2018年高考英语真题分类汇编：说明文类阅读理解
一、阅读理解（共12题；共90分）
1.（2018?卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳
选项。C
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua
New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number （中位数）of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡),
with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these
seems to have much chance of survival.
（1）What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They developed very fast.
B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.
D. They were closely connected.
（2）Which of the following best explains "dominant" underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Complex.
B. Advanced
C. Powerful.
D. Modern.
（3）How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A. About 6,800.
B. About 3,400.
C. About
2,400. D. About 1,200.
（4）What is the main idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. People's lifestyles are reflected
in languages.
C. Human development results in fewer languages.
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）B
（4）C
【考点】主旨大意题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文
【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展，
许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝，世界语言种类越来越少。
⑴B 推理判断。第一段第二三句When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small ,tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other。故答案为B。
⑵C 词义猜测。根据第二段划线部分句子句中的such as English Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over 可知，强大的语言如英语，西班牙语和汉语
正在快速地接管，与前一句许多语言消失形成对比。故答案为C。
⑶B 细节计算。根据倒数第二段第一句知现在世界语言种类总数有6800，及最后一句half of the total world languages可知6800的一半即3400，故答案为B 。
⑷C 主旨大意。第一段讲述了多年来语言的发展有新的语言产生也有一些语
言消失，在人类以打猎为生的时代，语言种类很多;第二段主要描述了随着人类过上定居生活，语言的种类就逐渐减少，特别是近几十年来商业化，工业化及
全球化的发展导致许多小语种消亡，许多语言被强大的英语汉语等取代;第三段介绍了世界6800多种语言的地理分布情况最后讲述了400多种语言正面临消亡。故答案为C
【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏
览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键
词，答案就在关键词附近。
2.（2018?卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳
选项。D
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight
of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old
devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment
and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her
colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the
environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its m mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how
home energy use evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital
cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones."The
Living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kid's room, and suddenly
one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The
average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in
2007. We're not just keeping these old devices-we continue to use them. According to
the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TV's with cathode ray
tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what's the solution(解决方案)?The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tables instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
（1）What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly.
B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home.
D. They go out of style quickly.（2）Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
（3）Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV.
B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV.
D. The desktop computer.
（4）What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices? A. Stop using them. B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them.
D. Recycle them.
2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题12：议论 文类阅读理解 一、阅读理解 1. （2018?卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 D We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence. What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits. Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. "Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk," he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them." In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband," says Dunn. "But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also." Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense
2019年中考语文说明文阅读练习题：《维生素D》 阅读下面材料，完成18-21题。（18分） 1.【材料一】 美国专家研究发现，在同一年龄段的妇女中，缺乏维生素D的体质指数（BMI）平均要比维生素D水平正常的妇女高3.4．体质指数是评价18岁以上成人群体营养状况的常用指标，它不仅对反应体型胖瘦程度较为敏感，而且对皮褶厚度、上臂围等营养状况指标的相关性也较高。其计算公式为：BMI=体重（千克）/[身高（米）]2。 世界卫生组织对成人BMI的划分是：正常范围为18.5～24.9．＜18.5为低体重（营养不足），≥25为超重，肥胖前状态是25～29.9．一级肥胖30～34.9．二级肥胖35～39.9．三级肥胖≥40．这一标准为世界各国广泛采用。 此前也有研究发现，维生素D是身体制造瘦素所必需的营养物质。瘦素又称“脂肪抑制素”，是肥胖基因所编码的蛋白质，其对机体能量代谢和肥胖的发生有重要作用。一方面，瘦素作用于下丘脑的摄食中枢，产生饱腹感从而抑制摄食行为；另一方面，瘦素广泛作用于肝脏、肾脏、脑组织、脂肪组织等的瘦素受体，使其活跃，增加能量消耗。 肥胖人中有95%以上的人存在内源性瘦素缺乏和瘦素抵抗。 （摘自《百科知识》2017年04A期，有修改） 【材料二】 人体90%的维生素D来源于人体自身的合成，另外10%来于食物。通过食物摄入维生素D分为两类，来源于植物的是维生素D2．来源于动物的是维生素D3．天论是植物、动物，还是人类，合成维生素D都需要日光的照射。人类皮肤中存在维生素D的前体-7-脱氢胆固醇，经过日光的作用后就会变成维生素D3．但是这种维生素D3还不是活性成分，它还需要经过血液运输到肝脏、肾脏进行两次活化后才变成活性维生素D．我们通过食物摄取的维生素D经过肠道吸收后，同样也要经常肝肾的活化，最终才能为身体利用。 维生素D只在特定的食物中含量较多，因此如果想通过食物补充维生素D．你就要有意识的吃一下几种食物：1．深海鱼：各种深海鱼的鱼肉或鱼卵都含有丰富的维生素D．其中三文鱼含量最高，其次是金枪鱼、红鳟鱼；2．牛奶：无论是全脂还是脱脂牛奶，都含有天然维生素D．而且目前市场上很多牛奶还会额外强化维生素D；3．鸡蛋：鸡蛋的蛋黄部分含有非常多的维生素D；4．动物肝脏：其中鸡肝维生素D含量较多，
2018年高考英语试题分类汇编单词短语辨析 1.【2018·北京】14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office. —Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at 【答案】A 【解析】考查介词。句意：——早上好，Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午（和Mr. Lee见面）。make an appointment for意为“为……预约”，是固定搭配，故A选项正确。 拓展：make an appointment with sb.和某人预约；make an appointment for为……预约。 2.【2018·天津】11. Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________. A. at first B. after all C. above all D. at random 【答案】B 拓展：本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析短语的能力。对于短语而言，没有捷径可言，只有老老实实的记忆。考生除了要充分利用特定语境理解词义，还需要重点关注他们用法上的区别。 3.【2018·天津】8. It took him a long time to___________ the skills he needed to become a good dancer. A. display B. acquire C. teach D. test 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：他花了很长时间才获得了成为一名优秀舞蹈家所需的技能。A display显示；B. acquire获得；C. teach教；D. test测试。故选B。 拓展：本题考查动词辨析。动词和动词短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点，解题时要区分清选择项的含义与区别，再联系句意进行判断，从而选出正确答案。 4.【2018·天津】6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
1 2018高考数学试题分类汇编—向量 一、填空题 1.（北京理6改）设a ，b 均为单位向量，则“33-=+a b a b ”是“a ⊥b ”的_________条件（从“充分而不必要”、“必要而不充分条件”、“充分必要”、“既不充分也不必要”中选择） 1.充分必要 2.（北京文9）设向量a =（1,0），b =（?1,m ）,若()m ⊥-a a b ，则m =_________. 2．-1 3.（全国卷I 理6改）在ABC △中，AD 为BC 边上的中线，E 为AD 的中点，则EB = _________. （用,AB AC 表示） 3．3144 AB AC - 4.（全国卷II 理4）已知向量a ，b 满足||1=a ，1?=-a b ，则(2)?-=a a b _________. 4．3 5.（全国卷III 理13．已知向量()=1,2a ，()=2,2-b ，()=1,λc ．若()2∥c a+b ，则λ=________． 5. 12 6.（天津理8)如图，在平面四边形ABCD 中，AB BC ⊥，AD CD ⊥，120BAD ∠=?，1AB AD ==. 若点E 为边CD 上的动点，则AE BE ?uu u r uu u r 的最小值为_________. 6. 2116 7.（天津文8）在如图的平面图形中，已知 1.2,120OM ON MON ==∠= ,2,2,BM MA CN NA == 则· BC OM 的值为_________. 7.6- 8.（浙江9）已知a ，b ，e 是平面向量，e 是单位向量．若非零向量a 与e 的夹角为π 3，向量b 满足b 2?4e · b +3=0，则|a ?b |的最小值是_________. 8.3?1 9.（上海8）.在平面直角坐标系中，已知点(1,0)A -，(2,0)B ，E 、F 是y 轴上的两个动点，且2EF = ，则AE BF ? 的最小值为_________. 9.-3
第三部分：阅读理解(共25小题。A节每小题2分, B节每小题1分;满分45分) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的四个选项中, 选出一个最佳答案。 A Every year thousands of tourists visit Pompeii, Italy. They see the sights that Pompeii is famous for--its stadium(运动场)and theaters, its shops and restaurants. The tourists do not, however, see Pompeii's people. They do not see them because Pompeii has no people. No one has lived in Pompeii for almost 2000 years. Once, Pompeii was a busy city of 22000 people. It lay at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, a grass-covered volcano(火山).Mount Vesuvius had not erupted (喷发)for centuries, so the people of Pompeii felt safe. But they were not. In August of AD 79, Mount Vesuvius erupted. The entire top of the mountain exploded, and a huge black cloud rose into the air. Soon stones and hot ash began to fall on Pompeii. When the eruption ended two days later, Pompeii was buried under 20 feet of stones and ashes. Almost all of its people were dead. For centuries, Pompeii lay buried under stone and ash.Then, in the year 1861, an Italian scientist named Ginseppe began to uncover Pompeii. Slowly, carefully, Ginseppe and his men dug. The city looked almost the same as it had looked in AD 79. There were streets and fountains, houses and shops. There was a stadium with 20000 seats. Perhaps the most important of all, there were everyday objects, which tell us a great deal about the people who lived in Pompeii. Many glasses and jars had some dark blue colour in the bottom, so we know that the people of Pompeii liked wine. They liked bread, too; metal bread pans were in every bakery. In one bakery there were 81 round, flat loaves of bread- a type of bread that is still sold in Italy today. Tiny boxes filled with a dark, shiny powder tell us that women like to wear eye-makeup. Ginseppe has died, but his work continues. One-fourth has not been uncovered yet. Scientists are still digging, still making discoveries that draw the tourists to Pompeii. 51.Why do large numbers of people come to Pompeii each year? A.To visit the volcano B.To shop and eat there. C.To watch sports and plays D.To see how Pompeiians lived. 52.Why had so many Pompeiians remained by volcanic Mount Vesuvius?
中考语文现代文阅读汇编 2018年江苏省说明文阅读4篇 鲨鱼是海洋系统的“整容师” 柳静 ①鲨鱼是海洋中的庞然大物，也是食肉类的凶猛鱼类，号称“海中狼”。可是，最近它被贴上了“整容师”的标签，因为它可以改变海洋中很多鱼的眼睛和尾鳍的尺寸。听到这些，你是否感到十分惊讶呢? ②原来，在海洋系统中，许多小鱼都有着较大的眼睛和有力的尾鳍，帮助它们及时发现并快速躲避鲨鱼的攻击与吞食。尤其在鲨鱼出没捕食的低光环境下更是如此:一定尺寸的尾鳍可以保证鱼类突然加速游动，以此来远离鲨鱼的追捕。但是，在2018年1月，西澳大利亚大学等机构研究人员的最新研究发现，近年来由于人类对鲨鱼的大量猎杀，导致多种鲨鱼濒临灭绝。鲨鱼数量的减少，使得其他鱼类的生存得到了暂时的和平安稳，导致它们的形态也正在发生明显的改变，如眼睛变小，尾鳍变小。因此，鲨鱼就成了海洋系统里的“整容师”。 ③研究人员对澳大利亚西北海域罗利沙洲和斯科特礁两个珊瑚礁系统中7种不同的鱼类专门进行了对比分析。这两个珊瑚礁有着相似的自然环境，但不同的是，罗利沙洲禁止捕鱼，鲨鱼数量比较稳定，而斯科特礁允许对鲨鱼进行商业捕捞，且已经特持续了一百多年。研究人员分别在两个珊瑚礁海域进行了采样捕捞，并测量出了所捕捞鱼的体长、体宽、眼部和尾鳍大小。结果发现，与罗利沙洲的鱼类相比，斯科特礁同种鱼类的眼睛尺寸小46%，尾鳍尺寸小40%。 ④研究人员解释说，人类捕捞鯊鱼使其数量减少，会造成一- 系列生态后果，小鱼的的眼睛及尾鳍尺寸等发生变化仅仅是一个方面，其实，鲨鱼数量的减少还在悄悄地影响着其他海洋生态系统。 ⑤首先，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，那些体弱多病，基因突变导致畸形的鱼，就不会及时被消灭，进化过程中的优胜劣汰也不能更好地延续下去。那些没有被吃掉的弱鱼，病鱼就会一直繁殖下去，直到基因退化，这不利于种群的健康发展，对整个海洋生物多样性，优化性将是一个致命打击。 ⑥其次，鲨鱼数量的大幅度减少，将使海洋生态环境无法正常维持，水质环境会进一步恶化。因为，鲨鱼是海洋系统名副其实的“清道夫 ．．．”。它可以通过清理腐烂的大型海洋动物尸体，来净化海洋生态环境。 ⑦由此看来，鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中扮演了至关重要的角色，称它为海洋系统的“整容师”一点儿也不为过。(选自《知识窗》，2018年第4期，有删改) 11.鲨鱼在保持海洋生态系统平衡中发挥了哪些方面的作用? (3分) 12.第③段中画线句子运用了哪些说明方法?有何作用? (3分) 13.阅读下列句子，按要求作答。(4 分)
2018年高考英语必背单词分类汇总（实用）时间词一、一周七天 1. Monday 2. Tuesday 3. Wednesday 4. Thursday 5. Friday 6. Saturday 7. Sunday 时间词二、一年十二个月 1. January 2. February 3. March 4. April 5. May 6. June 7. July 8. August 9. September 10. October 11. November 12. December 时间词三、一年四季 1. spring 2. summer 3. autumn 4. winter 四、容易拼写错的数字 1. eighth第八 2. ninth第九 3. forty四十 4. twelfth第十二 5. twentieth第二十 五、亲属称呼 1. daughter (女儿) 2. niece (女性晚辈) 3. nephew (男性晚辈) 4. cousin (同辈兄弟姐妹) 5. aunt (女性长辈) 6. uncle (男性长辈) 六、以下动词加-ed或-ing要 双写最后一个字母 1. regret (regretted, regretting) 后悔 2. control (controlled, controlling) 控制 3. admit (admitted, admitting) 承认 4. occur (occurred, occurring) 出现 5. prefer (preferred, preferring) 宁愿 6. refer (referred, referring) 提到 7. forget (forgetting ) 忘 记 8. permit (permitted, permitting)允许 9. equip (equipped, equipping) 装备 注意：quarrel, signal, travel中的l可双写（英国英 语）也可不双写（美国英语） 七、部分过去式和过去分词不 规则变化的动词 1. broadcast (broadcast, broadcast) 广播 2. flee (fled, fled) 逃跑 3. forbid (forbade, forbidden) 禁止 4. forgive (forgave, forgiven) 原谅 5. freeze (froze, frozen) 结冰 6. hang (作“绞死”讲，是 规则的；作“悬挂”讲，其过 去式过去分词都是hung) 7. lie (作“说谎”讲时，是 规则的；作“位于”讲时，其 过去式是lay，过去分词是 lain) 8. seek (sought, sought) 寻 求 9. shake (shook, shaken) 发 抖 10. sing (sang, sung) 唱歌 11. sink (sank, sunk/sunken) 下沉 12. spread (spread, spread) 传播 13. swim (swam, swum) 游泳
高考小说阅读2016-2018真题研究 一、(2016·全国Ⅰ)阅读下面的文字，完成文后题目。 锄（1643字）李锐 拄着锄把出村的时候又有人问：“六安爷，又去百亩园呀？” 倒拿着锄头的六安爷平静地笑笑：“是哩。” “咳呀，六安爷，后晌天气这么热，眼睛又不方便，快回家歇歇吧六安爷！” 六安爷还是平静地笑笑：“我不是锄地，我是过瘾。” “咳呀，锄了地，受了累，又没有收成，你是图啥呀你六安爷？” 六安爷已经记不清这样的问答重复过多少次了，他还是不紧不慢地笑笑：“我不是锄地，我是过瘾。” 斜射的阳光明晃晃地照在六安爷的脸上，渐渐失明的眼睛，给他带来一种说不出的静穆。六安爷看不 清人们的脸色，可他听得清人们的腔调，但是六安爷不想改变自己的主意，照样拄着锄把当拐棍，从从容 容地走过。 百亩园就在河对面，一抬眼就能看见。一座三孔石桥跨过乱流河，把百亩园和村子连在一起，这整整 一百二十亩平坦肥沃的河滩地，是乱流河一百多里河谷当中最大最肥的一块地。西湾村人不知道在这块地 上耕种了几千年几百代了。几千年几百代里，西湾村人不知把几千斤几万斤的汗水洒在百亩园，也不知从 百亩园的土地上收获了几百万几千万斤的粮食，更不知这几百万几千万斤的粮食养活了世世代代多少人。 但是，从今年起百亩园再也不会收获庄稼了。煤炭公司看中了百亩园，要在这块地上建一个焦炭厂。两年 里反复地谈判，煤炭公司一直把土地收购价压在每亩五千块。为了表示绝不接受的决心，今年下种的季节，西湾村人坚决地把庄稼照样种了下去。煤炭公司终于妥协了，每亩地一万五千块。这场惊心动魄的谈判像 传奇一样在乱流河两岸到处被人传颂。一万五千块，简直就是一个让人头晕的天价。按照最好的年景，现 在一亩地一年也就能收入一百多块钱。想一想就让人头晕，你得受一百多年的辛苦，流一百多年的汗，才 能在一亩地里刨出来一万五千块钱呐！胜利的喜悦中，没有人再去百亩园了，因为合同一签，钱一拿，推 土机马上就要开进来了。 可是，不知不觉中，那些被人遗忘了的种子，还是和千百年来一样破土而出了。每天早上嫩绿的叶子 上都会有珍珠一样的露水，在晨风中把阳光变幻得五彩缤纷。这些种子们不知道，永远不会再有人来伺候 它们，收获它们了。从此往后，百亩园里将是炉火熊熊、浓烟滚滚的另一番景象。 六安爷舍不得那些种子。他掐着指头计算着出苗的时间，到了该间苗锄头遍的日子，六安爷就拄着锄 头来到百亩园。一天三晌，一晌不落。 现在，劳累了一天的六安爷已经感觉到腰背的酸痛，满是老茧的手也有些僵硬。他蹲下身子摸索着探 出一块空地，然后，坐在黄土上很享受地慢慢吸一支烟，等着僵硬了的筋骨舒缓下来。等到歇够了，就再 拄着锄把站起来，青筋暴突的臂膀，把锄头一次又一次稳稳地探进摇摆的苗垅里去。没有人催，自己心里 也不急，六安爷只想一个人慢慢地锄地，就好像一个人对着一壶老酒细斟慢饮。 终于，西山的阴影落进了河谷，被太阳晒了一天的六安爷，立刻感觉到了肩背上升起的一丝凉意。他 缓缓地直起腰来，把捏锄把的两只手一先一后举到嘴前，轻轻地啐上几点唾沫，而后，又深深地埋下腰， 举起了锄头。随着臂膀有力的拉拽，锋利的锄刃闷在黄土里咯嘣咯嘣地割断了草根，间开了密集的幼苗， 新鲜的黄土一股一股地翻起来。六安爷惬意地微笑着，虽然看不清，可是，耳朵里的声音，鼻子里的气味，河谷里渐起的凉意，都让他顺心，都让他舒服。银亮的锄板鱼儿戏水一般地，在禾苗的绿波中上下翻飞。 于是，松软新鲜的黄土上留下两行长长的跨距整齐的脚印，脚印的两旁是株距均匀的玉茭和青豆的幼苗。 六安爷种了一辈子庄稼，锄了一辈子地，眼下这一次有些不一般，六安爷心里知道，这是他这辈子最后一 次锄地了，最后一次给百亩园的庄稼锄地了。 1
2018年高考英语真题专题汇编 从句 1.【2018·北京】 2. _________ we don’t stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. A. Although B. While C. If D. Until 【答案】C 点睛：条件状语从句通常由引导词if或unless引导。条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中的动作），其它事情（主句中的动作）才能发生，通常译作“假如”。 2.【2018·北京】5. She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit.[来源:https://www.doczj.com/doc/cf15580117.html,] A. which B. who C. as D. that 【答案】A 【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“____ helps them keep fit” 是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which 引导。A选项正确。 点睛：非限制性定语从句即可修饰主句的一部分，也可以修饰整个主句。其引导词的选择和限制性定语从 句的判断规则一致，即：第一、找准先行词；第二、看先行词在定语从句中所作的成分。需要注意的是，that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。 3.【2018·北京】8. In any unsafe situation, simply _________ the button and a highly-trained agent will get you the help you need. A. press B. to press C. pressing D. pressed 【答案】A 【解析】考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使 你得到你需要的帮助。and是连词，连接并列结构，and后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中 只有动词原形可以构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。故A选项正确。 点睛：祈使句+and/or+陈述句是一种常见结构。当前后两部分间为承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关 系时，用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。
2018年中考说明文阅读理解题集锦 安徽省歙县二中程鸣 一、（2018年浙江省宁波市） 共生：双赢的生存智慧 ①一提起生物进化，映入人们脑海的多半是“物竞天择，适者生存”这八个字。在漫长的进化历史过程中，唯有战胜对手的幸运儿才能赢得大自然的青睐，拿到参加下一场物种角力的入场券。然而，大自然并不只是沿着单一的路线前行，“合则双赢，争则俱败”，体现互助与合作精神的共生或许是影响历史进程的另一重大因素。 ②从表面上看，共生关系只是存在于残酷竞争中的权宜之计，是在特定条件下的偶合而已。然而生物学的研究成果却发现，这种生存战略同样是大自然的选择，是另一条进化道路——共生进化的产物。它提供了共生双方的任何一方不能产生的物质，带来了任何一方都不能产生的效率。 ③共生的形态多种多样，不拘一格。它存在于各层次、各种类生物的互动之中。海葵虾，顾名思义，对美丽的海葵（腔肠动物）情有独钟，它总是夹着海葵浪迹于海底世界。一遇危险，自有长着含毒触角的海葵出面摆平。这样一来，海葵虾可以放心觅食，不必为安全多费心机；而生性慵懒、喜静不喜动的海葵只要从共生伙伴的食物中分一杯羹就足以果腹。 ④动物之间的共生的现象是这样，植物与动物共生的现象也不少见。生活在墨西哥的一种蚂蚁把巢筑在刺槐中空的树干中，享用刺槐叶柄部位分泌的富含糖分的汁液。作为回报，蚂蚁则负责植物的安全工作，一旦刺槐的敌人——食叶昆虫及其幼虫、草食动物——靠近时，盛怒的蚁群就会蜂拥而出，与入侵者做殊死搏斗，直到把它们赶走。除此之外，蚂蚁还可以清除对刺槐造成威胁的寄生植物。当这些植物靠近时，蚂蚁就会毫不客气地上前啃掉它们的藤条和嫩芽。 ⑤高等植物与真菌的共生早已为人类所熟知。在这种共生关系中，真菌的菌丝体长在植物的根部，吸收植物光合作用的产物，而植物则可以从真菌的分解物中吸取养料。 ⑥其实，在生物界发展的初期，不确定和不平衡因素充斥于物种之间，它们的关系表现出高度的对抗性。对抗越激烈，对自身乃至生物界造成的破坏就越大。这不仅破坏了生物之间的平衡，而且对生态发展造成灾害。要保持生态平衡，就要依靠生物共生所带来的正面作用。 ⑦同样，共生现象也给人类很好的启示。 （选自2005年6月号《世界博览》，有删改） 7．请根据文中的有关语句，说说什么是“生物共生”。（3分） 8．生物共生存在于各种类生物的互动之中。本文列举了、和三种类型的生物共生现象。（3分） 9．第①段中加点的“或许”在句中有什么表达作用？（2分） 10．下列说法有错误的一项是( )（2分） A．本文介绍了生物的共生现象。 B．本文语言平实准确而不乏生动形象。 C．本文采用了总——分——总的结构方式。 D．本文主要运用了打比方、作比较的说明方法。 11．文章最后精悍到“共生现象也给人类很好的启示”，读了本文，你获得了什么启示？（3分）
2018年英语高考试题单选分类汇编 冠词与名词 1. （2018天津6月）6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer sp ace. A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation 2. （2018江苏卷）32. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the_______ you’ve made. A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption 3.（2018天津3月）9. Can we stop the ______of the world’s deserts and save the land that man depends so much on? A. loss B. heat C. spread D. defense 代词 1. （2018天津3月）1. Professional skills are tools like a knife or a hammer. You need _____to complete the things you want to do. A. it B. that C. them D. ones 介词 1. （2018北京卷）14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office. —Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at 2. （2018天津6月）11.Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________. A. at first B. after all C. above all D. at random 3. （2018江苏卷）33. China’s soft power grows _______the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally. A. in line with B. in reply to C. in return for D. In honour of 形容词与副词 1. （2018江苏卷）34. Despite the poor service of the hotel, the manager is ______ to invest insufficient training for his staff. A. keen B. reluctant C. anxious D. ready 动词和动词短语 1. （2018天津6月）3. At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving, but eventually he___________ as she was so confidence about her skills.
2018年全国一卷（文科）：9．某圆柱的高为2，底面周长为16，其三视图如右图．圆柱表面上的点M 在正视图上的对应点为A ，圆柱表面上的点N 在左视图上的对应点为B ，则在此圆柱侧面上，从M 到N 的路径中，最短路径的长度为 A ．217 B ．25 C ．3 D ．2 18．如图，在平行四边形ABCM 中，3AB AC ==，90ACM =?∠，以AC 为折痕将△ACM 折起，使点M 到达点 D 的位置，且AB DA ⊥． （1）证明：平面ACD ⊥平面ABC ； （2）Q 为线段AD 上一点，P 为线段BC 上一点，且2 3 BP DQ DA == ，求三棱锥Q ABP -的体积． 全国1卷理科 理科第7小题同文科第9小题 18. 如图，四边形ABCD 为正方形，,E F 分别为,AD BC 的中点，以DF 为折痕把DFC △折起，使点C 到达点 P 的位置，且PF BF ⊥. （1）证明：平面PEF ⊥平面ABFD ； （2）求DP 与平面ABFD 所成角的正弦值. 全国2卷理科： 9．在长方体1111ABCD A B C D -中，1AB BC ==，13AA =，则异面直线1AD 与1DB 所成角的余弦值为 A ．15 B ． 5 C ． 5 D ． 2 20．如图，在三棱锥P ABC -中，22AB BC ==，4PA PB PC AC ====，O 为AC 的中点．
（1）证明：PO⊥平面ABC； --为30?，求PC与平面PAM所成角的正弦值．（2）若点M在棱BC上，且二面角M PA C 全国3卷理科 3．中国古建筑借助榫卯将木构件连接起来，构件的凸出部分叫榫头，凹进部分叫卯眼，图中木构件右边的小长方体是榫头．若如图摆放的木构件与某一带卯眼的木构件咬合成长方体，则咬合时带卯眼的木构件的俯视图可以是 19．（12分） 如图，边长为2的正方形ABCD所在的平面与半圆弧?CD所在平面垂直，M是?CD上异于C，D的点． （1）证明：平面AMD⊥平面BMC； （2）当三棱锥M ABC -体积最大时，求面MAB与面MCD所成二面角的正弦值． 2018年江苏理科： 10．如图所示，正方体的棱长为2，以其所有面的中心为顶点的多面体的体积为▲ ．
2018年高考英语真题完形填空汇编 一、完形填空（共7题；共140分） 1.（2018?卷Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A，B，C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a "free" course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 1 the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn't want to 2 a few dollars? More than that, I'd always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I weren't 3 enough about free credits, news about our 4 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster, which 5 I would be learning from one of the game's 6 ,I could hardly wait to 7 him. Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this 8 was no game for him; he meant business. In his introduction, he make it 9 that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to 10 the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 11 what we would learn in class to our future professions and 12 , to our lives. I managed to get an A in that 13 and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 14 . Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I'm still putting to use what he 15 me: "The absolute most important 16 that you learn when you play chess is how to make good 17 .On every single move you have to 18 a situation, process what your opponent(对手) is doing and 19 the best move from among all your options."These words still ring true today in my 20 as a journalist. 1. A. put forward B. jumped at C. tried out D. turned down 2. A. waste B. earn C. save D. pay 3. A. excited B. worried C. moved D. tired 4. A. title B. competitor C. textbook D. instructor 5. A. urged B. demanded C. held D. meant 6. A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest 7. A. interciew B. meet C. challcnge D. beat 8. A. chance B. qualification C. honor D. job 9. A. real B. perfect C. clear D. possible 10. A. attend B. pass C. skip D. observe 11. A. add B. expose C. apply D. compare 12. A. eventually B. naturally C. directly D. normally 13. A. game B. presentation C. course D. experiment
2018年中考语文真题选编说明文阅读 1、阅读下面的文字，完成1-3题。 位次的讲究 ①《红楼梦》第三回讲到了林妹妹进荣国府，处处小心，先是为坐到哪个位置，她就颇费了一番思量，比如舅母王夫人处，黛玉“就只向东边的椅子上坐了”，到了吃饭的时候，凤姐让黛玉坐在右边第一张椅子上，黛玉也十分推让。 ②林妹妹之所以在“坐在哪里”这个问题，这么谨慎，是怕在这个极其讲究礼仪的家庭里，行差踏错，让人笑话。在古代，中国人非常讲究座次的尊卑。 ③首先，我们要弄明白的是，南、北、东、西四个方位哪个为尊，哪个为卑。我国古代建筑通常是前堂后室。“堂”一般不住人，只举行孝行大礼的地方，这种时候最尊贵的座位是南向（坐北朝南），其次是西向，再次是东向，最后是北向。例如古代帝王召见群臣议事，都是坐在北边朝南的位置上，因此，古人常说：“南面称帝”。而“室”一般为长方形，东西长而南北窄，所以在室内举行活动时，一般遵循“东向为尊，西向为卑”的原则，例如，汉明帝与老师杨荣交谈时，为表达对杨荣的尊敬，就安排杨荣坐在靠西边，面朝东的位置，后来，人们把塾师也称为“西席”。 ④至于左与右，谁为尊，谁为卑的问题，就此叫复杂了。周朝规定，诸侯朝见天子，宴饮以左为尊，用兵打仗，则右边为尊，左右尊卑，要视乎场合而定，到了战国、秦、西汉的时候，“右”似乎成了尊位，《廉颇蔺相如列传》里就有“以相如功大，拜为上卿，位在廉颇之右”的记载，然而到了东汉、魏晋、南北朝，左右排序又有了新的变化，以“左”为大，例如赤壁之战，孙权“以周瑜、程普为左右都督”，同为都督，周瑜尊于程普。这种情况直到元朝，才恢复了官职的“右尊”，明朝建立以后，又再次变为“左”尊，自此“左尊右卑”一直延续到今天。 ⑤所以，在传说戏剧舞台上，我们现在仍然可以看到远道而来的客人坐在左边，而主人总是右侧陪坐。于是也就出现了《红楼梦》里，黛玉被请到左边席面上的描写了。 （有删改） 1、对于位次如何讲究，本文是从哪两方面进行具体说明的？