the stronger implication of movement and of pushing and the weaker implication of density.
Throngs circulating through the streets.
The pre-Xmas sale attracted a throng of shoppers.
9. thread: make one's way carefully, implies zigzag, roundabouts
The river threads between the mountains.
10. roadway:
a. central part used by wheeled traffic, the middle part of a road where vehicles drive
b. a strip of land over which a road passes
11. narrow:
In the bright sunlight she had to narrow her eyes.
The river narrows at this point.
They narrowed the search for the missing boy down to five streets near the school.
She looked far into the shadowy distance, her eyes narrowed, a hand on the eyebrows to prevent the glare.
The aircraft carrier was too big to pass through the narrows (narrow passage between two large stretches of water).
12. stall: BrE. a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place, sth. not permanent, often can be put together and taken away, on which wares are set up for sale.
13. din: specific word of noise, loud, confused, continuous noise, low roar which can not be distinguished exactly until you get close, often suggests unpleasant. disordered mixture of confusing and disturbing sounds, stress prolonged, deafening, ear-splitting metallic sounds
The children were making so much din that I could not make myself heard.
They kicked up such a din at the party.
The din stopped when the curtain was raised.
the din of the cheerful crowd
14. wares (always-pl.) articles offered for sale, usu. not in a shop. The word gives the impression of traditional commodity, items, goods, more likely to be sold in free-markets.
to advertise / hawk / peddle one's wares
Goods: articles for sale, possessions that can be moved or carried by train, road; not house, land,
There is a variety of goods in the shops.
goods train / freight train, canned goods, half-finished goods, clearance goods, textile goods, high-quality goods
ware: (lit.) articles for sale, usu. not in a shop
The silversmith showed us his wares.
The baker travelled round the town selling his wares. kitchenware, tableware, hardware, software
earthenware, tinware, ironware, silverware
commodity: an article of trade or commerce, esp. a farm or mineral product
Wheat is a valuable commodity.
Wine is one of the many commodities that France sells abroad.
a commodity fair
merchandise: (U.) things for sale, a general term for all the specific goods or wares.
The store has the best merchandise in town.
We call these goods merchandise.
15. would-be: likely, possible, which one wishes to be but is not
a would-be musician / football player
16. purchase (fml. or tech.) to buy
You buy some eggs, but purchase a house.
17. bargain: to talk about the condition of a sale, agreement, or contract
18. dizzy: feeling as if everything were turning round , mentally confused
If you suffer from anaemia, you often feel dizzy.
Every night, when my head touches the pillows, I felt a wave of
dizziness.
The two-day journey on the bus makes me dizzy.
19. penetrate: to enter, pass, cut, or force a way into or through. The word suggests force, a compelling power to make entrance and also resistance in the medium.
The bullet can penetrate a wall.
The scud missile can penetrate a concrete works of 1 metre thick. Rainwater has penetrated through the roof of my house.
20. fade: to lose strength, colour, freshness, etc.
fade away: go slowly out of hearing, gradually disappearing
The farther you push / force your way into the bazaar, the lower and softer the noise becomes until finally it disappears. Then you arrive at the cloth market where the sound is hardly audible. Colour cloth often fades when it is washed.
The light faded as the sun went down.
The sound of the footsteps faded away.
The noise of the airplane faded away.
21. mute:
adj.
a. silent, without speech
The boy has been mute since birth.
b. not pronounced:
The word "debt" contains a mute letter.
noun:
a. a person who cannot speak
The boy was born a deaf mute.( has healthy speech organs but never has heard speech sounds, can be trained to speak)
{cf: He is deaf and dumb (unable to speak).}
b. an object that makes a musical instrument give softer sound when placed against the strings or in the stream of air
verb: to reduce the sound of, to make a sound softer than usual
to mute a musical instrument
Here in the text the word "muted" is used to suggest the compelling circumstances, forcing you to lower your sound.
22. beaten: (of a path, track, etc.) that is given shape by the feet of those who pass along it, suggesting ancientness, timelessness. The path becomes flat due to the treading of countless people through thousands of years.
We followed a well-beaten path through the forest.
23. deaden: to cause to lose strength, force, feeling, and brightness
to deaden the pain
Two of these pills will deaden the ache.
24. measured: steady, careful, slow, suggesting lack of
speed, paying attention to what to say
25. overwhelm: overcome, control completely and usu. suddenly
The enemy were overwhelmed by superior forces.
Sorrow overwhelmed the family.
She was overwhelmed with grief
They won an overwhelming victory / majority.
26. sepulchral: related to grave, gloomy, dismal
sepulchre / er : old and bibl. use, a burial place; a tomb, esp. one cut in rock or built of stone
27. follow suit: to do the same as one else has, to play / to deal the cards of the same suits (in poker, there two red suits, and two black suits. They are hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs, jokers, aces, kings, queens and jacks (knaves).
When the others went swimming, I followed suit.
He went to bed and I followed suit after a few minutes.
28. peculiarity: a distinguishing characteristic, special feature, suggesting difference from normal or usual, strangeness. One of his peculiarities is that his two eyes are not the same colour.
The large fantail is a peculiarity of the peacock.
The peculiarity of her behaviour puzzled everyone.
29. deal in: sell and buy, trade in
This merchant deals in silk goods.
Most foreign trading companies in West Africa deal in rubber, cocoa and vegetable oils.
30. scatter: to cause (a group) to separate widely, to spread widely in all directions as if by throwing
The frightened people scattered about in all directions.
One of the special features / characteristics of the M.E. bazaar is that shopkeepers in the same trade always gather together in the same place to do their business.
31. knit: to make things to wear by uniting threads into a kind of close network. Here, to unite or join closely
32. guild / gild: an association for businessmen or skilled workers who joined together in former times to help one another and to make rules for training new members
33. persecution: cruel treatment
persecute: to treat cruelly, cause to suffer, esp. for religious or political beliefs
The first immigrants came to American mainly because they wanted to avoid religious persecution / after being persecuted for their religious beliefs.
be persecuted by sb. for sth.
bloody / terrible /relentless persecution
suffer from / be subjected to political / religious persecution
34. line: form rows along
35. trestle: wooden beam fixed at each end to a pair of spreading legs, used, usu. in pairs, as a removable support of a table or other flat surface.
36. order of the day: the characteristic or dominant feather or activity, the prevailing state of things
If sth. is the order of the day, it is very common among a particular group of people
Confusion became the order of the day in the Iraqi headquarters due to the electronic interference from the Allied forces. Learning from Lei Feng and Jiao Yulu has become the order of the day recently.
Jeans and mini-skirts are no longer the order of the day now. During that period, the Gulf War became the order of the day.
37. veil: covering of fine net or other material to protect or hide
a woman's face
38. leisure: time free from work, having plenty of free time, not in a hurry to do sth.
39. pace: rate or speed in walking, marching, running or developing
40. preliminary: coming before sth. introducing or preparing for sth. more important, preparatory
There were several preliminary meetings before the general assembly.
A physical examination is a preliminary to joining the army.
41. beat down: to reduce by argument or other influence, to persuade sb. to reduce a price
The man asked $5 for the dress, but I beat him down to $4.50.
42. a point of honour: sth. considered important for one's self-respect
It's a point of honour with me to keep my promise = I made it a point of honour to keep my promise.
In our country, it is a point of honour with a boy to pay the bill when he is dining with a girl / when he dines a girl; but on the other hand, a western girl would regard it a point of honour (with her) to pay the bill herself.
43. make a point of / make it a point to: do sth because one considers it important or necessary, to take particular care of, make extraordinary efforts in, regard or treat as necessary
I always make a point of checking that all the windows are shut before I go out.
I always made a point of being on time.
I always make a point of remembering my wife's birthday.
He made a point of thanking his hostess before he left the party. The rush-hour commute to my job is often nerve-racking, so I make it a point to be a careful and considerate motorist.
Some American people make it a point of conscience to have no social distinctions between whites and blacks.
44. what it is: used to stress
What is it she really likes?
What is it you do?
What is it you really want?
45. protest: to express one's disagreement, feeling of unfairness
Here: insist firmly, a firming strongly
46. deprive of: take away from, prevent from using
to deprive sb. of political rights / of his power / civil rights
The misfortunes almost deprived him of his reason.
The accident deprived him of his sight / hearing.
47. sacrifice: to give up or lose, esp. for some good purpose or belief
The ancient Greeks sacrificed lambs or calves before engaging in a battle.
(infml) to sell sth. at less than its cost or value
I need the money and I have to sacrifice (on the price of) my car.
48. regard: regard, respect, esteem, admire and their corresponding nouns are comparable when they mean a feeling for sb. or sth.
Regard is the most colourless as well as the most formal. It usu. requires a modifier to reinforce its meaning
I hold her in high / low / the greatest regard.
to have a high / low regard for sb's opinion.
Steve was not highly regarded in his hometown.
It is proper to use respect from junior to senior or inferior to superior. It also implies a considered and carefulevaluation or estimation. Sometimes it suggests recognition of sth. as sacred. He respected their views even though he could not agree with them.
to have respect for one's privacy, rights...
Esteem implies greater warmth of feeling accompanying a high valuation.
Einstein's theory of relativity won for his universal esteem. Admiration and Admire, like esteem, imply a recognition of superiority, but they usually connote more enthusiastic appreciation, and sometimes suggest genuine affection. Sometimes the words stress the personal attractiveness of the object of admiration, and weaken the implication of esteem.
I have long felt the deepest esteem for you, and your present courageous attitude has added admiration to esteem.
regard:
to regard sb's wishes / advice / what... (but not sb.)
respect:
to respect sb.
to respect sb.'s courage / opinion /
esteem:
to esteem sb.
to esteem sb. for his honesty / courage
admire:
to admire sb.
to admire the flowers / sb.' poem
49. the customer coming and going at intervals.
A customer buys things from a shop; a client get services from a lawyer, a bank or a hairdresser; One who get medical services is a patient and a guest is served in a hotel.
at intervals: happening regularly after equal periods of time Trains leave at short intervals.
The trees were planted beside the road at 50-meters intervals.
50. picturesque: charming or interesting enough to be made into a picture, striking, vivid
51. -smith: a worker in metal, a maker
copper- / gold- / tin- / black- / gun-smith
52. clash: a noisy, usu. metallic sound of collision
swords clash
The dustbins clashed as the men emptied them.
bang: to hit violently, to make a loud noise
The door banged open / shut.
He banged the window shut.
53. impinge on (upon): to strike or dash esp. with a sharp collision
I heard the rain impinge upon the earth.
The strong light impinge on his eyes.
The noise of the aeroplane overhead impinged on our ears.
to have effect on
The need to see that justice is done impinges on every decision made in the courts.
54. distinct: clearly seen, heard, understood, etc. plane, noticeable, and distinguishable to the eye or ear or mind Anything clearly noticed is distinct
There is a distinct smell of beer in this room.
A thing or quality that is clearly different from others of its kind is distinctive or distinct from
Beer has a very distinctive smell. It is quite distinct from the smell of wine.
55. round:
Please round your lips to say "oo".
Stones rounded by the action of water are called cobbles.
The ship rounded the cape / the tip of the peninsula.
56. burnish: to polish, esp. metal, usu. with sth. hard and smooth, polish by friction, make smooth and shiny
57. brazier: open metal framework like a basket, usu. on leg, for holding a charcoal or coal fire (see picture in ALD)
58. youth: often derog. a young person, esp. a young male
a group of youths
the friends of my youth
collective noun: the youth (young men and women) of the nation
59. incredible: This word comes from credit, which means belief, trust, and faith
credit card
We place full credit in the government's ability.
We gave credit to his story.
credible: deserving or worthy of belief, trustworthy
Is the witness's story credible?
After this latest affair he hardly seems credible as a politician. incredible: too strange to be believed, unbelievable
60. hammer away at:
away: continuously, constantly
So little Hans worked away in his garden.
He was laughing (grumbling) away all afternoon.
61. vessel:
a. usu. round container, such as a glass, pot, bottle, bucket or barrel, used for holding liquids
b. (fml) a ship or large boat
c. a tube that carries blood or other liquid through the body, or plant juice through a plant: blood vessel
62. bellows: an instrument for blowing air into a fire to make it burn quickly
63. the red of the live...
The light of the burning coal becomes alternately bright and dim (by turns, one follows the other) as the coal burns and dies down, burns again, along with the repeated movements of the bellows.
64. glow: send out brightness or warmth, heat or light without flame or smoke
When you draws a deep mouthful, the cigarette tip glows.
65. rhythmically: happening at regular periods of time, alternately; by turns
66. stroke: single movement, which is repeated (esp. in a sport or game)
She can't swim but has made a few strokes with her arms.
67. engrave: to cut (words, pictures, etc.) on wood, stone, or metal
The terrible memory was engraved on his mind.
cf.: carve: to cut (usu. wood or stone) in order to make a special shape
68. delicate: finely made, needing careful handling, easily broken or hurt, delightful. The word stresses fineness, subtlety and fragility rather than smallness. It implies an appeal not only to the eye but also to any of the senses or spirit.
as delicate as silk / the delicate skin of a young girl
Do you see the delicate workmanship on the bronze doors? delicate feelings
n. delicacy
69. intricate: containing many detailed parts and thus difficult to understand.
Here: a specific word meaning the designs are of interwinding or interlacing parts. Just because of these, it is hard to follow.
70. functional: completely and exactly of practical use. Not ornamental not with many decoration
71. profuse: plenty, great or too great amount, abundance
to make promises in profusion
Seldom have seen food and drink served in such profusion.
72. rich: (of colour) deep, strong, beautiful
73. texture: the arrangement of the threads in a textile fabric / in any material made by weaving, the way n which the threads of a cloth have been woven
a carpet of loose / firm / uneven texture
74. bold: clearly formed, strongly formed
words printed in bold type / printed in bold letters
May I make so bold as to ask your name, sir?
He was bold enough to say that he was a strictly honest man.
75. pungent: (often neg.) having a strong, sharp, stinging, burning taste or smell that may or may not seem unpleasant Onions, garlic and Chinese prickly ash give out pungent smell. (An onion a day keeps everybody away.)
76. exotic: (always positive, sth pleasing) not native to the place where found, alien, strikingly or excitingly different or unusual, out of ordinary, introduced from another country Kebab gives exotic smell.
77. sumptuous: costly, rich, suggesting lavish expenditure, showing great value, generosity, grand.
A sumptuous meal was served to the visiting guests.
The king wore sumptuous robes.
A sumptuous meal / flat / etc. is one on which a great deal of money has been spent.
78. humble: (of people) low in rank or position
(of things) poor, mean
Your humble servant (very fml letter ending)
humble pie: submission, obedience, apology made under pressure
A boy with a stepfather has to eat humble pie.
Tom told a lie about George, and when he was found out, he had to eat humble pie.
79. pottery: earthenware
80. maze: a confusing intricate network of passages,
as set of twisted passages which is very difficult to pass through
81. honeycomb: a container made of beeswax and consisting of 6-sided cells in which honey is stored
to fill with holes, tunnels, hollow passages like honeycomb
The streets that pierce the bazaar from all directio sections ns and lead towards all directions cut the bazaar into small like a honeycomb.
82. glimpse: a quick, incomplete look or view of sth. out of the corner of one's eye
glance: It may denote sth. which is seen as a sudden flash, or the presence or movement of sth. which is recognized by a swift sudden flash.
throw / steal / take a glance at...
glimpse: It also may apply to sth. seen as a flash. But more commonly it implies a brief view of a thing, or even more often, so much of it as may be taken in at a glance
get a glimpse of glance: vi.
glance at ...
glance about / around / round / back
glance up / down the list of names
glance over one' shoulder
glimpse: vt.
glimpse the field / her among the crowd
83. mosque: Moslem temple or place of worship (where there are wells, fountain, space for assemble, a niche showing the direction of Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed
84. caravanserai: an inn surrounding a court in eastern countries where caravans rest at night
caravan: a company of travellers on a journey through desert of hostile regions
85. disdainful: scornful, contemptuous, showing lack of respect, regard sb. or sth. as low and worthless Here, arrogant, in a superior manner, suggesting that the camels are all stately, strong, heads holding high
cf:
Contempt (n.) suggests very strong sense of condemnation of the person as a low rank and undesirable
Scorn (vt. & n.) implies quick, indignant or profound contempt Disdain (n. & vt.)suggests a visible manifestation of pride and arrogance
86. bale: large bundle of goods
cf:
A Bundle is a collection of articles bound or rolled together, fastened, tied, held across the middle
A Bunch is a collection of things usually of the same sort, fastened closely together in orderly fashion, fastened, held, or growing together at one point
a bunch of rice
A Bale is a large bundle of goods bound up for storage or transportation and esp. one composed of materials (as rags, hay, straw, cotton or wool) which are closely pressed together so as to form a mass, usu. rectangular, tightly bound with stout cord or wire
87. merchandise: (fml) things that you buy, sell or trade with
88. huge, vast
huge: rather general term indicating extreme largeness, usu. in size, shape, or capacity
A whale or an elephant is a huge animal.
The huge rocket towered high above the buildings around it.
She spent a huge amount of money on that coat.
vast: denotes extreme largeness or broadness, esp. of extent or range
The Sahara is a vast desert.
The vast plans of the country spread for hundreds of miles.
The camel caravan crossed the vast expanse of the Sahara.
A billion dollars is a vast amount of money.
89. vast, sombre cavern of a room
sombre: dark-coloured, gloomy, dismal, solemn, very serious atmosphere
When sb. dies, there is a sombre mood.
She was dressed in sombre black for the funeral.
His sombre expression bespeaks the bad news.
cavern of a room: apposition
Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.
He had to work in the hell of a fertilizer factory.
She lives in a palace of a house / a match-box of a house. Before his stood a little shrimp of a fellow.
90. revolve: to (cause to) spin round (on a central point), to go around in a circle
a revolving door / stage
revolver: a pistol containing several shots in a barrel that turns round after each one is fire
cf: turn, revolve, rotate, spin, and circle
Turn is a general, rather colourless word implying movement in circle after circle, or in a single full circle or through an arc of a circle
a wheel turning on its axle
He turned to speak to his friend.
Revolve may suggest regular circular motion on an orbit around sth. outside to it.
The earth revolves around the sun.
Rotate is likely to suggest a circular motion on an interior axis (the imaginary axle)
The earth rotates on its axis while it revolves in its orbit.
Spin implies rapid sustained, continuous, constant rotation on an inner axis or fast circling around an exterior point A wheel spinning on its axle
The dance spun on her toes.
To spin strands of cotton or wool, etc, is to twist them into thread. Circle basically applies to a movement around in a more or less circular pattern, but it can also be used to convey a lack of straight directness in a winding course.
Our plane circled the airport for an hour before landing.
The fence circles the yard.
91. motive: causing movement. Motive power (a common collocation) provides energy that can be used to operate machinery
Electricity is just one form of motive power.
92. circular: round, not direct, being shaped like or nearly like
a circle
93. channel: the bed of a stream of water, narrow passage, passage for liquid
94. constantly: unchanged, fixed, continuous, without break, the stress is laid on lack of change, firmness, and steadiness
cf:
Endless connotes weariness, tediousness and monotony.
95. attendant: a person who attends another to perform a service, esp. an employee; a person who goes with and serves or looks after; a person who is employed to look after and help
visitors to a public place
a museum / parking lot / library attendant; but a shop assistant cf:
Waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in restaurant
96. crush: to press with great power so as to break, destroy, the natural shape into power, to break by pounding or grinding Several people were crushed to death as they tried to escape from the burning theatre.
The machine crushes wheat grain to make flour.
The sugar cane is taken to the factory where the juice is crushed out.
The army quickly crushed the uprising.
97. pulp: the soft almost liquid mass of plant or animal material, such as the soft inside part of many fruits or vegetable
98. extract: to pull or take out, often with difficulty
to extract one tooth / a bullet from a wound
The policemen extracted secret information from a criminal.
99. superb: perfect in form, quality, etc. wonderful, marked to the highest degree by excellence, brilliance or competence.
This word describes sth. that reaches the highest conceivable point.
100. muscular: having well-developed muscles, strong, implying great physical strength
101. stately: grand in style, noble, dignified; Here implies that the camels walk in a constant, unhurried way with their heads holding high, seemingly dignified.
102. ramshackle: of a building or vehicle, badly made or needing repair, shaky, unsteady, likely to go to pieces, as from age or neglect, carelessly or loosely constructed.
a ramshackle house a ramshackle bike, which produces a sound at every part except the bell.
103. apparatus: a set of machines, instruments, tools, etc. that work together for a particular purpose
104: beam: a large long heavy piece of wood, (usu. square)- esp. one of the main ones used to support a building.
cf:
pole (usu. round)
the main bar of a weighing scales
105. pulley: an apparatus consisting of a wheel over which a rope or chain can be moved, sued for lifting heavy things 106. tower: to be very tall, esp. in relation to the height of the surroundings.
The mountain towers into the sky.
The monument to the People's Heroes towers aloft on
Tian’anmen.
The Statue of Liberty towers above the harbour of New York.
He towers above his contemporaries.
107. dwarf: to cause to appear small by comparison
Snow-white & the 7 dwarfs
The building dwarfs all the other buildings in the town.
Most basketball players dwarfs other men.
The brilliance of his poetry dwarfed the accomplishments of his contemporaries.
108. shovel: used for moving or lifting loose material such as sand, snow, coal
cf:
spade: used for digging earth, with a blade, often pressed with one foot
109. nimble: quick-moving, moving or acting quickly and lightly; quick. light and neat in movement, agile, as nimble as a goat / a squirrel
a nimble climber
Madame Defarge knitted with nimble fingers
nimble: suggesting surpassing lightness and swiftness of movement or action, it often implies darting here and there 110. trickle: a slow, small flow of liquid
111. ooze: (of thick liquids) pass slowly through small openings
Blood was still oozing from the wound
Tiny drops of oil are pressed out to form a small flow down the runnel.
If you squeeze the tube of toothpaste, it oozes out of the tube.
112. runnel: a small, narrow channel, an open passage, a brook, or a passage dug beside the road to carry away water 113. glisten: (esp. of wet of polished surface, tear-filled eyes) shine brightly, sparkle
His eyes glistened with tears.
Her hair glistens with oil.
glistening dew-drops
cf:
flash: It implies a sudden outburst of light or a sudden display of sth. that brilliantly reflects light.
Lightening flashed in the sky.
The light on top of the police car was flashing.
A brilliant idea flashed through his mind.
a flash of hope / genius
glitter: connotes greater brilliancy or showiness than sparkle, sometimes with the implication of sth. sinister All is not gold that
Historical Development of Matertials and Technology The common engineering materials include metals, cementing materials, concrete building stones, clay products, insulating materials, timber. Some of them are described here from the stand-point of occurrence, manufacture, properties, methods of testing, and use. The development of materials with improved properties is a vital phase of engineering. Progress in engineering construction has been dependent on the availability of materials of suitable physical properties in large quantities; for example, the development of the modern automobile was critically dependent on availability of high quality alloy steels, and the all-metal airplane was made possible by the development of light weight high-strength alloys. ◆Phase: 相；阶段。 ◆a distinct period or stage in a process of change or forming part of something's development Example： phase two of the development is in progress. ◆第二阶段开发正在进行中。 ◆Vital: 必要的，必不可少的。 ◆it is vital that the system is regularly maintained.这个系统有必要 经常维修。
1 While some studies have suggested that frequent use of cell phones causes increased risk of brain and mouth cancers, others have found no such links. But since cell phones are relatively new and brain cancers grow slowly, many experts are now recommending taking steps to reduce exposure. by bruce stutz 一些研究显示，经常使用手机会增加得脑部和口腔癌症的几率。有的研究却没发现两者之间有什么联系。但是，手机算是个新兴事物，而脑癌发展也缓慢，许多专家还是建议减少使用手机。 2 Does your cell phone increase your risk of brain cancer? Does it affect your skin or your sperm viability? Is it safe for pregnant women or children? Should you keep it in your bag, on your belt, in your pants or shirt pocket? Should you use a hands-free headset? Are present cell phone safety standards strict enough? 手机会增加得脑癌的几率吗？会不会影响皮肤或者精子活性？使用手机对孕妇或孩子安全吗？应该把手机放在哪，包里、衣服口袋，还是挂在腰带上？打电话的时候要用耳机吗？现在的手机安全标准够不够严？ 3 You don’t know? You’re not alone. 你不知道？这很正常。 4 With some 4 to 5 billion cell phones now in use worldwide and hundreds of studies seeking evidence of their health effects published in peer-reviewed journals over the last 10 years, there’s precious little scientific certainty over whether cell phones pose any danger to those using them. For nearly every study that reports an effect, another, just as carefully conducted, finds none. All of which leaves journalists, consumer advocates, regulatory agencies, politicians, industry spokespersons, and cell phone users able to choose and interpret the results they prefer, or ignore the ones they don’t. 如今，全世界共有40-50亿手机正在使用。过去十年里，成百上千的研究也在致力于寻找手机影响健康的证据，并在相关刊物上发表论文。但还没有确凿的证据能证明，使用手机损害健康。几乎没有研究发现手机对健康有不良影响。但这还是没影响到政治家、新闻记者、管理机构、产业发言人、消费者保护团体，还有消费者自己，选择他们喜好的结果去理解，忽略不喜欢的那些。 5 Do you, for instance, cite the studies that report adverse effects on sperm viability and motility, due to exposure to cell phone radiation or the studies that showed no —or mixed —results? 6 Do you cite the 2001 study that found increased incidence of uveal melanoma (a cancer of the eye) among frequent cell phone users, or the 2009 study by the same authors that, in reassessing their data, found no increase? 2001年的研究显示，常用手机的人患葡萄膜黑色素瘤（一种眼内癌症）几率会增大。2009年这些研究员又发表报告称，他们再分析当年的数据时，又不能确
Part I Reading comprehension (40%) 共四篇，其中一篇来自教材，占10%； Passage 6 1. 1) Yes, it is. 2) Once the technology had evolved, it became possible. It is just a matter of time. 3) The faster you go, the slower time seems to move for you with respect to everyone else. This concept is known as “time dilation.” 4) travel at the speed of light; 5) If your speed finally reaches the speed of light then time actually stands still, exceed the speed of light and its thought that time will start to flow backward. 6) An effect of Relativity is that the faster you go, the heavier you become and as you reach the speed of light, you become infinitely heavy. 7) The technique is called “quantum tunneling”. It is used by electrons orbiting around atoms to instantly move from point A to point B without passing through the space between. 8)It is actually only technology stopping us from doing it. 2. 1) 即使如我面前的杯子这么普通的东西也可以说某种程度上掌握了时间旅行。它在桌子上放着，看似无所事事，然而实际上正在穿越时空，无情地，它的速度是每天走一天。 2）如果我跑到这咖啡店的速度接近光速，当我坐下来时，我的年龄小于我周围的人。实际上，我已经走到他们的未来。 3) 剩下的就是当宇宙倒退时，以这个速度飞行，在适当的时候减速，然后在1973年7月突然出现，那是有史以来最伟大的时刻——我出生啦。 Passage 7 1. 1)By altering the function of one gene, the life span of a species of roundworm could be
第一课中东的集市 中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。 随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。 中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。例如，在布市上，所有那1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。 对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。假如让店主猜中了她所要买的商品的话，他便会漫天要价，而且在还价过程中也很难作出让步。而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价钱使他根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于他本人对顾客的敬重。顾客有时来了又去，去了又来，因此，像这样讨价还价的情形有可能持续一整天，甚至好几天。 集市上最引人注目、给人印象最深刻的地方之一是铜器市场。你一走近这里，耳朵里便只听得见金属器皿互相碰击时所发出的一阵阵砰砰啪啪、丁丁当当的响声；走得越近，响声便越来越大，越来越清晰。直待你走到拐角处一转弯，眼前便出现了锃亮的铜器，它们映照着无数盏明灯和火盆，流光飞舞，有如仙境。每个铜匠铺子里都有几个徒工——他们都是一些男性青少年，其中有的年龄小得让人难以置信——在那里不停地锤打着一些形状各异、大小不一的铜器，而铺子的老板则在一旁指点着，有时也亲自操锤敲打几下。铺子的后边，还有一个小不点儿的徒工在那里用一根拴在大脚趾上的绳子鼓动着一个巨大的皮风箱，煽着一大炉炭火——燃烧着的木炭随着风箱的鼓动而有节奏地变得忽明忽暗。 在这里，你会看到许多精美的锅碗瓢盆，上面雕刻着各种精细复杂的传统图案，也能看到一些当地人日常使用的质朴无华的厨房用具，虽无花纹图案，但造形美观，经济实用。再走一处便是地毯市场。这儿有各种质地的地毯，它们色彩斑炯，花纹图案富有地方特色—
United 1 材料科学与工程 材料在我们的文化中比我们认识到的还要根深蒂固。如交通、房子、衣物，通讯、娱乐和食物的生产，实际上，我们日常生活中的每一部分都或多或少地受到材料的影响。历史上社会的发展、先进与那些能满足社会需要的材料的生产及操作能力密切相关。实际上，早期的文明就以材料的发展程度来命名，如石器时代，铜器时代。早期人们能得到的只有一些很有限的天然材料，如石头、木材、粘土等。渐渐地，他们通过技术来生产优于自然材料的新材料，这些新材料包括陶器和金属。进一步地，人们发现材料的性质可以通过加热或加入其他物质来改变。在这点上，材料的应用完全是一个选择的过程。也就是说，在一系列非常有限的材料中，根据材料的优点选择一种最适合某种应用的材料。直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。这个大约是过去的 60 年中获得的认识使得材料的性质研究成为时髦。因此，成千上万的材料通过其特殊的性质得以发展来满足我们现代及复杂的社会需要。很多使我们生活舒适的技术的发展与适宜材料的获得密切相关。一种材料的先进程度通常是一种技术进步的先兆。比如，没有便宜的钢制品或其他替代品就没有汽车。在现代，复杂的电子器件取决于所谓的半导体零件. 材料科学与工程有时把材料科学与工程细分成材料科学和材料工程学科是有用的。严格地说，材料科学涉及材料到研究材料的结构和性质的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料，而材料工程师是利用已有的材料创造新的产品或体系，和/或发展材料加工新技术。多数材料专业的本科毕业生被同时训练成材料科学家和材料工程师。“structure”一词是个模糊的术语值得解释。简单地说，材料的结构通常与其内在成分的排列有关。原子内的结构包括介于单个原子间的电子和原子核的相互作用。在原子水平上，结构包括原子或分子与其他相关的原子或分子的组织。在更大的结构领域上，其包括大的原子团，这些原子团通常聚集在一起，称为“微观”结构，意思是可以使用某种显微镜直接观察得到的结构。最后，结构单元可以通过肉眼看到的称为宏观结构。 “Property”一词的概念值得详细阐述。在使用中，所有材料对外部的刺激都表现出某种反应。比如，材料受到力作用会引起形变，或者抛光金属表面会反射光。材料的特征取决于其对外部刺激的反应程度。通常，材料的性质与其形状及大小无关。实际上，所有固体材料的重要性质可以概括分为六类：机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀性。对于每一种性质，其都有一种对特定刺激引起反应的能 力。如机械性能与施加压力引起的形变有关，包括弹性和强度。对于电性能，如电导性和介电系数，特定的刺激物是电场。固体的热学行为则可用热容和热导率来表示。磁学性质
Why We're Fat 1 So why is obesity happening? The obvious, clichéd-but-true answer is that we eat too much high-calorie food and don't burn it off with enough exercise. If only we had more willpower, the problem would go away. But it isn't that easy. 为什么会有肥胖症？一个明显、老生常谈但又真实的答案就是我们吃太多高热量食物并且没有进行足够的运动消耗它。要是我们的意志力更强大，这个问题便迎刃而解了。但是，问题并不是那么简单。 2 When warned about the dangers of overeating, we get briefly spooked and try to do better. Then we're offered a plateful of pancakes smothered in maple syrup, our appetite overpowers our reason, and before we know it, we're at it again. Just why is appetite such a powerful driver of behavior, and, more important, how can we tame it? 当我们被警告说吃得太多的时候，一时总会被吓倒并努力做好一些。然后一碟涂满槭糖浆的煎饼摆在面前，我们的食欲战胜了我们的理智，等到我们意识到它的时候，我们又重蹈覆辙了。到底为什么食欲具有如此强大的推动力？更重要的是，我们怎么才能够控制它？ 3 Within the past few years, science has linked our ravenous appetites to genes and hormones. Among the hormones that fuel these urges are ghrelin and leptin, known as the "hunger hormones." Ghrelin is produced mostly by cells in the stomach lining. Its job is to make you feel hungry by affecting the hypothalamus, which governs metabolism. Ghrelin levels rise in dieters who lose weight and then try to keep it off. It's almost as if their bodies are trying to regain the lost fat. This is one reason why it's hard to lose weight and maintain the loss. 近几年来，科学将我们迫不及待要吃的食欲跟基因和激素联系起来。激起这些强烈的欲望的激素有胃促生长素和消瘦素，也被称作“饥饿激素”。胃促生长素主要由胃保护层的细胞产生。它的职责是影响控制新陈代谢的下丘脑，让你感到饥饿。当节食者减肥并且努力维持减肥效果，他的胃促生长素水平就会升高。就像他们的身体要试图恢复失去的脂肪。这是为什么很难减肥并维持减肥效果的原因之一。 4 Leptin turns your appetite off and is made by fat cells. Low leptin levels increase your appetite and signal your body to store more fat. High leptin levels relay the opposite signal. Many obese people have developed a resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin and never feel satisfied, no matter how much they eat. Basically, your body uses these hormones to help you stay at your weight and keep you from losing fat —which is another reason why dieting can be so difficult. 消瘦素消除你的食欲，它来自脂肪细胞。低消瘦素水平增加你的食欲并通知你的身体储存更多的脂肪。高消瘦素水平传递相反的信号。很多肥胖的人已经形成了一种对消瘦素抑制食欲效应的抵抗，不管他们吃多少也从不感到满足。从根本上说，你的身体利用这些激素帮助你保持现在的体重，不让你的脂肪流走——这是节食如此之难的另外一个原因。
第一单元环境 大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。 由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统已经遭到破坏，其中包括干净的水源、纯净的空气，以及稳定的气候。 以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。据报告分析，随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增，环境发生了极大的变化，引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。因此，该报告的作者警告说，照此下去，本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶急剧恶化。 这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。四年来，他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。 在公布该报告的新闻发布会上，联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出：“只有了解环境及其运作过程，我们才能制定出必要的决策加以保护。”他还说，“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源，我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。” 对社会经济的影响 该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度，地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物，鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。 这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的，该发展目标是由联合国发起的，旨在2015年之前大幅度缓解饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。 总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说：“从某些方面来说，《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值，并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。” 目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用，食物供应不断增加，然而增长的速度仍然太慢，难以完成联合国制定的在2015年前消除全球一半饥饿的目标。 报告还说，过度使用生态系统的负面影响还包括渔业的衰退，含有大量沉积物的河口周围近海“死亡区”的出现，水质的变化以及不可预测的区域性气候等。 此外，森林的滥伐和其他生态系统的巨大改变也加剧了诸如疟疾、霍乱等疾病的传播，并使已有传染病分化出新的类别。 根据该报告，水资源体系的变化会增加毁灭性洪灾的爆发频率和程度。在20世纪90年代，洪灾造成的死亡人数超过10万，损失约2,430亿美元。
1.2 总线互连 总线是连接两个或多个设备的通信通路。总线的关键特征是，它是一条共享传输介质。多个设备连接到总线上，任一个设备发出的信号可以为其他所有连接到总线上的设备所接收。如果两个设备同时传送，它们的信号将会重叠，引起混淆。因此，一次只能有一个设备成功地（利用总线）发送数据。 典型的情况是，总线由多条通信通路或线路组成，每条线(路)能够传送代表二进制1和0的信号。一段时间里，一条线能传送一串二进制数字。总线的几条线放在一起能同时并行传送二进制数字。例如, 一个8位的数据能在8条总线线上传送。 计算机系统包含有多种不同的总线，它们在计算机系统层次结构的各个层次提供部件之间的通路。连接主要计算机部件(处理机, 存储器, I/O)的总线称为系统总线。系统总线通常由50~100条分立的(导)线组成。每条线被赋予一个特定的含义或功能。虽然有许多不同的总线设计，但任何总线上的线都可以分成三个功能组：数据线、地址线和控制线。此外可能还有为连接的模块提供电源的电源线。 数据线提供系统模块间传送数据的路径，这些线组合在一起称为数据总线。典型的数据总线包含8、16或32根线，线的数量称为数据总线的宽度。因为每条线每次传送1位，所以线的数目决定了每次能同时传送多少位。数据总线的宽度是决定系统总体性能的关键因素。 地址线用于指定数据总线上数据的来源和去向。例如，如果处理机希望从存储器中读一个字的数据，它将所需要字的地址放在地址线上。显然，地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大可能的存储器容量。 控制线用来控制对数据线和地址线的访问和使用。由于数据线和地址线被所有部件共享，因此必须用一种方法来控制它们的使用。控制信号在系统模块之间传送命令和定时信息。定时信息指定了数据和地址信息的有效性，命令信号指定了要执行的操作。 大多数计算机系统使用多总线，这些总线通常设计成层次结构。图1.3显示了一个典型的高性能体系结构。一条局部总线把处理机连接到高速缓存控制器，而高速缓存控制器又连接到支持主存储器的系统总线上。高速缓存控制器集成到连接高速总线的桥中。这一总线支持连接到：高速LAN、视频和图形工作站控制器，以及包括SCSI 和FireWire的局部外设总线的接口控制器。低速设备仍然由分开的扩充总线支持，用一个接口来缓冲该扩充总线和高速总线之间的通信流量。 PCI 外部设备互连是流行的高带宽的、独立于处理机的总线，它能够作为中间层或外围设备总线。当前的标准允许在66MHz频率下使用多达64根数据线，其原始传输速率为528MB/s, 或4.224Gbps。PCI被设计成支持各种各样基于微处理机的配置，包括单处理机和多处理机的系统。因此，它提供了一组通用的功能。PCI使用同步时序以及集中式仲裁方案。 在多处理机系统中，一个或多个PCI配置可通过桥接器连接到处理机的系统总线上。系统总线只支持处理机/高速缓存单元、主存储器以及PCI桥接器。使用桥接器使得PCI独立于处理机速度，又提供快速接收和传送数据的能力。 2.1 光存储介质：高密度存储器 2.1.1 光盘 光盘技术最终可能使磁盘和磁带存储淘汰。用这种技术，磁存储器所用的读/写头被两束激光代替。一束激光通过在光盘上刻制微小的凹点，对记录表面进行写；而另一束激光用来从光敏感的记录表面读取数据。由于光束容易被偏转到光盘上所需要的位置，所以不需要存取臂。 对用户而言，光盘正成为最有吸引力的选择。它们(光盘)对环境变化不太敏感，并且它们以每兆字节比磁盘低得多的存储器价格提供更多的直接存取存储器。光盘技术仍在出现，并且还需要稳定；然而，目前有三种主要类型的光盘。它们是CD-ROM、WORM盘和磁光盘。 CD-ROM 1980年引入的，非常成功的CD，或紧密盘是设计来提高音乐的录音重放质量的光盘。为了制作一张CD，把音乐的模拟声音转换成等价的数字声音，并且存储在一张4.72英寸的光盘上。在每张光盘上可以用数字格式（用20亿数字位）记录74分钟的音乐。因为它的巨大存储容量，计算机工业的企业家们立刻认
核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族
Lesson 1The Middle Eastern Bazaar 1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 2)集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有 3)我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 4)新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。 5)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 6)他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 7）教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 8）这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 9）为实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习外国的先进科学技术。 10）黄昏临近时，天渐渐地暗下来了。 11）徒工仔细地观察他的师傅，然后照着干。 12）吃完饭弗兰克常常帮助洗餐具。Frank often took a hand in the washing-up after dinner. Lesson 2 Hiroshima-the Livest city in Japan 1)礼堂里一个人都没有，会议一定是延期了。 2)那本书看上去很像个盒子。
3)四川话和湖北话很相似，有时很难区别。 4)一看见纪念碑就想起了在战斗中死去的好友。 5)他陷入沉思之中，没有例会同伴们在谈些什么。 6)他干的事与她毫无关系。 7)她睡不着觉，女儿的病使她心事重重。 8)这件事长期以来一直使我放心不下。 9)他喜欢这些聚会，喜欢与年轻人交往并就各种问题交换意见。 10)大家在几分钟以后才领悟他话中的含义。 11)土壤散发着青草的气味。 12)我可以占用你几分钟时间吗？ 13)你能匀出一张票子给我吗？ 14)那个回头发上了年纪的人是铜匠。 Lesson 4 Everyday Use for your grandmama 1.一场大火把贫民区三百多座房子夷为平地。 2.只要你为人正直，不怕失去什么，那你对任何人都不会畏惧。
School of chemical engineering and pharmaceutical test tubes 试管test tube holder试管夹test tube brush 试管刷test tube rack试管架 beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计boiling flask长颈烧瓶Florence flask平底烧瓶 flask,round bottom,two-neck boiling flask,three-neck conical flask锥形瓶wide-mouth bottle广口瓶graduated cylinder量筒gas measuring tube气体检测管volumetric flask容量瓶transfer pipette移液管Geiser burette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗Mohr burette(with pinchcock)碱式滴定管 watch glass表面皿evaporating dish蒸发皿ground joint磨口连接Petri dish有盖培养皿 desiccators干燥皿 long-stem funnel长颈漏斗filter funnel过滤漏斗 Büchner funnel瓷漏斗separatory funnel分液漏斗 Hirsh funnel赫尔什漏斗filter flask 吸滤瓶Thiele melting point tube蒂勒熔点管 plastic squeez e bottle塑料洗瓶 medicine dropper药用滴管rubber pipette bulb 吸球microspatula微型压舌板pipet吸量管mortar and pestle研体及研钵filter paper滤纸Bunsen burner煤气灯burette stand滴定管架support ring支撑环 ring stand环架distilling head蒸馏头 side-arm distillation flask侧臂蒸馏烧瓶air condenser空气冷凝器centrifuge tube离心管 fractionating column精(分)馏管 Graham condenser蛇形冷凝器 crucible坩埚crucible tongs坩埚钳beaker tong烧杯钳economy extension clamp经济扩展夹extension clamp牵引夹utility clamp铁试管夹hose clamp软管夹 burette clamp pinchcock;pinch clamp弹簧夹 screw clamp 螺丝钳 ring clamp 环形夹goggles护目镜stopcock活塞wire gauze铁丝网analytical balance分析天平 分析化学 absolute error绝对误差accuracy准确度assay化验analyte(被)分析物calibration校准constituent成分coefficient of variation变异系数confidence level置信水平detection limit检出限determination测定estimation 估算 equivalent point等当点gross error总误差impurity杂质indicator指示剂interference干扰internal standard内标 level of significance显著性水平 limit of quantitation定量限masking掩蔽matrix基体precision精确度 primary standard原始标准物purity纯度qualitative analysis定性分析 quantitative analysis定量分析random error偶然误差reagent试剂 relative error相对误差robustness耐用性sample样品relative standard deviation相对标准偏差 selectivity选择性sensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定significant figure有效数字solubility product溶度积 1
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has