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英语语言学期末考试试卷
第一部分选择题
I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%)
1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________.
A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of
view
B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of
view
C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view
D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view
2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.
A. unnatural
B. artificial
C. superficial
D. arbitrary
3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.
A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted
B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue
C. but the details of language have to be learnt.
D. and the details are acquired by instinct
4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive
phonetic features.
A. phone
B. allophone
C. phoneme
D. sound
5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.
A. derivational
B. inflectional
C. free
D. word-forming
6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to
interrogative.
A. obligatory
B. optional
C. selectional
D. arbitrary
7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.
A. Grice
B. Plato
C. Saussure
D. Ogden and Richards
8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of
the meaning of a sentence.
A. utterance
B. reference
C. predication
D. morpheme
10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is
the act performed in saying something.
A. a perlocutionary act
B. a locutionary act
C. a constative act
D. an illocutionary act
第二部分非选择题
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as
how the human mind works when people use language.
12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level,
there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d___________.
14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the
pharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.
15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is
called l_____________.
16. S_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of
meaning.
17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite
length, due to their r_________ properties.
18. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in
sound or spelling, or in both.
19. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related
languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.
20. In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated
for any given study is called the speech c___________.
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)
( ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.
( ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.
( ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.
( ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.
( ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and
comprehend.
( ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.
( ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”
( ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.
( ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.
( ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%×10=30%)
31. parole:
32. broad transcription:
33. allophones:
34. phrase structure rules:
35. context
36. Historical Linguistics:
37. standard language:
38. linguistic taboo:
39. acculturation:
40. care-taker speech:
V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)
41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language
acquisition and give your examples.
42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major
periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.
参考答案
第一部分选择题
I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)
1.A
2. D
3. C
4. C
5.B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. C 10. D
第二部分非选择题
II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)
11. Psycholinguistics
12. diachronic
13. duality
14. oral
15. lateralization
16. Suprasegmental
17. recursive
18. Homonymy
19. protolanguage
20. community
III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%X10=20%)
( T ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.
( T ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actually refer to.
( F ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.
( F ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is a typical tone language.
( T ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and
comprehend.
( F ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in our mind’s eye every time we come across a linguistic symbol.
( F ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Good morning!” can be restored to “I wish you a good morning.”
( T ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.
( F ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not as systematic as standard English.
( T ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capable of acquiring any human language spontaneously and effortlessly.
IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%X10=30%)
31. parole: It refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete and varies with context.
32. Broad transcription is the transcription with letter symbols only. It is the transcription normally
used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
33. Allophones are the different phones that represent a phoneme in different phonetic
environments.
34. Phrase structure rules are the rewrite rules which allow for the possible combination of words to
form phrases and sentences.
35. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the
hearer.
36. Historical linguistics studies language change ( or historical development of language).
37. Standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language
employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.
38. Linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from
general use.
39. Acculturation is a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language
community.
40. It is simple and modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, etc. when they talk to young
children who are acquiring their native language.
V. Answer the following questions. (10%X2=20%)
41. Enumerate three causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language
acquisition and give your examples.
1) Mother tongue interference
2) interlingual interference
3) Overgeneralization
42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major
periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.
Major periods: Old English (449-1100)
Middle English (1100-1500)
Modern English (1500-present)
Historical events: The old English period began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-Saxons from Europe, and ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders historically known as the Norman Conquest. The Middle English period is distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest. The European renaissance movement marked the beginning of the Modern English period.
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
高级英语期末考试题型： Lexical work: Unit 1 1.ego: self, especially as contrast with another self or the world 2.disparity: a noticeable difference 3.prestigious: having prestige,i.e. general respect or admiration felt for someone or something, because they have high quality, social influence, success, etc. 4.allot: give as a share or set apart for a purpose 5.typify: be a typical example of, show all the most usual characteristics of something Unit 2 1.minute: very small 2.chartered: hired for use by a particular group or person 3.a standing order: a permanent request(for something by a customer) 4.extract: obtain by much effort 5.trinket: a small ornament(as a jewel or ring)of little value 6.flapping: swaying loosely, and making a noise, especially when moved by wind Unit 3 1.disorientation: confusion, loss of one's bearings 2.vistas: sweeping views 3.eerie: frightening because of strangeness or gloominess 4.tactile: relating to the sense of touch 5.redemption: forgiveness from the consequences of sin and evil which Christians believe was made possible by Jesus Christ's death on the cross赎罪. This is a religious term. 6.congealed: stiffened 7.wino: one who is chronically addicted to drinking wine Unit 4 1.constraints: restrictions, limitations 2.scale: a graded series/scheme/system of rank of order; something graded especially when used as a measure or rule尺度 3.norm: a standard, e.g. of behaviour or ability, that is regarded as average or generally accepted 4.formalities: a way of writing letters in accordance with accepted rules for official occasion 5.tautologous:unnecessarily repetitive, obvious 6.veribage:too many unnecessary words in speech or writing Unit 5 1.sulk: be silently bad-tempered 2.surreal: having a strange dreamlike unreal quality 3.malevolent: having a wish to harm others, showing intense ill will; here, strong, adverse, harmful 4.torrential:(rain)pouring down rapidly and in great quantities 5.radically: drastically: severely 6.accentuate: make(something)more noticeable Unit 6
1、从财政职能和公共产品的角度认识环境保护支出与政府的关系30 财政的职能是指财政在社会经济生活中所具有的职责和功能。根据社会主义市场经济的内在要求，我国的财政担负着四个方面的职能，即资源配置职能、收入分配职能、调控经济职能和监督管理职能。公共产品是私人产品的对称，是指具有消费或使用上的非竞争性和受益上的非排他性的产品。 政府职能，亦称行政职能，是国家行政机关，依法对国家和社会公共事务进行管理时应承担的职责和所具有的功能。政府职能反映着公共行政的基本内容和活动方向，是公共行政的本质表现。我国环境保护支出是政府履行职责的表现，在治理环境污染、促进环境保护的过程中发挥了重大的作用。而根据公共产品的内涵：环境保护支出属于公共产品的支出，环境保护属于对公共资源的保护，是公共产品。 政府有环境保护的职责，有对公共产品的保护职能，国家财政对环境保护支出属于对政府公共产品的支出。在我国政府已经开始构建环保支出与GDP、财政收入增长的双联动机制，确保环保科目支出额的增幅高于GDP和财政收入的增长幅度，并将新增财力更多地用于环境保护。如2012年环保部财政拨款支出预算243143.83万元，其中：基本支出28261.13万元，项目支出214882.7万元。据公共预算收支总表数据显示，环保部2012年部门公共预算支出逾37亿元。但是，就目前情况下，解决环境问题，促进环境保护，最终要依靠环境科技的创新和进步，这就需要加大对环境科技的投入。重要的依据是06年召开的科技大会，国务院颁布了中长期科学技术发展纲要，纲要特别把发展能源、水资源和环境保护技术放在优先位置，并将环境列为11个重点领域之一，并规划了方向。以上都说明了，政府积极履行环境保护的职能，加大对环境保护的支出。同时，也是政府通过对财政职能的履行，加大对环境保护公共产品类的政策倾斜，体现了我国政府对环境保护的重视，积极履行对环境保护支出公共产品的财政倾斜。 因此从财政职能和公共产品角度来说：环境保护支出就是政府履行其财政职能的行为，是政府从宏观层面上对环境公共产品的保护，积极配置社会公共资源，履行环保职能，体现我国政府为人民谋福祉，为人民谋利益主旨，是负责任政府的体现。 2、谈谈你对课税原则的理解20分 我国税法的基本原则应包括以下基本内容： 1、课税法定原则。税收法定原则，又称税收法定主义、租税法定主义、合法性原则等等，它是税法中的一项十分重要的原则。它是指一切税收的课征都必须有法律依据，没有相应的法律依据，纳税人有权拒绝。税收法定是税法的最高法定原则，它是民主和法治等现代宪法原则在税法上的体现，对保障人权、维护国家利益和社会公益举足轻重。它强调征税权的行使，必须限定在法律规定的范围内，确定征税双方的权利义务必须以法律规定的税法构成要素为依据，任何主体行使权利和履行义务均不得超越法律的规定，从而使当代通行的税收法定主义具有了宪法原则的位阶。。 2、课税公平原则。指纳税人的地位在法律上必须平等，税收负担在纳税人之间进行，公平分配，实质是按纳税人的收入多少来征税。包括两个方面：（1）税收立法公平原则。它是公平原则的起点，它确定了税收分配的法定模式，没有税法之公平，就没有税收之公平；。（2）税收执法公平原则，也称为平等对待原则，即税务机关在运用税法时必须公正合理，对于情况相同的人应给予相同的对待。 3、课税效率原则。指以最小的费用获得最大税收收入，并利用经济调控作用最大限度的促进经济的发展。税收的效率包括税收行政效率和税收经济效率两大方面。税收行政效率是通过一定时期直接的征税成本与入库的税率之间的比率而衡量，即表现为征税收益与税收成本
黄山学院初等教育学院2008－2009学年度第二学期06级英语班《英语翻译》期末考试卷 班级序号姓名成绩 一、选择题。（请将答案写在序号前面）20% 1. Success in many fields depends on getting the latest information. A. 许多领域的成功都取决于能否得到最新消息。 B. 田里的收成在很多方面依靠获得最新的消息。 C. 从很多方面讲，成功主要依靠在最后的时刻还能得到信息。 D. 在众多领域里，成功是获得最晚信息的保障。 2. At least three persons died in the fire and 23 others were injured. A. 至少3人因这次火灾和另外23次火灾造成死亡。 B. 起码有3个人在大火中丧命，23个以外的人受伤。 C. 火灾造成至少3人死亡，23人受伤。 D. 至少有3人死于火海，23人被火海包围。 3. Not only has he a first-class brain, but he is also a tremendously hard worker. A. 在一班，他不仅是头领，而且，也是一个非常严肃的工作者。 B. 他有一流的头脑，是个非常难对付的家伙。 C. 他不仅头脑好用，而且，还喜欢做极端困难的工作。 D. 他不仅头脑非常聪明，而且，工作上也非常勤奋。 4. It is reported that some areas of Australia have had no rain for more than four years. A. 有报道说，澳大利亚地区已经4年多没下雨了。 B. 据报道，澳大利亚的部分地区有4年多没下雨了。 C. 澳大利亚的个别地方被报道说没下雨的时间已经超过了4年。 D. 报纸报道，某些澳大利亚地区已经有4年多没下雨的时间。 5. The village was named after the high mountain standing in front of it. A. 这个村庄是以矗立在它面前的那座高山命名的。 B. 这个村庄的名字是来自于它面前的那座高山。 C. 这个村庄的名字是在前面的那座高山之后起的。 D. 这个村庄的名字是以站立在它面前的那座高山起的。 6. It was officially announced that the birth rate dropped greatly in the past three years. A. 据官方宣布，出生率在过去的三年中有了大幅下降。 B. 正式宣布，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 C. 正式宣布，出生率大幅下降在过去三年。 D. 据正式声明，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 7. The introduction of the new technique reduced the cost of the product three times. A. 对新技术的介绍，使产品的成本减少到三分之一。 B. 新技术的引进使产品的成本减少了三倍。 C. 对新技术的介绍使产品的成本减少到原来的三分之二。 D. 新技术的引进使产品成本减少了三分之二。 8. If you are buying a car, you may pay for it out of savings. A. 假使你正在买一辆汽车，你也许会透支购买。 B. 如果你要买一辆汽车，你可以用自己的储蓄存款支付。 C. 假定你打算买一辆汽车，你得花掉你得全部存款。 D. 加入你买一辆汽车，你需要用你的积蓄交此款。 9. Full-service banks can offer services unavailable at smaller financial institutions. A. 全面服务的银行能提供在小财政机构所不能获得的服务。 B. 提供全方位服务的银行能提供较小的金融机构所不能提供的服务。 C. 充满了服务的银行可能提供给较小的财政机构某些无法获得的服务 D. 全面服务的银行可能提供服务，这种服务是较小的金融机构所不能提供的。 10. The following qualifications are required from the candidates for the above position. A. 我们要求应聘高职位的求职者需具备以下资历。 B. 应聘以上职位，需具备下列资格。 C. 候选人为了高职位要求自己具备以下资历。 D. 以下资历是对应聘此职位的候选人的要求。 二、用正反表达法翻译下列句子。20% 1. The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 2. I wonder if he is coming. 3. Your request is beyond my power. 4. You will fail unless you work harder. 5. That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 6. Be sure to lock the door when you leave. 7. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 8. The doubt still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 9. Such flight couldn’t long escape notice. 10. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 三、用重复法翻译下列句子。20% 1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 2. It's our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land. 3. People forget your face first, then your name. 4. Each had his own business to handle. 5. Big families had their own difficulties.
2005 －2006 学年第二学期 《高级英语》期末考试试卷（A）参考答案 I.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words and phrases. (15%) 1. speaks volumes 2. in the vicinity of 3. at his disposal 4. acted as 5. oblivious 不知道的of 6. look up to 7. to no avail 8. follow suit 9. a battery of 10. in lieu of场所 11. unparalleled 12. reassuring 13. circulation 14. significance 15. engulfed II.Paraphrase the following sentences, especially paying attention to the underlined part. （20%）看要求评分 III.Proofreading (10%) The Great Depression first started in the New York Stork Exchange. In the 1920s, there were fatal flaws on the prosperity 1. in of the economy. Overproduction of crops depresses food prices, 2. depressed and farmers suffered. Industrial workers were earning better wages, but they still did not have enough purchased power to continue buying 3.purchasing the flood of goods that poured out of their factories. With profits soar and interest rates low, a great deal of money was available 4.soaring for investment, and much of tha t capital wen t into reckless 5. but speculation. Billions of dollars \that poured into the stock market, and 6 that frantic bidding boosted the price of share far above their real value. 7.shares As long as the market prospered, speculators could make fortunes overnight, but they could be ruined just as quick if stock 8.quickly prices fell. On October 24, 1929 –“Black Thursday” -- a wave of panic selling of stocks swept the New York Stock Exchange. Once started, the collapse of shares and other security prices could not be halted. By 1932, thousands of banks and over 100,000 businesses had been failed. Industrial 9. been production was cut in half, farm income had fallen by more than half, wages had increased 60%, new investment was 10. decreased down 90%, and one out of every four was unemployed in the USA. IV．Reading comprehension (25%) 1-5 BCADB 6-10 BCBCA 11-15 CCBCA 16-20 DDCCB 21-25 BAACA V. Text analysis (30%) 看要求评分。
导论：简略的财政概念：财政是指国家的一个经济部门，及财政部门是国家的一个综合性经济部门通过他的收支活动筹集经费资金以保证国家职能的实现。 财政的基本特征1．阶级性与公共性2．强制性与非直接偿还性3．收入与支出的对称性（或平衡性） 公共财政与国家财政的区别： 1、公共财政预算决定具有明显的公共性。公共财政直接决定于公共选择过程，政府只是代理执行。 国家财政的预算强调政治权力的作用，并不具有必然的公共性。 2、公共财政的收入是基于公共权力，主要通过税收征集收入。 国家财政的收入即可通过以所有权为基础的资产收益取得收入，也可依据公共权力和收费取得收入。 3、公共财政支出是提供公共商品。 国家财政支出可能（甚至主要提供）私人产品。 第一章 市场失灵：指市场经济中存在一些自身难以克服的缺陷或不足。 市场失灵主要表现：（1）垄断 （2）信息不充分和不对称 （3）外部效应与公共物品 （4）收入分配不公 （5）经济波动 （6）偏好不合理 （7）市场不完全 （8）失业、通货膨胀和经济波动 外部性：指经济主体的行为以市场价格意外的方式影响他人福利的情形。 政府干预手段：（1）立法和行政手段（2）组织公共生产和提供公共物品（3）财政政策 政府干预失效：政府为弥补市场失灵而对经济、社会生活进行干预的过程中，由于政府行为自身的局限性和其他客观因素的制约而产生新的缺陷，进而无法使社会资源配置达到最佳的情景。 原因和表现：（1）政府决策失误（2）寻租行为（3）公共产品供给的低效率性（4）政府机构和公共预算的扩张。
政府的寻租活动：通过政府管制的寻租、通过关税和进出口配额的寻租、在政府订货中的寻租。 财政职能 1、资源配置职能：政府运用财政手段，实现政府资源和社会资源有效率配置的功能。 2、收入分配职能：政府为了实现公平分配，对市场机制形成的收入格局予以调整的职责和功能。 3、经济稳定与发展职能：政府运用财政工具和政策保障宏观经济稳定运行和增长的职能 4.从我国财政支出看财政维护国家的职能（政治职能） 洛伦兹曲线: 收入分配的公平程度，曲线越弯，收入水平越不公平。 基尼系数：G=A/A＋B 0 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票（vote）.(be eligible to ) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for,scholarship) A form to apply for scholarships is sent by the university to each student before the start of each semester . 遵照医生建议，我决定戒烟。（on the advice of） On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking . 公司位于县城的正中央.(Be located in) The park is located right in the center of town . 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(Facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 警察们正忙着填写关于这场事故的各种表格。（fill out） The policemen are busy filling out forms about the accident. 我想在还车之前把邮箱（fuel tank）加满（fill up） I want to fill up the fuel tank before returning the car. 如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。（follow the procedure） If you want to make a complaint,you would better follow the correct procedure. 要不是约翰帮忙，我们绝不会这么快就完成实验。（without） We could not have finished the experiment so soon without John’s help. 暴风雨之后，岸边的人们焦急地搜索湖面以期待发现小船的踪迹。 After the storm of boat the people on the store anxiously scanned the lake for any sign. 我们需要通过减少道路上的车辆以降低燃料消耗。（consumption） We need to cut down on our fuel consumption by having fewer cars on the road. 电费上涨增加了我们的负担。（add to） The rise in power costs has added to our burden. 你应该自己判断行事，别总是跟在你哥哥后面。（follow the lead） You should fudge by yourself,and not always follow your brother’s. 那种发型今年很流行，但是我想明年就会过时。（in fashion） That hair style is in fashion this year,but I an afraid it will be out of fashion next year. 在追求真理的过程中，我们注定（fate to）要遭受失败的痛苦。（in one’s quest for） In our quest for truth, we are fated to suffer from many failures. 我们得把感情放在一边，从专业的（professinal）角度来对待这件事。（from a```stand point）We have to put aside our emotions and take it from a professional stand point. 这部戏非常精彩，我很快就沉浸于激动人心的剧情之中。（lose oneself in of ） The plan was so wonderful that I soon lost myself in the excitement in of it. 她没有什么爱好——除非你把看电视也算是一种爱好。 She hasn’t got any hobbies---unless you call watching TV a hobby. 他说他是直接从市长本人那里得到这个信息的。（first-hand） He said he had got the information first-hand from the major himself. 既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。（since） Since you can not answer the question, perhaps we would better ask someone else. 那件工作很难做，不过我想试试看。（have a shot） It is a difficult iob but I’d like to have a shot. 这是一本关于商务实践而非理论的书。（as opposed to） Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9.interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4.★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇 Final Test for English Majors of 2002 (Advanced English) I. Choose the best answer: 25% 1. She gave thanks for our contribution. A. procure B. profuse C. profound D. prodigious 2. and conspiracy will not succeed; the government will not be defeated. A. Subscription B. Subsidence C. Submission D. Subversion 3. A good friend will not desert one in time of . A. adversary B. adverse C. adversity D. advent 4. The psychiatrist gave that the man was insane at that time. A. evidence B. argument C. witness D. testimony 5. She is a woman of erect and handsome . A. carriage B. figure C. personage D. appearance 6. His with everything we suggest makes it hard to know what he really feels. A. alliance B. compliment C. compliance D. compassion 7. Diligent police work will help crime. A. endorse B. eradicate C. fluctuate D. radiate 8. Nutritionists food into seven basic groups. A. categorize B. clarify C. ratify D. separate 9. Only states are able to make treaties. A. sovereignty B. sovereign C. democratic D. democracy 10. diseases may be spread by viruses and bacteria. A. Deadly B. Mortal C. Fatal D. Infectious 11. His only is an occasional game of golf. A. diversification B. diversion C. diversity D. divergence 12. One of California?s most problems is an inadequate water supply. A. acute B. unusual C. persistent D. unexpected 13. Large areas of Alaskan land remain due to harsh climate. A. inaccessible B. immature C. desolate D. parched 14. Constant interruption of his work him. A. threshed B. tormented C. exasperated D. evaporated 财政学期末复习 财政学 第一章财政概念和财政职能 1、市场失灵：市场配置效率是以完全的自由竞争作为严格假设条件的，而现实市场 并不具备这种充分条件，所以，市场的资源配置功能不是万能的，市场机制本身也存在固有的缺陷，这些我们统称为市场失灵。 2、外部效应：在现实生活中，有些产品或服务具有外部效应，即产品或服务对生产 者或购买者以外的其他人产生的影响。 3、公共物品：由国家机关和政府部门——公共部门提供用来满足社会公共需要的商 品和服务称为公共物品。（课本） 公共物品（public goods）是公众共同受益，消费过程中具有非竞争性和非排他性的产品。（PPT） “公共物品是这样一些产品，不论每个人是否愿意购买他们，它们带来的好处不可分开地散布到整个社区里；相比之下，私人物品是这样一些产品，它们能分割开并可分别地提供给不同的个人，也不带给他人外部的收益或成本。公共物品的有效率的供给通常需要政府行动，而私人物品则可以通过市场有效率地加以分配。”——萨缪尔森 4、非排他性：是公共物品的一个特征，即一些人享用公共物品带来的利益而不能排 除其他一些人同时从公共物品中获利。（课本） 非排他性（nonexcluding）是指产品在消费过程中所产生的利益，不为某个人或某些人所专有，要将一些人排斥在外是不可能的或成本很高的。如：国防、灯塔（PPT） 公共物品的非排他性意味着可能形成“免费搭车”现象，即免费享用公共物品的利益。 5、非竞争性：是公共物品的一个特征，即消费者的增加不引起生产成本的增加，或 者说，提供公共物品的边际成本等于零。(课本) 非竞争性（nonrival）是指在消费过程中一些人对某一产品的消费不会影响另一些人对这一产品的消费，受益者之间不存在利益冲突。（PPT） 6、什么是市场失灵？ 答：市场失灵定义见1。市场失灵主要表现在以下几个方面。 （1）垄断。市场效率是以完全自由竞争为前提的，然而当某一行业在产量达到相对较高水平之后，就会出现规模收益递增和成本递减问题，这时就会形成垄断。当一个行业被一个企业或几个企业垄断时，垄断者可能通过限制产量，抬高价格，使价格高于其边际成本，获得额外利润，从而丧失市场效率。 （2）信息不充分和不对称。在市场经济条件下，生产者与消费者的生产、销售、购买都属于个人行为，掌握信息本身也成为激烈竞争的对象，而信息不成分和信息不对称也是影响公平竞争的重要因素。 （3）外部效应与公共物品。完全竞争市场要求成本和效益内在化，产品生产者要负担全部成本，同时全部收益归生产者所有。外部效应就是指在市场活动中没有得到补偿的额外成本和额外收益。当出现正的外部效应时，生产者的成本大于收益，利益外溢，得不到应有的效益补偿，市场竞争就不可能形成理想的配置效率；当出现负的外部效应时，生产者的成本小于收益，受损者得不到损失补偿，同样市场竞争也不可能形成理想的配置效率。外部效应的典型例子是“公共物品”，因为大部分“公共物品”的效益是外在化的，市场对提供纯公共物品是失灵的。英语期末考试句子翻译
英语语言学概论--整理
高级英语期末考试卷
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