我国违宪审查制度：法条及其不足
摘要：违宪审查制度是现代法治国家必不可少的制度，它约束国家机关行为，保障公民权利，保障宪法的实施，维护宪法的尊严。限制、监督政府行使其权力，规范政府的行为使宪法这一国家根本大法摆脱“纸上谈兵”的困境，真正起到制约和规范政府权力，矫正政府立法错误，切实保障公民人权作用的重要作用。我国违宪审查制度建设也在曲折发展。通过《82宪法》的相关规定，使我国的违宪审查制度的建立具备了基本的条件。但是，限于法律观念、制度设定、立法技术等问题，我国的违宪审查制度在实际运行中却存在许多诸如：审查主体分散、法律明显与宪法相抵触、审查程序不明确等问题。为了补充、完善我国的违宪审查制度，我国也相继通过《立法法》、《监督法》等法律法规，但问题依旧存在，作为立法行为规范的《立法法》就有直接与宪法冲突的地方。为了更好的促进我国违宪审查制度的发展与完善，我们充分了解我国现有违宪审查制度相关法律和制度规定，参考外国违宪审查制度经验，分析国内外很多学者从不同角度对违宪审查制度进行的研究，本文对各大学者的研究内容进行综述。
Chinese unconstitutional reviewing system: the statute and its limits Abstract: Abstract:Unconstitutional censorship is the rule of law essential to a modern system, which acts to bind the State authorities to protect citizens' rights, guarantee the implementation of the Constitution, safeguard the dignity of the Constitution. Restrictions, monitoring the government to exercise its power to regulate the behavior of the government to make the fundamental law of the Constitution of this country to get rid of "paper" dilemma, really play control and regulate the government authority, government legislation to correct errors, to guarantee the citizens the role of human rights in an important role. Construction of Judicial Review system in China is also twists and turns. Through the relevant provisions "82 of the Constitution" to make the establishment of a constitutional review system has the basic conditions. However, the limited legal concept, system settings, legislation and technology issues, our system of constitutional review in the actual
operation, but there are many, such as: review of the main dispersion law clearly inconsistent with the Constitution, the review process is not clear and so on. In order to supplement and improve the country's unconstitutional censorship, China also have passed the "Legislation Law", "supervision" and other laws and regulations, but the problem still exists, where as a legislative code of conduct "Legislation Law" have a direct conflict with the Constitution. In order to better promote the development and improvement of the system of constitutional review, we fully understand the existing system of constitutional review of the relevant laws and regulations, with reference to foreign unconstitutional censorship experience, analysis of many scholars from different angles on the unconstitutional censorship carried out research, research paper summarizes the major scholars.
一、违宪审查制度理论概述
2014年10月23日，中共十八届四中全会上审议通过了《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》，《决定》中强调了要完善以宪法作为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系，加强宪法的实施力度；同时要求健全宪法实施以及监督制度，强调一切违反宪法规定的行为都必须予以追究和纠正；完善全国人大及其常委会的宪法监督制度。加强备案审查制度和能力建设，将所有规范性文件纳入备案审查范围，依法撤销和纠正违宪违法的规范性文件，禁止地方制发带有立法性质的文件等等。其实，早在2002年，在首都各界纪念宪法公布施行20周年大会上，胡锦涛总书记在讲话中也指出，要全面贯彻实施宪法，必须健全宪法的保障制度，确保宪法的实施，要健全宪法监督机制，进一步明确宪法监督程序。宪法监督制度与立法监督制度——学术上通称为违宪审查制度，近年来越来越多的被党和国家领导人所提及，表明它已经逐渐地被人们所关注，其重要性愈发显著。这篇文章也是围绕着我国的违宪审查体系而展开，了解中国违宪审查制度的建设，探讨如何建立健全中国的违宪审查机构和机制。
违宪审查制度，我国又称为立法监督体系和宪法监督体系。是指由特定的国家机关，根据宪法或宪法性文件等所规定的程序或者方式，针对个人或者国家机