2009年理工新书(蓝色标题为09年新增文章)
第六部分完形填空
第一篇：
Captain Cook Arrow Legend（C级）
It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has finally ended a two-century-old story of the Hawiian arrow 箭头carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook who died in the Sandwich Islands1 in 1779.
“There is no Cook2in the Australian Museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone. But that will not stop the museum fr om continuing to display the arrow in its exhibition, “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum3,” which does include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.
Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited wit h discovering the “Great South Land,” now Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed棍打to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii. 夏威夷, 夏威夷岛
The legend of Cook’s arrow began in 1824 when Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed临死所卧之床, 临终之时gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife, saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal fight with islanders.
In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued until it came face-to-face with science.
DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more likely made of animal bone, said Philp.
However, Cook’s fans refuse to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook’s body was buried at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,4” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a statement from Britain. “But I am sure that one of these days…one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.”
第二篇：
Avalanche and Its Safety(C级)
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water,
down a mountainside. Avalanches are among the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope that supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is likely to cause an avalanche, is a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low risk of avalanche. Snow does not gather significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not flow easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest is between35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degree. The rule of thumb is : A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with use ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject, winter traveling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous process, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather conditions, and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also reduce the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid attention to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are missing or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
第三篇：
One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live（C级）
卫生第三篇
It’s now affair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs the are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
In reality, of course, it was na?ve to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potent potential weapon.1 Undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials. And the
last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,2for no obvious gain.
Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the way for tests on new treatme nts and vaccines. So once again there’s a good reason to keep the virus—just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.
How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple. Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laborat ory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just at it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.
第四篇：
Animal’s “Sixth Sense”（C级）
A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, howeve r , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that I they possess a “sixth sense” for disasters , experts said.
Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island’s coast clearly missed wild beasts, with no dead animals found.
“No elephants are dead, not even a dead rabbit. I think animals can sense disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening.” H.D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s Wildlife Department, said about one month a fter the tsunami attack. The waves washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka’s biggest wildlife reserve and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.
“There has been a lot of apparent evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop an animal behavior specialis t at Johannesburg Zoo.
“There have been no specific studies because you can’t really te st it in a lab or field setting2,” he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this assessment .
“Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain phenomenon, especially birds… there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters,” said Clive Wal ker, who has written several books on African wildlife.
Animals certainly rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.
The notion of an animal “sixth sense”-or some other mythical power-is an enduring one3 which the evidence on Sri Lanka’s ravaged coast is likely to add to.
The Romans saw owls as omens of impending disaster and many ancient
cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes.
第五篇：
Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind（C级）
If you cannot see, you may not be able to1find your way out of a burning building—and that could be fatal. A company in Leeds could change all that2with directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.
Sound Alert, a company run by the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for blind people in Sommerset and a resource center for the blind in Cumbria. The alarms produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the sound is coming from.
Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be heard by humans. “It is a burst of white noise白噪音：音响或电力嗓音that people say sounds like static静电噪声on the radio,” she says. “Its life-saving potential is great.”
She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3a large smoke-filled room. It took them nearly four minutes to find the door without a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.
Withington studies how the brain processes sounds at the university. She says that the source of a wide band 波段of frequencies can be pinpointed 极微小的more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms based on the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.
The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up or down stairs. They were developed with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.
第六篇：
Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely遥远地（C级）Speeding off超速行驶in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch2. But he is in a nasty3 surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer, and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine off , he will not be able to start it again.
For now, such devices are only available for fleets of trucks4and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization technology could soon start to trickle慢慢地移动down to ordinary cars,5and should be available to ordinary cars in the UK in two months.
The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car incorporates6a miniature cellphone, a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS7 satellite positioning receiver. If
t he car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicle’s engine management system and prevent the engine being restarted.
There are even plans for immobilizers that shut down vehicles on the move8, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system.
In the UK, an array of9technical fixes10is already making life harder for car thieves. “The pattern of vehicles crime has changed,” says Martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire11 that is fund ed in part by the motor insurance industry.
He says it would only take him a few minutes to teach a novice新手, 初学者how to steal a car using a bare minimum of tools12. But only if the car is more than 10 years old.
Modern cars are a far tougher艰苦的proposition任务：13, as their engine management computer will not allow them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out 14 by the ignition key. In the UK, technologies like this have helped achieve a 31 per cent drop in vehicle-related crime15 since 1997.
But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owner’s keys in a burglary. In 2000, 12 per cent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken using the owner’s keys double the previous year’s figure.
Remote-controlled immobilization system would put打断a major new obstacle in the criminal’s way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the customer expects. 第七篇
An Intelligent Car（C级）
Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. Many human drivers have all these and can control a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself?
There is a virtual drive1 in the smart car. This virtual driver1 has “eyes,”“brains,”“hands”and “feet,”too. The minicameras on each side of the car are his “eyes,”which observe the road conditions ahead of it. They watch the traffic to the car’s left and right. There is also a highly automatic driving system in the car. It is the built-in computer, which is the virtual driver’s “brain.”His “brain”calculates the speeds of other moving cars near it and analyzes their positions. Basing on this information2, it chooses the right path for the intelligent car, and gives instructions to the “hands”and “feet” to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual driver controls his car.
What is the virtual driver’s best advantage3? He reacts quickly. The minicameras are sending images continuously to the “brain.”It completes the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds. However, the world’s best driver at least needs one second to react. Besides , when he takes action, he needs one more second.
The virtual driver is really wonderful. He can reduce the accident rate
considerably on expressways. In this case, can we let him have the wheel4 at any time and in any place? Experts warn what we cannot do that5just yet6. His ability to recognize things is still limited . He can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.
第八篇：
A Biological Clock（C级）
Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open1. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoon茧and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.
Events outside the plant and animal affect 影响the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight summer.
Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from阻止, 妨碍flying become restless when it is time for the trip, but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.
Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken , when to sleep and when to seek food. Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.
Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work2. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. It can take3 many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production.
第九篇：
Wonder Webs（C级）
Spider webs are more than homes, and they are ingenious traps. And the world’s best web spinner may be the Goldern Orb Weaver spider. The female Orb Weaver spins a web of fibers thin enough to be invisible to insect prêt, yet tough enough to snare a flying bird without breaking.
The secret of the web’s strength? A type of super-resilient silk called dragline. When the female spider is ready to weave the web’s spokes and frame, she uses her legs to draw the airy thread out through a hollow nozzle in her belly. Dragline is not sticky, so the spider can race back and forth along it to spin the web’s trademark spiral.
Unlike some spiders that weave a new web every day, a Golden Orb Weaver reuses her handiwork until it falls apart, sometimes not for two years1. The silky thread is five times stronger than steel by weight and absorbs the force of an impact three times better than Kevlar, a high-strength human-made material used in bullet-proof vests. And thanks to its high tensile strength, or the ability to resist breaking under the pulling force called tension, a single strand can stretch up to 40 percent longer than its original length and snap back as well as new. No human-made fiber even comes close .
It is no wonder manufacturers are clamoring for spider silk. In the consumer pipeline: high-performance fabrics for athletes and stockings that never run2. Think parachute cords and suspension bridge cables. A steady supply of spider silk would be worth billions of dollars—but how to produce it? Harvesting silk on spider farms does not work because the territorial arthropods have a tendency to devour their neighbors.
Now, scientists at the biotechnology company Nexia are spinning artificial silk modeled after Goldern Orb dragline. The first step: extract silk-making genes from the spiders. Next, implant the genes into goat egg cells. The nanny goats that grow from the eggs secrete dragline silk proteins in their milk . “The young goats pass on the silk-making gene without any help from us,” says Nexia president Jeffrey Turner. Nexia is still perfecting the spinning process, but they hope artificial spider silk will soon be snagging customers as fast as the real thing snags bugs.
第十篇：
Less Is More（C级）
It sounds all wrong—drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to knocks. But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood rather than focusing on one weak spot. The discovery should lead to more effective and ligher packaging materials.
Carpenters have known for centuries that some woods are tougher than others. Hickory, for example, was turned into axe handles and cartwheel spokes because it can absorb shocks without breaking. White oak, for example, is much more easily damaged, although it is almost as dense.1 Julian Vincent at Bathe University and his team were convinced the wood’s internal structure could explain the differences.
Many trees have tubular vessels that run up the trunk and carry water to the leaves. In oak they are large, and arranged in narrow bands, but in hickory they are
smaller, and more evenly distributed. The researchers thought this layout might distribute a blow’s energy throughout the wood, soaking up a bigge r hit. To test the idea, they drilled holes 0.65 millimetres across into a block of spruce, a wood with no vessels, and found that it withstood a harder knock. Only when there more than about
30 holes per square centimeter did the wood’s performance drop o ff.
A uniform substance doesn’t cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of the material is actually affected. All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking the material in one or two places, but often the pieces left behind are pristine.
But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place, the holes provide many weak spots that all absorb energy as they break, says Vincent. “You are controlling the places where the wood breaks, and it can then absorb more energy , more safely.”
The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material—for example, to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging. It could also be used in car bumpers, crash barriers and armour for military vehicles, says Ulrike Wegst, at the Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in Stuttgart. But she emphasizes that you’d need to design the substance with the direction of force in mind. “The direction of loading is crucial,” she says.
第十一篇：
China to Help Europe Develop GPS1 Rival（B级）
China is to contribute to a new global satellite navigation system being developed by European nations. The Galileo satellite system2will offer a more accurate civilian alternative3 to the Global Positioning System (GPS), operated by the US military. China will provide 230m Euros (USD 259m)4in funding and will cooperate with technical, manufacturing and market development. “China will help Galileo to become the major world infrastructure for the growing market for location services,” said Loyola de Palacio, EU transport commissioner.
A new center that will coordinate co-operation was also announced by the European Commission5, the European Space Agency (ESA)6and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology not long ago. The China-Europe Global Navigation Satellite System Technical Training and Cooperation Center will be located at Beijing University. China has a substantial satellite launch industry and could potentially help launch the Galileo satellites.
The US has claimed that Galileo could interfere with the US ability to downgrade the GPS service during military conflicts. European officials say this is unfounded and counter that US opposition is due to the commercial challenge Galileo would present to GPS. Galileo will be precise to within a meter, while the civilian GPS service is accurate to around 10 meters.
The Galileo satellite constellation7will consist of 27 operational and three
reserve satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of 23,600 km. The satellites will be strung8 along three medium-Earth orbits at 56 degrees inclination to the equator and will provide global coverage. The system should be operational by 2008 and the entire project is expected to cost around 3.2 billion Euros (USD 3.6 billion).
The European Commission has said Galileo will primarily be used for transportation technology, scientific research, land management and disaster monitoring.
Galileo will provide two signals; a standard civilian one and an encrypted, wide-band signal called the Public Regulated Service (PRS)9. This second signal is designed to withstand localized jamming and will be used by police and military services in Europe. European Commission officials have said China will not be given access to the PRS10.
The first Galileo satellite is scheduled to launch late in 2004. Clocks on board11 the the satellite will be synchronized12through 20 ground sensors stations, two command centers and 15 uplink stations.
Receivers on the ground will use time signals from the satellites to precisely calculate their location. A “search and rescue” function will also let distress signals13 be relayed through the constellation of satellites.
第十二篇：
Taking a Nap During the Day(B级)
Medical experts say most Americans do not get enough sleep. They say more Americans need to rest for a short period in the middle of the day. They are advising people to sleep lightly before continuing with other activities.
One study earlier this year found that persons who sleep for a few minutes during the day were less likely to die of heart disease. The study followed more than 2,300 Greek adults for about six years. Adults who rested for half an hour at least three times a week had a 37 percent lower risk of dying from heart disease than those who did not nap.
Study organizers said the strongest evidence was in working men. They said naps might improve health by mitigating tension caused by work.
Some European and Latin American businesses have supported the idea of napping for many years. They urge people to leave work, go home and have a nap before returning. In the United States, some companies let workers rest briefly in their offices. They believe this reduces mistakes and accidents, and also increases the amount of work a person can do.
Sleep experts say it is likely that people make more mistakes at work than at other
times. They say people should not carry out important duties when they feel sleepy. And they say the best thing to do is to take a nap. About twenty minutes of rest is all you need. Experts say this provides extra energy and can increase your effectiveness until the end of the day But experts warn that a nap should last no more than twenty to thirty minutes. A longer nap will put the body into deep sleep and waking up will be difficult.
第十三篇：
Cell Phone Lets Your Secret Out(A级)
Your cell phone holds secrets about you. Besides the names and numbers that you’ve programmed into it, traces of your DNA linger on the device, according to a new study.
DNA is genetic material that appears in every cell. Like your fingerprint, your DNA is unique to you —unless you have an identical twin. Scientists today routinely analyze DNA in blood, saliva, or hair left behind at the scene of a crime. The results often help detectives identify criminals and their victims. Your cell phone can reveal more about you than you might think.
Meghan J. McFadden, a scientist at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, heard about a crime in which the suspect bled onto a cell phone and later dropped the device. This made her wonder whether traces of DNA lingered on cell phones—even when no blood was involved. So she and colleague Margaret Wallace of the City University of New York analyzed the flip-open phones of 10 volunteers. They used swabs to collect invisible traces of the users from two parts of the phone: the outside, where the user holds it, and the speaker , which is placed at the user’s ear.
The scientists scrubbed the phones using a solution made mostly of alcohol. The aim of washing was to remove all detectable traces of DNA. The owners got their phones back for another week. Then the researchers collected the phones and repeated the swabbing of each phone once more.
The scientists discovered DNA that belonged to the phone’s speaker on each of the phones. Better samples were collected from the outside of each phone, but those swabs also picked up DNA that belonged to other people who had apparently also handled the phone. Surprisingly , DNA showed up even in swabs that were taken immediately after the phones were scrubbed. That suggests that washing won’t remove all traces of
evidence from a criminal’s device. So cell phones can now be added to the list of clues that can clinch a crime-scene investigation.
第十四篇：
Sharks Perform a Service for Earth’s Waters (A级)
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to attack people frequently. But these fish perform a valuable service for earth’s waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their existence. Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth.
Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas, where people also swim. In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the times when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.
A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals. These powerful senses help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish, any other sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.
Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark’s body defense and immune systems against disease. Researchers know that sharks recover quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.
Sharks are important for the world’s oceans. They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too great . This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
第十五篇：
Crashed Cars to Text Message for Help(A级)
There is no good place to have a car crash—but some places are worse than others. In a foreign country, for instance, trying to explain via cellphone that you are upside down1 in a ditch when you cannot speak the local language can fatally delay the arrival of the emergency services.
But an answer may be at hand. Researchers funded by the European Commission2are beginning tests of a system called E-merge that automatically senses when a car has crashed and sends a text message3 telling emergency services4 in the local language that the accident has taken place.
The system was developed by ERTICO, a transport research organization based in Brussels, Belgium5. Cars are fitted with a cellphone-sized device attached to the underside of the dashboard which is activated by the same sensor that triggers the airbag in a crash. The device includes a cellphone circuit, a GPS6 positioning unit, and a microphone and loudspeaker.
It registers the severity of the crash7 by reading the deceleration data from the airbag’s sensor. Using GPS information, it works out which country the car is in, and from this it determines in which language to compose an alert message detailing precise location of the accident.
The device then automatically makes a call to the local emergency services operator. If the car’s occupants are conscious, they can communicate with the operator via the speaker and microphone.
E-merge also transmits the vehicles make8, color and license number, and its heading9when it crashed, which in turn indicates on which side of a multi-lane highway it ended up.
This helps the emergency services find the vehicle as soon as they arrive on the scene. “We can waste a large amount of time searching for an incident,” says Jim Hammond, a(an) expert in vehicle technology at the Association of Chief Police Officers in the UK. Tests will begin soon with police car fleets in the UK. Trials have already started in Germany, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and Italy.
In-car systems10 that summon the emergency services after a crash have already been fitted in some premium cars11. ERTICO says that if EU states12 are willing to fund the necessary infrastructure, E-merge could be working by 2008.
A study by French car maker Renault13 concluded that the system could save up to146000 of the 40,000 lives lost each year on Europe’s roads, and prevent a similar number of serious injuries.
The Renault study estimates that fitting E-merge to every car in Europe would eventually save around 150 billion per year in terms of15reduced costs to health services and insurance companies, and fewer lost working days.
2009年理工新书(蓝色标题为09年新增文章)
第六部分完形填空
第一篇：
Captain Cook Arrow Legend(C级)
It was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has ____1_____ ended a two-century-old story of the Hawiian arrow 箭头carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook ___2___ died in the Sandwich Islands1 in 1779.
“There is _____3____ Cook2in the Australian Museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its _____4___, “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum3,” which ____5____include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.
Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and i s credited with ____6____ the “Great South Land,” _____7_____ Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed棍打to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii. 夏威夷, 夏威夷岛
The legend of Cook’s arrow began in 1824 ____8___ Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed临死所卧之床, 临终之时gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife, saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal ____9____ with islanders.
In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued ____10_____ it came face-to-face with science.
DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more _____11____ made of animal bone, said Philp.
However, Cook’s fans ____12___ to give up hope that one Cook l egend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook’s body was___13___ at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,4” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a ____14_____ from Britain. “But I am ____15___ that one of these days…one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.”
练习：
1. A) finally B) firstly C) lately D) usually
2. A) whose B) who C) which D) what
3. A) some B) none C) neither D) no
4. A) cinema B) exhibition C) shop D) market
5. A) must B) did C) has to D) does
6. A) discovering B) visiting C) traveling D) using
7. A) then B) now C) past D) previously
8. A) how B) where C) when D) that
9. A) conversation B) fight C) meal D) dance
10. A) however B) until C) after D) whenever
11. A) helpfully B) usefully C) likely D) readily
12. A) refuse B) return C) regain D) reply
13. A) collected B) washed C) stored D) buried
14. A) statement B) suggestion C) proposal D) guess
15. A) safe B) weak C) sure D) lucky
练习：
1. A) finally B) firstly C) lately D) usually
2. A) whose B) who C) which D) what
3. A) some B) none C) neither D) no
4. A) cinema B) exhibition C) shop D) market
5. A) must B) did C) has to D) does
6. A) discovering B) visiting C) traveling D) using
7. A) then B) now C) past D) previously
8. A) how B) where C) when D) that
9. A) conversation B) fight C) meal D) dance
10. A) however B) until C) after D) whenever
11. A) helpfully B) usefully C) likely D) readily
12. A) refuse B) return C) regain D) reply
13. A) collected B) washed C) stored D) buried
14. A) statement B) suggestion C) proposal D) guess
15. A) safe B) weak C) sure D) lucky
第二篇：
Avalanche and Its Safety(C级)
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are____1___ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is____3____ to cause an avalanche, _____4___ a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a
low___5___ of avalanche. Snow does not ___6___ significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not ___7___ easily on flat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest is____8___35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degree. The rule of thumb is : A slope that is____9___ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally, avalanche risk increases with___10___; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject, winter traveling in the backcountry is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous___11___, including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather___12___, and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also___13____ the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid___14___ to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are ___15____ or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
练习：
1. A among B of C to D in
2. A when B that C who D whose
3. A mostly B likely C clearly D surely
4. A are B will be C is D was
5. A weight B form C risk D work
6. A fall B flow C roll D gather
7. A fall B flow C roll D gather
8. A among B between C with D for
9. A thick B thin C flat D rocky
10. A use B time C snow D rain
11. A journey B trip C fact D process
12. A conditions B reports C forecast D event
13. A increase B reduce C improve D remove
14. A price B effort C attention D money
15. A missing B grown C big D fresh
练习：
1. A among B of C to D in
2. A when B that C who D whose
3. A mostly B likely C clearly D surely
4. A are B will be C is D was
5. A weight B form C risk D work
6. A fall B flow C roll D gather
7. A fall B flow C roll D gather
8. A among B between C with D for
9. A thick B thin C flat D rocky
10. A use B time C snow D rain
11. A journey B trip C fact D process
12. A conditions B reports C forecast D event
13. A increase B reduce C improve D remove
14. A price B effort C attention D money
15. A missing B grown C big D fresh
第三篇：
One Good Reason to Let Smallpox Live(C级)
卫生第三篇
It’s now affair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs the are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
____1____ reality, of course, it was na?ve to ___2___ that everyone would let _____3_____ of such a potent potential weapon.1Undoubtedly several nations still have _____4_____ vials. _____5_____ the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia,2 ______6_____ no obvious gain.
Now American researchers have ____7_____ an animal model of the human disease, opening the ____8____ for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So once again there’s a good reason to _____9_____ the virus—just in ____10____ the disease puts in a reappearance.
How do we _____11_____ with the mistrust of the US and Russia? ____12____. Keep the virus _____13_____ international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that’s open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just at it rejects a
multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn’t ____14____ the idea is wrong. If the virus _____15______ useful, then let’s make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.
练习：
1. A) In B) On C) At D) For
2. A) know B) imagine C) realize D) be aware
3. A) to go B) going C) go D) went
4. A) much B) more C) most D) a few
5. A) And B) While C) Whereas D) Although
6. A) since B) for C) because D) of
7. A) looked for B) sought C) found D) talked about
8. A) method B) road C) street D) way
9. A) keep B) put C) destroy D) eradicate
10. A) need B) case C)necessity D) time
11. A) handle B) tackle C) deal D) treat
12. A) Difficult B) Hard C) Safe D) Simple
13. A) under B) in C) on D) for
14. A) say B) mean C) state D) declare
15. A) will be B) would be C) is D) are
练习：
1. A) In B) On C) At D) For
2. A) know B) imagine C) realize D) be aware
3. A) to go B) going C) go D) went
4. A) much B) more C) most D) a few
5. A) And B) While C) Whereas D) Although
6. A) since B) for C) because D) of
7. A) looked for B) sought C) found D) talked about
8. A) method B) road C) street D) way
9. A) keep B) put C) destroy D) eradicate
10. A) need B) case C)necessity D) time
11. A) handle B) tackle C) deal D) treat
12. A) Difficult B) Hard C) Safe D) Simple
13. A) under B) in C) on D) for
14. A) say B) mean C) state D) declare
15. A) will be B) would be C) is D) are
第四篇：
Animal’s “Sixth Sense” (C级)
A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, ___1___, seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that I they possess a “sixth sense” for ____2____, experts said.
Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island’s coast clearly ____3____ wild beasts, with no dead animals found.
“No elephants are dead, not ____4_____ a dead rabbit. I think animals can _____5____ disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening.” H.D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The ____6____ washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka’s biggest wildlife _____7____ and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.
“There has been a lot of ____8____ evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop an animal behavior____9____ at Johannesburg Zoo.
“There have been no ____10____ studies because you can’t really test it in a lab or field setting2,” he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this ____11____.
“Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain ____12____, especially birds… there are many reports of birds detecting impending disast ers,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife.
Animals ____13___ rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.
The notion of an animal “sixth sense”-or _____14_____ other mythical power-is an enduring one3which the evidence on Sri Lanka’s ravaged coast is likely to add to.
The Romans saw owls ___15___ omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes.
练习：
1. A) therefore B) however C) although D) whatever
2. A) shelters B) foods C) disasters D) water
3. A) missed B) protected C) raised D) caught
4. A) such B) too C) so D) even
5. A) feel B) see C) hear D) sense
6. A) waves B) tides C) winds D) rivers
7. A) birthplaces B) playground C) reserve D) storage
8. A) experimental B) apparent C) scientific D) chemical
9. A) specialist B) assistant C) supporter D) sponsor
10. A) additional B) specific C) especial D) exceptional
11. A) modification B) detection C) assessment D) value
12 A) route B) behavior C) principle D) phenomenon
13. A) unwillingly B) occasionally C) doubtfully D) certainly
14. A) some B) much C) many D) few
15. B) on B) as C) for D) in
练习：
1. A) therefore B) however C) although D) whatever
2. A) shelters B) foods C) disasters D) water
3. A) missed B) protected C) raised D) caught
4. A) such B) too C) so D) even
5. A) feel B) see C) hear D) sense
6. A) waves B) tides C) winds D) rivers
7. A) birthplaces B) playground C) reserve D) storage
8. A) experimental B) apparent C) scientific D) chemical
9. A) specialist B) assistant C) supporter D) sponsor
10. A) additional B) specific C) especial D) exceptional
11. A) modification B) detection C) assessment D) value
12 A) route B) behavior C) principle D) phenomenon
13. A) unwillingly B) occasionally C) doubtfully D) certainly
14. A) some B) much C) many D) few
15. B) on B) as C) for D) in
第五篇：
Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind(C级)
If you cannot see, you may not be able to1find your way out of a burning building—and that could be fatal. A company in Leeds could change all that2_____1____ directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.
Sound Alert, a company_____2_____ the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for _____3_____ people in Sommerset and a resource center for the blind in Cumbria._____4______ produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the ______5____ is coming from.
Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be_______6_______ by humans. “It is a burst of white noise白噪音：音响或电力嗓音____7____ people say sounds like static静电噪声on the radio,” she says. “Its life-saving potential is great.”
She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large ____8___ room. It ____9____them nearly four minutes to find the door ____10____ a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.
Withington studies how the brain _____11____ sounds at the university. She says that the _____12____ of a wide band 波段of frequencies can be pinpointed 极
微小的more easily than the source of a narrow band. Alarms _____13_____ the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.
The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up _____14___ down stairs. They were ____15____ with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.
练习：
1. A) without B) with C) having D) selling
2. A) run by B) changed by C) decorated by D) criticized by
3. A) slow B) deaf C) blind D) lame
4. A) Alarms B) Alarm C) The alarm D) The alarms
5. A) noise B) sound C) music D) bell
6. A) watched B) produced C) learnt D) heard
7. A) where B) what C) that D) how
8. A) smoked B) smoke-filled C) filled with smoke D) smoke-filling
9. A) has taken B) takes C) took D) will take
10. A) on B) near C) without D) from
11. A) processes B) produces C) possesses D) proceeds
12. A) feature B) quality C) diagram D) source
13. A) basis on B) base on C) basing on D) based on
14. A) or B) and C) but D) otherwise
15. A) developed B) determined C) discovered D) delivered
练习：
1. A) without B) with C) having D) selling
2. A) run by B) changed by C) decorated by D) criticized by
3. A) slow B) deaf C) blind D) lame
4. A) Alarms B) Alarm C) The alarm D) The alarms
5. A) noise B) sound C) music D) bell
6. A) watched B) produced C) learnt D) heard
7. A) where B) what C) that D) how
8. A) smoked B) smoke-filled C) filled with smoke D) smoke-filling
9. A) has taken B) takes C) took D) will take
10. A) on B) near C) without D) from
11. A) processes B) produces C) possesses D) proceeds
12. A) feature B) quality C) diagram D) source
13. A) basis on B) base on C) basing on D) based on
14. A) or B) and C) but D) otherwise
15. A) developed B) determined C) discovered D) delivered
第六篇：
一、国内一级学术期刊名录（共433 种） 1.1 自然科学（124 种） 1. 中国科学：数学ISSN: 1674-7216 2. 中国科学：化学ISSN: 1674-7224 3. 中国科学：生命科学ISSN: 1674-7232 4. 中国科学：地球科学ISSN: 1674-7240 5. 中国科学：技术科学ISSN: 1674-7259 6. 中国科学：信息科学ISSN: 1674-7267 7. 中国科学：物理学力学天文学ISSN: 1674-7275 8. Science China Mathematics 中国科学：数学（英文版）ISSN: 1674-7283 9. Science China Chemistry 中国科学：化学（英文版）ISSN: 1674-7291 10. Science China Life Sciences 中国科学：生命科学（英文版）ISSN: 1006-9305 11. Science China Earth Sciences 中国科学：地球科学（英文版）ISSN: 1674-7313 12. Science China Technological Sciences 中国科学：技术科学（英文版）ISSN: 1674-7321 13. Science China Information Sciences 中国科学：信息科学（英文版）ISSN: 1674-733X 14. Science China Physics,Mechanics &Astonomy 中国科学：物理学力学天文学（英文版）ISSN: 1674-7348 15. 科学通报ISSN: 0023-074X 16. Chinese Science Bulletin 科学通报(英文版) ISSN: 1001-6538 17. 数学学报ISSN: 0583-1431 18. Acta Mathematica Sinica 数学学报（英文版）ISSN: 1439-8516 19. 数学年刊A辑(中文版)ISSN: 1000-8314 20. Chinese Annals of Mathematics 数学年刊B 辑(英文版) ISSN: 0252-9599 21. 应用数学学报ISSN: 0254-3079 22. 计算数学ISSN: 0254-7791 23. Journal of Computational Mathematics计算数学(英文版) ISSN: 0254-9409 24. 数学进展ISSN: 1000-0917 25. 系统科学与数学ISSN: 1000-0577 26. Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 系统科学与数学(英文版) ISSN: 1009-6124 27. 高校应用数学学报A 辑(中文版) ISSN: 1000-4424 28. Applied Mathematics:A Journal of Chinese Universities(Series B)高校应用数学学报B 辑（英文版）ISSN: 1005-1031 29. 数学物理学报(中文版)ISSN: 1003-3998 30. Acta Mathematica Scientia 数学物理学报(英文版) ISSN: 0252-9602 31. Algebra Colloquium 代数集刊（英）ISSN: 1005-3867 32. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition)应用数学与力学（英文版）ISSN: 0253-4827 33. 力学学报ISSN: 0459-1879 34. Chinese Journal of Theoretical andApplied Mechanics 力学学报（英文版）ISSN:0567-7718 35. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 固体力学学报（英文版）ISSN: 0894-9166 36. 航空学报ISSN: 1000-6893 37. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 中国航空学报(英文版) ISSN: 1000-9361
最新小学英语教师职称考试模拟试题（一） 一、填空题（每空1分，共20分） 1、《英语课程标准》采取国际通用的分级方法，将英语课程目标按照________设为九个级别。 2、基本教导阶段英语课程的义务是激起和培养学生，使学生建立自负念，养成优胜的进修习惯和构成有效的，成长自立进修的才能和精力，使学生控制必定的英语基本常识和据说读写技能，构成必定的;培养学生的不雅察、记忆、思惟、和创新精力;帮助学生懂得世界和中西方文化的差别，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精力，构成健康的人生不雅，为他们的和_________打下优胜的基本。 3、《英语课程标准》（实验稿）规定小学英语的终点目标是级，二级目标在词汇方面要肄业习有关本级话题范围的个单词和个阁下的__________。 4、小学英语说话技能一级的读写目标，除能看图识字，能在指认物体的前提下认读所学词语和能在图片的帮助下读懂简单的小故事以外，还有一条是。 5、我们平常说的英语“双基”教授教化是指和___________. 6、对话课教授教化模式一般教授教化法度榜样是_______________________________。 判断正(T)误(F)（每小题1分，共10分） （）1、教授教化评价是英语课程的重要构成部分。 （）2、备课就是写教案。 （）3、小学英语教授教化策略词汇课中浮现新知是情况导入和听音正音。 （）4、教师要充分应用现代教导技巧，拓宽学生进修和应用英语的渠道。 （）5、在已普及九年义务教导的地区，小学生必须经由过程同一卒业测验才能升学，不然没有机会读初中。 （）6、教师应尊敬学生的人格，存眷个别差别，满足不合学生的进修须要，创设能勾引学生主动参与的教导情况，激起学生的进修积极性，培养学生控制和应用常识的立场和才能，使每个学生都能取得充分的成长。 （）7、小学英语教授教化策略读写课的第三环节是浏览中活动。 （）8、英语课程倡导讲解型的教授教化模式。 （）9、师长教师说：Draw a circle.学生画一个circle,这就属于课程标准里面谈到的用说话来做工作。 （）10、教授教化设计的好，教授教化就必定能成功。 简答题：（30分） 1、英语课程改革的六大基本理念是什么？（10分） 2、《英语课程标准》中规定的英语课程的性质是甚么？（10分） 3、《英语课程标准》中对二级综合说话应用才能目标是如何描述的？（10分） 阐述题（40分） 1、如安在英语教授教化中培养和成长学生积极的情感立场？（10分） 2、新课标倡导“义务型”的教授教化门路，培养学生综合说话应用才能，请你以“What’s your favorite sport?”话题为例，谈一谈教师在设计“义务型”教授教化活动时应留意的问题。（20分） 3、结合教授教化实际谈一谈教师在教授教化中应如何做到面向全部学生？（10分） 填空题（每空1分，共20分） 1、才能程度 2、进修英语的兴趣，进修策略，合作，综合说话应用才能，想象才能，毕生进修成长。 3、二，600-700，50习惯用语。 4、能精确书写字母和单词。 5、英语基本常识，据说读写（基本）技能。 6、复习、热身，新知浮现，巩固演习，拓展应用，成长进步 判断正(T)误(F)（每小题1分，共10分） 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TTFTF
2015年职称英语理工类C级考试真题及答案第一部分：词汇选项 1. The weather last summer was awful. A. bad B. fair C. dry D. hot 参考答案：A 2. The law carries a penalty of up to three years in prison. A. message B. guilt C. obligation D. punishment 参考答案：D 3. My piano playing has improved significantly since I had a new teacher. A. definitely B. generally C. certainly D. greatly 参考答案：D 4. There is a need for radical changes in education.
A. revolutionary B. long-term C. short-term D. systematic 参考答案：A 5. It frustrates me that I‘m not able to put any of my ideas into practice. A. discourages B. shows C. surprises D. frightens 参考答案：A 6. I realized to my horror that I had forgotten the present. A. limit B. fear C. power D. fool 参考答案：B 7. He tried to assemble his thoughts. A. gather B. clear C. share D. spare
2017年职称英语理工类A类词汇练习题及答案2017年职称英语理工类A类词汇练习题及答案 1It is (ridiculous) to dispute about such things. A foolish B shocking C frightening D amusing 2It was (obvious) that she was not going home. A evident B necessary C possible D probable 3He (replied) that this was absolutely impossible. A stated B answered C said D claimed 4He (Confesses) that he has done it. A agrees B alleges C admits D answers 5He lacked the strength to (deal with) all these problems A think of B talk about C copy down D cope with 6He (purchased) a ticket and went up on the top deck. A bought B took C showed D made 7Foreign money can be (converted) into the local currency at this bank. A written B changed C moved D reported 8He looks like a (crazy) man. A lazy B patient C mad D happy 9We cannot permit such (conduct). A movement B words C principle D behavior 10 She (started) to clean the kitchen. A stopped B began C continued D kept 11 John (talked over) the new job offer with his wife. A discussed B mentioned C accepted D rejected 12 I (rarely) wear a raincoat because I spend most of my time in a car. A normally B continuously C seldom D usually 13 We (explored) the possibility of closer trade links at the conference. A rejected B investigated C proposed D postponed 14 He often (finds fault with) my work. A criticizes B praises C evaluates D talks about
中小学教师职称晋升专业考试说明及试卷 中学英语 一、考试要求 武汉市中学英语教师职称晋升专业考试以测试教师的英语教育教学能力及英语学科专业素养为目的。教育部颁布的《英语课程标准》（以下简称《课标》）是中学英语教学的法规文件，是教师职称晋升专业考试的命题依据和必考内容，此外，参试者必须具备基本的的英语语言学知识，了解英语教学法主要流派及各种教学技能和策略在课堂教学中的运用和实施，同时具备胜任中学英语教学必备的专业知识。具体要求如下： 1. 掌握全日制义务教育《英语课程标准》（实验稿）各部分内容的描述,尤其是课程目标的分级描述（3-5级目标），并能结合目前使用的初中英语教材内容回答问题（初中教师考核内容）。 2. 掌握《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》各部分内容的描述,尤其是课程目标的分级描述（6-9级目标），并能结合目前使用的高中英语教材内容回答问题（高中教师考核内容）。 3. 熟悉初、高中英语教科书的编写特点、其所倡导的教学方法及具体教学内容。 二、试卷结构 试卷由公共部分和学科专业部分组成 1. 公共部分（共30分），详见P169页。 2. 学科专业部分试卷构成如下： 第一部分课标、教材教法（共25分） 本部分测试教师对《课标》的理解及运用能力及对教材进行教学设计的能力。参试者不仅应掌握《英语课程标准》的内容，还应能依据《课标》, 运用教育学、心理学和英语教学法的知识，结合学生实际，制定阶段性和某单元/课的教学目标（包括具体的三维目标）；设计清晰的教学过程；采用有效的教学方法和手段；体现师生互动及课堂评价等。 第二部分专业知识（共45分） 本部分测试中学英语教师专业基础知识，主要考查语言知识、语言技能和语言运用能力。参试者不同的任职要求应具备相应的条件： 1．中学一级教师应具有扎实的英语专业知识和较好的语言运用能力。 2．中学高级教师应具有系统的、坚实的专业知识和熟练的语言运用能力。
2014职称英语《理工B》真题及答案(代码22) 第一部分：词汇选项 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。 1. The majority of people around here are decent. A. real B. honest C. normal D. wealthy 答案：D 2. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid. A. hidden B. traditional C. inflexible D. official 答案：C 3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation. A. furnish B. copy C. publish D. summarize 答案：A 4. Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down. A. excitement B. disappointment C. anger D. calm 答案：B 5. Several windows had been smashed. A. cleaned
C. fixed D. broken 答案：D 6. The worst agonies of the war were now beginning. A. pains B. parts C. aspects D. results 答案：A 7. London quickly became a flourishing port. A. major B. large C. successful D. commercial 答案：C 8. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day. A. homework B. justice C. model D. act 答案：D 9. He led a very moral life. A. human B. intelligent C. natural D. honourable 答案：D 好学教育2015年职称英语考试过关课程课件汇总：https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd2708389.html,/RhFad1W 10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.
2020年职称英语理工A概括大意真题及答案 Geothermal(地热)Energy 1.Since heat naturally moves from hotter regions to cooler ones, the heat from the earth's center flows outwards towards the surface. In this way, it transfers to the next layer of rock. If the temperature is high enough, some of this rock melts and forms magma(岩浆). The magma ascends in its turn towards the earth's surface. It often remains well below the earth's surface, creating vast areas of hot rock. In such regions, there are deep cracks, which allow rainwater to descend underground. Some of the heated rainwater travels back up to the earth's surface where it will appear as a hot spring. However, if this ascending hot water reaches a layer of impermeable(不可渗透的)rock, it remains trapped, forming a geothermal reservoir. If geothermal reservoirs are close enough to the surface, they can be reached by drilling wells. Hot water and steam shoot up the wells naturally, and can be used to produce electricity in geothermal power plants. 2.A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-stem reservoirs which produce steam but little or no water. In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant, constructed at Lardarello in Italy, was of this type, and is still producing electricity today. 3.Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either "flash" steam plants or binary(双重的)plants. Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300° to 700°Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or
职称英语核心词汇汇总
职称英语考试备考技巧 一、词汇： 需要考生在最后阶段练习查字典，建议一天练习查60对，而且一个词汇题要反、正查，同时也要进行职称考试中常考词汇的记忆，这样可以在考试时提高速度，节省时间。 词汇题一般情况下仅凭字典一般也能做对，因此考生对自己不认识、不熟悉或没有绝对把握的题一定要通过字典来确认，从而确保词汇题100%的正确率。特别提醒考生，考试时要带上一本带有同义词的词典。且词典不能含有职称、考试等字样，更不能带电子词典。 二、阅读判断： 答题时需掌握一条原则，就是在文章中有明确提出的才能确定为对。题目中若出现must、only、all、always等时，答案一般不会是对的。 除上面的原则外，一般根据下列原则和规律也可以确定正确答案。选择A、B或C的三种情况： 选A的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全一致或基本一致 选B的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全相反 选C的情况：如果某题干部分或局部信息在原文中未提到 三、概括大意和完成句子： 概括大意要先看选项，寻找关键词，确定所考段落。完成句子则要根据所给的短句进行选择，比较好的方法是找同类动词。 同时读每段话时，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。读每段话时，并不是该段话全要仔细阅读。这样，既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。应该抓住该段话的主题句。 四、阅读理解： 首先要重点掌握教材上的阅读理解的重点文章的背诵，来抓住出自教材上的分数，这是顺利通过考试很关键的一步。
同时充分利用老师在课上讲的解题技巧，如大标题做题法、红花绿叶原则、顺序出题原则、关键词回归定位法通过做模拟试题来进行解题技巧的演练和应用。 在做题时要注意：搞清主旨题、细节题、推理题、逻辑关系题、观点态度题。注意标题、首尾段、首尾句、逻辑关系处、细节处等出题点；在阅读时见到日期、数量等要先做好标记，这样有重点有理有节的解题，才有可能取得满意的成绩。 五、补全短文： 要先看标题定文体，再看选项，观察选项时应注意抓主干，猜大意，弄清选项大意是表示定义、因果、例子还是措施；不要放过代词、专用名字、连接词、数字等特征词；然后回头再去看课文，明确1-5的位置。 解每道题时只需要阅读该题所在段落，不需要阅读其他段落。往往通过阅读该题目的前后句就能够确定答案，在考试时，应该注意利用以下前后句子存在的关系来做题： (1)利用转折关系 (2)利用归纳总结关系 (3)利用总分关系 (4)利用并列关系 六、完形填空： (1)掌握教材上的文章内容，尤其是2013年新增文章。把这些文章在考前一个月内，争取背到“滚瓜烂熟”，这样，就算考试时怎样变化都可以应付。 (2)语法知识的总结和固定搭配、词组的记忆。这样在做题时，阅读整篇文章，考生才能从头判断每个空所缺的词的语言形式，如词类、时态、语态，并判断该词应具有的符合文章上下文的词义，最后从给出的四个选项中，选出在语法与词义上均与原文相符合的一个。除掌握以上解题技巧外，考生最好配合在模拟真实的考试时间进行模拟试题的演练，这样不但可以直接掌握复习效果，还可以迅速找到自己的薄弱环节，通过单项训练，逐一提高成绩。最后，提醒考生，在抓紧时间复习的同时要放松心情，以轻松的心态迎接考试。预祝顺利通过考试！ 全国职称英语考试必过秘籍（免背单词+免读全文版） 1、试题概况及答题顺序 1.1、必杀技：见下表中“答题顺序”：
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小学英语教师职称考试试题 一、单项选择题(在每小题得四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案得序号填在题干得括号内。每小题１分,共30 分） １、情景教学法得语言理论基础就是（)理论。 A、功能/意念语言 B、英国得结构主义语言 Ｃ、乔姆斯基得普遍语法D、美国行为主义 2、在交际教学法中起作用得基本原则就是：交际原则、任务原则与（). A、意义原则 B、生活原则?Ｃ、教育原则D、实践原则?３、在自然法教学中,教师就是（）得主要来源。?Ａ、本族语可理解性输入B、语言产生 C、目得语可理解性输入Ｄ、语言模仿与加工 4、暗示法旨在快速培养学生得高级（D)能力. A、写作 B、阅读 C、翻译 D、会话 5、英语课程改革得重点就就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法与词汇知识得( C)。?A、学习Ｂ、掌握?C、讲授与传授D、运用 6、在义务教育阶段，英语课程得学习，既就是学生通过英语学习与实践活动,逐步掌握英语（C)，提高语言实际运用能力得过程，又就是她们开发思维能力、发展个性与提高人文素养得过程。?A、技能与技巧B、技能与方法 C、知识与技能 D、语言与文化?7、英语教材就是英语课程资源得核心部分，选用得教材应该具有发展性与拓展性、（B)、趣味性、灵活性与开放性等特征。 Ａ、科学性、规定性B、思想性、科学性 C、教育性、思想性 D、丰富性、准确性 8、小学英语教学评价得形式应具有多样性与可选择性.评价以（A）评价为主。?A、形成性B、间接性?C、分析性Ｄ、终结性?9、（D）考试主要就是选择类题目，如正误判断、单项选择、配伍等题型。?Ａ、表达型B、再现型 10、小学英语评价一般采用得评分方式：( Ｄ） C、输入型 D、理解型?# Ａ、等级制、百分制与描述性评价?B、达标制、等级制与描述性评价 C、五分制、百分制与印象性评价 D、等级制、五分制与达标制?１1、（）在统计学中指某一抽样分数得常规分布。 Ａ、正态分布B、平均分?C、标准差Ｄ、区分度?1２、试题本身正确与否直接影响考查得（A）.?A、有效性、科学性与可靠性B、丰富性与灵活性 Ｃ、难易度与思想性Ｄ、信度与区分度 1３、意义学习中得“图式扩张”理论认为,语言不仅就是一个有规则得符号系统,而且就是一个（D）。 14、Skehan Ａ、静态得信息资源B、知识表征资源?C、信息认知系统D、动态得信息资源? 认为任务得复杂度得主要界面有语码复杂度、( C）。?A、冗余信息与交际压力B、情感压 15、杜威概括了她对教育得力与认知复杂度?Ｃ、认知复杂度与交际压力Ｄ、认知复杂度? 本质认识，提出了教育得三大命题：教育即生长，（B）.?A、教育即教化，教育即生活B、教育即经验,教育即生活 C、教育即塑造，教育即准备Ｄ、教育即学习，教育即发展 2４、小学生记忆发展得其中一个特点就是（A).?A、从具体形象得识记为主导发展到词得抽象识记?B、抽象识记与形象识记同时发展?C、视觉映像识记为主导发展到词得抽象识记D、从显性识记为主导发展到内隐识记?2５、（C ）就是人脑对事物本质与事物之间规律性
职称英语考试理工类B级考试试题(1)2 第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分） 阅读下面这篇短文。短文后列出了7个句子。请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。如果该句提供的是正确信息。请在答题卡上把A涂黑：如果该句提供的是错误信息。请在答题卡上把B涂黑：如果该句的信息文章中没有提及。请在答题卡上把C涂黑。 The Smog（烟雾） For over a month. Indonesia was in crisis. Forest fires raged out of control as the country Suffered its worst drought for 50 years . Smoke form the fires mixed with sunlight and hot dry air to form a cloud of smog This pollution quickly spread and within days it was hanging over neighbouring countries including Malaysia.Singapore and Thailand When the smoke combined with pollution from factories and cars.it soon became poisonous （有毒的）。Dangerous amounts of CO became trapped under the smog and pollution levels rose. People wheezed f喘息）and coughed as they left the house and their eyes watered immediately. The smog made it impossible to see across streets and whole cities disappeared as grey soot （烟灰）covered everything.In some areas，water was hosed（用胶管浇）from high—rise city buildings to tIY and break up the smog.
2020年职称英语理工类A级真题及答案（词汇选项）2020年职称英语理工类A级词汇选项考试真题及答案 第1部分：词汇选项（第1——15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. The revelation of his past ledto his resignation. A.imagination B. confirmation C.recall D. disclosure 答案为D. revelation(揭露)– disclosure(揭露) 2. Jensen is a dangerous man, and can bevery brutal. A.careless B. cruel C.strong D. hard 答案为B. brutal(残忍的) – cruel 3. You’ll have to sprint if youwant to catch the train. A.jump B.escape C. run D.prepare 答案为C. sprint (快速奔跑) – run(奔跑) 4. We are worried about this fluid situation full with uncertainty. A. changeable B. stable C.suitable D.adaptable
答案为A. fluid(不稳定的) –changeable (易变的) 5. The new garment fits herperfectly. A.haircut B. purse C. clothes D.necklace 答案为C. garment(衣服) –clothes(衣服) 6. The phobia may have its root in achildhood trauma. A.fear B. joy C. hurt D.memory 答案为C. trauma(精神上的创伤) – hurt(感情上的伤心或痛苦) 7. They have to build canals to irrigatethe desert. A.decorate B. water C.change D. visit 答案为B. irrigate(灌溉) –water(给…浇水) 8. Her overall language proficiencyremains that of a toddler. A.disabled B. pupil C.teenager D. baby 答案为D. toddler(学步的儿童) – baby(婴儿) 9. The coastal area has very mild winter, but the central plains remain extremely cold. A. warm B.severe C.hard D.dry
2019年修订的国内一级和学报级学术期刊名录 一、国内一级学术期刊名录 1 人文、社会科学 1 中国社会科学(中、英文版)* 30 经济学家59 北京体育大学学报 2 中国社会科学评论(香港)* 31 世界经济60 上海体育学院学报 3 新华文摘(全文转载)* 32 会计研究61 中国体育科技 4 中国人民大学报刊复印资料33 中国农村经济62 中国语文* (全文复印) 34 农业经济问题63 古汉语研究 5 学术月刊35 中国土地科学64 语言研究 6 马克思主义研究* 36 中国工业经济65 外语教学与研究* 7 哲学研究* 37 经济理论与经济管理66 外国语 8 自然辩证法研究38 财贸经济67 中国翻译 9 自然辩证法通讯39 金融研究68 当代语言学(原为:国外语言 10 心理学报* 40 国际金融研究学) 11 心理科学41 管理世界* 69 现代外语 12 世界宗教研究* 42 科学学研究70 外国文学评论* 13 统计研究43 科研管理71 外国文学 14 社会学研究* 44 新闻与传播研究* 72 外国文学研究 15 社会科学战线45 中国出版73 文学评论* 16 中国人口科学46 中国图书馆学报* 74 文艺研究* 17 民族研究47 图书情报工作75 文学遗产 18 政治学研究* 48 大学图书馆学报76 文艺理论研究 19 国际问题研究49 情报学报77 中国现代文学研究丛刊 20 求是50 档案学研究78 美术研究 21 中共党史研究51 高等教育研究* 79 中国音乐学 22 台湾研究52 教育研究80 历史研究* 23 法学研究* 53 比较教育研究81 中国史研究 24 中国法学54 教育发展研究82 近代史研究 25 中外法学55 中国高教研究83 世界历史 26 法学评论56 高等工程教育研究84 考古学报 27 经济研究* 57 体育科学* 85 文史(中华书局) 28 中国经济史研究58 中国运动医学杂志86 敦煌研究 29 数量经济技术经济研究 注：带*号的学术期刊为人文社科权威级学术期刊 2 自然科学 1 中国科学(A-E辑)(中、英文版) 28 红外与毫米波学报55 地理学报 2 科学通报(中、英文版) 29 中国物理快报(英文版) 56 遥感学报 3 自然科学进展(中、英文版) 30 无机材料学报57 生理学报 4 浙江大学学报（英文版）31 材料研究学报(材料科学进展) 58 遗传学报 5 清华大学学报（英文版）32 化学物理学报59 动物学报 6 上海交通大学学报（英文版）33 催化学报60 植物学报(中、英文版) 7 数学学报34 化学学报(中、英文版) 61 生物物理学报 8 数学年刊(A、B辑) 35 物理化学学报62 生物化学与生物物理学报 9 应用数学学报36 分析化学63 微生物学报 10 计算数学37 高分子学报(中、英文版) 64 实验生物学报 11 数学进展38 无机化学学报65 细胞生物学杂志 12 系统科学与数学39 有机化学66 生态学报 13 高校应用数学学报40 高等学校化学学报67 古生物学报
2015职称英语理工类A真题及答案(完整版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分) 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class. A. control B. observe C. regulate D. accept 2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work. A. sense B. talent C. flavor D. taste 3. Most people find rejection hard to accept. A. excuse B. client C. refusal D. destiny 4. The organization was bold enough to face the press. A. pleased B. powerful C. brave D. sensible 5. They were locked in mortal combat. A. deadly B. open C. actual D. active 6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money. A. amount B. supply C. tempt D. sum 7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent. A. clear B. necessary C. special D. correct 8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling. A. Service B. danger C. disorder D. threat 9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish. A. survive B. last C. die D. move
++2010年全国职称英语综合类（A级）考试真题及答案 第一部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分） 下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Her father was a quiet man with graceful manners. A. bad B. polite C. similar D. usual 2. Patricia stared at the other girls with resentment. A. love B. surprise C. doubt D. anger 3. Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of vigorous exercise every day. A. energentic B. physical C. regular D. free 4. Our aggrangements were thrown into complete turmoil. A. failure B. confusion C. doubt D. relief 5. Steep stairs can present a particular hazard to older people. A. evidence B. danger C. case D. picture 6. I enjoyed the play-it had a clever plot and very funny dialogues. A. long B. original C. humorous D. boring 7. He demolished my arguments in minutes. A. disproved B. disputed C. accepted D. supported 8. The two banks have announced plans to merge next year. A. combine B. sell C. close D. break 9. Regular visits from a social worker can be of immense value to old people living alone. A. immediate B. great C. equal D. moderate 10. I want to provide my boys with a decent education. A. private B. general C. good D. special 11. Lower taxes would spur investment and help economic growth. A. attract B. encourage C. require D. spend 12. He was kept in appalling conditions in prison. A. critical B. temble C. necessary D. normal 13. I can't put up with my neighbor's noise any longer, it's driving me mad. A. measure B. generate C. tolerate D. reduce 14. The project required ten years of diligent research. A. hardworking B. scientific C. basic D. social 15. He was rather vague about the reasons why he never finished school. A. unclear B. bright C. bad D. general 第二部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分) 下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。 The Writing's on the Wall? Is it art or is it just vandalism (野蛮行为)? Well, it's still a crime, but graffiti (涂鸦) has changed since the days of spraying your name on a wall to mark your territory. Street art has become much more sophisticated since a 17-year-old called Demetrius started spraying his "tag" , TAKI 183, all over the New York underground in 1971, and hip - hop culture was born. Hip-hop is a mixture of art, music and dancing, poetry, language and fashion. It came from young inner-city people who fell left out by their richer classmates and who were desperate to express themselves in any way they could. An experiment to control the spread of graffiti in Rochdale, Creater Manchester, has been sosuccessful that plans have been made by local street artists for an international convention in June. "We're planning to get people together from different countries like France and Cermany for a week, " says Liam, one of the organizers. The scheme started in 2000, and has attracted people of all age groups and both sexes. " We all share a commen interest and get on really well with each other. " The first site to be chosen was a subway. " Before we began, people were afraid to use the subway. We had it cleaned up and now, with all the artists hanging out down there, people are using it again. People can relate to graffiti much more now. " By providing places to display their talents legally, there has been a fall in the amount of "tagging" on people's private property. Street artists Temper developed his drawing skills at a young age. In art classes at school he was really frustrated because the Art teacher didn't spend time with him. They thought he was already very good at art and so spend more time with other students. So, at 12 years old, Temper started painting with all these guys he'd hooked up with who were about 22 years old. He looked