托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625
Table of Contents
Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements (2)
1.1. Material Reference (2)
1.2. V ocabulary (2)
1.3 Sentence (7)
1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12)
1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13)
1.3.3Phrases (13)
1.3.4Appositons (16)
1.3.5Attributive clauses (16)
1.3.6Complex sentences (17)
Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20)
2.1 Coherence (20)
2.2. Structure (23)
Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24)
3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24)
3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25)
3.3. Purpose and inference (26)
Table of words with various meanings: (28)
Table of Correlative words (29)
Complex sentences for practice (30)
V ocabulary with Contexts (34)
Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements
1.1. Material Reference
?§Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star)
?§Old TOEFL Reading Passages
?§Old TOEFL Vocabulary
?§Effective Reading in a Changing World
1.2. Vocabulary
?§How many words?
?§How to promote efficiency?
?§What kinds of words?
?√multivocal words
?√abstract words
?√academic words
?√correlative words
√multivocal words
?Little test:
1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,rge domestic animals became the societies’main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport.
3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.
4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane.
5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, several
kilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels.
?More about multivocal words:
1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents.
2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region.
3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person
4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death.
6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.
7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S”posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp.
8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon."
9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them –even while building materials have changed dramatically.
10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.
the reflection in a mirror
do sth. without sufficient reflection
reflections on the current situation
He is simply a reflection of his father.
Recommended Solution
?Table of Mutivocal words
?Requirements:
?Look all these words up
?Write down all the meanings
√abstract words
?Little test:
1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.
2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
?Desire; demand; need
?Special; specific
?establish; set up
3.NS advance, page 10:
?Reasonable; reasoning
?Prioritize; priority
4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.
The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects.
?Definition: 抽象
?Range: verbs and adjectives
Recommended Solution
?List of Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary
?Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced
?Requirements:
? 1.Mark all the abstract words
? 2.Make differences between synonymy
? 3.Make sentence with each abstract words
√academic words
?Elaboration of academic background
? 1.Natural and Physical Sciences
? 2.Biological Sciences
? 3.Arts and American History
? 4.Social Sciences
? 5.Humanities
? 6.Biography and others
1.Natural and Physical Sciences
The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.
2.Biological Sciences
Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.
3.Arts and American History
The American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.
4.Social Sciences
The term “satellite city”is used to describe the relationship between a large city and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term "satellite city." Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England metropolis.
5.Humanities
The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970’s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.
6.Biography and others
Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, his novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.
Recommended Solution
?Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary (1st time)
?Old TOEFL Reading Passage (2nd time)
?Requirement:
? 1.Mark the frequent academic words
? 2.Write down all these words in specific category and proper notebook
√correlative words
?The importance of CW
?Table of CW
1.3 Sentence
? 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions
? 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence
? 1.3.3Phrases
? 1.3.4Appositons
? 1.3.5Attributive clauses
? 1.3.6Complex sentences
分句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。每个句子至少有一个分句，有些句子有多个分句。
一个分句：Scientists are exploring new uses of corn and soybeans.
两个分句：Before she was nineteen, Billie Holiday had sung with several bands.
三个分句：The jaguar has a reputation as a man-eater, but many people tell stories in which a jaguar followed them for hours without attacking.
主句（或者叫做独立分句）和从句
主句（独立分句）：Some early cultures left no written records for us to discover.
从句：Because he wrote bleak plays about human fate.
☆定语从句：
定语从句是一种从属分句，在句中充当形容词的成分，用来修饰名词。定语从句必须有一个主语和一个谓语动词。
A bird’s primary habitat is the one where most people observe it.
Robert Frost was a poet whose work changed American poetry.
1.有些定语从句可以缩简为形容词短语，句意不变。只有当关系代词who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时，定语从句才可以缩简为形容词短语。形容词短语中的动词采用现在分词或者过去分词形式。
注意：关系代词省略；如有情态动词，省略；动词变为现在分词或过去分词。
定语从句：A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in the care of children.
形容词短语：A pediatrician is a doctor specializing in the care of children.
定语从句：The results of the study, which were released last year, surprised nearly everyone.
形容词短语：The results of the study, released last year, surprised nearly everyone.
定语从句：Lava that is thrown from a volcano travels great distances.
形容词短语：Lava thrown from a volcano travels great distances.
2.非限制性定语从句需要用逗号隔开，对应的形容词短语也需要逗号隔开。
Crater Lake, which was formed by a volcano, is a superb setting for day hikes.
Crater Lake, formed by a volcano, is superb setting for day hikes.
3.以which或who引导、动词be为谓语的定语从句，可以缩简为同位语。同位语是一种名词性结构，位于所修饰的名词旁边，并有逗号与之分开。
One application of the laser is holography, which is the production of three-dimensional images. One application of the laser is holography, the production of three-dimensional images.
Currier and Ives, who were American lithographers, produced popular hand-colored prints. Currier and Ives, American lithographers, produced popular hand-colored prints.
☆状语从句
副词用来修饰动词。状语从句是一种从属分句，在句中充当副词的成分。状语从句可以修饰动词或独立分句。与其他从属分句一样，状语从句必须有一个主语和一个谓语动词。
从属连词+主语+谓语动词（+从句的其他成分）
状语从句不能单独存在，必须与独立分句或主句一起才能构成完整的句子。
The dog walked to the intersection and waited, just as it had been trained to do.
状语从句类型：
1.时间
After/ as soon as/once/when/as/before/since/whenever/as long as/by the time/until/while
Children learn their culture from their parents as they listen to family stories.
By the time his autobiography was published, Malcolm X had been assassinated.
Our brain is busy sorting and storing information while we are sleeping.
2.地点
Where/wherever
Wherever a bit of soil collects in a sidewalk crack, a seed is likely to germinate.
3.原因
As/because/now that/since
I will not be answering e-mail next week, as I will be away from my computer.
Now that spring has arrived, the days are longer than the nights.
4.目的
So that/so…that/such…that/in order that
Martin Luther King was such a powerful orator that his speeches continue to inspire people today.
5.对比
Although/even though/whereas/despite the fact that/even if/though/while/in spite of the fact that
Even though it helps some people, doctors disagree on the safety of melatonin.
Some students prefer lecture classes, while others like small group discussions.
6.方式
As/as if/as though
The raccoon rubs and tears its food underwater, as if the food needed washing.
7.条件
As long as/if/only if/unless/even if/in case/provided that/whether or not
Unless fish is properly preserved, it will spoil in just a few days.
Sentence Completion
1._______, small substances pass through the cell membrane.
○How a cell eats
○A cell will eat
○When a cell eats
○A cell is eating
2. An architect usually makes drawings______ any construction begins.
○earlier ○before ○during ○then
3. Brasses are musical instruments that produce tones_____ the mouthpiece.
○lips vibrating
○lips are vibrating
○lips vibrate
○when lips vibrate
4. Customers are entitled to receive additional credit services _____ maintain their account in good standing.
○they can ○do they ○as long as ○as long as they
5. The spider called “daddy longlegs” is omnivorous, ____ plant fluids, animal tissue, and other spiders.
○feeding on ○is fed on ○feeds on ○to feed on
6. _____ common usage among economists, the term “natural rate” is misleading.
○It has gained ○That it has gained ○Has it gained ○Although it has gained
7._____ Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity, Marie Curie began to study uranium.
○Following ○Was following ○Followed ○She followed
8. _____ golf became increasingly accessible, the game attained popularity with both ordinary people and professional players.
○so ○as ○as if ○that
9. _____to a surgeon in 1811, sixteen-year-old John Keats soon met the writer Leigh Hunt and gave up surgery for poetry.
○To be apprenticed ○Apprenticed ○He was apprenticed ○Apprenticeship
10. Prehistoric men hunted the hairy mammoth with spears and axes, later___ the animal’s body to
a variety of uses.
○put ○to be put ○putting ○their putting
11.Chinooks are warm winds ____ off the mountains and across the plains in winter.
○that come ○come from ○they come ○are coming
12. When we breathe, oxygen is passed to special molecules in the blood, ___ it to the muscles.
○is carried ○carried ○which carry ○will carry
13. Hammurabi, ___ his capital at Babbylon, issued a code of laws for the management of his large empire.
○whose ○had ○he had ○who had
14. Genes are the biological instructions ____ in every cell.
○are found ○found ○find ○finding
15. A lot of unemployment is the simple turnover of people either ___ for the first time or reentering it.
○enter the labor force
○entered the labor force
○are entering the labor force
○entering the labor force
16. Tarragon has long been cultivated for its leaves, ___for flavoring vinegar, sauces, and soups. ○that are used ○been used ○which are used ○they are used
17. The principle of Dada, ___ to New York by Max Ernst and Marcel Duchamp, eventually became the basis of Surrealism.
○carried ○were carried ○they were carried ○carried them
18. The fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat and may therefore accumulate in quantities ___. ○can be toxic ○they can be toxic ○can they be toxic ○that can be toxic
19. A patient’s health history is a collection of ___ from the patient and other sources.
○information is obtained
○information obtained
○obtain the information
○obtain the information
20. Maurice Ravel based some of his finest works on the Oriental scales ___ he was introduced at the Paris Exhibition of 1889.
○that ○which ○to which ○and which
断句符号：
?主语：单下划线
?谓语：双下划线
?宾语：波浪线
?定语：单斜线
?插入语：点状线
?从句引导词：圈
?长状语：括号
?并列：双斜杠
?转折：中括号
1.3.1 Parallel Constructions
Geologists believe that the warning signs for a major earthquake may include sudden fluctuations in local seismic activity, tilting and other deformations of the Earth’s crust, changes in the measured strain across a fault zone, and variations in the electrical properties of underground rocks.
?Practice
1. The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants, their mechanisms of growth, or the ways in which they are related to one another
2. While some students are able to supplement their funds with money from part-time or vacation work, such work is not always regular even when available, and this can contribute to anxiety and study problems.
3. Already, waste paper constitutes 70%of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology required to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled content in newsprint and writing.
1.3.2Parenthetical sentence
The only way I know of dealing with this general human conceit is to remind ourselves that man is a brief episode in the life of a small planet on a little corner of the universe, and as we know, other parts of the cosmos may contain beings as superior to ourselves as we are to jellyfish.
?Practice:
1. The convergence of those two growing trends----dropping out and logging on---- exacerbates the serious consequences of a drop in political involvement and a rise in social isolation.
2. Because the summer-time work of scientist tends to capture the public’s imagination, with revelations about the ozone hole or whale numbers, people tend to overlook the efforts of the 20 or so winterers at each base---mostly trades people---who keep the bases going long after “the boffins’(research scientists) have migrated to warmer climates.
1.3.3Phrases
1.A successful test-taker should so train himself as to rely upon his own comprehension ability in the real TOEFL reading test.
?“so….as to….”-“这样……以便…..”
?注意：so….as to….可以转换成so as to 但含义略有不同，请比较：
? 1. She got up early so as to be in time for the school bus. (为了能搭校车，她起得很早。)（表示“目的”）
? 2. She got up so early as to be in time for the school bus. (她起的很早，所以搭上了校车。) （表示“结果”）
2.anything but 根本不；
?nothing but 只不过是；
?all but 几乎，差一点；除……以外其余都
?but for 要不是；
?but ＋从句，若不是……
?例1.：Alone in a deserted house , he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.
?[译文]：虽然他孤独一人住在这幢房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。
?[注释]：句中anything but 意为except。
?例2.He seldom talked of anything but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind ; it is simply the mode by all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.
?[译文]：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活的的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的表达方式
?例3.The party was all but over when we arrived.
?[译文]：我们到达时，聚会已近尾声。
?[注释]：此句中all but 意为nearly , almost。
?例4.But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday .
?[译文]：要不是因为下雨，我们的假日一定过得很惬意。
?“名词，＋or ＋名词”结构中or 后的名词是同位语，应译为“即……；或者称……”
?例：Moreover , technology includes techniques, or ways to do things ,as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.
?[译文]：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。
3.“...，only to ＋动词”意为“……，结果却……”
?例:They don’t have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre , the cinema or the opera ,only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing .
4.not nearly 永远不
?例：Food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this , which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
?[译文]：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。
5.not so much ... as ... 与其说……不如说……
?例1.Science moves forward , they say , not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
?[译文]：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西
?例2.The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.
?[译文]：美国人所需要的各种便利条件与其说是反映一种从容不迫的生活方式，还不如说反映一种忙碌的生活方式。在这种忙碌的生活方式中甚至几分钟时间都得珍惜。
?[注释]：
?1) not so much as 连在一起写，则意为“连……都不(肯)”
?如：He didn’t so much as thank me for returning his money that I find .
?我把找到的钱还给他，他却连谢都不肯谢。
?2)该句型有时也用not so much ... but ...
?如：The important thing is not so much the actual population of the world , but its rate of increase.
?重要的与其说是世界的实际人口量，还不如说是人口的增长率。
?3).要注意“not so much ... but ... ”与“not so ＋形容词＋but＋从句”之意的区别，后者意为“虽然……但是……”
?例如：The bridge was not so crowded but the bicycles could go through .
?这桥上虽然很拥挤，但是自行车还能穿过去。
6.much less , still less 引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定
?less 是由little 的否定意义而来的，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，意为“更不必说”。to say nothing of , not to speak of , not to mention , let alone 意为“更不消说”，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与much less 和still less 有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义。如果前一句是否定，则追加的也是否定意义。
?例1.I could not agree to , much less participate in such proceedings.
?[译文]：我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。
?例2.He knows little of mathematics , and still less of chemistry .
?[译文]：他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。)
?例3. In old China , there was hardly any machine-building industry , to say nothing of an electronic industry.
?[译文]：在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制作工业，更不用说电子工业了。
?例4. I don’t know algebra or geometry , not to mention calculus.
?[译文]：我连代数几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。
?例5. I can’t add two and two , let alone do fraction .
?[译文]：我2加2都不会，更不用说做分数题了。
?注意：《美国成语词典》认为let alone 只能用于追加的否定，但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car , let alone the luggage and the two dogs .车里已经坐了五个人了，行李和那两条狗就不带走了。
7.no more ... than ... 和……一样都不……
?例1. The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach , for they are both controlled by the brain.
?[译文]：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。
?例2. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take , any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
?[译文]：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维他命，就像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样
8.more ... than ... 与其……不如……
?例1. He is a man who is more brave than wise .
?[译文]：与其说他是一个聪明的人，不如说他是一个勇敢的人。
?[注释]：
?1). more ... than 常用来比较同一个人或者同一个事物的两种不同特征。
?又如：He is more mad than stupid.他与其说是笨，不如说是疯。
?more than ＋从句(句中有can 或could )：实在不能……。
?例如：Some of the suggestions are more than we can accept .有些建议我们实在不能接受。
?3). not more ＋名词＋than ＋句词：与……一样(是)，
?如：A big elephant is not more an animal than a little cat is .大象和小猫也一样是动物。
?4). (be) more of a ... than a ... ：与其说是……不如说是……，（先翻译后面部分）?如：He is more of a politician than a scholar.与其说他是个学者，不如说是个政客。
9. no less than 简直是，实在是（先翻译后面）
?例1. It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price .
?[译文]：如此索要高价，简直是敲诈
1.3.4Appositons
?同位语从句
?指位于一些抽象名词（如fact, opinion, idea, effect, news, claim, thought, conclusion, information等）之后的、而且是用that 来引导的句子。在这种情况下的句子叫同位语从句，它所包含的语法成分是完整的，即：主语+谓语（+宾语），但是在内容含义上是对位于其前的中心词进行具体的说明或解释。
?例1. The news that China Succeeded in its entry into the WTO is indeed very exiting.
例2.The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.
1.3.5Attributive clauses
1. The commission acknowledged that neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff can ensure the safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant, but it approved the installation because it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken.
2. Evidence for this inconsistent level of performance comes from modern researches and practices which have shown that with skilled training and opportunity for development, people with intellectual disability have much greater potential for acquiring skills and for participation in community life than previously had been thought possible.
1.3.6Complex sentences
1.Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains.
2.During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day.
3.A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge into the ocean, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle.
4.Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated tangled masses.
5.Advocates of organic foods --- a term whose meaning varies greatly --- frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.
6.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.
?Practice:
1. For academics whose experience is primarily of study on-campus, there is some challenge in distance education, because the assumptions which underpin individualized learning may be quite different from those with which they are familiar.
2. Undoubtedly, the native raspberry, for example, could, with suitable selection and breeding programs, be made to yield a high-class fruit; but Australians already enjoy good raspberries from other areas of the world and unless some dedicated amateur plant breeder takes up the task, the Australian raspberries are likely to remain unimproved.
Solutions for both AW & Sen.
?Material:
?Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary
Example
001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists / working for women's right to vote/, or authors, //and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary women.
The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) typical
(B) satisfied
(C) supportive
(D) distinctive
?【词】
involved:
? https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,plicated; intricate:
?繁杂的：复杂的；错综的：
?the involved procedure of getting a license.See Synonyms at complex
?获取执照所需的繁杂的手续参见complex
? 2.Curled inward; coiled or involute.
?内卷的：向内卷的；盘绕的或内卷的
? 3.Confused; tangled.
?纠缠的：纠缠不清的；绞在一起的
? 4.Connected by participation or association:
?受牵扯的：因参与或合作而有关联的：
?involved in a conspiracy.
?卷进一场密谋
?Emotionally committed:
?感情上投入的：
?He joined their organization but never really got involved.
?他加入了他们的组织但在情感上他从未真正投入
?Representative: 代表三个代表：three representatives（其实老外还是不懂）
?Ordinary:
? https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,monly encountered; usual.See Synonyms at common
?通常的：通常遇见的；普通的参见common
? 2.Of no exceptional ability, degree, or quality; average.
?一般的：没有超乎寻常的能力、程度或品质的；一般的
? 3.Of inferior quality; second-rate.
?平庸的：质量较差的；二流的
?Having immediate rather than delegated jurisdiction, as a judge.
?常任的，本身有权的：拥用直接的裁判权而不是被授权的，如法官
?可以查词典区分：ordinary and common
?【句】平行并列句双斜杠处分为两句S1 and S2
S1
?主语：单下划线
?谓语：双下划线
?宾语：波浪线
?定语：单斜线
?插入语：点状线
?从句引导词：圈
?长状语：括号
?并列：双斜杠
?转折：中括号
Reference in detail
?https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,/2010tianxinxiao
Homework
? 1.download the material mentioned
? 2.finish the insert sentence questions of High Intermediate Textbook.
常常有考友询问，为什么托福阅读明明有42个题，总分却只有30分，分数如何计算的呢？其实，每每看到这种问题，小编的内心是疼痛的。 大家准备一个考试，却不看考试指导手册，考得不太理想，简直太正常了。就算天生神勇，也应该有个作战纲领呀！ 打开OG，第一部分就是托福阅读的介绍，编者首先给出了评分标准的表格。 紧接着给出了各类题型的题型解析，这些就是托福阅读的考察内容，众位考友一定要反复研究，在准备考试时，下意识的按照出题者的思路去解题。 那么托福阅读有些什么考察类型？应该怎么解题？
在iBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。 1、词汇题 解题方法：若认识，直接解题，没得说；若不认识，就只能推断了。 但是备考阶段最重要的一点。背单词！首先，考托福没有一定的词汇量等于直接酱油了，所以词汇量是一切的基础。 2、指代题 考点：句子直接词之间的关系 解题方法： （1）代词 a. 从句的主语指代主句的主宾语(使用属性判断,不用含义) b. 关系代词指代先行词(插入结构不影响指代关系) c. 重复概念指代: Tom and his cat(就近原则) d. some 和 others （2）名词 a. 优先选择题干的上下意词 m is a kind of M, M是m的上意词 b. 若上下意词不唯一则当作代词指代处理 注意: a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 b. 从句开头往后找答案 c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须一致 d. 指代的传递现象 3、句子简化题 解题方法： （1）确定题干句子中的逻辑成分 逻辑成分主要包括：关联词，动词，状语 而托福最爱考的逻辑主要是：因果，比较、最高级，否定 （2）确定与逻辑相关的语义 要依据最简化原则，抓句子中的逻辑要素。 因果的逻辑要素是：原因结果 比较的逻辑要素是：比较三要素 最高级 否定的逻辑要素是：作用对象 （3）选择与题干逻辑语义一致的选项 先主后次，从逻辑到语义（千万要保证逻辑正确）
新托福阅读讲义 杜昶旭
一.准备知识 1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点 (1)文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子) (2)文章长度:650-750词/篇 (3)题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7) (4)测试时间:20分钟/篇 (5)测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分) 2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点 (1)主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题) (2)细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE? FALSE?NOT GIVEN? General statement ideas Some details (3)词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断 (4)推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息 (5)态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段. (6)结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构 托福阅读是以句子为核心的
3.阅读的本质: (1)获取有效信息 (2)消除阅读障碍 4.文章结构特点 (1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体. ?结构主体(支撑):主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句). ?细节主体(填充) (2)文章具体结构如下: ?Intro:background(细节)&topic(结构) ?Body:sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)?Conclusion:topic(结构) 5.快速笔记方法 (1)快速笔记的意义: ?辅助思维框架形成 ?索引功能 (2)快速笔记的内容 ?结构主体的核心词 ?时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字 ?人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记 ?举例主体 ?新概念和核心概念
北京新东方全部托福资料（词汇，听力，阅读，写作，口语还有对应软件免费版）都给你总结好了，附带全部链接，分享的同学一定是100分以上。有了它，就不用花钱去书店了。就不用花钱买软件了！！！ 词汇类 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天excel版 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0712/20071211_bf54b359 d01f5087df89XWGMBWh8L1rd.rar) 文件大小：84.95KB 李笑来TOEFL核心词21天MP3 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_0554b919 aaf1d0107749XwfVpzof7oVr.rar) 文件大小：23.92MB 熟词偏义词汇列表 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0710/20071016_de4fa883 10782460e1e4tiFlsNuX7uLi.zip) 文件大小：12.42 KB 老俞托福词汇串讲（网络课堂） 帖子链接：https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,/bbs/thread-2571-1-1.html 俞敏洪Tofel单词串讲（非网络课堂） 下载链接：(https://www.doczj.com/doc/c411662803.html,/HorseUpfiles/month_0709/20070911_ef4045d5 846bcbbe1a77lCURXvPKRmAe.rar) 文件大小：48.79 MB
托福基础写作 一、托福写作概述 二、英汉两种语言的区别 （一）、美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。 linear way of thinking （二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和, 重语义。英语中常用复合句；汉语则常用短句，简单句。 10 Linking words cohesion 1. conj.: 1) and. but, or, so, while 2) if, because, although, That, who, which, what, as---as more than, so--- that 2. in this reason, in conclusion, for example 3. however, unfortunately, Undeniably 4. to make things worse 5. generally speaking 6. 同义词 7. repetition 8. this, it, that, those 9. interesting to see 10. what is more （三）英语多变化variety(diversity)，汉语多重复。 （四）英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。 三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误 1. Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation. 2. The problem that is created by computers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention. 3. In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad. 4. In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places. 5. The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in education. 6. Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.
新托福阅读题型介绍 一、细节题 特征：没有特征（因为其他题型都有各自的特征） 数量：每篇3-6题 难度：变化很大 策略：随机应变 二、选非题 特征：NOT/EXCEPT 数量：每篇1题 难度：较低 策略：一定要做对 三、推理题 特征：infer、imply 数量：每篇1-2题 难度：很高 策略：可以放 四、修辞题： 特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影 （2）个选项的开头为TO+关键动词（这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少， 所以遇到都要记住）PS：这类题目有可能会变形 五、词汇题 特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影 （2）以the word/phrase开头 数量：每篇3-6题 难度：非常简单 策略：一定要做对 六、指代题 特征：（1）原文与题干被打上阴影 （2）打上阴影的是某个代词 数量：1题 难度：较低（可以直接测试语法能力） 策略：要做对 七、复述题 特征：(1）原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影 （2）题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer
choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 数量：1题 难度：很难或者很简单 八、插句题 特征：黑色小方框（■） 数量：1题 难度：较低 策略：要做对 九、归总题 特征：两排六个选项 数量：1题 难度：1分很简单，2分有点难 策略：保1争2 新增题型（参考TPO5）：四选二题型：是细节题的变形 全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案 第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲 阅读的步骤： 第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶 （粗略看一遍文章） 第2步：点review键，做完词汇题（不看原文），同时关注一下是否有选非题（因为与原文 对应的东西很多） 第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做（因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。） PS：阅读的流畅性很重要，如果NO1考Para1 NO2考Para3 那么Para2仍然要看。 PPS：永远先看题后看文 第4步（如何处理一道题目？） 找定位词，定位词越多越好 什么是定位词？ 定位词就是出现并只出现在这道题的词 定位词包括：a.特殊名词 b.大写名词 c.数字词 d.年代词 注：题目中的定位词也可能是文章中某词的变形 第5步：排除选项（一般只能排除2个）
Lesson Four Part One: 托福阅读复习大纲 一、文章及其操作（托福文章十大命题点） 1.文章第一句（特别是当第一句为定义句） *定义句：A be B A be called B …new method … A which be B *一般为主题句的概率为72%左右（主要出现于科技，人物传记，地区发展等） 2.列举及并列句 First，…Second…Third… 或A，B and C 本种文章特征针对托福二种题型，Except或Not型及Which of following is
true？ *关键在于识别平行概念及内容，也不一定为平行结构 3.否定及转折（考率极高的文章内容） But， Yet， Nevertheless， However等 *规律：否定关联，后面内容必定 4.特殊写法： 文章中与众不同写法 1）用词特殊（如：科技文章中色彩词） 2）复，长句（作者改写考率高） 3）距离原则 4）专有人称（第一次引入位置必考） 5）破折号——表示解释与强调
6）括号（□）解释与定义 7）引号/冒号/惊叹号等写作手法 *文章中，特殊写法在每篇文章中出现较少，但极重要 5.每段主题句（这也是归纳主题的关键位置） 出现于每一段第一句 情型： A）if □，□答案 B）not，正向为主 C）定义句 6.每篇文章最后一句（托福中一般必考） *规律：文章最后一题对最后一句
7.最高级及作者强烈肯定 1）最高级词汇：all， every， each， only 2）连作者自己也觉得明显：apparent， clearly， evidently， obvious 3）作者认为“重要”：important， impressive， remarkable 4）作者语气“坚决”：surely， certainly， inevitable， by all means 5）插入语：that is ， namely *凡出现该种模式词汇必考 8.因果句及因果关联 1）连词：because， since， so 2）动词：cause， originate from， derive from 3）名词：consequence， result， basis *因果句在托福考题中出现的考点是推理题
新托福强化听力讲义 新托福考试听力部分介绍 1. 新托福和旧托福的对比 考试形式预读题目笔记题型 PBT旧托福Paper Yes No 1/4 choice multiple IBT新托福Internet No Yes New types 2. 题量，时间，分数 文章类型题量题目数时间CONVERSATION 2-3 5 / conversation 2-3 min / conversation LECTURE 4-6 6 / lecture 4-6 min / lecture min TOTAL 6-9（加试）34 60-90 SCALE SCORE: 30 见OG185评分标准 3. 题目的考查形式 考场环境：独立电脑，耳机，铅笔，草稿本 电脑环境：图片，视频，声音，板书 新题型：双选题，重听题，表格配对题 答题时间：总时间限制，每题分配时间不限 答题流程：永不悔改 4. 文章材料的考查形式 文章结构：删除了旧托福的PART A 部分，更加注重于对于能力的考查 文章长度：比旧托福长 文章语速：无所谓快慢，比旧托福更加贴近真实的学习生活 文章类型：对话，独白，讨论 CONVERSATION文章思路 LECTURE文章思路
5. 新托福考试题型概述 IBT listening comprehension Basic comprehension Gist question Detail question Pragmatic understanding Purpose question Attitude question Connecting information Organization question Inference question 题号问题题型1 Why does the student go to see the professor? Gist question 2 According to the professor, what information should the student include in her statement of purpose? Detail Question 3 What does the professor consider unusual about the student’s background? Detail Question 4 Why does the professor tell a story about his friend who went ot medical school? Detail Question 5 What does the professor imply about the people who admit students to graduate school? Inference question 6 What are the students mainly discussing? Gist question 7 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the woman say this? Purpose question 8 According to the conversation, why are transposes sometimes called “jumping genes”? Detail Question 9 According to the conversation, what are two ways in which bacteria cells get resistance genes? Detail Question 10 What can be inferred about the resistance genes discussed in the conversation? Inference question 11 What is the talk mainly about? Gist question 12 What is the professor’s point of view concerning the method of “safe yield”? Detail Question 13 According to the professor, what are two problems associated with removing wter from an underground system? Detail Question 14 Listen again and then answer the question: Why does the professor say this? Purpose question
托福考试改革后阅读部分基础入门常识介绍 托福考试在2019年8月进行了一次考试内容和流程方面的改革调整，阅读部分的变 动幅度较大。今天小编给大家带来了托福考试改革后阅读部分基础入门常识介绍,希 望能够帮助到大家，下面小编就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 托福考试改革后阅读部分基础入门常识介绍 托福考试改革后阅读基础知识：阅读考试的量化指标 新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。 无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，总计考试时间为54分钟，每篇文章的平均答 题时间为18分钟，考生可以自由分配3篇文章的阅读和解题时间。 有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及54分钟答题时间的基础上，再加1篇文章，共计72分钟，加试期间的文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。 无论加试与否，每篇文章均为10道题目，各篇长度为700词左右。需要注意的是一 旦完成了一个部分的考试便可。 托福考试改革后阅读基础知识：阅读文章出处以及选材范围 作为一项语言能力测试，托福考试是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在 北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此，其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科 生使用的教材，以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。从选材范围可见：托福阅读的文章内容 对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求，但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业，对于 其他学科往往不具备专业素质，因此为了遵守考试公平性原则，文章均不对其所述及 的学科做过多深入的探讨。 托福考试改革后阅读基础知识：阅读文章类型及篇章段落结构 根据托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围，我们可以将这些文章归为三类：说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为：学术性文章。这种类型的文章，必须具备说理性特质，即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。 一句话：托福文章的篇章结构有规律可寻，段落组成有原则可守。 情人节阅读素材：单身不可怕 单身不可怕 Anyone who lives alone and manifests no longing to be in a relationship is in our times almost automatically viewed as pitiable.Moreover, they think that it is simply
托福阅读技巧 托福阅读技巧 做阅读时的要求 1.每一篇文章第一次做时，尽量按照考试速度要求做。 2.做完后，接下来就要认真把文章读一遍，划出把文章里不懂的单词和长难句，查出单词意思，(借助语法知识)认真分析长难句， 同时还要把错题(包括碰巧猜对的题目)认真分析，特别是OG和汉客 笔记的题目(还有北极星最后几套ETS出的题目)，一定要把题目涉 及的文章内容仔细看，甚至在文章中划出涉及考题的内容，培养对 易出题的考点的感觉，甚至揣摩ETS的出题思路。等到这些工作都 做完，这篇文章也就基本吃透了，这时再重新把文章读一遍，最好 多读两遍。这个过程其实就是精读了。只要时间允许，做过一次的 阅读文章最好都尽量精读，吃透它。光作对题只是一个浅显的要求，就像只顾吃饭，对材料认真分析、精读才是真正消化吸收。 3.等过了三五天，或者两三周以后，有空的话再把这篇文章看(做)一遍，作为巩固，复习，而且有时还会温故知新。 P.S如果时间不足，OG的文章是一定要精读的，而且题目也要仔细研究，这是出题思路和考试最为接近的资料。这些原则在新托福 阅读其实也是同样适用的，只要文章中出现如下内容，都要引起注意：举例证明，罗列式例举，转折(否定)，因果，下定义，比较级(最高级)，同位语(插入语)，数字年代，特殊标点(引号，破折号等)。 阅读具体的做题顺序 阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种： 先读(全篇)文章再做题
先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题 它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再 找文章内相应部分做题 对于广大非牛来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章 大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种 做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗 漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是 顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读 一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握， 虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通 读全文再做题目小很多。 托福阅读题型破解 阅读一般来说是中国人的强项了，也是拿分的主力。如果你口语不牛，作文一般，还想考到100分，那么阅读应该保证在28分以上。 在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。 无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即 题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或 者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文 中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。 关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。小站君个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文，然后平均每个问 题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的 基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行 斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心，认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题，必然有一些信息是没用的。这
托福阅读考试部分题数题型细节 托福阅读高分是很多同学梦寐以求的考试结果，而阅读部分考生也的确有相对更高的可能性拿到好成绩，今天给大家带来了托福阅读考试部分题数题型细节,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。 托福阅读考试部分题数题型细节 托福考试改革后阅读基础知识：阅读考试的量化指标 新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。 无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇*，总计考试时间为54分钟，每篇*的平均答题时间为18分钟，考生可以自由分配3篇*的阅读和解题时间。 有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇*及54分钟答题时间的基础上，再加1篇*，共计72分钟，加试期间的*的考试时间依然可以自由分配。 无论加试与否，每篇*均为10道题目，各篇长度为700词左右。需要注意的是一旦完成了一个部分的考试便可。 托福考试改革后阅读基础知识：阅读*出处以及选材范围
作为一项语言能力测试，托福考试是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此，其阅读*原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材，以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。从选材范围可见：托福阅读的*内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求，但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业，对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质，因此为了遵守考试公平性原则，*均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。 托福考试改革后阅读基础知识：阅读*类型及篇章段落结构根据托福阅读*的出处及选材范围，我们可以将这些*归为三类：说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为：学术性*。这种类型的*，必须具备说理性特质，即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。 一句话：托福*的篇章结构有规律可寻，段落组成有原则可守。 以上就是托福考试改革后阅读部分基础入门常识的介绍，希望大家能够跟上改革步伐及时适应调整，为考试做好准备。 托福阅读备考：三种不同做题顺序 方法一：顺序做题 在这样的方法中，通常大家都会用5分钟左右的时间阅读完整篇*，而将大概的重点都放在*的结构和关键内容的理解中。而
托福阅读题型讲解 题目特征： 四个选项中一般只有一个选项被原文提及，或与原文语意一致（同义），此选项即正确答案。 提问方式： Official Guide P.20 解题方法： 找出题干中的关键词（key words）,一般为核心名词概念或形容词， 回原文定位key words，精读其所在句，准确理解语意。 例题： 题目特征：
四个选项中有三个选项被原文提及，且与原文语意一致；只有一个未被提及，或与原文语义相矛盾，此选项即正确答案。 提问方式： Official Guide P.22 提问关键词： NOT EXCEPT 解题方法： ①未被提及的选项为正确答案 找出题干中的关键词（key words）,回原文定位key words，精读其所在句，准确理解语意。 例题：
②与原文语义相矛盾的选项为正确答案 找出题干中的关键词（key words）,回原文定位key words，精读其所在句，准确理解语意。 注意总结常用否定词：without, rather…than…, excluding, 例题：
题目特征：
四个选项在原文中都没有被直接提及或明显说明，需要考生在理解原文语境和语义的基础上进行准确推理，以得出答案。 提问方式： Official Guide P.23 提问关键词： infer、imply 解题方法： 找出题干中的关键词（key words）,回原文定位key words，精读其所在句，并理解前后语境，即通读后一句和前一句。（key words→本句→后一句→前一句）之后，遵循作者的原意向原文所涉及的方面进行推理，原文没涉及的方面一定错，与作者原意不符的表述一定错。 例题：
托福阅读教案 一、托福阅读特点 1、由说明文和议论文组成，说明文居多。 2、出题顺序与文章议论顺序基本一致。（但倒序归根结底有一定难度，唯一能产生难 度的倒序是文章中部的一道题考文章首段首句。）（9701P5租金的控制的目的） 3、文章内容长，题目多样 题目类型：（原则：文章读的不全，不太懂也能做对题） 能直接做的：词汇题、指代题、举例说明题、行数题、定义题 读完各段首末句的：主旨题、前后文延续题、结构题、结论题、态度题 需要用题干或选项关键词定位的：细节题（P49 Q10）、类比题（榫舌，榫眼Key hole）、列举题、推理题 二、如何准备托福阅读 提高实力需要从以下几方面提高： 1、单词：词汇是最基本阅读元素，而且托福阅读中词汇题目会有15道左右。托福考试中 ETS会设置词汇障碍：超频词汇（canopy）、熟词僻义（save）、词性活用（arch）。在平时训练中碰到生词，先不要查而去做：跳、换、猜。（ERA） 猜的方法：构词法homogeneous heterogeneous 利用上下文语言环境 联想法：chaos crash flash smash ash abash cash 2、复杂句子：（heart sank） 名词性从句，定语从句，并列结构，分词结构，倒装结构(系表主)，虚拟语气（had it been） 3、逻辑思维 句子之间有逻辑关系，构成文章整体。 尤其是对应重复关系： A．单词提示also, other, another, and, or And P40 L23(print); P156 L16 Or P31 L3,L4,; L5; Also P74 L22 Other P34 L8;; P62 L16; P180 L13-L14 Anther Passage66 第二段 B．句子结构提示 P9 Q9 P40 L2; P74 L3+L9; P92 第二段; P122 L3, L4, L5 提高解题方法需要明确以下思路：先浏览文章，再看题目，有目的去精读or 先把课文读一遍，然后再把不能直接做出的题目按照方法1做出来，但读课文的速度一定要快。解题方法 1、浏览文章，重精读文章各段首句，掌握文章主题、论述方向、整体结构。如果文章 首段二句出现转折，一定要看。 P234 (Passage79 ) 2、按顺序做题目，回原文找答案。 三、三种回原文定位方法 确定答案出处———关键词，题干提示，出题顺序，主题句；确定答案———精读定位到的
托福阅读题型分为几大类 第一大类又被分为8个小类，分别是：Factual Information questions、Negative Factual Information questions、Inference questions、Rhetorical Purpose questions、Vocabulary questions、Reference questions、Sentence Simplification questions 和Insert Text question。这8个小类的题型称之为基础题型，也就是考生能够通过训练和学习在短期内提高的部分，这个部分几乎很少涉及到原文的主旨或者作者的态度，基本以考察原文信息和相关信息定位为主，在新东方托福课堂上，老师都会给学生一套快速定位信息和判别选项正误的技巧和方法，从各类题目的出题特征线索可以入手，例如，在考察细节题的时候，出题者更加倾向对于原文同义改写的考察，比如将原文词汇转换成同义词，将句子换一种表述方法等;对于修辞目的题的考察，需要考生先定位题干中涉及信息的具体位置，然后通过逻辑关键词向前找出概括、总结类的句子作为答案。整体来说，解答这些类题型的时候，考生应该尽可能少地加入自己的个人理解和想法，根据“文章讲什么就选什么”的原则来解答问题。 第二大类分为两个小类：Prose Summary 和Fill in a table，这两个小类比较之前的8小类来说更加倾向于考察考生对原文整体结构的把握和理解，解答这样问题的时候，考生应该能够在通读文章的基础上对文章内容进行总结性分析，进而能够辨别文章中哪些信息是主要信息，哪些是次要信息，Prose Summary 是给出考生一个对文章概括的句子，让考生在6个待选选项中选出概括性句子作为答案，而Fill in a table 则是给出一个文章相关信息的表格，并将其中一个部分挖空，同样需要考生在待选选项中选出相关句子或信息填回表格。 综上，美联英语学习网建议考生在备考阶段可以根据自己的弱项以及两大类所考察的重点来进行学习和训练，从而提高自己的阅读分数。
托福阅读分类题型练习
TOEFL阅读讲义 1. 句子简化题 The Great Red Spot One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot. 1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth. B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth. C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter. D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size. 答案：C 2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot. B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth. C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days. D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is. 答案：D
托福阅读讲义——胡文宁 2008.07.17 ●一、New feature 1.3~5个Passages 2.比旧托福的文章要longer，一般文章700多单词，每个题目20分钟 3.专业单词会有它的defination 4.Basic method:看一段文章，做一个题。 ●二、四种新题型 1.Sentence Simplification Question（SS题） 哪个选项你觉得越短（越没信息），就越可能是正确答案 2.Insert Text插入题 找出被插句的关键词，这些关键词揭示了此句与上下文的联系 3.Fill in a Table 时间问题，细节题 4.Prose Summary 文章总结 ●所有题型总结 F，NF Refer，VB Infer，RPurpose SS（句意转述），Insert（句子插入） Table，PS ●阅读练习资料 Delta->Barron->PBT真题(2000年以前的)->PBT真题（2000年以后的）->Kaplan(iBT版只能网上下载) ●Type One：Reference Question指代题[Refer] 基本方法 1.根据语境和前后逻辑 2.所指对象一般位于指代单词的前面 3.正确选项一定符合语法（人称和数） e.g.n1of n2for n3which…定语从句 which指代的概率是n1>n3>n2，但有时可以根据which后面所跟动词的数，立即判断出which 是代替n1,n2还是n3 4.把选项替代指代词，带入原文检验语义 主要猜题规律 1.主从复合句，并列句或相邻两句话的后句中做主语的代词常常指代前句的主语名词。推论：若
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education 1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team 2) 在...的帮助下with the help of 3) 穿校服wear a school uniform 4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment 5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course 6) 与小组一起学习study with a group 7) 出国留学study abroad 8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone 9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb 10) 现实生活经验real life experience 11) 优先考虑... put a priority on 12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s i ndividual interest 13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking 14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence 15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion 16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts 17) 选修科目optional subjects 18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity 19) 在...方面改变make a change in... 20) 主修major in 21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm 22) 讲座lectures 23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing 24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself 25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget 26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability 27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth 28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth 29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about 30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about 31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in 32) 有...的选择have a choice of 33) 从学校毕业graduate from 34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school 35) 经历青春期go through puberty 36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize 37) 取得好成绩get a good grade 38) 收到良好的教育get good education 39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news 40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from 41) 组成学习小组form a study group 42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure
托福阅读总结题的整理 为了帮助大家高效备考托福，今天给大家带来了托福阅读总结题的,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 总结题主要目的：考查学生理解和识别主要内容和文中所提及重要的信息。 这类考题的特点： 有六个选项，你可以从中选出三个最能表达主要思想的句子。这类考题分值是2分，选出三个得2分，选出2 个得1分，顺序选择不影响得分。 Direction: An introductory sentence or a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points
解决这类考题的方法： 一、清楚文章的论证类型 总分型一般容易出这类考题。我以中文为例，丽丽老师是一个非常好的人。首先，她很乐于助人例如一次我看见她扶一个盲人过马路，其次丽丽老师很慷慨，有一次我看见她为希望工程捐了她当时兜里的全部钱(50元)，第三丽丽很谦虚和平易近人。 这样的文章特别容易出总结题 Lily is a nice person ◆ 1 ◆ 3 ◆ 5 1、丽丽乐于助人