第12单元常用文体翻译（科技翻译）
12.1 复习笔记
一、科技文体的范畴
科技英语（English for science and technology）现在已经成为一种独立的文体。包括：
（1）科技著述、科技论文和报告、实验报告和方案；
（2）各类科技情报和文字资料；
（3）科技实用手册；
（4）有关科技问题的会谈、会议、交谈的用语；
（5）有关科技的影片、录像等有声资料的解说词。
二、科技英语的特点
科技文体严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化。
1. 多名词化结构
汉语使用动词较多，而英语中的名词使用率较高。例：
Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.
【译文】插入一个楔子就能纠正这个毛病。
【分析】rectification of this fault和insertion of a wedge系名词化结构，在汉译时，转化成了动词结构。
2. 广泛使用被动态
科技文章在语气上比较正式，体现科学研究的客观性，而且将主要信息前置，放在主语部分，所以科技文体中被动语态的使用率高。翻译时最好也是翻译成无主语结构或被动意义的句子。例：
A visicorder is provided to record current and voltage waveforms.
【译文】此可显示记录器用来记录电流和电压波形。
3. 多用一般现在时
一般现在时可以较好地表现文章内容的无时间性，用在科技文中可使文章内容显得更客观准确。翻译时也应突出这种“无时间性”的特征。例：
Injection molding involves injecting molten plastic into a mold. Only a small amount of recycled plastic is used in this process, because it is poor in quality and would reduce the product’s strength.
【译文】塑料注射成型法要求把熔融塑料注入模具。该法只能利用极少量的再生塑料，因为再生塑料质量差，会降低产品的强度。
4. 大量非限定动词
英语中的非限定性动词有现在分词、过去分词和不定式三种。科技文章往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。该类结构多出现在长句中，翻译时可运用以下几种方法：（1）译成动词并列式分句
Rising and falling gas cells in the convection zone buffet the magnetic lines of
force there, causing them to twist and untwist.
【译文】对流区中不停上升和下降的气流会冲击那里的磁力线，使之发生绞缠和退绞缠。
（2）译成复合式分句
About a day after e sector boundary, the total spin of all the storms in the North hemisphere declines by about 10%, making the storms less severe, and then returns to normal.
【译文】在地球通过一个区界大约一天以后，北半球的所以旋暴风的总旋转速度下降了约10%；同时旋暴风强度减弱，随后又恢复正常。
（3）译成包孕式
Be conscious in your observation that there are traps around which, given the slightest opportunity, will take you in.
【译文】观测时必须注意使你失误的陷阱比比皆是，稍一不慎，即可能落入陷阱。
（4）译成外位句
Theorists believe that the waves are generated near the bottom of a coronal hole and ride outward, exerting added pressure on the high speed stream.
【译文】理论工作者认为，这种波在日晷洞的底部附近产生出来，然后向外运动，这就给高速射流增加了一个附加压强。
（5）译成前置无主句
Using the electron microscope, much greater magnification can be obtained.
【译文】通过电子显微镜可以获得大得多的放大倍数。
（6）译成定语
Ions, produced by dissociation of molecules, drift through the solution when a
potential difference is maintained. Bred in the areas around the equator, this protozoan proves very inactive out of the tropical zone.
【译文】由分子电离而产生的离子，当有电势差存在时，便在溶液中流动。
5. 后置修饰语频繁
大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。
（1）介词短语
Farm tractors are big users of diesel power.
【译文】农用拖拉机是柴油消耗大户。
（2）形容词及形容词短语
This canal is filled with a liquid, similar in comparison to lymph.
【译文】此管充满了与淋巴液相似的液体。
（3）副词
The air outside pressed the side in.
【译文】外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
（4）过去分词
Poisonous chemicals, released by some bacteria, can harm the body.
【译文】有些细菌可以释放出有害于人体的有毒化学物质。
（5）定语从句
Copper, which offers very little resistance, is used so widely for carrying electricity.
【译文】铜的电阻很小，所以广泛用来输电。
6. 多长句
由于科技领域中的概念相对复杂，在论述时为使之意义完整，逻辑严密，科技英语中往往出现许多长句。翻译成汉语时，往往将其拆分成几个短句。例：
Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus. During digestion proteins are broken down to their simplest form, that is, amino acids, and it is as amino acids that they are absorbed.
【译文】蛋白质是由碳、氢、氧、氮和磷组成的。在消化过程中，蛋白质被分解为最简单的形式，即氨基酸。而且蛋白质是以氨基酸的形式被吸收的。
12.2 课后习题详解
1. 试翻译划线部分
Washington—U.S. instruments aboard Russian and U.S. satellites have detected a “hole” in the ozone layer over Antarctica nearly as deep as the record reported in 1993 and as large as the North American continent in surface area.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said preliminary satellite data indicate that the size of the Antarctic ozone hole is about as large as those that occurred during the last two years, covering an area of 24 million square kilometers.
The largest hole ever observed was on September 27, 1992, when it was measured to cover a surface area of 24.4 million square kilometers.
This year’s ozone hole is also nearly as deep as the record hole measured in October 1993.
Ozone, a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen, collects in a thin layer in the upper atmosphere and absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The term “ozone hole” is used to describe a large area of intense ozone depletion that occurs over Antarctica during late August through early October and typically breaks up in late November.
Scientists have determined that chlorine products from human activities, such as electronics and refrigeration uses, are a primary cause for the formation of the ozone hole.
The latest Antarctic ozone levels were measured by NASA’s To tal Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, also known as TOMS, aboard the Russian Meteor-3 satellite, which has been measuring ozone since its launch in 1991 and has become the primary source of NASA’s ozone data.
【答案】
臭氧是一种由三个氧原子组成的分子，它在上层大气中聚集成一薄层，吸收来自太阳的有害的紫外线辐射。“臭氧空洞”一词是用来指南极上空的臭氧大面积锐减的现象，在每年8月底发生，一直持续到10月初，一般到11月底就结束了。
科学家们确认，人类活动所生产的含氯产品，如电子仪器和制冷设备，是造成臭氧空洞的主要原因。
2. 比较与分析
汉英翻译教程
第一章 汉英语言对比 相关参考： 翻译教学和研究的经验表明：翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧，如选词（Diction）、转换（Conversion）、增补（Amplification）、省略（Omission）、重复（Repetition）、替代（Substitution）、变换（Variation）、倒臵（Inversion）、拆离（Division）、缀合（Combination）、阐释（Annotation）、浓缩（Condensation）、重组（Reconstruction），以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法，都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。机器翻译是让计算机按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换，也离不开对比分析。翻译之所以困难，归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。因此，对比、分析和归纳这些差异，便是翻译学的重要任务。 不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译，也有助于语言交际。通过对比分析，人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性，在进行交际时，能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，以顺应这些差异，防止表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到交际的目的。 ——连淑能，《英汉对比研究》 纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。 纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。 头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。 在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某
一天突破英文中定语从句的翻译（一） 4 英文中的介词可以翻成中文里的方位副词的动词 There is a book on the desk. 桌上有本书。 The teacher came into the classroom with a book and a dog.老师带着一本书和一只狗…… 6 一般8个单词以下定语从句前置，多于8个单词后置。定语从句翻译后置方法中，需要译出关系词。 63 非限制性定语从句需要后置译法，且翻译关系词。 7 循环套用1： 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2+定语2的定语3+…… 翻译方法看长度： 定语1+2=3 前两者放在一起翻译 定语1=2+3 后两者放在一起翻译 14 循环套用2： 中心词+定语1+定语1的定语2 翻译时：2+1+含有中心词的句子 注： 10 which有时指前面整个句子； 14 有时定语从句远离先行词； where“在那里” 11 prior to（主张多用）=before 11 “其”是中文专门用来表示第三人称的词。 13 定语从句一般不可放在句首 13 被动语态：用“为”代替“被” 英汉差异： 13 英文中多用代词；中文多用名词，不怕重复 15 英文多用长句，不注重标定符号的使用；中文多用断句且多用标点 23 英文多用名词；中文多用动词（动词的过渡） 英译汉： 9 适时断句，避免长句 12 重要的句子在后面翻译，不重要的先翻译 15 适时增加表示逻辑关系的词，使句子更具逻辑性 第二天突破英文中定语从句的翻译（二） 18 并列套用：多个并列定语修饰一个中心词 后置译法，关系词只需译一次 18 本位词&外位词
本位词：这，这样，这些 外位词：被本位词所替代的部分 一般用定语从句的which/of来翻译本位词 ...women in novels were stereotype of lacking any features... 小说中的妇女都是这样一种模式，她们缺少…… This assumption rests on the fallacy of the ... 假设是基于这样一种谬论：…… 19 There are not a few of people. 有不少人。 There are very few people who would not like to do it. 没有多少人愿意做这件事情。 20 abnormally 不正常地；病态地；特别，尤其 21 短句翻译：剥洋葱 先次后主，有逗号 21 中文：事实+评论 英文：评论+事实 22 It is often said that...人们常说 it is believed that...人们相信 It is guessed that...人们猜测 It is thought that...人们认为 It is supposed that...人们推测 It is reported that...据报道 插入语 23 表示观点时，提到句首翻译 27 不表示观点时，保留在原来位置，用破折号连接 23 谓语动词的过渡 英译汉 keep one informed current events keep是过渡词，本身动词性很弱，它的存在是为了informed的存在，因此翻译时直接忽略keep翻译inform 汉译英 中文“副词+动词”——英文“副词变动词，动词变名词” 28 West Bejing人为划分的行政区域，西北京 Western Beijing自然地理意义上的范围，北京的西部 the West of Beijing不在北京范围内，北京的西边 29 一般英文的人名和地名都要求固定中文译法 White 怀特 Watt 瓦特 Walt 沃尔特
汉英翻译基础教程 第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 (2) 第二章词法翻译的一般技巧 (4) 第三章名词的抽象和具体译法 (9) 第四章动词的翻译 (11) 第五章数词和冠词的翻译 (12) 第六章成语的英译 (13) 第七章修辞格的翻译 (17) 笫八章文化词语的翻译 (19) 第九章汉英句子比较与翻译 (20) 第十章换序和转态译法 (23) 笫十一章断句合句译法 (25) 笫十二章长句的翻译 (27) 第十四章汉英语篇比较与翻译 (29) 第十五章风格与翻译 (30) 第十六章语用与翻译 (32)
第一章汉英词汇比较与翻译 第一节翻译中的选义 一、结合语境选择较贴切的译文 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 二、译出下列词语，注意词语的不同搭配 1． a swarm of bees a brood of chickens a litter of pups 2. a bevy of beautiful ladies a pack of hounds a team of ducks a herd of antelopes 3. unfailing support proactive fiscal policy make effective use of overseas resources 4. make a phone call take a taxi knit a woolen sweater fetch water play basketball spray insecticide 5. basic wage capital construction essential commodity primary industry fundamental interest 三、翻译下列句子，注意画线词语的理解 1. The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern 2. Party members should listen carefully to the opinions of the general public. 3. They offered some suggestions for the revision of the plan. 4. Everyone complained against such a practice. 5. They had a dispute at the meeting. 6. You should follow the doctor's advice. 7. They reached a consensus on this issue. 8. There is still some unfinished business to settle. 9. We have consulted him about the matter. 10. Please go back. There is nothing of your concern now 第二节翻译中的选词 一、翻译下列各句，注意词的选择和搭配。 1. That depends upon circumstances.
考研翻译重点词汇 Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象 adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速， n.接受速成教育的学生 Account (1)看法,认识 (2)解释,说明 Account for 占…(多大)比重; 解释, 说明 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt 获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获， Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进， vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce ）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称 advantage in ，守方所得则称 advantage out ） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数 vi.合计，共计 An immense amount of … 大量 An amount of … 一些 A certain amount of … 某些 Analogous 与…类似, 与…相似 And 而, 然而 Apply … to … ≈ lie with 存在于,发生于 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近； vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理； n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的； vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论； vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生； vi.起身，起来，起立 As 译为 (1) 像, 如 ; (2) 作为 As … as (比较的两者要一致) = not so … as 译成:“… 和 … 一样 ” As is mentioned above 如上所述, (如上所示,如图所示---作文可以写) Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，认定, 臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职 Attempt n.尝试，企图vt.尝试，企图 Augment vt.增加，提高，扩大； n.增加，提高，扩大 Availability n.可用性，有效性，实用性 Base n.基础，底座，基地，根据地 vt.把…建立在，以…为基础 Behavioral adj.动作的，行为方面的 Big bang 大爆炸理论 Branch n.树枝，枝条，支，分科，分系； vi.出枝，树叉 Breakthrough : 突破 Break prison (监狱)越狱 Break out v. 爆发 Out break: n. 爆发
English—Chinese Translation and Extensive Knowledge 第一讲（四课时）翻译的历史起源以及各大著名理论和概论 2012/09/18 第一节：翻译起源以及翻译大家（一） 1.1翻译事业在我国有着悠久的历史。 最早的佛经翻译是西汉哀帝元寿元年（公元前2年）贵霜帝国大月氏王遣使者伊存来中国口授佛经，博士弟子秦景宪协助使伊存得以记录的《浮图经》。 中国历史上出现过三次翻译高潮：东汉至唐宋的佛经翻译、明末清初的科技翻译和鸦片战争至“五四”的西学翻译。佛经翻译是中国翻译事业的起点。中国的翻译活动可以追溯到春秋战国时代。中国真正称得上语际翻译的活动应该说是始于西汉的哀帝时期的佛经翻译。这一时期的佛经翻译活动还只是民间私人事业到了符秦时代，佛经翻译活动就组织有序了。当时主要的组织者是释道安。因此他主张严格的词对词、句对句（word for word, line for line）的直译。道安在此期间请来了著名的翻译家天竺（即印度）人鸠摩罗什。他翻译了三百多卷佛经文献，如《金刚经》、《法华经》、《十二门论》、《中观论》、《维摩经》等。其译文神情并茂、妙趣盎然，堪称当时的上乘之译作，至今仍被视为我国文学翻译的奠基石。 Representative：唐玄奘（西元600-664年）主要生活在初唐时期，一生共翻译了佛教大小乘经论75部1335卷，共计一千多万；玄奘的译著从数量和品质上都达到了中国佛经翻译史上的高峰；堪称：翻译家中的第一人；其成就主要在于是“新译”的创始人。他提出的著名的“五不翻”原则及“既须求真，又须喻俗”的标准，对我国翻译事业有很大影响。 ↓↓ （所谓“求真”就是指翻译必须忠实于原文内容并保持原文风貌；所谓“须喻俗”，就是指译文语言必须通顺易懂并符合其语言规范。玄奘将“须求真”和“须喻俗”有机地结合，使两者相辅相成，） （所谓“不翻”，不是不翻译，而是指“音译”。玄奘列举了5种应该音译的情况，即“五不翻”。其“五不翻”具体为：（1）秘密之，故不翻。佛经中有许多咒语，有其秘密的意思和作用，应该音译，如“陀罗尼”。（2）含多义，故不翻。即一词多义的梵文，在汉语中找不到合适的词汇来表达，因此保留原文，只作音译。如“薄伽梵”，在梵文里便有六层意思。（3）此方所无，故不翻。“此方”即“中国”，指在中国文化中没有的事物应该音译。如“阎浮”树，由于产于印度等地，而我国没有这种树，故保留原意。（4）顺于古例，故不翻。指有些约定俗成的词语应该遵循习惯采取音译。例如“阿耨多罗三藐三菩提”，本来意“指无上正等正觉”，但由于自东汉以来，历代译经家用“音译”翻译，因此保留前人翻译模式，不再翻译成“无上正等正觉”。（5）为生善，故不翻。指具有特殊意义或功能的词语也应当音译。如“般若”虽可意译为智慧,但却是佛教文化中蕴含着特殊意义的一种智慧,一旦把意思直接译出来,则会韵味尽失。“五不翻”原则对我国翻译事业影响极其巨大，直到现在，仍然具有深远的影响。） 1.2文学翻译阶段及其代表人物 文学翻译阶段大致在19世纪60年代到20世纪80年代
翻译理论与实践课作业 天津科技大学外语学院 作业一：字词的翻译 一、词的理解 1.一词多义： wet She had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. If you think I am for him, you are all wet. She wet her pants at the news. State state and revolution, state of the union the united states. 3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化 Every life has its roses and thorns. She stood there chewing over the strange thing. The engine sounds good. At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 4.词的褒贬：comment Alice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment. But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms. He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ? 5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。Through；free He slept the night through. There is a through train to Beijing. Through this way, they finished the task. She is free with her money. I made her free of my library. 二、词义的表达 1.直译法 dark horse Hot dog Forbidden fruit 暴发户半边天红卫兵 2意译法 blue jacket the yellow leaf Wet blanket 炒鱿鱼下海白拿 3.直译意译结合法 the apple of one’s eye as dull as a goose Once in a blue moon as cool as a cucumber Black sheep as timid as a rabbit 4.音译法
英语和汉语的差异 Synthetic vs．Analytic 综合与分析 English is a synthetic language marked with inflections(曲折变化形式)，while Chinese is an analytic language without any inflection，which is usually implied in the context or explicitly shown in such words as“着、了、过”etc． Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year． 由于受到这样的鼓励，他们为第二年制订了一个更大胆的计划。 Compact vs．Diffusive 紧凑与松散 English sentences are compact tightly combined with connectives or prepositions，while Chinese is diffused，that is，loose in structure． Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part，thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer．现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的便携式微型计算机。 A notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them．在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点，说是只有对那些抚养得起子女的人，才应鼓励其生育。 Hypotactic vs．Paratactic 形合与意合 In English．clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese theY are placed one after another without coordinating connectives．The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside．彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。 He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession．他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 Complex vs. Simplex 繁复与简单 English sentences are long and complex，while Chinese sentences are short and simple．For example： Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quality of the natural product cannot meet our ever-increasing requirement，or，more often，because the physical properties of the synthetic substance．which is the common name for man．made materials，have been chosen．and even emphasized，so that it would be Of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied．人造材料通称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然物产的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者是由于人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合成材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。 Impersonal vs．Personal 物称与人称 There are more impersonal structures in English than in Chinese，as shown in the following examples： ·What has happened to you? 你出了什么事儿啦? ·An idea suddenly struck me．我突然想到一个主意。 ·A strange peace canle over her when she was alone 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。 ·Not a sound reached our ears．我们没有听到任何声音。 ·A great elation overcame them．他们欣喜若狂。 ·The truth finally dawned on her．她最终明白了真相。 Passive vs．Active 被动与主动
第7单元篇章翻译 7.1 复习笔记 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。语篇特征为：连贯、衔接，且具有明确的论题结构。 一、衔接 根据Halliday和Hasan的著作《英语中的衔接》，衔接手段大致可分为两种：语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）。前者又可以包括指称（reference）、省略（ellipsis）、替代（substitution）和连词（conjunction）。 1. 指代 指代主要分为三类：人称指代、指示指代和比较指代。 英语中，为了实现衔接，一般尽量采用代词指代前面出现的名词。汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”，省略主语。例： My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. 【译文】朋友有点不好意思地说，买这座房子时，孩子们还在上学，如今都成家立业了。 2. 省略
省略可以分为名词省略、动词省略和小句省略。例： I had many wonderful ideas, but I only put a few into practice. 【译文】我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。 3. 替代 “替代”指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。 （1）名词替代比较常见的是使用one代替前文出现的某个名词。例： Carrie picked out the new abode because of its newness and bright wood—work. It was one of the very new ones supplied with steam heat, which was a great advantage.（Sister Carrie, Dreiser, T） 【译文】嘉莉选中这套新居所，是因为它是新建的，而且房间的木质部分色泽鲜亮，屋里有暖气，这是当时最新的房子才有的。 【分析】原文中，ones替代了abode；译文中，“房子”与其前面的“居所”构成同义词。 （2）动词替代经常是用助动词do的几种形式来代替前文出现的某个动词或动作意义。例： And yet this John Openshaw seems to me to be walking amid even greater perils than did the Sholtos. 【译文】可是在我看来，这个约翰·奥彭肖似乎是正在面临着比舒尔托更大的危险。 【分析】原文中，did替代了walked amid peril；译文中，该处同样进行了省略处理。 （3）小句替代使用指示代词指代前文出现的某一小句或者某一概念。例： “Well, I’ve got twenty-two dollars, but there’s everything to be paid for this
《十二天突破英汉翻译-笔译篇》笔记 一、定语从句 1、sth. important （adj 修饰不定代词） 后置 a cat alive （asleep, awake, alike） a child adopted（V 过分，可以后置） 2、英文中介词可以译为方位副词和动词。 3、中文：先出主语＋废话（定、状、补、插）+ 最重要成分 英文：先出主语＋最重要成分＋废话（定、状、补、插） 主语＋废话＋主句 4、否定转移：但凡是because 或by 或表原因的词引导的是（从）句子，它一定不转移；是短语 时一定转移。 5、译法：前置、后置、句首译法。 的关系词 6、一个人或者一群人后接动词+宾从；则此动词常译为认为。 （suggest, assume） 7、英汉互译过程中，为了让句子更加通顺，在不影响句意的情况下可适当增加虚词（如果、而、那么），实词的增减 必须要有明确的句意。 8、循环套用：中心词+定1 ＋定2 ＋定3 ＋…＋定n-1 ＋定n [多个定从套用一定后置] 定 1 ＋定2 ≈定3 则将前两者放一起译←三个一样长 定 1 ≈定2 ＋定3 则将后两者放一起译 9、非限一定后置且译出关系词。（难在一定要判断关系词） 10、long before 在很久之前before long 不久后 11、inferior to 比…低级superior to 比…高级 junior to 比…年轻senior to 比…年长 prior to 在…之前 subject to doing 屈服于object to doing 反对 12、非谓语动词位于名词后相当于定从，需按定从处理。 13、abnormally＝extremely 极其的，相当的 14、若句子译成中文不通顺则重新断句。 15、并列套用：中心词+定1 ＋定2 ＋定3 ＋…and＋定n 后置，且关系词只需译一次 16、中文先事实后评论，英文先评论后事实。（差异一） 17、It is often said that…人们常说……It is believed that…人们认为…… It is guessed that…人们猜测……It is thought that…人们认为…… It is supposed that…人们推测…… It is reported that…据报道……According to static, 据统计……
Beidaihe Seaside Resort The Beidaihe Seaside Resort, a famous summer resort in China, lies 15 kilometers southwest of Qinghuangdao. With the Bohai Sea to its south and the Lianfeng Mountains to its north, the resort enjoys a long coastline, fine beaches and a calm sea, ideal for bathing. Moreover, the weather at the seaside is mild all the year round with the temperature in the hottest month averaging only 23°C. The sea wind by day and the land breeze by night make the place a best summer vacationland. The natural charm of Beidaihe is breathtaking. The East and West Lianfeng Mountains with their luxurious pines and cypresses and grotesque rocks extend far into the distance. In front of the mountains lies a vast expense of ocean stretching to the horizon while beautiful villas and buildings dot the green landscape. On the East Lianfeng Mountain, a rock looks just like a lotus flower, and two other rocks on the West Lianfeng Mountain, standing face to face, resemble two persons having a conversation. Meng Jiangnu Temple Meng Jiangnu Temple, 6.5 kilometers to the east of Shanhaiguan Pass, was first built in 1594, the 22nd year of the reign of Emperor Wanli of the Ming Dynasty. Legend has it that the husband of a women named Meng Jiangnu was sent to work on the Great Wall. To bring him winter clothes, Meng Jiangnu came to Shanghaiguan Pass from thousands of miles away. When she was told that her husband had died at work, she cried her heart out. Her tears of anguish bust the Great Wall and she jumped into the sea and died. Later, a temple was built in memory of her. It stands on the top of a hill, with stone steps leading to it. There are two halls in the temple. In the front hall stands the clay statue of Meng Jiangnu in plain white clothes, facing the sea with a sorrow look. In the rear hall is the statue of the Goddess of Mercy. Behind the hall is the “Rock of Waiting for the Husband”, the marks on which are said to be Meng Jiangnu’s footp rints. Nearby stands her Dressing Pavilion. Beijing-Toronto Hotel/Jinglun Hotel Beijing-Toronto is located on Jiangguomenwai Avenue, downtown Beijing, in the vicinity of the embassy quarters, Friendship Store and a number of major commercial buildings, with the world-famous Tian An Men Square only ten minutes away. Beijing-Toronto has 659 spacious rooms and suites, with wide comfortable beds. They are all equipped with modern facilities such as central air-conditioning, color TV with satellite transmitted programs, IDD and DDD calls and mini-bars, meeting international standards. In our room, one cannot help but feel cozy, comfortable and satisfied.
英汉互译教程总复习 1．Joint military exercises have increased in the region, to the detriment of trust between countries. 联合军事演习在本地区有增无减，不利于国家间建立信任。 2．This old man gets up and goes to bed with the sun everyday. 这位老翁每天黎明即起，日落而息。 3．A nearby object falling into a black hole is never heard of again. 附近的天体一旦落入黑洞，就会销声匿迹。 4．我们应该抢时间赶任务。 We should work against the clock. 5.These hospital expenses made inroads on my savings. 这些住院费耗掉了我大部分积蓄。 6．They killed a bottle of Kaoliang between them. 他们二人对酌，把一瓶高粱酒喝得一干二净。 7．When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. 一拿起书本，他们可都成了睁眼瞎了。 8．Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 9．人们笑贫不笑娼。 People ridicule poverty but not prostitutes. 10. Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market. 昨夜我听见他鼾声如雷。 11．They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼着命地逃跑。 12．People were born survivors. 人的生存能力是与生俱来的。 13．这个环境工程是个“民心工程”。 The environment-friendly project is a “popularity-winning” project. 14. 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功夫不可。 The mastery of a language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 15. 会议开得冷冷清清，有时甚至开不下去了。 The meetings were marked by such absence of living discussions that at times they were almost on the point of breaking up. 16. They pay lip-service to education but don’t work for better schools. 他们口惠而实不至，口口声声支持教育，却又不肯为改善学校条件做一些实际工作。 17．Unemployment has stubbornly refused to contract for more than a decade. 失业人数高居不下，已经十多个年头了。 18．有些厕所似乎仍是这次卫生大扫除活动的死角。 Some toilets seem immune to the clean-up campaign. 19. 这个摊贩叫卖道：“快来买呀，过了这村可没这个店啦。” The street peddler hawked, “Now or never!” 20. Why carry coals to Newcastle? 何必多此一举？ 21．You’re just teaching your grandmother how to suck eggs. 你这是在班门弄斧。 22．His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness. 主人对他的冷淡使他更加不自在。 23．I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.
英汉翻译笔记整理 第一部分：数词的译法 一、数字增减的译法： 1.句式特征：by＋名词＋比较级＋than The wire is by three inches longer than that one.这根导线比那根长3英寸。2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋to+n.译为：增加到。。。。或减少到。。。。Metal cutting machines have been decreased to 50.金属切割机已经减少到50台。 二、百分数增减的表示法与译法 1.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋％ The output value has increased 35%.产值增加了35％ 2.句式特征：表示增减意义的动词＋by＋％ Retail salses should rise by 8%商品零售额应增加3％ The prime cost decreased by 60%.主要成本减少60％ 3.句式特征：表示减少意义的动词＋to+%表示减少后剩余的数量 By using this new-process the loss of metal was reduced to 20%.采用这种新工艺，铁的损失量减少到20％ 4.句式特征：％＋比较级＋than表示净增减的数量 Retail sales are expected to be nine percent higher than last year.今年零售额与去年相比，有望增加9％。 5.句式特征：％＋比较级＋名词表示净减数 The new-type machine wasted 10 percent engergy supplied. 新型机械能耗量
第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68) 粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves) 海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky) 灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine) 纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart) 无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole) 扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain) 大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums) 风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking) 二．翻译下列句子 （1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? （2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I’m extremely terrified by the news. （4）她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. （5）我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of（在……面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten（启发，启蒙）us on this matter. （6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. （7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. （8）这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.