英国文学发展史一览
1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period
Time: about 7th century
Features: verse literature （唱诗）
two groups: pagan （非宗教性的）and religious
Main works:
―Beowulf‖
poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf
2.English Literature of Middle Centuries
Time: mid 11th Century – 15th Century
Features:
1.influence of the Norman Conquest
2.Main works and writers:
3.the Romances （骑士文学）
4.Chaucer‘s ―The Canterbury Tales‖
3.English Literature of Renaissance
Time: early 16th Century—mid 17th Century
Features: the first glori ous period of English literary history, ― A nest of singing birds …‖ （百家争鸣，百花齐放）
Main writers:
1.Thomas More
2.Edmund Spencer
3.Francis Bacon
4.Shakespeare
4.English Literature during the Bourgeois Revolution
Time:1625—1688
The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642
Features:
Puritan age represented by John Milton
Main literary form: Poetry
Main writers:
John Milton 1608--1674
5.English Literature of the 18th Century
Features:
Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期）
It is divided into 3 stages:
1.―Glorious revolution‖ to the end of 1730‘s;
2.The mature period (1740‘s—1750‘s);
3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century.
Main authors:
（小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding
（诗人）Alexander Pope
6.Romanticism in England
Time: 1798--1832
Features:
1.是英国文学史上诗歌最为繁盛的时期；
2.分为消极和积极两组。
Main poets:
1.以William Wordsworth 为代表的消极派―湖畔派诗人‖
2.以Shelley, Baron, Keats 为代表的积极派诗人。
7.English Literature of the Mid & Late 19th Century
Features:
又被称为―Critical Realism Period‖即批判现实主义阶段；
以Charles Dickens 和William Thackeray 为代表的现实主义小说家；
作品集中反映19世纪英国的社会现实；
开始涌现一批女作家：有大家熟悉的Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte, 她们的代表作有《呼啸山庄》和《简爱》
8.English Literature of the 20th Century
Features:
二十世纪以来，英国在世界上的主导地位日渐趋淡，二战以后更是附属于美国；
国内女权运动高涨；
文学作品多反映中下层人民的生活，涉及诸多生活侧面；
抒情诗再领潮流。
Main writers:
1.Bernard Shaw 的戏剧；
2.D.H. Lawrence 的情爱小说；
3.James Joyce 的意识流小说，―Stream of Consciousness‖
4.William Butler Yeats 的诗歌。
Appreciation of poetry from the aspect of Versification
Contents
Ⅰ. Meter
Ⅱ. Foot
Ⅲ. Rhythm
Ⅳ. Sound patterns
Ⅴ. Rhyme
Ⅵ. Rhyme Scheme
Ⅶ. Forms of poem
Ⅷ. Appreciations
Ⅰ.meter （格）
1.concept:the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
2.types:
―︶‖ stands for unstressed syllable and ―_‖ represents stressed syllable. ―\‖ is used to separate different feet.
1．抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,
Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
注:art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：
︶－／︶－／︶－／（︶－）
2．扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake: The Tyger
上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－︶／－︶／－︶／－3．抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaest foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
三音步抑抑扬格︶︶－／︶︶－／︶︶－
4．扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。
ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,
ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully.
-- Thomas Hood
两音步扬抑抑格－︶︶／－︶︶
5．抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。
如：三音步抑扬抑格︶－︶／︶－︶／︶－︶
下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight.
注：在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
Ⅱ. Foot （音步）
1. Concept: a unit of poetic meter of stressed and unstressed syllable
2.Types:
?Monometer: one foot; Pentameter: five feet ?Dimeter: two feet; Hexameter: six feet ?Trimeter: three feet; Heptameter: seven feet ?Tetrameter: four feet; Octameter: eight feet
Distinction between ―foot‖ and ―meter‖
Foot is not to be confused with meter, though the names for feet end with
―-meter‖. Meter is based on syllables, indicating how stressed and unstressed syllables are arranged. Foot is applied with a single line, indicating how many meters are employed in that line.
Note: Meter+foot =metrical rhythm/versification
Ⅲ. Rhythm （节奏/韵律）
concept: The passage of regular or approximately equivalent time intervals between definite events or the recurrence of specific sounds or kinds of sounds or the recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables is called rhythm.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are!
Ⅴ.rhyme （押韵）
1.concept: the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds
e.g. Home, Foam; chair, there
2. types:
Ⅵ. Rhyme Scheme（韵式）
1.Concept: The arrangement of rhymes in a poem or stanza.
2.types:
1．end rhyme（尾韵）occurs at the end of a line.
1）联韵：―aabb‖型。
I shot an arrow into the air, a
It fell to earth, I knew not wh ere a
For, softly it flew, the s ight b
Could not follow it in its fl ight. b
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
2）交叉韵：abab型。
Sunset and evening star, a
And one clear call for me! b
And may there be no moaning of the bar, a
When I put out to sea, b
Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 头韵(alliteration)：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。
下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Ancient Mariner
3．内韵：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo, jug-jug, pu-we, to-witta-woo!
Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring
Ⅶ.Forms of poem （诗体）
Form is the design of a poem, the particular pattern it takes when it is written on paper. In each poem, we usually find a number of similar units. Each unit may have three lines, four lines or more. This recurring unit of a
poem is called stanza.（诗节）
2. Forms of Poetry
1）.Blank verse （无韵诗体）
Blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter, a line consisting of five feet of unstressed and stressed syllables. （由不押韵的诗行组成的诗体，通常是抑扬格五音步）
Examples: Shakespeare's plays, Milton's Paradise Lost and Wordsworth's Prelude are written in blank verse. The following is from Shakespeare's As You Like It :
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances.
2）.Couplet （对偶句）
Couplet: a pair of rhymed lines which may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Popular in the eighteenth century, a couplet may be long or
short, but usually contain a complete thought in itself, the first line ending with a pause and the second line with a full stop.(包括两个相连的诗行的一种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成一个完整的意思和句法单位。) Examples: Geoffrey Chaucer and John Dryden among others have written in couplets. The following is from Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe".
All human things are subject to decay
And when fate summons, monarchs must obey.
3）.Tercet（同韵三行诗节）
Tercet: a three-line stanza, also called terza rima, which, if rhymed, keeps to one rhyme sound. （由三行诗文组成的一个诗节，通常压同韵或与另一三行诗节压韵）Example: Dante's Divine Comedy and Shelley's "Ode to
the West Wind" used this stanza. The following is from Shelley.
O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,
Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead
Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,
4）.Quatrain(四行诗)
Quatrain: a four-line stanza in many line lengths and sometimes in lines of varying length, rhymed usually in lines two and four.
（四行一节的诗）
Example: This stanza is used very often in English poetry, most notably in ballads, and in Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" and Tennyson's In Memoriam. Here is an example from Tennyson's "Break, Break, Break".
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
5）.Sonnet(十四行诗)
Sonnet: a fourteen-line stanza of iambic pentameter. Coming originally from Italy and used often to write love poems, the English sonnet has different rhyme schemes. The Italian sonnet, or Petrarchan sonnet（(意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的) 彼特拉克体十四行诗）, consists of an octave (8-line stanza) and sestet
(6-line stanza), rhymed abba abba cdecde. The English sonnet, initiated by Edmund Spenser called Spenserian Stanza, rhymed abab-bcbc-cdcd-ee
S hakespearean sonnet, consists of three quatrains and a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg. Most English poets have written sonnets and some have written a series of sonnets on certain subjects. The most famous sonnet sequences are Spenser's Amoretti, Shakespeare's Sonnets and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese.
6）. Epigram (讽刺短诗;警句;隽语诗,)
Epigram: a short poem ending in a witty turn of thought. Brief and rhymed, epigram is usually satiric, mercilessly playful and sometimes malicious. Example: The following is from J.V. Cunningham (1911-1985) :
This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained
Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained
7）. Limerick: (五行打油诗)
Limerick: five anapestic lines usually rhymed aabba. Made popular by Edward Lear (1812-1888), author of nonsense poems, limerick is humorous and playful. （一种通俗幽默短诗，有五行组成，韵式为aabba）
Example: The following is from an anonymous author and about Einstein's theory of relativity.
There was a young lady named Bright
Who traveled much faster than light.
She started one day
In the relative way
And returned on the previous night.
Ⅷ.Appreciate the following sonnet
That Time of Year
By Shakespeare
That time of year thou may’st in me behold
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,
In me thou see’st the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west,
When by and by black night doth take away,
Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest.
In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.
As the deathbed whereon it must expire,
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
Notes:
may‘st: may
behold: see
late: no long ago
thou: you see‘st:see
fadeth: fades
doth: does
seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬
thy: your
perceivest: perceive
ere long: before long
Hints
Write your criticism according to the following guides.
1.forms
2.foot+meter
3.rhyme
4.Chinese translation
5.imagery
Sonnets appreciation
1. Italian Sonnet
2. Spenserian Sonnet
3. Shakespearian Sonnet
Bacon, Francis
LIFE Bacon, Francis (philosopher) (1561-1626), English philosopher and statesman, one of the pioneers of modern scientific thought.
WORKS
Bacon's writings fall into three categories:
philosophical,
purely literary,
professional.
The best of his philosophical works
The Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》(1605), a review in English of the state of knowledge in his own time, and Novum Organum《新工具》(1620).
Chief contributions to literature
Bacon?s Essays《随笔》, his chief contributions to literature, were published at various times between 1597 and 1625. His History of Henry VII 《亨利七世王朝史》(1622) shows his abilities in scholarly research. In his fanciful New Atlantis《新大西岛》Bacon suggested the formation of scientific academies.
Professional works
Bacon's professional works include Maxims of the Law (1630), Reading on the Statute of Uses (1642), pleadings in law cases, and speeches in Parliament. The theory that Bacon, rather than an obscure actor from Stratford-upon-Avon, is the true author of William Shakespeare's plays has been thoroughly discredited. Essays---Of Study(论读书）1
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience; for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves go give forth directions too much
at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them, for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation.
Of Study 2
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider.（2）Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy and extracts made of them by others, but that would be only in the less important arguments and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have more cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.
Of Study 3
（3）Histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies, like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins, shooting for the lungs and breast, gentle walking for the stomach, riding for the head, and the like. So if a man‘s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen, for they are Cymini sectores. If he be not able to beat over matters and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyer‘s cases. So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
Translation of the underlined
1.读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。
2.书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。
3.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩，凡有所学，皆成性格。
Translation of the whole 1
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观
察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。
2
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。（王佐良先生译）
?English Literature
◆Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature
?By Tiger He
◆The Old English Period
?Origin of the English Nation
?The Roman Conquest
?The English Conquest
?The Old English Language
?The literature of the Old English Period
?Beowulf
?Assignments
?
?Overview of Periods of Early English History
Pre-History—1066 A. D.
◆Pre-Roman/Pre-Historical → up to 55 B. C.
◆Roman Occupation → 55 B. C. – 410 A. D.
◆Anglo-Saxon Period 410 – 787 A. D.
◆Viking Invasions 787 – 1066 A. D.
◆Norman Conquest begins in 1066
?Origin of the English Nation
?Many centuries ago, the Celts were taken as the earliest natives, who were later also called the Britons. The Celt is One of an Indo-European people originally of central Europe and spreading to western Europe, the British Isles, and southeast to Galatia during pre-Roman times. They actually knew nothing of a written language.
?The Roman Conquest
?The Roman Conquest started from 55 B.C. Not until 78 A.D. the Romans established their ruling role in Britain. At the same time, Roman civilization was brought in: a knowledge of iron, a better way of cultivation and Roman law were introduced; highways, towns, temples, theatres and fine buildings were built. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years, and in 410 A.D.
when the Germanic races were attacking Rome, all the Roman troops were withdrawn.
?Roman Occupation
?The English Conquest
?In the 4th and 5th centuries when the Huns（匈奴）came pouring into Europe, all the Germanic tribes of Europe felt the pressure, among them the Angles and the Saxons and the Jutes drove the Britons west and north, and settled down themselves. The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English, and the three dialects spoken by them grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, which is now called Old English.
?Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy
?Heptarchy = Seven Kingdoms
?Northumbria (1)
?Mercia (2)
?East Anglia (3)
?Essex (4)
?Wessex (5)
?Kent (6)
?Sussex (7)
?The Old English Language
English is a member of the Anglo-Frisian（荷兰省名，靠近北海）branch of the West Germanic languages and also part of the
Indo-European family of languages. The old English is a full
inflectional（曲折的，抑扬的）language with its sound different from
that of Modern language.
◆The literature of the Old English Period
◆The epics are the earliest pieces of literature surviving from the Old
English period. They are usually the composing in verse of tribal or
national legends about a great hero, always a fighting warrior.
Beowulf is a good example.
◆Epic 史诗
◆Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero
and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many
epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song
and recitation before they were written down.
?Beowulf (1)
◆ A manuscript of Beowulf
?Beowulf (2)
◆Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, the most important work ofOld
English literature. The poem consists of 3182 lines, each line with four
accents marked by alliteration and divided into two parts by a caesura
（节律的停顿）The somber story is told in vigorous, picturesque
language, with heavy use of metaphor. The poem tells of a hero, a
Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the
monster Grendel, half man and half fiend, and Grendel?s mother, who
com es that evening to avenge Grendel‘s death. Fifty years later
Beowulf, now king of his native land, fights a dragon who has
devastated his people. Both Beowulf and the dragon are mortally
wounded in the fight. The poem ends with Beowulf?s funeral as his
mourners chant his epitaph（墓志铭）..
?Beowulf (3)
?It is an Anglo-Saxon national epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.
?originally in the oral form in 6th century and the present one written in 10th. ?The theme: it is set in Scandinavian and tells of his three major adventures---how the hero defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel‘s mother, the sea monster and a fire-breathing dragon , but eventually receives his own death.
?Analysis of the poem:
◆Battle is a way of life. Strength, courage and loyalty are basic virtues
for both kings and warriors.
◆It shows how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the
hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.
◆But, the forces of wyrd(fate) seem to control man‘s destiny with
mysterious omnipotence---fatalism.
?Artistic
?Features:
?Rhymeless
?Metaphors
?(samples on Page 6)
?Understatements
?(samples on Page 6)
?Alliteration 头韵
◆The repetition of the same consonant sounds or of different vowel
◆sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in:
◆round the rocks runs the river
◆on scrolls of silver snowy sentences ?Assignments
?Define the literary terms below.
?Alliteration
?Epic
?Answer the following questions.
?What are the main content of “Beowulf” and what are its artistic features? ?The Literature of the Middle English
?The Norman Conquest and its Influence
?Romance
?William Langland
?The English Ballads
?Chaucer
?Assignments
?The Norman Conquest and its Influence
?The French-speaking Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066. The battle between the two armies broke out near Hastings in Southern England and ended in the failure of the English. The Norman conquest had great influence upon England in many fields. It marks
the establishment of feudalism in England. The Normans also brought to England the wealth of a new language and literature, which the English gradually absorbed and so came the middle English.
?Three major themes
Romance
?Romance, a long narrative in prose or verse that tells of the adventures and heroic exploits of chivalric heroes, is the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. Many romances are associated with the romantic figure of King Arthur, king Arthur and his Round Table knight among with the best is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.
?William Langland
?William Langland (1330?-1400?) wrote Piers Plowman, an important literary work in Middle English. It is an alliterative poem composed of a series of dreams, in which the
?The English Ballads
? A ballad is a narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a recurrent refrain. ?The ballad, unlike written literature in feudal England which was intended only for the upper classes, is a literature of the English people. The most important ballads are those of Robin Hood, a legendary popular hero. He is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous in archery living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor, waging war against bishops and archbishops, and constantly hunted by the sheriffs, whom he constantly outwits.
?Geoffrey Chaucer (1)
?Geoffrey Chaucer (1343-1400), the greate st Middle English writer, and founder of the English realistic literatu re, was born in London about 1340 and died in 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the ?Poets‘ Corner‘.
?Geoffrey Chaucer (2)
?Chaucer‘s works fall into three main groups corresponding roughly to the three periods of his adult life:
?The period of French influence, which saw him translating work from French,
e.g. The Romaunt of the Rose.
?The period of Italian influence, especially of Dante and Boccaccio, during which he began to use the heroic couplet. Troilus and Criseyde.
his full attainment in The Canterbury Tales.
?Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry
?The Parliament of Fowls
?The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,
?Th‘ assay so hard, so sharp the cnquerynge,
?The dredful joye alwey that slit so yerne:
?Al this men I by Love.
?生命这样短，学习期间这样长；
?尝试这样难，克服这样猛烈；
?惊人的快乐消逝的这样快：
?这一切我是指恋爱而言。
?Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry
These stories serve as a very definite reflection of the moral degeneracy common to the clericals（牧师的，教士的）of the day.
?Of Chaucer‘s other tales mention should be made of the physician‘s tale of Judge Appius‘s slanderous（毁谤性的）accusation of the innocent and virtuous Virginia. In these three tales slander and religious persecution and cheating are respectively objects of censure（谴责）.
?Another group of the three tales--- the Wife of Bath‘s tale of an Arthurian Knight, the Oxford Clerk‘s tale and the Franklin‘s tale have been ?Known as ―the marriage group‖ dealing with marriage.
?Heroic couplet
? A verse unit consisting of two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter.
?英雄偶句诗（英雄双韵体）：由两行互相押韵的含有五个抑扬音步的诗句组成的韵文单位
?Couplet: a pair of rhymed lines which may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Popular in the eighteenth century, a couplet may be long or short, but usually contain a complete thought in itself, the first line ending with a pause and the second line with a full stop.
?couplet
The following is from Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe".
?All human things are subject to decay
?And when fate summons, monarchs must obey.
?See courseware ―Appreciation of Poetry‖
?The Canterbury Tales (1)
?The Canterbury Tales, is Chaucer‘s greatest work and one monumental works in English literature. It is written for the great part in heroic couplets (about 17,000 lines). The whole poem is a series of stories arranged on a ?framework‘ as the Prologue provides. Coming together at the Tabard Inn, a party of 31 pilgrims prepare to go to the shine of Becket at Canterbury. As a program of entertainment for their journey, it is proposed that each pilgrim is to tell two stories going and two more returning. But only 24 exists. ?The Canterbury Tales (2)
?These twenty-four stories cover virtually every type of medieval literature: courtly romance, folk tale, beast fable, story of travel and adventure, saint‘s life, allegorical tale, sermon, alchemical account, etc, which are sufficient to give a picture of English society in the 14th century.
?Generally speaking, the Prologue and the tales of the Knight, the Pardoner, the Nun‘s Priest, the Wife of Bath are recognized to be better than other parts.?The Wife of Bath
?The Canterbury Tales was written chiefly in the years 1387-1400, containing a general prologue and twenty-four tales, a nd some ―prologues‖ and ―links‖ accompanying some of the tales. The General prologue has usually been regarded as the most significant part of the poem. Of particular interest to us are those tales that contain rather keen social criticism. The portraits of the three ugliest figures among the ecclesiastics –the pardoner(卖赦罪符的人), the summoner（传道者）and the friar（天主教会修士）. ?These stories serve as a very definite reflection of the moral degeneracy common to the clericals（牧师的，教士的）of the day.
?Of Chaucer‘s other tales mention should be made of the physician‘s tale of Judge Appius‘s slanderous（毁谤性的）accusation of the innocent and virtuous Virginia. In these three tales slander and religious persecution and cheating are respectively objects of censure（谴责）.
?Another group of the three tales--- the Wife of Bath‘s tale of an Arthurian K night, the Oxford Clerk‘s tale and the Franklin‘s tale have been
?Almost all the religious characters connected with the church , with the only exception of the parson who is quite favorably represented, are drawn either with touches of irony and subtle satire on with open repugnance（厌恶）. The worst are the pardoner and the summoner, both of whom not only have the most repulsive physical appearance but are possessed of a most odious（可恶的）character and inveterately（积习地）indulge in cheating and oppressing the common people.
?one striking phenomenon concerning a number of the pilgrims is their common practice of acquiring money by improper means, often by downright cheating and trickery.
?Another striking reflection of the social reality of the day is the growing feeling of self-importance shared by all the burgesses（议员）. Chaucer had his respect for the two landed gentlemen in the company, the franklin and especially the knight who is called ―a true, perfect, gentle knight.‖?Though an overwhelming majority of the tales in the collection are borrowed from or at least suggested by some sourcebook or other, Chaucer in each case recasts the story and makes each tale suit well the profession and personal character of its narrator. Moreover, Chaucer‘s ever-present humor is manifest above all in his character-portraits of different pilgrims. ?Chaucer displays his humor and irony as he condemns the vicious characters.
?Chaucer is also a great master of the English language. In his hand the London dialect of his day was crystallized into an effective weapon of satire and humor. In The Canterbury Tales Chaucer's language becomes a most supple means of communication.
?Chaucer’s contributions to
English Literature and Language
? a master of realism
?He was the first great poet who wrote in English
?language (Middle English), thus establishing
?English as the literary language. He did much in
?making the London dialect the foundation for
?modern English language.
?Father of English poetry : heroic couplet（两行相互押韵、每行分五音节的英雄
偶句诗歌）(The heroic couplet is an iambic（短长格，抑扬格）pentameter （五步诗歌）heaving the lines rhyming in pairs.)
?The Tales
?Begun: 1386
?Characters: 32
?Planned: 120 tales
?Completed: 22 and 2 fragments
?Remaining: 80 manuscripts
?Variety of genres: general prologue is estates satire ?Pilgrimage as a framing device for tales
?Conventional springtime opening
?instruction and entertainment
?Style of the Poem--- Frame Story
? A frame story(框架故事)is a literary device that binds together several different narratives. It is a story (or stories) within a story.
?Pilgrim descriptions
?Show social rank
?Show moral and spiritual conditions
?Include many of the following
?Physiognomy
?Clothes (array)
?Work
?Hobbies
?Food
?Humor
?The Prologue
In “The Prologue” the narrator introduc es us to the pilgrims who gather at the Tabard Inn at the start of the journey.
?Chaucer-the-pilgrim (the narrator)
?28 other pilgrims
?Lower nobility, clergy, and laity(普通信徒)
?The knight, the squire, the yeoman（自耕农）, the cook，the doctor, the woman of Bath, the miller, the reeve（城镇长官）….
? A Host of the Tabard Inn
?4-day journey certainly offer glimpses of
?From London to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury ?Chaucer‘s life and times in the 14th century England ?Significance
?In Canterbury tales，Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life．
?Assignments:
?Define the literary terms below.
?Romance
?heroic couplet
?Answer the following questions.
?What is ballad and which is the most popular one in English history?
?List the works of Geoffrey Chaucer.
?What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales?
?Celts
?The island we know as England was occupied by a race of people called the Celts. One of the tribes was called they Brythons or Britons (where we get the term Britain)
?The Celts were Pagans and their religion was know as ―animism‖（万物有灵论） a Latin word for ―spirit.‖ Celts saw spirits everywhere
?Druids were their priests; their role was to go between the gods and the people
?The Basics
?When and where did the events take place?
?Who are the main characters? Who is the protagonist? Do you think they are Englishmen?
?Who are the main characters?
?Beowulf (Geat)
?Hrothgar (Dane)
?Unferth (Dane)
?Wiglaf (Geat)
?Grendel
?Grendel‘s mother
?The dragon
?By whom was The Song of Beowulf written?
?Most Anglo-Saxon poetry was oral at first, meaning it was transmitted or performed by a Bard (Scop) （游吟诗人）from memory; it wasn‘t actually written down, per se（本质上）until . . .
?Somewhere between the eighth and ninth centuries A.D., ―The Beowulf-Poet‖ (his identity is unknown) wrote down the poem which for many years had been sung/spoken.
?The Beowulf-poet, scholars believe, was an English monk (and therefore, Christian) who probably lived in one of the Anglo-Saxon settlements in Western England (Mercia)
?Summary
?The poem describes the adventures of a great Scandinavian warrior of the sixth century.
?He fights against the monster Grendel, his revengeful mother, and a fire-breathing dragon.
?Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.
?The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and
英国文学发展史一览 1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period Time: about 7th century Features: verse literature （唱诗） two groups: pagan （非宗教性的）and religious Main works: “Beowulf” poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf 2.English Literature of Middle Centuries Time: mid 11th Century – 15th Century Features: 1.influence of the Norman Conquest 2.Main works and writers: 3.the Romances （骑士文学） 4.Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales” 3.English Literature of Renaissance Time: early 16th Century—mid 17th Century Features: the first glori ous period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds …” （百家争鸣，百花齐放） Main writers: 1.Thomas More 2.Edmund Spencer 3.Francis Bacon 4.Shakespeare 4.English Literature during the Bourgeois Revolution Time:1625—1688 The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642 Features: Puritan age represented by John Milton Main literary form: Poetry Main writers: John Milton 1608--1674 5.English Literature of the 18th Century Features: Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期） It is divided into 3 stages: 1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730’s; 2.The mature period (1740’s—1750’s); 3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century. Main authors: （小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding （诗人）Alexander Pope 6.Romanticism in England Time: 1798--1832 Features:
浅析美国黑人音乐对流行音乐的贡献 (2) 1.引言 (2) 2.美国黑人音乐的主要风格及贡献 (3) 2.1爵士 (3) 2.2摇滚 (4) 3.结论 (4) 参考文献 (5)
浅析美国黑人音乐对流行音乐的贡献 摘要美国是当今世界的超级大国，在无论是在科学技术方面还是在文化传播方面在全世界都产生了有很深远的影响。由于美国是一个多民族、多种族、多文化构成的一个大家庭。因此，美国的文化里存在一种弘扬自由、汲取所长的精神，其流行音乐亦然。美国的流行音乐在当今世界成为主流音乐之一。而美国流行音乐的组成部分之一的黑人音乐是当前在世界上最主流的音乐，不仅仅是因为旋律，更是魅力引人。 本文的主要工作如下： （1）简要叙述了美国黑人音乐的发展情况，为更好的了解美国黑人音乐做铺垫； （2）将美国黑人音乐按着分类分别分析了其主要风格，并对于流行音乐的贡献阐述了个人观点。这也是本文重点。旨在为更好的研究美国黑人音乐提供借鉴。 关键词：流行音乐；美国黑人音乐；贡献 Abstract United States is the world's superpower, in terms of science and technology both in terms of cultural transmission and in the world have had have very far-reaching impact. Because the United States is a multi-ethnic, multi-racial, multi-cultural composition of a family. Therefore, the United States there is a carry forward the culture of freedom, draw spiritual director, the popular music and vice versa. American popular music in the world today has become one of mainstream music. The American pop music one of the components of the black music is currently the world's most mainstream music, not only because of the melody, it is attractive introduction. The main work is as follows: (1) a brief description of the development of African-American music, in order to pave the way for a better understanding of African-American music; (2) the classification of African American music were analyzed according to their main style and contribution to popular music elaborated personal views. This is the focus of this article. It aims to provide reference for better research African-American music. Keywords: Popular music; Afro-American music; Contribution 1.引言 美国是当今世界的超级大国，在无论是在科学技术方面还是在文化传播方面在全世界都产生了有很深远的影响。而与世界其他国家不同的是美国是一个由多民族、、多种族、多文化构成的一个大家庭，因此无论是在文化上还是在科技上都讲求一种弘扬自由、汲取所长的精神以及理念。所表现出来的就是对于传统落后的形式立秋突破。但是新颖的都是在传统的基础上的变化过来的，是经过不断的努力和提高而变化的。美国的流行音乐亦然。美国的流行音乐主要由白人音乐、黑人音乐以及当地的土著印第安音乐所组成，使得其整体表现出一种通俗、流行的特点。而美国流行音乐的组成部分之一的黑人音乐是当前在世界上最主流的音乐，不仅仅是因为旋律，更是魅力引人。在每年的格莱美这样的国际性音乐颁奖典礼上，美国的黑人音乐所处的地位不亚于美国的摇滚乐。 美国的黑人音乐主要是由非洲黑人音乐发展起来的，并且在在黑人的生活中占据着很重要的位置。在那里，部落内部以及部落与部落之间，做存在的重要活动大多是通过音乐来表现情感的，所有的活动都有与之相配套的音乐，比如出生、祭祀、战争、婚姻等等这些重要的事件都有特定的音乐[1]。但是，对于非洲的历史并不能单单以音乐来描述，音乐只是非洲黑人文化传播的一种声响。除了专门的鼓、笛子等乐器之外，只要是在日常生活中可以发出声响的都可以作为一种乐器。
?.他包括所有民间音乐种类,发展风格也不受局限性,它是随着当时社会的发展而不断产生变化的. ?19世纪随着欧美国家工业文明的兴起,大批农业人口进入城市,构成早期的产业工人,城市人口结构发生了变化,产生于劳工阶、中下层市民中的新兴文化形式.就是早期的流行音乐.在当时,反映怀念故乡,眷念乡村生活的音乐题材,正好表达了那些远离家乡、亲人来到陌生环境求生存人们的心里状态和纯朴的思想感情. 六[3] 张惟楚
? 于流传、拥有广大听众的音乐. 他是根据英语Popular Music（Pop Music）翻译过来的.又称“通俗音乐”. ?“流行音乐”与“古典音乐”、“民间音乐”一样，是一种音乐形式、风格和流派.“流行音乐”并不等于“流行的音乐”、“通俗的音乐”.“流行”、“通俗”只是“流行音乐”的重要的特征. ?例如：贝多芬的《致艾丽丝》世界流行，但它属于“古典音乐”，而非“流行音乐”；爵士乐在中国并不很流行，但它却是“流行音乐”中十分重要的一个支系. ?流行音乐与民间音乐、古典音乐三者之间既有着千丝万缕的联系的，以至于有时候很难将其截然分开，同时在产生的时间上、传承及社会存在的方式上等方面又有许多不同.
?从中国流行音乐先躯黎锦晖先生从事音乐活动算起，中间以其封建的明月歌剧社为线索，先以儿童歌舞剧如《三蝴蝶》、《麻雀与小孩；歌舞表演曲如《可怜的秋香》、《寒衣曲》等开始，继而创作了中国第一批家庭爱情歌曲，即流行歌曲《毛毛雨》、《妹妹我爱你》、《桃花江》、《特别快车》等。本期终止于明月歌剧社音乐团体的解散，众歌星大都进入电影界为止.
? 本期从周璇进入电影界后，在影片《马路天使》中所演唱的两首插曲，《天涯歌女》和《四季歌》传遍全国.由她开创一代歌风影响整个中国歌坛，这种风格可形容成婉转、轻柔、松弛、甜美.但音量、力度都不大. ?此期歌坛整个情况是没有歌舞表演团体表演. 专门靠灌唱片和电台播音来演唱的歌星是少数，大多数歌星都以拍电影为主，演唱电影插曲的影歌双栖形式出现.本期到共和国成立后，大部分主要代表歌星都转移到香港发展为止. ?代表歌星有周璇、白虹、龚秋霞、姚莉、严华、姚敏、张翠红、李丽华、白光、李香兰、张帆、黄飞然、黄源尹、吴莺音、欧阳飞莺、梁萍、逸敏、屈云云、金溢、白云、邓白英、佩妮、张伊雯、韩菁清等. ?作曲家有黎锦光、陈歌辛、姚敏、严华、李厚襄、严折西、严个凡、梁乐音、陈瑞祯、刘如曾、严工上、刘雪庵、贺绿汀、张簧、张昊等. ?词作家有吴村、陈栋荪、李隽青、范烟桥、田
英国文学简史笔记 一．早中世纪文学：Early and Medieval English Literature（约5世纪-1485) The ancestor: Celts(凯尔特人）. Life style: Primitive life(原始生活）. Language: Celtic（凯尔特语）(Britons 大不列颠语). 最早的英国史：1. Roman Conquest. (55BC--410AD)---Julius Caesar. 2. Anglo-Saxon Conquest. (450--1066)---Anglos, Saxons, Jutes(朱特人). 3. Norman Conquest. (1066--1350). 中期英国史：1.Romance(罗曼史): love, chivalry(骑士精神), religion; 2.3 major themes: (1).Matter of France; (2).Matter of Greece and Rome; (3).Matter of Britain. https://www.doczj.com/doc/e812360217.html,nguage: 3 language. 文学作品：1.Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里。乔叟): Chaucer's works: (1) . The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集); (2). The Wife of Bath (巴斯夫人）； (3). Romance of the Rose (玫瑰传奇); (4).The House of the Fame (声誉殿堂); (5).The Parliament of Fowls (百鸟会议); (6).Troilus and Cressie (特洛伊斯和克莱西德）. Chaucer's contribution to the English language: (1). The " father of English poetry"; (2). He introducer from France and Italy the rhymed (押韵的)stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter ( heroic couplet) (抑扬格、五音步诗), instead of the Old English alliterative( 头韵的) verse; (3). For the first time in English literature, he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture( 现实主义）of the English society of life in his masterpiece " The Canterbury Tales( 坎特伯雷故事集)"; (4). He was the first English poet who wrote in English, thus establishing English as the literature language; (5), He did much in making the London dialect(方言) the foundation for modern English language. Chaucer's social significance: (1). Influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, Chaucer affirmed man's right to pursue earthly happiness and opposed asceticism, praised man's energy, intellect, and love of life; (2). Meanwhile, he also exposed and satirized the social evils, esp.,the religious abuses. 2.The Song of Beowulf (贝奥武甫，a hero） 3.The English Ballads (大众民谣): a story told in song.; in various English
滚石杂志评选的流行音乐史上最伟大的100位歌手 著名音乐杂志《滚石》所评出的现代流行音乐史上百大歌手。而关于这次从2008年夏天便已开始的票选活动，参与投票的除了滚石杂志诸位编辑之外，更是广泛的邀请了诸多著名音乐家及音乐制作人。为了力求票选结果的多元化和公平性，这些参与调查的音乐家们的风格横跨了流行与摇滚，现代和传统之分:从近年在流行音乐届风生水起的年轻歌手Alicia Keys 和Justin Timberlake，一直到桀骜不驯的摇滚老将Keith Richards和Iggy Pop。每位参与投票的音乐家都会列出自己心目中最重要的20位经典歌手，最后再由杂志集中统计评出最终结果。 本次最终评选结果自然是众望所归，名列前十名歌手的都是在音乐界拥有着广泛影响力，并在近代音乐史上有着不可替代的重要性的人物。现年66岁的Aretha Franklin（艾瑞莎-弗兰克林）排名第一，紧随其后的是Ray Charles(雷-查尔斯)、Elvis Presley(猫王)、Sam Cooke(山姆-库克)和John Lennon(约翰-列侬)。 1：Aretha Franklin 2：Ray Charles 3：Elvis Presley 4：Sam Cooke 6：Marvin Gaye 7：Bob Dylan 8：Otis Redding 9：Stevie Wonder 10：James Brown 11：Paul McCartney 最成功的摇滚乐作者，歌手，乐队Beatles的一员。 12：Little Richard 二十世纪五十年代知名歌手。 13：Roy Orbison 六十年代流行乐之王-猫王恭称他是全世界最伟大的歌者 14：Al Green 七十年代灵魂乐大师。 15：Robert Plant Led Zeppelin乐队主唱，他演唱的硬摇滚，民谣和节奏蓝调都堪称摇滚乐经典。 16：Mick Jagger 滚石乐队的主唱，是摇滚乐有史以来最有影响力的主唱之一。 17：Tina Turner 美国摇滚教母，叱诧歌坛数十年。 18：Freddie Mercury 皇后乐队主唱，史上最优秀的歌手之一。 19：Bob Marley 牙买加的民族英雄。品格正直，对牙买加以及世界流行音乐做出伟大贡献。 20：Smokey Robinson 美国最有影响力的诗人，灵魂乐大师。 21：Johnny Cash 影响美国近代乡村、流行、摇滚与民谣界最重要的创作歌手之一。 22：Etta James 灵魂乐黄金时代最重要的女歌手之一。 23：David Bowie 摇滚“变色龙”，Glam摇滚却因为他才抬到了主流的地位。 24：V an Morrison 爱尔兰近代民谣革命运动代表之一及摇磙的精神宗师。 25：Michael Jackson 继猫王之后，西方流行乐坛最具影响力的歌手之一。26：Jackie Wilson 70年代著名歌手。 27：Hank Williams 乡村摇滚的标志性人物，20世纪最有影响力的音乐人之一。 28：Janis Joplin 六十年代迷幻主义的追随者，影响力巨大。
英美文学 玄学派：是指17世纪英国文坛出现的一个独特的诗歌流派。英国诗人约翰·邓恩是这个流派的代表人物，他因在诗歌中精妙地运用“奇喻”的比喻手法而蜚声文坛。它们往往以精致典雅的形式表现情感与观念的矛盾，把古典主义的性情与浪漫主义的风骨很好地融合到了一起。骑士文学盛行于西欧，反映了骑士阶层的生活理想。骑士精神和道德是上层社会的贵族文化精神，它是以个人身份的优越感为基础的道德与人格精神，但它也积淀这西欧民族远古尚武精神的某些积极因素。 三联剧：在古希腊悲剧创作中，有一类悲剧均由三部分组成，每部分即能独立存在，各部之间又有紧密联系。这种剧合则为一，分则为三，代表作家为埃斯库罗斯。 文艺复兴：是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。 人文主义：是文艺复兴核心思想，是新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮，也是资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。 七星诗社：是16世纪中期法国的一个文学团体，是由七位人文主义诗人组成的文学团体。他们中以龙沙和杜贝莱最著名。七星诗社的诗人们从事过各种创作，他们的诗声望很高，但他们的主要贡献却是对于法语改革的主张。 狂飙突进运动：是18世纪德国文学界的运动，是文艺形式从古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时的阶段，也可以说是幼稚时期的浪漫主义。但其中心代表人物是歌德和席勒，歌德的《少年维特的烦恼》是其典型代表作品，表达的是人类内心感情的冲突和奋进精神。 伤感主义：１８世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中的一种文艺思潮，也称为“主情主义”。该派的得名，源与英国作家斯特恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤的旅行》。该派作家崇尚感情，把感情看的高于“理性”，因而强调文学的主要任务是细致刻画任务的心理动态和描写人物的不幸遭遇，以便唤起读者在感情上的同情和共鸣，表达出对当时贵族阶级的理性主义和古典主义的反抗。伤感主义把个人主义和主观幻想的因素带进文艺，代表作家有英国的斯特恩，理查逊，法国的卢梭（如《忏悔录》《遐想录》），伏尔泰，德国的歌德，里希特，海涅等等。 “梅塘集团”是十九世纪法国文坛由以左拉为核心的六位作家组成的文学创作团体。因在巴黎郊外左拉的梅塘别墅为主要活动场所而得名。一八七O年开始的普法战争，法国战败，被
西方流行音乐简史 摇滚乐世纪年代兴起于美国的一种通俗音乐。它是美国黑人文化和白人文化的结合，是“二战”以后美国流行音乐占据国际市场的重要品种之一。作为西方流行音乐史上的一个重要体裁，摇滚乐不仅自身延伸出了众多分支，如民谣摇滚、迷惑摇滚、硬摇滚、艺术摇滚、重金属、朋克等，同时还对其它流行音乐也产生了重要影响，在索尔、放克、雷鬼音乐、迪斯科、说唱乐等音乐中，都能明显地看到摇滚乐的影子。 在摇滚流行音乐史上，猫王、披头士乐队、和迈克尔、杰克逊是广阔天幕上的三颗熠熠闪耀的巨星，他们以其巨大的音乐魅力产生的影响力影响着流行音乐的发展，给人类心灵中注入了斑斓的色彩和超越时代的灵魂之美。 一. 猫王，披头士，音乐风格的异同及对流行乐发展的影响。 埃尔维斯·普雷斯利，绰号“猫王”。他的音乐超越了种族以及文化的疆界，将乡村音乐、布鲁斯音乐以及山地摇滚乐融会贯通，形成了具有鲜明个性的独特曲风，强烈的震撼了当时的流行乐坛，并让摇滚乐如同旋风一般横扫了世界乐坛，给世界大众打开了摇滚音乐的大门，使摇滚成为国际化的语言，为流行音乐多样化的发展奠定了基础。
“披头士乐队”表演风格泼辣，放荡不羁。在音乐创作技法上，“披头士”打破传统摇滚乐单一的／节拍，扩充到各种节拍，有时还混合使用：在节奏处理上善于运用各种时值的节奏连音来改变节拍单位固有的时值，使节奏变得更为生动；在曲式结构上，他们创造了由不同段落的对比组合而建立起的庞大的、变化丰富而又高度统一的曲式结构；在和弦运用上，他们突破“自然音和弦”为主的传统，广泛应用了各种类型的“变体和弦”；在音色上善于运用人声的变化，主唱约翰·列农和保罗·麦卡特尼的演唱音色都富于变化，有时还加入各种自然的音响。“披头士”在音乐技法上的创新，对当时和后来的摇滚乐都产生了巨大的影响，因而被公认为摇滚乐历史上“最伟大的乐队”。 迈克尔·约瑟夫·杰克逊（)，是一名在世界各地极具影响力的流行音乐歌手、作曲家、作词家、舞蹈家、演员、导演、唱片制作人、慈善家、时尚引领者，被誉为流行音乐之王（）。是流行乐和流行文化的代表性人物。他是出色的音乐全才，在作词、作曲、场景制作、编曲、演唱、舞蹈、乐器演奏等方面都有着卓越的成就。不仅突破了种族界限，打破了白人垄断流行音乐界，把当时还处于亚文化黑人音乐推向主流。他独特的音色、声音、唱腔、舞蹈，向世界各地延伸，打破了文化、种族、经济、时代的隔阂，激励与影响了无数流行、摇滚、、艺术家。他开创了现代，把音乐视频从宣传工具转换成一种带有音乐故事情节的艺术表达形式。作为现代音乐的创始人与里程碑。
20世纪六十年代的英国摇滚乐发展之研究摇滚乐作为一种新的流行音乐风格最早在美国产生并发展起来,它融合了五十年代美国乡村音乐、锡盘巷音乐、节奏布鲁斯等多种音乐元素而逐渐形成。进入六十年代,英国摇滚乐发展迅猛,英国取代了美国成为世界摇滚乐的中心。英国摇滚乐高度繁荣的六十年代,是整个摇滚乐史,甚至是整个流行音乐史中最为辉煌的十年。本文的第一章分为两个章节。第一节从美国社会转型以及摇滚乐的社会需求等多个方面,阐述了摇滚乐产生的背景和条件;从社会学的角度分析了摇滚乐在美国形成的原因。第二节从五十年代美国音乐多流派的融合谈起,讲述了摇滚乐作为一种新的流行音乐流派是如何在美国产生并发展起来,从而为六十年代英国摇滚的繁荣奠定了基础。本文的第二章建立在第一章讨论五十年代摇滚乐在美国产生与发展的基础上,着重分析了六十年代英国摇滚乐的发展。这一段时间可以被认为是摇滚乐在全世界范围内发展最为鼎盛的阶段。本章第一节讲述了摇滚乐是如何从美国传到英国,此后又是如何对英国摇滚乐产生深远的影响。第二节从六十年代英国摇滚乐特性的角度来解释为什么在此阶段产生的摇滚乐会让当时的人们为之疯狂。这一部分分析了英国摇滚乐产生和繁荣的原因,追述了六十年代摇滚乐在英国的发展过程。20世纪六十年代,一种新的声音征服了世界流行音乐界,这就是英国摇滚乐。不同于美国摇滚乐和节奏布鲁斯音乐,英国摇滚乐是在大洋彼岸的英国发展和繁荣起来的一种音乐风格,并且影响了包括美国在内的世界流行音乐。披头士乐队站在了这场改变了未来几十年流行音乐发展方向
的“英国入侵”的最前沿,他们成为了那时影响青年人的一股重要社 会和文化力量。第三章以具体歌曲的分析为主,以最能够代表六十年 代摇滚乐发展的典型乐队——披头士乐队为例,从披头士乐队早期成型、中期繁荣和后期转型的三个阶段,全面呈现了20世纪六十年代英国摇滚乐与众不同的音乐魅力。第四章讨论了20世纪六十年代英国 摇滚乐对世界流行音乐界的影响。首先分析了20世纪六十年代英国 摇滚乐中歌词的变化给世界流行音乐带来的改变。本章第二个部分讲述了20世纪六十年代英国摇滚乐对包括美国、澳大利亚、欧洲大陆 诸国、前苏联和巴西等国家在内的流行音乐风格的影响。最后,以20世纪60年代英国摇滚乐对中国摇滚乐的影响和启示作为本章的结束。
《英美文学导论》课程教学大纲 1.课程性质和学习目的 《英美文学导论》是电大开放教育英语专业本科学生的选修课程，是为培养和检验学生英美文学的基本理论知识和理解、鉴赏英美文学原著 的能力而设置的一门专业理论课程。 设置本课程旨在使学生对英美两国文学形成与发展的全貌有一个大概的了解；并通过阅读具有代表性的英美文学作品，理解作品的内容， 学会分析作品的艺术特色并努力掌握正确评价文学作品的标准和方法。 由于本课程以作家作品为重点，因此学生要仔细阅读原作。通过阅读， 努力提高语言水平，增强对英美文学原著的理解，特别是对作品中表现 的社会生活和人物感情的理解，提高他们阅读文学作品的能力和鉴赏水 平。 2.课程内容 《英美文学导论》课程的教学内容是根据本课程的性质、学习目的以及开放教育学习的特点确定的。本课程由英国文学和美国文学两个部分 组成。主要内容包括英美文学发展史及代表作家的简要介绍和作品选读。 文学史部分从英美两国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍英美两
国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景，文学文化思潮，文学流派，社会政治、经济、文化等对文学发展的影响，主要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；选读部分主要节选了英美文学史上各个时期重要作家的代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。 除绪论部分外，本大纲对其他部分均一一列出知识点 上篇英国文学 （绪论部分内容常识性了解） 第一章文艺复兴时期 一学习目的和要求 通过本章的学习，了解文艺复兴运动和人文主义思潮产生的历史、文化背景，认识该时期文学创作的基本特征和基本主张，及其对同时代及后世英国文学乃至文化的影响；了解该时期重要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想
世界流行音乐的发展史教案 静宁二中王倩 一、导入 如今电子科技遍布全球，信息的传递也是飞快，相对来讲，对音乐也形成了不可小觑的推动作用。那么我们接下里来了解一下究竟是什么推动了世界流行音乐的发展。 二、教学目标 1、让学生了解世界流行音乐的分支。 2、了解世界流行音乐的发展。 三、教学过程与方法 （一）、世界流行音乐的展史 课前流行音乐是在都市文明中发展起来的。有人认为其源头可上溯至古代希腊、罗马帝国城市中的游吟歌手，但绝大多数的学者还是倾向现代意义上的流行音乐兴起于19世纪的欧美工业化城市。 在19世纪上半叶，流行音乐尚未形成独立的体裁形式。当时的流行音乐主要有两种形式：通俗化的的古典音乐和精雅化的的民间音乐。前者是将古典音乐中的一些篇幅短小、音乐语言通俗易懂的小品或选段加以改编，使之变得简单，然后通过各种传播手段使其为更多的人接受。19世纪中出版的许多根据歌剧和交响乐的片段改编的钢琴四手联弹乐谱就是供广大市民家庭在茶余饭后消遣用的。后者是将质朴单
纯的民间音乐用现代音乐手段加以美化包装，削弱地方色彩，使其能够在更大的范围里流行。如爱尔兰民歌《伦敦德里小调》（丹尼男孩）和《夏天最后的一朵玫瑰》，19世纪中经过作曲家的改编后，在欧美各国广为传唱。即便到了今天，这种通俗化的古典音乐和精雅化的民间音乐依然在流行音乐（尤其是器乐曲）中占有相当大的比重。 进入20世纪后，流行音乐逐渐产生了一些独有的体裁形式，如爵士乐、摇滚乐、“叮砰巷”风格的流行曲等，开始了独立发展的新时期。然而此时古典音乐和民间音乐对流行音乐的影响不但没有减弱，反而在层次和深度上比19世纪更甚。“乡村与西部”（Country and Western)音乐原是一种典型的处于原始状态的美国民间音乐。20年代后，经过广播电台、唱片公司等媒介的发掘推广，很快进入了流行音乐领域，成了美国流行音乐中的一处重要分支。在60年代中美国的“民谣复兴运动”、80年代欧美流行乐坛的“世界音乐”（World Music)潮流乃至中国的“西北风”中都可以看到民间音乐对流行音乐的巨大影响。还有些民间音乐则与流行音乐完全融和为一体了。像拉美的一些舞蹈音乐（如：控戈、伦巴和桑巴等）就很难确定其窨应归属于民间音乐还是流行音乐的范畴。 本世纪20年代初，以格什温的《布鲁斯狂想曲》为代表的美国“交响爵士”（Symphonic Jazz)运动试图将爵士音乐
从邓丽君观我国流行音乐三十年的发展 论文导读：中国流行音乐自20世纪20年代发展至今，起初我国流行音乐与国际同步，但因种种原因如今我国的流行音乐发展与国际相差了不下几十年。而现代流行音乐在中国发展的时间比较短尤其是在大陆地区。自70年代末改革开放以来中国港台大量的流行歌曲涌进了中国内地，使内地掀起一股追寻流行音乐的热潮。本文主要探讨80年代初的代表人物邓丽君，讲述中国流行音乐的复苏及发展，。 论文关键词：我国流行音乐，邓丽君，发展 一，中国流行音乐的概念 流行音乐是根据popular music翻译而来，19世纪末20世纪初源于美国，是一种都市化的大众音乐，也可看做是都市中的民间音乐，实际所指也确实是一些结构短小，通俗化的，并且有一定商业价值和商品性质的流行音乐作品。主要以美国和英国大众文化体系为基础，和欧洲的古典音乐文化体系形成差异，泛指Jazz、Rock、Soul、Blues、Reggae、Rap、Hip-Hop、Disco、New Age 。而中国流行音乐的风格与形态主要受欧美影响，在此基础上逐渐形成本土风格。它属于一种有着广泛听众吸引力的音乐，通常是说那些内容通俗而被大多数人喜爱，能流传一时甚至流传下来的音乐。这些音乐相比那些古典音乐，形式上更加活泼，结构也短小得多并且情感更真挚，而这些音乐也更容易引起大多数人的共鸣而被大多数接受的音乐，因此流行音乐还被称作“大众音乐”。绝大多数的流行音乐通俗易懂不需要我们进行沉重的思考，所以我们大多数人都喜欢在闲暇时静下心来听听流行音乐缓解一下生活中，学习中的压力。我们经常会遇到这种情况，本来两个人是第一次见面，但是因为两人特别喜欢同一类型的音乐，两个人
必读英美文学经典作品20本 American Literature 1、The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著 小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活
动和直觉放在首位。因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作 是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。 2、The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain 《哈克贝利.芬历险记》 简称《赫克》是美国文学中的珍品,也是美国文化中的珍品。十六年前【1984】 ,美国文坛为《赫克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论,也出版了一些研究马克吐温,特别是他的《赫克》的专著。专门为一位大作家的一本名著而举行如此广泛的纪念和专门的研究,这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。这是因为《赫克》的意义不一般. 美国著名作家海明威说, "一切现代美国文学来自一本书, 即马克吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。一切美国文学都来自这本书,在它之前,或在它之后,都不曾有
过能与之媲美的作品。 3、The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James 《贵妇画像》 亨利.詹姆斯著】 美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
二十世纪欧美流行乐36位最伟大的女歌手1）Ella Fitzgerald“艾拉费兹杰拉”——1918年生于弗吉尼亚州，1994年去世。50-60年代第一天后，美国百老汇“急智歌后”，被誉为爵士第一夫人。歌声如水晶般清澈的她，音色中充满了女性万般风情的魅力。她的幽默心声都是近半世纪美式风情的诠释者。1994年去世。 代表作《misty blue》、《louis armstrong》 2）Aretha Franklin“艾瑞莎弗兰克林”——美国灵魂乐的巨人、Pop界的巨星。以烈焰般燃烧的气质征服了无数听众。她将灵乐虔诚的信仰表现得淋漓尽致，并跨越流行与黑人音乐界线。作为第一位女性艺人进入摇滚名人殿堂。 代表作《i never loved a man before》、《i say a little prayer》、《chain of fools》、《a rose is still a rose》、《Respect》 3）Anne Murray“安妮莫莉”——全球著名的民谣摇滚巨星。被认为是为加拿大通向国际成功的女性先驱！Anne走民谣摇滚的路线，她将节奏布鲁斯和主流流行乐的风格兼容并蓄在自己的歌曲中，叱咤流行乐坛。 代表作《you needed me》、《i just fall in love again》、《you light up my life》、《dream a little dream of me》、《broken hearted me》 4）Annie Lennox“安妮兰妮克丝”——80、90年代红遍欧美、蜚声国际流行乐坛20年，有“首席女伶”美誉！1981年组建Eurythmics乐队，成为最受欢迎的新浪潮乐队。90年代她以磅礴大气的半歌剧式演唱，空灵、深邃犹如天籁般的优美歌声直触心灵，被称为现代最优美女声之一。
基础英语考研（英美文学简史）考研复习考点归纳 一、《英国文学简史》考点笔记 1.1 复习笔记 早期英国文学 Early English Literature Ⅰ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成） 1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年） A. Brief Introduction（简介） Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版 《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版2010-09-09 21：00第一部分：早期和中世纪英国文学 第一章：英国的组成 1、大不列颠人(英国人) 在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。英国这个民族是一个混血族。早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。"最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力"。英国人曾生活在部落社会。 2、罗马人的占领 在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。 3、英国人的占领 同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。他们是来自北欧的三个部落：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区，并在东英吉利亚建立
第二章奴隶社会时期的音乐 二、古希腊的音乐 1、古希腊的乐器 古希腊的乐器见于雕刻、壁画和文学记载的有以下几种： 西林克斯(syrinx)用芦苇制成，形似排箫的一种吹奏乐器。 里拉琴（Lyre）手指拨弦而发声，最早由乌龟壳制成，有四根弦，后来在发展中形成很多样式，弦也增多，但以七弦为主。 阿夫洛斯管（aulos）：也称竖笛，音色近似于现代双簧管，由两根管子组成，一长一短，各有数孔，可以同时发两个音。 3、古腊音乐的调式 古希腊的调式以四声音阶为基础，早期四弦里拉琴的空弦音，刚好是音阶中的四个音。它的调式看阶是自上而下排列的。主要调式有：多利亚（两个全音一个半音） 弗里几亚（全音半音全音） 利地亚（半音、全音、全音） 古希腊的记谱法是字母记谱法，用不同的字母来表示相应的音高。 第三章中世纪音乐 格里高利圣咏 “格里高利圣咏”也叫“素歌”或“古罗马赞歌”。 “素歌”有自己的调式体系，在节奏上自由松散，旋律庄严朴素。歌谱是用纽姆谱记在四条线上。 素歌的特点是：1、有严格的演唱形式和演规划；2、都是单音音乐； 3、用拉丁文演唱。 教会调式系统 中世纪教会音乐中运用的调式称为“教会调式”或“中古调式”。 教会调式仍沿用古希腊的调式名称，但与古希腊调式不同。它共有八种调式，四种正调式和四种副调式，将调式的第一级音称为“结音”第五音称为“属音”。以结音开始的为正调式，以属音开始的为副调式。 伊奥尼亚和爱奥利亚调式（今日的大、小调式）是十六世纪瑞士人格拉里安（1488-1565）才把它纳入调式体系的。 圣咏的记谱 现存最早的是9世纪出现的圣咏手抄本，它是用符号谱记谱的。符号谱又称纽姆谱，它用点、横线、斜线、曲线等符号标记在歌词的上方，
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人
9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣 10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》