2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题11：说明文类阅读理解
一、阅读理解（共12题；共90分）
1.（2018?卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。C
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number （中位数）of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan
Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
（1）What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They developed very fast.
B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.
D. They were closely connected.
（2）Which of the following best explains "dominant" underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Complex.
B. Advanced
C. Powerful.
D. Modern.
（3）How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A. About 6,800.
B. About 3,400.
C. About 2,400.
D. About 1,200.
（4）What is the main idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human development results in fewer languages.
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【答案】（1）B
（2）C
（3）B
（4）C
【考点】主旨大意题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文
【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展，许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝，世界语言种类越来越少。
⑴B 推理判断。第一段第二三句When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small ,tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other。故答案为B。
⑵C 词义猜测。根据第二段划线部分句子句中的such as English Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over 可知，强大的语言如英语，西班牙语和汉语正在快速地接管，与前一句许多语言消失形成对比。故
答案为C。
⑶B 细节计算。根据倒数第二段第一句知现在世界语言种类总数有6800，及最后一句half of the total world languages可知6800的一半即3400，故答案为B。
⑷C 主旨大意。第一段讲述了多年来语言的发展有新的语言产生也有一些语言消失，在人类以打猎为生的时代，语言种类很多;第二段主要描述了随着人类过上定居生活，语言的种类就逐渐减少，特别是近几十年来商业化，工业化及全球化的发展导致许多小语种消亡，许多语言被强大的英语汉语等取代;第三段介绍了世界6800多种语言的地理分布情况最后讲述了400多种语言正面临消亡。故答案为C
【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。
2.（2018?卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。D
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That's bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones."The Living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kid's room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in
2007. We're not just keeping these old devices-we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TV's with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions(排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what's the solution(解决方案)?The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tables instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
（1）What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly.
B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home.
D. They go out of style quickly.
（2）Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
（3）Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV.
B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV.
D. The desktop computer.
（4）What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them.
B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them.
D. Recycle them.
【答案】（1）A
（2）D
（3）B
（4）A
【考点】推理判断题，细节理解题，科普环保类，说明文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇科普环保类阅读。文章介绍了人们继续使用一些老旧电器对环境的坏处，这不仅增加能源的消耗，而且也不利于环保，因此作者建议及时更新那些过时的电子设备。
⑴A 推理判断。根据第1段最后一句…as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.这些过时的装置比新装置消耗更多的能量，因而判断新装置消耗的能量少，所以环保。故答案为A。
⑵D 细节理解。根据第2段第一句To figure out how much power these devices are using, …故选D，为了查明这些装置的电消耗量。
⑶B 细节理解。由整个文章的最后一句They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers cut energy consumption by 44%.可知在tablets(平板电脑)而不是电视和台式电脑上观看娱乐节目能够减少44%的能源消耗。故平板电脑使用最少的能源，选B。
⑷A 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句…but the researchers also explored what wou ld happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics…及最后一句They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers cut energy consumption by 44%.研究者们探索用新电器代替旧产品，结果发现新的装置能够减少44%的能源消耗。故选A。
【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读时在文章首段确定文章的中心句，然后快速浏览文章内容。阅读问题，找到问题中的关键词。在文章中定位问题中的关键词，答案就在关键词附近。
3.（2018?卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。C
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children's lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report's key findings, "the proportion (比例) who say they 'hardly ever' read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively
today."
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议)parenst looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近)ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore. （1）What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children's reading habits.
B. Quality of children's books.
C. Children's after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relationships.
（2）Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"?
A. In paragraph 2.
B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4.
D. In paragraph 5.
（3）Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A. E-books are of poor quality.
B. It could be waste of time.
C. It may harm children's health.
D. E-readers are expensive.
（4）How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A. Act as role models for them.
B. Ask then to write book reports.
C. Set up reading groups for them.
D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）C
（4）A
【考点】主旨大意题，推理判断题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文
【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，是一篇调查报告，调查发现青少年阅读量增多但为快乐而读的却在减少。
⑴A主旨大意题本文是一篇关于青少年阅读情况的调查报告，由第一段第二段就可知主旨大意是关于孩子的阅读习惯，故答案为A。
⑵B细节理解题根据第三段句子The proportion who says they ‘ hardly ever 'read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today可知答案为B。
⑶C 推理题根据倒数第三段最后一句It does point out that...,mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.知父母限制孩子电子阅读是因为电子阅读时间长了会对孩子健康有害，故答案为C。
⑷A细节理解文中倒数第二段第一句The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their children when it comes to reading 及最后一句Data shows that kids and teens..., parents who read more often可知父母鼓励孩子多阅读应该自己多读书，为孩子树立榜样，以行的方式带动孩子阅读，故答案为A。
【点评】本文属于说明文，阅读调查报告时首先要弄清楚首段一般为文章主旨大意，说明调查的结论，然后对所得结论进行例证分析，最后得出了什么样的结论，理清了线索，理解文。看题时注意确定关键词，然后在文章中定位，找到与选项一致的内容，就可以轻松的确定答案。
4.（2018?卷Ⅱ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。B
Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat "ice cream". For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a "soft-serve" creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. （1）What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A. They contain protein.
B. They are high in vitamin A
C. They have a pleasant taste.
D. They are rich in antioxidants.
（2）Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A. To make them smell better.
B. To keep their colour.
C. To speed up their ripening.
D. To improve their nutrition.
（3）What is "a juicer" in the last paragraph?
一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 Gemini Man Gemini Man is a big-budget Hollywood sci-fi-action movie based on an original concept, rather than on a superhero comic or an old TV series, even though this particular original concept is more 20 years old. In it a government assassin (杀手)is being hunted down by his own clone The original script was sold by Darren Lemke to a studio in 1997, and since then almost every male A-listener has been attached as a potential star. Now, at long last, Ang Lee has directed Gemini Man, and Will Smith plays both the veteran assassin and his much younger doppelganger (分身). Jojo Rabbit During World War Two, a 10-year-old German boy (Roman Griffin David) is desperate to be a dutiful Nazi, only to discover that his mother (Scarlett Johansson) is hiding, a Jewish girl (Thomasin McKenzie) in their house. It may not sound like the stuff of a big-hearted comedy but Taika Waititi can make anything warm and funny. As well as writing and directing Jojo Rabbit, Waititi co-stars as the boy's imaginary friend,a nitwitted Adolf Hitler. Doctor Sleep Mike Flanag's new film is adapted from Stephen King, novel, Doctor Sleep, which was a sequel (续集) to The Shining. You can expect to see blood flowing out of lifts in a rapid stream, ghostly twin girls and headache-including carpet patterns. Ewan McGregor stars as Danny Torrance, the boy with psychic powers m 1980 film. Now, he is a middle-aged hospital counsellor. Maleficent: Mistress of Evil Here's another chance to see Angelina Jolie. In 2014 she starred in Maleficent, Disney's live-action remake of the Sleeping Beauty cartoon from 1959. The twist was that the eponymous wicked fairy wasn't so wicked, after all, and that the real villain was the father of Princess Aurora (Elle Fanning). The sequel's subtitle promises that Maleficent will actually be evil this time around, her change of heart prompted by Aurora's engagement to handsome prince (Harris Dickinson).（1）What can we learn from this passage? A. Ewan McGregor plays a role in Doctor Sleep. B. Taika Waititi is the main character in Jojo Rabbit. C. Gemini Man is adapted from a 20-yem--old TV series. D. The real wicked character in Maleficent: Mistress of Evil is Aurora. （2）If your friend wants to see a horror movie, which one will you recommend? A. Gemini Man B. Jojo Babbit C. Doctor Sleep D. Maleficent: Mistress of Evil 【答案】（1）A （2）C 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四部电影。 （1）考查细节理解。根据Doctor Sleep部分中的“Ewan McGregor stars as Danny Torrance, the boy w ith psychic powers in 1980 film.”可知Ewan McGregor在电影Doctor Sleep扮演Danny Torrance的角色。故选A。
2018年高考英语试题分类汇编单词短语辨析 1.【2018·北京】14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office. —Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at 【答案】A 【解析】考查介词。句意：——早上好，Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午（和Mr. Lee见面）。make an appointment for意为“为……预约”，是固定搭配，故A选项正确。 拓展：make an appointment with sb.和某人预约；make an appointment for为……预约。 2.【2018·天津】11. Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________. A. at first B. after all C. above all D. at random 【答案】B 拓展：本题侧重考查在特定的语境中辨析短语的能力。对于短语而言，没有捷径可言，只有老老实实的记忆。考生除了要充分利用特定语境理解词义，还需要重点关注他们用法上的区别。 3.【2018·天津】8. It took him a long time to___________ the skills he needed to become a good dancer. A. display B. acquire C. teach D. test 【答案】B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析及语境理解。句意：他花了很长时间才获得了成为一名优秀舞蹈家所需的技能。A display显示；B. acquire获得；C. teach教；D. test测试。故选B。 拓展：本题考查动词辨析。动词和动词短语的考查是高考重点考查的知识点，解题时要区分清选择项的含义与区别，再联系句意进行判断，从而选出正确答案。 4.【2018·天津】6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.
1 2018高考数学试题分类汇编—向量 一、填空题 1.（北京理6改）设a ，b 均为单位向量，则“33-=+a b a b ”是“a ⊥b ”的_________条件（从“充分而不必要”、“必要而不充分条件”、“充分必要”、“既不充分也不必要”中选择） 1.充分必要 2.（北京文9）设向量a =（1,0），b =（?1,m ）,若()m ⊥-a a b ，则m =_________. 2．-1 3.（全国卷I 理6改）在ABC △中，AD 为BC 边上的中线，E 为AD 的中点，则EB = _________. （用,AB AC 表示） 3．3144 AB AC - 4.（全国卷II 理4）已知向量a ，b 满足||1=a ，1?=-a b ，则(2)?-=a a b _________. 4．3 5.（全国卷III 理13．已知向量()=1,2a ，()=2,2-b ，()=1,λc ．若()2∥c a+b ，则λ=________． 5. 12 6.（天津理8)如图，在平面四边形ABCD 中，AB BC ⊥，AD CD ⊥，120BAD ∠=?，1AB AD ==. 若点E 为边CD 上的动点，则AE BE ?uu u r uu u r 的最小值为_________. 6. 2116 7.（天津文8）在如图的平面图形中，已知 1.2,120OM ON MON ==∠= ,2,2,BM MA CN NA == 则· BC OM 的值为_________. 7.6- 8.（浙江9）已知a ，b ，e 是平面向量，e 是单位向量．若非零向量a 与e 的夹角为π 3，向量b 满足b 2?4e · b +3=0，则|a ?b |的最小值是_________. 8.3?1 9.（上海8）.在平面直角坐标系中，已知点(1,0)A -，(2,0)B ，E 、F 是y 轴上的两个动点，且2EF = ，则AE BF ? 的最小值为_________. 9.-3
Work sheet for reading expository articles说明文阅读理解学案 Reading guide In-class reading Passage 1 ①A Chinese scientist, He Jiankui of Southern University of Science and Technology, claimed in a video on Nov. 25, 2018 that he had used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit embryos for seven couples, with two twin girls resulting so far. He said his goal was to try to make the babies resistant to HIV. What's behind the creation? ②As he said, the tool He Jiankui used to create the babies is called CRISPR-Cas9—a gene-editing tool that has been discovered in recent years. This relatively easy way to edit genes makes it possible to operate on DNA to supply a needed gene or disable one that is causing problems. ③CRISPR is a guide molecule (分子) made of RNA, which targets a specific site on the DNA double helix (双螺旋). CRISPR is attached to Cas9, a bacterial enzyme(酶) that works as a pair of "molecular scissors" to cut the DNA at the exact point required. He Jiankui sought to disable a gene called CCR5 that forms a protein doorway that allows HIV, the virus that causes Aids, to enter a cell. ④He said the gene editing occurred during the following process. First, sperm was “washed” to separate it from semen, in which HIV can hide. Next, a single sperm was placed into a single egg to create an embryo. Then the gene-editing tool was added. Is this helpful? ⑤“I believe this is going to help the families and their children,” He Jiankui said. “Society will decide what to do next in terms of allowing or forbidding such science.” ⑥However, many mainstream scientists think it's too unsafe to try. “If true, this experiment is monstrous,” said Julian Savulescu, a professor of practical ethics at the University of Oxford. “Gene editing is experimental and capable of causing social and ethical problems.” 1. What is the purpose of the passage? 2. What do the underlined "that" in paragraph 3 refer to respectively? 3. What does the word “monstrous” mean in the last paragraph? 4. Which of the following statement is true? A. CRISPR-Cas9 was used in the first step of the creation. B. CRISPR made of a bacterial enzyme is used to edit certain genes. C. CCR5 is a protein that allows HIV to enter a cell. D. The chosen sperm should be processed first to avoid HIV virus. 5. What is the attitude of Professor Julian Savulescu mentioned in the last paragraph towards the claimed creation? 6. What is the author's attitude towards the claimed creation?
高考英语阅读理解真题汇编(含答案) 一、高中英语阅读理解 1．阅读理解 Mexico sites on an island plateau (高原) surrounded by volcanic peaks, which makes air quality a constant concern for people who live there. In April, the country took a decisive step toward improving air quality by enacting a temporary ban on private and Federal vehicles in the city. The rule forbids people from driving in the city one day each week and one Saturday each month. Electric vehicles, government service vehicles, public transport options and school buses are not included in the ban. Mexico City isn't the first urban center to be involved in car-free living. But the ban is more than an awareness-raiser. It was enacted with the direct aim of solving air pollution. In March, the city sank into a deep brown haze of smog when the pollution levels passed the 200 mark. The city ordered some 1.1m of the area's 4.7m cars off the streets and also offered free bus and subway rides. Mexico City's temporary vehicle ban raises questions about the best ways to improve urban air quality. India, whose citizens breathe some of the world's dirtiest air, has tried a variety of solutions. Earlier this year, the Indian government started a 4% sales tax on new-car purchases. Beijing also has experience with cleaning the air. The city introduced alternate-day rules in advance of the 2008 Olympic Games, which produced good results. And then there is the London congestion (拥挤) charge, introduced in 2003. The charge has had a measurable effect on air quality. For now, Mexico City — named by the United Nations as the most polluted city on the planet in 1992 — can look forward to the start of the region's rainy season, when daily showers will help lo clean the air. （1）How did Mexico ban vehicles in the city? A. By banning private and Federal vehicles one day a week. B. By forbidding private and public vehicles every Saturday. C. By limiting the number of new cars. D. By prohibiting the vehicles except public ones.（2）What did the government of Mexico do when carrying out the ban on vehicles? A. Raised the number of public vehicles. B. Offered free bus and subway rides. C. Introduced more travel options. D. Encouraged citizens to leave the city. （3）What may contribute to improving the air quality in Mexico? A. Alternate-day rules. B. Tax rises. C. Congestion charge. D. The rainy season.（4）What's the best title for the passage? A. Mexico —an Island Plateau B. A Variety of Bans on Vehicles in Mexico C. Should Cities Be Car-free Zones D. How to Improve Air Quality 【答案】（1）A （2）B （3）D （4）C
2018年高考英语必背单词分类汇总（实用）时间词一、一周七天 1. Monday 2. Tuesday 3. Wednesday 4. Thursday 5. Friday 6. Saturday 7. Sunday 时间词二、一年十二个月 1. January 2. February 3. March 4. April 5. May 6. June 7. July 8. August 9. September 10. October 11. November 12. December 时间词三、一年四季 1. spring 2. summer 3. autumn 4. winter 四、容易拼写错的数字 1. eighth第八 2. ninth第九 3. forty四十 4. twelfth第十二 5. twentieth第二十 五、亲属称呼 1. daughter (女儿) 2. niece (女性晚辈) 3. nephew (男性晚辈) 4. cousin (同辈兄弟姐妹) 5. aunt (女性长辈) 6. uncle (男性长辈) 六、以下动词加-ed或-ing要 双写最后一个字母 1. regret (regretted, regretting) 后悔 2. control (controlled, controlling) 控制 3. admit (admitted, admitting) 承认 4. occur (occurred, occurring) 出现 5. prefer (preferred, preferring) 宁愿 6. refer (referred, referring) 提到 7. forget (forgetting ) 忘 记 8. permit (permitted, permitting)允许 9. equip (equipped, equipping) 装备 注意：quarrel, signal, travel中的l可双写（英国英 语）也可不双写（美国英语） 七、部分过去式和过去分词不 规则变化的动词 1. broadcast (broadcast, broadcast) 广播 2. flee (fled, fled) 逃跑 3. forbid (forbade, forbidden) 禁止 4. forgive (forgave, forgiven) 原谅 5. freeze (froze, frozen) 结冰 6. hang (作“绞死”讲，是 规则的；作“悬挂”讲，其过 去式过去分词都是hung) 7. lie (作“说谎”讲时，是 规则的；作“位于”讲时，其 过去式是lay，过去分词是 lain) 8. seek (sought, sought) 寻 求 9. shake (shook, shaken) 发 抖 10. sing (sang, sung) 唱歌 11. sink (sank, sunk/sunken) 下沉 12. spread (spread, spread) 传播 13. swim (swam, swum) 游泳
专题01 直线运动 【2018高考真题】 1．高铁列车在启动阶段的运动可看作初速度为零的均加速直线运动,在启动阶段列车的动能（） A. 与它所经历的时间成正比 B. 与它的位移成正比 C. 与它的速度成正比 D. 与它的动量成正比 【来源】2018年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试物理（新课标I卷） 【答案】 B 2．如图所示,竖直井中的升降机可将地下深处的矿石快速运送到地面。某一竖井的深度约为104m,升降机运行的最大速度为8m/s,加速度大小不超过,假定升降机到井口的速度为零,则将矿石从井底提升到井口的最短时间是 A. 13s B. 16s C. 21s D. 26s 【来源】浙江新高考2018年4月选考科目物理试题 【答案】 C
【解析】升降机先做加速运动,后做匀速运动,最后做减速运动,在加速阶段,所需时间 ,通过的位移为,在减速阶段与加速阶段相同,在匀速阶段所需时间为：,总时间为：,故C正确,A、B、D错误；故选C。 【点睛】升降机先做加速运动,后做匀速运动,最后做减速运动,根据速度位移公式和速度时间公式求得总时间。 3．（多选）甲、乙两汽车同一条平直公路上同向运动,其速度—时间图像分别如图中甲、乙两条曲线所示。已知两车在t2时刻并排行驶,下列说法正确的是（） A. 两车在t1时刻也并排行驶 B. t1时刻甲车在后,乙车在前 C. 甲车的加速度大小先增大后减小 D. 乙车的加速度大小先减小后增大 【来源】2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试物理（全国II卷） 【答案】 BD 点睛：本题考查了对图像的理解及利用图像解题的能力问题
4．（多选）地下矿井中的矿石装在矿车中,用电机通过竖井运送至地面。某竖井中矿车提升的速度大小v随时间t的变化关系如图所示,其中图线①②分别描述两次不同的提升过程,它们变速阶段加速度的大小都相同；两次提升的高度相同,提升的质量相等。不考虑摩擦阻力和空气阻力。对于第①次和第②次提升过程, A. 矿车上升所用的时间之比为4:5 B. 电机的最大牵引力之比为2:1 C. 电机输出的最大功率之比为2:1 D. 电机所做的功之比为4:5 【来源】2018年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试物理（全国III卷） 为2∶1,选项C正确；加速上升过程的加速度a1=,加速上升过程的牵引力F1=ma1+mg=m(+g),减速上升过程的加速度a2=-,减速上升过程的牵引力F2=ma2+mg=m(g -),匀速运动过程的牵引力F 3=mg。第次提升过程做功W1=F1××t0×v0+ F2××t0×v0=mg v0t0；第次提升过 程做功W2=F1××t0×v0+ F3×v0×3t0/2+ F2××t0×v0 =mg v0t0；两次做功相同,选项D错误。
[高考英语说明文的阅读理解]高考英语说明文的阅读技巧 【--高考祝福语】 高考英语说明文阅读技巧“英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。
一、说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即Who→What→When→Where→How→Why。 1. Who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. What：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. How：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读阅读的时候，一定要记住上面的Wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 二．说明文阅读理解的类型掌握说明文阅读理解题的类型对考生来说非常有必要。一般来说，高考对阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下几种： 1. 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。⑴在列举处命题。如用First(1y)、Second(1y)、Third(1y)Finally、not only…but also、then、in addition等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处
2017高考英语阅读理解解析版汇编（70） 阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的A,B,C或D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 “Experience may possibly be the best teacher,but it is not a particularly good teacher.” You might think that Winston Churchill or perhaps Mark Twain spoke those words,but they actually come from James March,a professor at Stanford University and a pioneer in the field of organizational decision making. For years March(possibly the wisest philosopher of management)has studied how humans think and act,and he continues to do so in his new bookThe Ambiguities of Experience. He begins by reminding us of just how firmly we have been sticking to the idea of experiential learning:“Experience is respected;experience is sought;experience is explained.” The problem is that learning from experience involves(涉及)serious complications(复杂化),ones that are part of the nature of experience itself and which March discusses in the body of this book. In one interesting part of the book,for example,he turns a doubtful eye toward the use of stories as the most effective way of experiential learning. In our efforts to make stories interesting,he argues,we lose part of the complicated truth of things. He says “The more accurately(精确地)reality is presented,the less understandable the story,and the more understandable the stor y,the less realistic it is.” Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher,March is also a poet,and his gift shines through in the depth of views he offers and the simple language he uses. Though the book is short,it is demanding:Don’t pick it up lookin g for quick,easy lessons. Rather,be ready to think deeply about learning from experience in work and life. 1. According to the text,James March is. A. a poet who uses experience in his writing B. a teacher who teaches story writing in university C. a researcher who studies the way humans think and act D. a professor who helps organizations make important decisions 2. According to James March,experience. A. is overvalued B. is easy to explain C. should be actively sought D. should be highly respected
2018年英语高考试题单选分类汇编 冠词与名词 1. （2018天津6月）6. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer sp ace. A. advice B. order C. possibility D. invitation 2. （2018江苏卷）32. Try to understand what’s actually happening instead of acting on the_______ you’ve made. A. assignment B. association C. acquisition D. assumption 3.（2018天津3月）9. Can we stop the ______of the world’s deserts and save the land that man depends so much on? A. loss B. heat C. spread D. defense 代词 1. （2018天津3月）1. Professional skills are tools like a knife or a hammer. You need _____to complete the things you want to do. A. it B. that C. them D. ones 介词 1. （2018北京卷）14. —Good morning, Mr. Lee’s office. —Good morning. I’d like to make an appointment _________ next Wednesday afternoon. A. for B. on C. in D. at 2. （2018天津6月）11.Bob thought he couldn't go to the party because he had to write a report, but he went ___________. A. at first B. after all C. above all D. at random 3. （2018江苏卷）33. China’s soft power grows _______the increasing appreciation and understanding of China globally. A. in line with B. in reply to C. in return for D. In honour of 形容词与副词 1. （2018江苏卷）34. Despite the poor service of the hotel, the manager is ______ to invest insufficient training for his staff. A. keen B. reluctant C. anxious D. ready 动词和动词短语 1. （2018天津6月）3. At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving, but eventually he___________ as she was so confidence about her skills.
2019高考英语阅读理解说明文答题方法 1.文体概述 说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。 2.说明文题材 题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。 3.说明顺序 时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)。 4.说明方法 为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或者把事理阐述明白，常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。
5.结构特点 1)总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述； 2)现象或变化+细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相关启示。 6.语言特点 高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材，文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高，解题的难度相对较大。7.说明文阅读理解的特征 英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即Who →What→When→Where→How→Why。 1) Who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2) What：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3) When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4) How：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5) Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 8.阅读方法 阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意： 1) 注意说明的顺序，了解文章的结构，把握文章的脉络。
2017高考英语阅读理解解析版汇编（144） （2016高考训练）阅读下列材料，从每题所给的选项中选出最佳选项。 体裁：记叙文话题：日常生活词数：610时间：8′ I no longer run for the mail the way I used to.I remember, before the e-mail age, the sense of heightened expectation as the hour of mail delivery approached, wondering what slim, handwritten treasures would appear in my box.I once received a letter from a long-lost friend and was filled with such joy that I ran the mail carrier down and shook his hand, as if he had done a heroic deed in conveying the letter to me. Once a day.Six days a week.That was the rhythm.Through snow, rain, heat, and darkness of night.I first learned to love the mail as a young boy.The first thing I ever received that was personally addressed to me was from my friend Duane.We had been the fastest of 9-year-old friends.Then he moved away, to Massachusetts.The parting was difficult, but boys didn't cry. Within the week, however, there was a letter in my mailbox.It was from Duane, and it read, “I'm OK, but I miss you.” That first conveyance to me of a wr itten word from a great distance had all the import of the first Morse code message：“What hath God wrought.” It was at that moment that I became a letter writer, quickly discovering that the more letters I wrote, the more I received. I wrote letters through elementary school, high school, college, and beyond.It got to the point where I could comfortably expect to receive a letter a day.The daily mail delivery was, for me, like a beacon (灯塔) at sea—something toward which my thoughts began to move upon waking.What quickened my blood，of course, was the element of surprise: From whom would the letter be today? And what would the news be？And then，seemingly in the blink of an eye, the earth shifted.E-mail had arrived.Despite being attracted by the new technology, I promised myself that I would never stop writing letters by hand.However, I had no control over the tendency of others, and slowly, coldly, and then with quickened pace, the letters disappeared from my mailbox, having been replaced with electronic “messages” (a totally differe nt beast—in contrast to letters, all e-mails look alike)． And so, like a shipwrecked man filling notes into bottles, tossing them into the waves, and hoping for the best, I continue to write longhand, licking envelopes, sticking stamps, and handing my outgoing mail to the carrier who regards me with a curious eye, as if he is looking at the last member of a species which is dying