SectionⅠUse of English
Directions：
Read the following text.Choosethe best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’ｓp opulation.1 homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’ｔpossibly2.To help homeless people3independence,the federal government must support job training programs,4the minimum wage,and fund more low-cost housing.
5everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6anywhere from600,000to3million.7the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter:that the number of the homeless is8. One of the federal government’ｓ
studies9that the number of the homeless will reach nearly19million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to10this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.11when homeless individuals manage to find a12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day13the street.Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.Many others,14not addicted or mentally ill,simply lack the everyday15skills need to turn their lives16.Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are17programs that address the many needs of the homeless.18Edward Blotkowsk,director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,19it,“Therehas to be20of programs.What we needis a package deal.”
1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore
2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain
3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward
4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep
5.[A]generally[B]almost[C]hardly[D]not
6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ
7.[A]Now that[B]Although[C]Provided[D]Except that
8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending
9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers
10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss
11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only
12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house
13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering
14.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas
15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance
16.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up
17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating
18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus
19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes
20.[A]supervision[B]manipulatio[C]regulation[D]coordination
SectionⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B,C,or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)
Text1
In the past,American colleges and universities were created to serve a dual purpose to advance learning and to offer a chance to become familiar with bodies of knowledge already discovered to those who wished it.To create and to impart,these were the distinctive features of American higher education prior to the most recent,disorderly decades of the twentieth century.The successful institution of higher learning had never been one whose mission could be defined in terms of providing vocational skills or as a strategy for resolving societal problems.
Another purpose has now been assigned to the mission of American colleges and universities.Institutions of higher learning—public or private—commonly face the challenge of defining their programs in such a way as to contribute to the service of the community.
This service role has various applications.Most common are programs to meet the demands of regional employment markets,to provide opportunities for upward social and economic mobility,to achieve racial,ethnic,or social
as compared to integration,or more generally to produce“productive”“educated”g raduates.Regardless of its precise definition,the idea of a service-university has won acceptancewithin the academic community.
One need only be reminded of the change in language describing the two-year college to appreciate the new value currently being attached to the concept of a service-related university.The traditional two-year college has
college label and is generally called a“community shed its pejorative“junior”
college”，
a clearly value-laden expression representing the latest commitment in higher education.Even the doctoral degree,long recognized as a required “unioncard”in the academic world,has come under severe criticism as the pursuit of learning for its own sake and the accumulation of knowledge without immediate application to the professor’ｓ
classroom duties.The idea of a college or university that performs a triple function—communicating knowledge to students,expanding the content of various disciplines,and interacting in a direct relationship with society—has been the most important change in higher education in recent years.
This novel development,however,is often https://www.doczj.com/doc/e07004254.html,cators have always been familiar with those parts of the two-year college curriculum that or vocational orientation.It is important to know this.But have a“service”
some commentaries on American postsecondary education tend to underplay the impact of the attempt of colleges and universities to relate to,if not resolve, the problems of society.What’ｓworse,they obscure a fundamental question posed by the service-university—what is higher education supposed to do? (439)
goals used to be_______.
21.According to the text,one of American colleges’
[A]providing vocational skills
[B]resolving societal problems
graduates
[C]producing“productive”
[D]imparting knowledge to students
22.Which of the following does NOT belong to the applications of the
novel role?
colleges’
graduates
[A]producing“educated”
social and economic status
[B]improving people’ｓ
graduates
[C]cultivating“productive”
[D]promoting employment
23.The change in language describing the two-year college is mentioned in Paragraph4so as to______.
[A]reveal the change of two-year college in status
[B]indicate the valuation of a service-oriented university
[C]show the advantageof a junior college over higher education
[D]criticism of the doctoral degree
(line3,para.4)most 24.Judging from the context,the word“pejorative”
probably means_______.
[A]ambiguous[B]obscure[C]disapproving[D]uncommon
attitude toward the new concept of higher education is______.
25.The author’ｓ
[A]negative[B]positive[C]impartial[D]neutral
Text2
Shopping has always been something of an impulsive activity,in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact,carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross, hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them.With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world,the same tactics apply.
links to commercial web sites decorated Advertisers now place“banners”，
with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs,on key web sites with heavy traffic.They pay top dollar for the right,thus creating profits for the hosting web site as well.These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing,we’llclick on that banner that sparks our interest and thus,in theory,buy the products advertised.
Initial results have been positive.Web sites report a huge inflow of cash, both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites,which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place.As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is
heightened with new technology,the volume of buying is increasing,leading to even greater profits.
The current situation,however,is not quite as optimistic.Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals, web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales,since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners,preferring not to support the system that puts them in place.If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice, new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry.
With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy, even new practices may not do the trick.As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts, the fate of Internet business is called into question.The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the worldwide web is the wave of the future or simply an impulsive activity whose whim has passed. (404words)
26.In discussing online shopping,the text centers on_______.
[A]its characteristics and rise
[B]its problems and their solutions
[C]its development and future
[D]its promoting strategy
27.It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that______.
[A]Internet advertising has to be modified over time to remain effective
[B]Internet users tend to see banners as annoyances
[C]for all its current profits,Internet advertising will fade in the long run
[D]magazine readers are liable to ignore advertisements in reading their favorite periodicals
28.Judging from the context,the phrase“do the trick”(line2,para.5)most probably means_______.
[A]accomplish the trick[B]attain their goal
[C]turn fruitless[D]come true
29.Which of the following does NOT belong to factors responsible for the
uncertainty of Internet business?
[A]the technological depression
[B]consumers’reduction in expenditure
[C]the poor economic performance
[D]the passing of impulsive activity
attitude toward online shopping is______.
30.The author’ｓ
[A]conservative[B]positive[C]negative[D]objective
Text3
TheAmerican economyis growing,accordingto the most recentstatistics,at the high rateof7%,and is in the middle of the largestpeacetimeexpansionin American history.We read in the newspapers that practically everyonewho wants a job can get one.Microsoft is running advertisements in the New York Times practically begging Congress to issue more visas for foreign computer and information technology workers.
In this environment,it is shocking that one group of Americans,people with disabilities,have such a high level of unemployment:30%are not employed—the samepercentage as when the Americans With Disabilities Act becamelaw.Not only did their employment and labor earningsfall during the recessionof the early1990s, but employment and earningscontinuedto fall during the long economic expansion that followed.Many of these people are skilled professionals who are highly
economy.
marketablein today’ｓ
Part of the problem is discrimination,and part recent court rulings favoring employers in ADA lawsuits.Discrimination against people with disabilities is, unfortunately,alive and well,despitethe legal prohibitions againstdiscrimination in hiring people with disabilities.79%of disabled people who are unemployed cite discrimination in theworkplace and lack of transportationasmajor factorsthat prevent them from working;studieshave also shown that people with disabilities who find jobs earnlessthan their co-workers,andarelesslikely to be promoted.
Unfavorable court rulings have not been helpful,either.Research by law professorRuth Colker of Ohio StateUniversity has shown that in the eight yearsafter
the ADA went into effect,employer-defendants prevailed in more than93%of the casesdecided by trial.Of the casesappealed,employersprevailed84%of the time. Robert Burgdorf,Jr.,who helped draft the ADA,has written,“legal a nalysis has proceededquite a way down the wrong road.”Disability activists and other legal scholars point out that Congressintended the ADA as a national mandatefor the ending of discriminationagainstpeoplewith disabilities.Instead,what hasoccurred,in the words of one writer,is that the courts“have narrowed the scope of the law, redefined‘disability,’
raised the price of accessto justice and generally deemed disability discrimination asnot worthy of seriousremedy.”
But perhapsthe greatestsingle problem is the federal governmentitself,where laws and regulationsdesignedto help disabledpeople actually provide an economic disincentive to work.As Sen.Edward Kennedy wrote,“the high unemploymentrate among peoplereceiving federal disability benefitsis not because their federalbenefits
but becausethey have‘back d oors that programs have‘front doorsthat are too big’，
aretoo small’.”
31.The advertisement m adeby Microsoft showsthat
[A]a greatnumberof jobshavebeencreatedin theUS.
[B]foreign workers arefavored over domesticworkers.
[C]working visa is very hardto beissuedto foreign workers.
[D]many domesticworkerswill losetheir jobsto foreigners.
32.It canbe inferredfrom thesecondparagraph that
[A]mostpeoplewith disabilitiesin the US arenot employed.
[B]legislationfor the disabled failed to helpthis groupeffectively.
[C]theearningsof the disabledfluctuatewith economicsituation.
[D]the disabledarenot hired duelargely to their inadequate skills.
33.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a cause to the problems of the disabled?
[A]Not enoughhelp from relativesin their transportation.
[B]Prevailing discriminationin workplaceagainstthedisabled.
[C]The ineffective systemof thefederal government.
[D]Thecourts’
generalfavor in employersover the disabled.
34.What underliesthe courtsrulings seems to be that
[A]the courtshavebeenbribedheavily by therich employers.
[B]thecourtsthink that thedisabledshouldnot go to work.
[C]thecourtsunderestimate discrimination againstthe disabled.
[D]the courtsaretoo busywith otherlawsuitsto careenough.
probably 35.The last sentence“but because they have‘back doors that aretoo small’”meansthat
[A]the governmentdoesnot haveabig back gatein its offices.
[B]thedisabledoften grow too dependent o n thebenefitsto work.
[C]thedisabledaretrying to gettheir benefit throughbackdoors.
[D]the governmentis trying to stopthedisabledfrom working.
Text4
Of all the areas of learning the most important is the development of attitudes:emotional reactions as well as logical thought processes affect the behavior of most people.“Theburnt child fears the fire”is one instance; another is the rise of despots like Hitler.Both these examples also point up the fact that attitudes come from experience.In the one case the experience was direct and impressive;in the other it was indirect and cumulative.The Nazis were influenced largely by the speechesthey heard and the books they read.
The classroom teacher in the elementary school is in a strategic position to influence attitudes.This is true partly becausechildren acquire attitudes from those adults whose words are highly regarded by them.
Another reason it is true is that pupils often devote their time to a subject in school that has only been touched upon at home or has possibly never occurred to them before.To a child who had previously acquired little
method of handling such a unit would knowledge of Mexico his teacher’ｓ
greatly affect his attitude toward Mexicans.
The media through which the teacher can develop wholesome attitudes are innumerable.Social studies(with special reference to races,creeds and nationalities),science matters of health and safety,the very atmosphere of the
classroom…these are a few of the fertile fields for the inculcation of proper emotional reactions.
However,when children go to school with undesirable attitudes,it is unwise for the teacher to attempt to change their feelings by cajoling or scolding them.She can achieve the proper effect by helping them obtain experiences.
To illustrate,first-grade pupils afraid of policemen will probably alter their attitudes after a classroom chat with the neighborhood officer in which he explains how he protects them.In the same way,a class of older children can develop attitudes through discussion,research,outside reading and all-day trips.
Finally,a teacher must constantly evaluate her own attitudes,becauseher influence can be negative if she has personal prejudices.This is especially true in respect to controversial issues and questions on which children should be encouraged to reach their own decision as a result of objective analysis of all the facts.(377words)
36.What might the previous paragraphs deal with?
[A]An example to show the importance of the development of attitudes.
[B]The relationship between attitudes and experience.
behavior.
[C]The influence of emotional reactions on people’ｓ
[D]Other important areasof learning.
37.Which of the following statementsis NOT true?
[A]The caseof the rise of Hitler can prove attitudes result from experience.
[B]The instance of“The burnt child fears the fire”can illustrate the relationship between attitudes and experience.
[C]The experience was indirect and cumulative in the instance of“The burnt child fears the fire”．
[D]The impact of experience was indirect and cumulative in the case of Hitler for he was influenced largely by some speechesand books.
38.First-grade pupils and older children are mentioned in Paragraph6so as to ______.
[A]reveal the necessity of pupils’
c hatting with the neighborhoo
d officer
[B]indicate various ways of developing attitudes for older children
[C]manifest the significance of helping children obtain constructive
experiences
undesirable attitudes
[D]illustrate the urgent need of changing children’ｓ
39.The most appropriate title for this text could be______.
[A]The Importance of the Development of Attitudes
[B]Strategies of Developing Attitudes
Attitudes
[C]The Crucial Role of Teachers in Shaping Children’ｓ
[D]How to Help Children Obtain Constructive Experiences
40.In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on_______.
[A]some other suggestions for the classroom teacher
[B]another important area of learning
[C]how to help children decide on controversial issues
[D]an example to show how children analyze the facts independently and draw their own conclusion on controversial issues
Part B
Directions:
Read the following text and and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs.There are two extra items in the subtitles.Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)
[A]Importance of pursuing happiness
[B]Capitalism,a double-edged sword
[C]The modification of the traditional criterion
[D]The thing that cannot be attained
[E]The wave of the emerging notion
[F]A paradox in question
[G]The unparalleled economic growth
Having grown at an annual rate of 3.2%per head since2000,the world economy is over half way towards catching up with its best decade ever.If it keeps going at this speed,it will beat both the supposedly perfect1950s and the 1960s.Market capitalism,the engine that runs most of the world economy, seems to be doing its job well.
41.__________________
But is it?Once upon a time,that job was generally agreed to be to make
not so clear.A number of economists,in people better off.Nowadays that’ｓ
search of big problems to solve,and politicians,looking for bold promises to make,think that it ought to be doing something else:making people happy.
42.______________
The view that economics should be about more than money is widely
held in continental Europe.In debates with Anglo-American capitalists,sly extravagant nobles have tended to cite the idea of“qualityof life”to excuse slower economic growth.But now David Cameron,the latest leader of Britain’ｓonce rather materialistic Conservative Party,has upheld the notion of“general well-being”(GWB)as an alternative to more traditional GDP.In America, meanwhile,inequality,overwork and other hidden costs of prosperity were
(as opposed to health) much discussed in the mid-term elections;and“wellness”
has become a huge industry,catering especially to the prosperous discontent of
the baby-boomers.
43._______________
Much of this draws on the upstart science of happiness,which mixes psychology with economics.Its adherents start with abundant survey data,such
as those derived from the simple,folksy question put to thousands of Americans every year or two since1972:“Taken all together,how would you
say things are these days—would you say that you are very happy,pretty happy or not too happy?”Some of the results are unsurprising:the rich report being happier than do the poor.But a paradox emergesthat requires explanation: affluent countries have not got much happier as they have grown richer.From America to Japan,figures for well-being have barely changed.
44.________________
The science of happiness offers two explanations for the paradox. Capitalism,it notes,is good at turning luxuries into necessities—bringing to
the masseswhat the elites have always enjoyed.But the flip side of this genius
is that people come to take for granted things they once desired from afar.Frills （不实用的装饰）they never thought they could have become essentials that they cannot do without.People are stuck on a monotonous lifestyle:as they achieve a better standard of living,they become accustomed to its pleasures.
45._________________
ability to take things downmarket also has its limits.Many Capitalism’ｓ
of the things people most prize—such as the top jobs,the best education,or
an exclusive home address—are luxuries by necessity.An elite schooling,for example,ceasesto be so if it is provided to everyone.These“positionalgoods”，as they are called,are in fixed supply:you can enjoy them only if others do not. The amount of money and effort required to grab them depends on how much your rivals are putting in.
SectionⅢTranslation
46.Directions:
In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)
On August18th US News＆World Report released its2009rankings of t op colleges.The survey began in1983as an informal poll,when the America’ｓ
best places of magazine asked662college presidents to identify the country’ｓ
learning.It has since evolved into an annual trial for reputable universities.A strong showing in the rankings spurs student interest and alumni（校友）giving;
a slip has grave consequencesfor public relations.
University administrators deeply dislike the survey.Many reject the idea that schools can be stacked up against one another in any meaningful way.But whether the rankings are fair is beside the point,because they are widely influential.In the1983survey barely half of the presidents approached bothered to respond.Today,only a handful dare ignore it.Most,in fact,do more than simply fill out the https://www.doczj.com/doc/e07004254.html,petition between colleges for top students is increasing,partly because of the very popularity of rankings.(155 words)
SectionⅣWriting
Part A
47.Directions:
A chemical plant should be responsiblefor the water pollution in a nearby river.Write a letter to the City Environment Protection Agency to
1)give your opinions briefly;
2)make two or threesuggestions.
You shouldwrite about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the https://www.doczj.com/doc/e07004254.html,e“Zhang Wei”instead.
Do not write your address.(10points)
Part B
48.Directions:
In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following drawing.In your writing,you should
1)describethe drawing briefly,
2)explain its intended meaning,andthen
3)give your comments.
You should write about150words.
Write your essayon ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)
塞车时代，谁都是蜗牛（snail）
考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析（7） (1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Do people get happier or more foul-tempered as they age? Stereotypes of irritable neighbors__1__, scientists have been trying to answer this question for decades, and the results have been__2__Now a study of several thousand Americans born between 1885 and 1980 reveals that well-being__3__increases with age—but overall happiness__4__when a person was born. __5__studies that have__6__older adults with the middle-aged and young have sometimes found that older adults are not as happy. But these studies could not__7__whether their__8__was because of their age or because of their__9__life experience. The new study, published online January 24 in Psychological Science ,__10__out the answer by examining 30 years of data on thousands of Americans, including__11__measures of mood and well-being, reports of job and relationship success, and objective measures of health. The researchers found, after controlling for variables__12__health, wealth, gender, ethnicity and education, that well-being increases over everyone′s lifetime.__13__people who have lived through extreme hardship, such as the Great Depression,__14__much less happy than those who have had more__15__lives. This finding helps to__16__why past studies have found conflicting results—experience__17__, and tough times can__18__an entire generation′s happiness for the rest of their lives. The__19__news is,__20__we′ve lived through, we can all look forward to feeling more content as we age. 第1题 A.alike B.alongside C.aside D.besides 第2题 A.conflicting B.worrying C.revealing D.appealing 第3题 A.accordingly B.indeed C.hence D.nevertheless 第4题 A.resides with B.rests with C.depends on D.reckons on 第5题
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population
英语（二）模拟试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET . (10 points) Facebook has been 1 with fire and has got its fingers burned, again. On November 29th America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it had reached a 2 settlement with the giant social network over 3 that it had misled people about its use of their personal data. The details of the settlement make clear that Facebook, which 4 over 800m users, betrayed its users’ trust. It is also notable because it appears to be part of a broader 5 by the FTC to craft a new privacy framework to deal with the rapid 6 of social networks in America. The regulator’s findin gs come at a 7 moment for Facebook, which is said to be preparing for an initial public offering next year that could value it at around $100 billion. To 8 the way for its listing, the firm first needs to resolve its privacy 9 with regulators in America and Europe. 10 its willingness to negotiate the settlement 11 this week. Announcing the agreement, the FTC said it had found a number of cases where Facebook had made claims that were “unfair and deceptive, and 12 federal law”. For instance, it 13 personally identifiable information to advertisers, and it failed to keep a promise to make photos and videos on deleted accounts 14 . The settlement does not 15 an admission by Facebook that it has broken the law, but it deeply 16 the company nonetheless. In a blog post published the same day, Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s boss, tried to17 the impact of the deal. First he claimed that “a small number of high-profile mistakes” were 18 the social network’s “good history” on privac y. The FTC is not relying on Facebook to police itself. Among other things, the company will now have to seek consumers’ approval before it changes the way it shares their data. And it has agreed to an independent privacy audit every two years for the next 20 years. There is a clear pattern here. In separate cases over the past couple of years the FTC has insisted that Twitter and Google accept regular 19 audits, too, after each firm was accused of violating its customers’ privacy. The intent seems to be to create a regulatory regime that is tighter than the status quo, 20 one that still gives social networks plenty of room to innovate. 1. [A] setting [B] playing [C] lighting [D] turning 2. [A] craft [B] documentary [C] trade [D] draft 3. [A] verdicts [B] allegations [C] rumors [D] affirmation 4. [A] boasts [B] exaggerates [C] estimates [D] assesses 5. [A] impulse [B] initiative [C] innovation [D] motion 6. [A] increase [B] elevation [C] rise [D] appearance 7. [A] indispensable [B] essential [C] critical [D] fundamental 8. [A] steer [B] clear [C] lay [D] remove 9. [A] controversy [B] competition [C] dispute [D] compromise
历年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析38 英译汉：考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。要求译文准确、完整、通顺。 2014年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析 Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Most people would define optimism as endlessly happ y, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and wh at doesn’t. Final ly, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter. 翻译 大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。 Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一
考研英语二（作文）模拟试卷118 (总分：14.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、 Writing(总题数：7，分数：14.00) 1.Section III Writing（分数： 2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 2.Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information.（分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 3.Suppose your roommate Ken is moving to another dorm room this weekend. Write him a letter to 1) offer your help, and 2) send him a little gift. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Dear Ken, I heard that you are moving to another dorm room this weekend. It's quite understandable because I know you are going to take the National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate and need to live and study with other graduate students. If you need my help, please call me. I am available at any time. I won't forget the days we live together. Although you are moving out, I am sure we can still play basketball together every weekend as before. This new basketball is a gift for you. I hope you'll like it. Sincerely, Li Ming) 解析：解析：这是一封向室友提供帮助的信件。室友以前跟自己同住一室，因此要写得很随和，非正式，并且要体现亲切感。第一段说明得知室友要搬宿舍，表示自己愿意帮忙。第二段表示不会忘记之前一起住的日子，以后还会常找他玩。第三段说送个小礼物给他，以示亲切。 4.Suppose your friend David just broke up with his girlfriend and was feeling sad. Write him an email to 1) comfort him, and 2) ask him not to lose confidence in himself. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Dear David, I am very sorry to hear of your breaking up with your girlfriend. I understand it's a really terrible blow, because Ann is your first girlfriend, and you adore her very much. You must feel very sad, but I am sure you will bear it like a man. Just let it be, and don't lose confidence in yourself. You are such an excellent guy, and I am always so proud to have such a talented friend as you. Believe me, you will find your true love soon. Just forget about her. Truly, Li Ming) 解析：解析：这是一封安慰、鼓励失恋的朋友的邮件，这类邮件仅仅会出现在非常亲密的朋友之间，因此用词非常随意，非正式。要以鼓励为主，绝对不要向对方的感情痛楚刨根问底。第一段向对方的遭遇表示同情。第二段鼓励对方勇于面对和承担。第三段希望对方不要失去信心，祝愿他早日找到真爱。 5.Suppose your friend Mike's father passed away yesterday. Mike is in deep sorrow. Write him an email to 1) comfort him, and 2) express condolence. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Dear Mike, I am really sorry to hear the news that your father passed away yesterday. It's hard to imagine how sorrowful you are now. I always remember the lazy days of that summer spent with you at your cottage in Green Lake. Your father was so kind to me and he took good care of both of us. He drove us around to see the beautiful scenery I had never seen
常用翻译技巧总结 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 二、 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) (4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词) (5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light
2010考研英语（二）模拟试卷 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points） Among the thousands of business schools now operating around the world you would be hard-pressed to find one that doesn't believe it can teach the skills of entrepreneurship. However, of the people who immediately 1 to mind when one thinks of entrepreneurs——Bill Gates, Richard Branson or Oprah Winfrey, for example—few have done more than 2 a speech at a business school. 3 , a recent study by King's College in London has suggested what many intuitively 4 : that entrepreneurship may actually be in the blood—more to do with genes than classroom experience. All of which 5 the question—does an entrepreneur really need a business-school education? Not surprisingly some of the best-known schools in the field have a 6 answer to this: they don't actually profess to create entrepreneurs, 7 they nurture innate ability. Or as Timothy Faley of the entrepreneurial institute at Michigan's Ross School of Business 8 it: “A good idea is not enough. You need to know how to 9 a good idea into a good business.” Schools do this in a number of ways. One is to 10 that faculty are a mix of classic academics and businesspeople with experience of 11 their own successful firms. They can also create “incubators” where students 12 ideas and rub shoulders on a day-to-day basis with the external business world, receiving both advice and hard cash in the form of investment. Arguably such help is now more important than ever. The modern entrepreneur is faced with a more 13 world than when Richard Branson began by selling records out of a phone box. According to Patrice Houdayer, head of one of Europe's best-known entrepreneurship schools, EMIYON in France, new businesses used to move through a 14 series of growth steps—what he terms garage, local, national and international. Now however, 15 the communications revolution, they can leapfrog these stages and go global more or less straightaway—encountering a whole new 16 of problems and challenges. In this 17 Professor Houdayer maintains that the increasingly 18 nature of MBA classes can help the nascent entrepreneur in three ways: by plugging them into an international network of contacts and advisors, by preparing them for the pitfalls and opportunities 19 with dealing across different cultures and by 20 them to the different ways that business is conducted around the globe.