Chapter 1
Human Body as a Whole
Medical Terminology①
I . Introduction
How many medical words are there in a medium-sized medical dictionary? The answer is around 100, 000, which is only a conservative estimate. Moreover, like the jargon②in all forward-moving fields, the number is expanding so constantly and quickly that it defies any memorization! There are tools, however, that can aid in learning and remembering medical terms and even help in making informed guesses as to the meaning of unfamiliar words. Furthermore, their numbers are limited, about 400 to 500 or so (the most active ones) , but the combinations derived from them are enormous. So, to learn how to use these tools is much more efficient and meaningful than to try to memorize every medical term.
Most medical terms are based on Greek and Latin words, which are consistent and uniform throughout many different areas. The tools you are going to learn to use are these Greek and Latin parts of words, which are called the root, prefix, suffix, combining vowels and combining forms.
●The root is the foundation of the word and all medical terms have one or more roots.
●The prefix is the beginning of the word. Not all medical terms contain prefixes, but the
prefix can have an important influence on meaning.
●The suffix is the ending of the word and all medical terms have a suffix.
●The combining vowel③is the vowel that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root.
①the special words or terms used in a science, art, business etc.
②the language of a special group or profession.
③It takes the form of "o" for most of the time and occasionally "I" as in the words centimeter, millimeter, etc.
●The combining form is the combination of the root and the combining vowel.
For example, consider the word:
endo / crin / o / logy
prefix root suffix
combing vowel
endo is the prefix, meaning within/inner.
crin is the root, meaning secrete.
o is the combining vowel serving as a link.
crino is .the. combining form.
logy is the suffix , meaning the study of.
S o, by analyzing the parts of the word, the .meaning of endocrinology has been unlocked: it means the study of the human inner secretion from glands (the hormones).
II. Combining forms, prefixes and suffixes
Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.
Exercises
A. Complete the following sentences.
1. Word beginnings are called .
2. Word endings are called .
3.The foundation of a word is known as the .
4.A vowel linking a suffix and a root, or linking two roots in a term is called .
5.The combination of a root and a combining vowel is known as the .
B. Give the meanings for the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and provide one example for each.
1. embry/o
2. -ism
3. cardi/o
4. chrom/o
5. crin/o
6. cyt/o
7. -gen
8. lymph/o
9. -logy
10. -ar
C. Match Column I with Column II .
Column I
(Combining form, prefix and suffix)Column II (English term)
epi- hemat/o vascul/o -somes -cyte
-plasm endo- immun/o erythr/o [ 1 ] protection/safe
[ 2 ] above
[ 3 ]..life
[ 4 ] formation, growth, substance of formation [ 5 ] cell
[ 6 ] inner/within
[ 7 ] bodies
[ 8 ] blood
[ 9 ] tissue
续表
Column I
(Combining form, prefix and suffix)Column II (English term)
hist/o thyr/o physi/o adren/o -tomy bi/o [10] blood vessel
[11] to cut open
[12] red
[13] thyroid gland
[14] adrenal gland
[15] physical
D. Give the stress to the following medical terms, for example: | histo'therapy
1. adrenalitis 4. cardiopathy 7. histopathology 10. metabolism 13.embryoma 16.endocardial 19.epidermatitis 2
2. lymphology 25. ribosome 28. thyroiditis 2. cellular
5. erythrocytometer
8. symptomatic
11. chromatoplasm
14. embryopathology
17. endocellular
20. erythrocyte
23. psychobiology
26. hyperthyroidism
29. anatomy
3. molecular
6. erythrogenesis
9. immunology
12. erythrocyte
15. endocrinology
18. epithelial
21 .lymphoma
24. chromosomes
27. hypothyroidism
30. vasculolymphatic
Chapter 2
Human Body
In this passage you will learn;
●Classification of organ systems
●Structure and function of each organ system
●Associated medical terms
To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology immunology, psychology etc.
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described and illustrated in this article.
The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes———long, short, cube-shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made.
A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane———as with the hinge joint of the elbow———or movement around a single axis———as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball-shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints.
Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.
The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature. Striated muscles can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the
whole body, as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as when bending a finger.
Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the con-tents of these organs through the body.
The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the body's defense system. It has antibodies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders.
The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into ar-teries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins.
Also functioning in circulation is the lymphatic system. Some of the fluid that surrounds cells does not reenter the blood vessels directly. This fluid, called lymph, returns to the heart by way of another system of channels———the lymph vessels. Lymph nodes along these vessels filter the fluid before it reenters the blood. The spleen is a large lymphatic organ that filters the blood.
The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor. Air enters the nose and mouth and travels through the larynx, and trachea. The trachea divides to enter each of the two lungs and then divides more than 20 times to form a very large number of small air spaces. Oxygen from the air enters the blood through capillaries in the walls of these air spaces, and the blood releases carbon dioxide into the air spaces to be exhaled.
The digestive system consists of a tube extending from the mouth to the anus .In it, food and fluids are taken in, moved through the body, and broken down into small molecules that are absorbed into the circulatory system. This breakdown, known as digestion, is both a mechanical and a chemical process.
Food enters through the mouth, where chewing and saliva start to break it up and make it easier to swallow. Next, the food travels down through the esophagus to the stomach. Contractions of the stomach's muscular wall continue to break down the food mechanically, and chemical digestion continues when acid and enzymes are secreted into the stomach cavity.
The liquified food gradually passes into the small intestine. In the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum, enzymes from the pancreas are added. These enzymes complete
the chemical breakdown of the food. The digestion of fat is aided by bile, which is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. The small intestine of an adult is about 21 feet (6.4 meters) long. Most of its length is devoted to absorbing the nutrients released during these digestive activities.
The liquid remainder of the food enters the large intestine, or colon, which is about 12 feel (3.7 meters) long. It is more than twice as wide as the small intestine. In the large intestine most of the fluid is absorbed, and the relatively dry residues are expelled.
The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body. It does this by passing blood through the kidneys, two efficient filtering organs that get rid of any excess of various molecules and conserve those molecules that arc in short supply.
The fluid that leaves the kidneys, known as urine, travels through a tube called the ureter to the bladder. The bladder holds the urine until it is voided from the body through another tube, the urethra.
The endocrine system.The two systems that control body activities are the endocrine system and the nervous system. The former exerts its control by means of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by a variety of endocrine glands, which release the hormones directly into the blood stream.
A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head. It produces at least eight hormones, which affect growth, kidney function, and development of the sex organs. Because some of the pituitary's hormones stimulate other glands to produce their own hormones, the pituitary is called the master gland.
Another gland, the thyroid, is located between the collar bones. Its hormone controls the rate of the body's metabolism. The sex organs (ovaries and testes)make the sex cells and also make hormones that control certain characteristics of males and females. Located on top of each kidney is the adrenal gland, which produces cortisone and adrenaline. The pancreas produces not only digestive enzymes but also insulin and glucagon, which control the body's use of sugar and starches.
The nervous system———the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves———also controls body activities. The lower parts of the brain control basic functions such as breathing and heart rate as well as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Above these regions are the centers for sight, sound, touch, smell, and taste, and the regions that direct voluntary muscular activities of the arms and legs. Performed here are the higher functions of integrating and processing information.
The brain receives and sends information by means of nerves, many of which lie partly in
the spinal cord. The spinal cord is protected by the spinal column. Nerves enter and leave the spinal cord at each level of the body, traveling to and from the arms, legs, and trunk. These nerves bring information from the various sense organs. The information is processed by the brain, and then messages are carried back to muscles and glands throughout the body.
The reproductive system is constructed differently for males and females. The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sperm (the male sex cell). It also produces the male sex hormone, testosterone, which regulates the development of a beard, pubic hair, a deep voice and other bodily characteristics of the adult male.
The female productive system is responsible for producing and transporting ova (the female sex cells), eliminating ova from the body when they are not fertilized by sperm, nourishing and providing a place for growth of an embryo when an ovum is fertilized by sperm, and nourishing a newborn child. The female reproductive system also produces the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone , which regulate the development of breasts and other bodily characteristics of the mature female.
The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest of the body's organs. It keeps out foreign substances and prevents excessive water evaporation. The nerves in the skin provide tactile information. The skin also helps keep the body's temperature close to 98.6 °F (about 37 °C) : heat is conserved by reducing blood flow through the skin or is expended by increasing blood flow and by evaporation of sweat from the skin. Hair and nails are accessory structures of the skin.
New Words and Phrases
Exercises
A. Discuss the Following Topics:
1. Why do we study anatomy and physiology?
2. Suppose you were a professor of anatomy trying to introduce the human body to your students at the first class, where would you like to begin and how would you like to proceed? (How many systems are there in the human body? What are they?)
3. Give brief accounts of the structures and functions of each organ system.
B. Rewrite the following sentences in your own way and use phrases and expressions you are familiar with.
For example:
1. The skeletal system is composed of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage.
2. The contraction of the muscular system produces heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature.
3. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones.
4. The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air and expels carbon dioxide and water vapor.
5. This breakdown (of food) , known as digestion, is both a mechanical and a chemical process.
6. The urinary system maintains normal levels of water and of certain small molecules such as sodium and potassium in the body.
7. A major gland is the pituitary, which is located under the brain in the middle of the head.
8. The information is processed by the brain, and then messages are carried back to muscles and glands throughout the body.
9. The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, transporting and maintaining viable sperm.
10. The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body, and it is the largest
of the body's organs.
C. Put the following words or phrases into the following sentences and change the form if necessary.
skeleton system cartilage residues exhale evaporation striated muscles ovum tactile accessory antibody
1. The blood is also part of the body's defense system. It has ______ and leukocytes that protect the body against foreign invaders.
2. The skin is a complete layer that protects the inner structures of the body and it is the largest of the body's organs. Hair and nail are ______structures of the skin.
3. The human skin is covered with plenty of nerves and any touch on it provides ______ information to the central nerve system.
4. The function of______is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body.
5 . When we breathe, we inhale fresh air with oxygen and ______carbon dioxide.
6. The body's temperature can be lowered by ______of sweat from the skin.
7. An infant's skeleton is made of ______ that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.
8. _____ can be consciously controlled and therefore is called voluntary muscle.
9. When ______are not fertilized by sperm, they are to be eliminated from the body.
10. When liquid remainder of food enters the colon, most of the fluid is absorbed and the
relatively dry ______ are expelled.
D. Match Column I with Column n .
Column I Column II
thyroid [ 1 ] metabolism [ 2 ] enzyme [ 3 ] potassium [ 4 ] trachea [ 5 ] capillary [ 6 ] bone marrow [ 7 ] hematology [ 8 ] nutrient [ 9 ] hormone [10]inner substance of bone that is responsible for producing blood cells
the physical and chemical processes by which living substance is maintained and by which energy is produced
nourish substance
a blood vessel with a very slender, hairlike opening
chemical messengers or substance produced by various endocrine glands
a gland located between the collar bones and its secretion control the body's metabolism
a soft, silverwhite, metallic chemical element that occurs in nature only in com- pounds
a membranous and cartilaginous tube, commonly called windpipe
a protein substance produced in living cells, that influences a chemical reaction within a plant or animal without being changed by itself
the study of blood
Chapter 3
Human Diseases
In this passage you will learn:
●disease and pathology
●the classification of diseases
●germs' invasion of the human body
●the body's defense against invasion
●the body's immunity to diseases
The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modem approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases.
Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses.
Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can de- tect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ.
Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic dis- ease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for exam- ple, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute.
Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny won-us. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Sometimes, a disease-producing
organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it.
Noninfectious diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood fonnation and flow. Also included are distur- bances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive sys- tems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body's defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system.
Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. These ail- ments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems.
Furthermore, a thousand or more inheritable birth defects result from alternations in gene pat- terns. Since tiny genes are responsible for producing the many chemicals needed by the body, missing or improperly operating genes can seriously impair health. Genetic disorders that affect body chemistry are called inborn errors of metabolism. Some forms of mental retardation are hereditary.
How Germs Invade the Body
Humans live in a world where many other living things compete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, or pathogens, often broadly called germs, that cause many diseases are able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs. Ordinarily, the body's defense system can ward off these invaders.
Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some——such as those that cause the common cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis——are breathed in. Others——such as those that cause venereal diseases——enter through sexual contact of human bodies. Still others——such as those that cause hepatitis, colitis, cholera, and typhoid fever——get in the body through contaminated food, water or utensils.
How the Body Fights Disease
Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages. Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector.
As a first line of defense, a healthy body has a number of physical barriers against infection. The skin and mucous membranes covering the body or lining its openings offer considerable resis- tance to invasion by bacteria and other infectious organisms. If these physical barriers are injured or burned, infection resistance drops. In minor cases, only boils or pimples may develop. In major cases, however, large areas of the body might become infected.
Breathing passages are especially vulnerable to infection. Fortunately, they are lined with mu- cus-secreting cells that trap tiny organisms and dust particles. Also, minute hairs called cilia line
the breathing passages, wave like a field of wheat, and gently sweep matter out of the respiratory tract. In addition, foreign matter in the breathing passages can often be ejected by nose blowing, coughing, sneezing, and throat clearing. Unfortunately, repeated infection, smoking and other causes can damage the respiratory passageways and make them more susceptible to infection.
Many potential invaders cannot stand body temperature (98.6 °F or 37 ℃). Even those that thrive at that temperature may be destroyed when the body assumes higher, fever temperatures.
Wax in the outer ear canals and tears from eye ducts can slow the growth of some bacteria. And stomach acid can destroy certain swallowed germs.
The body's second line of defense is in the blood and lymph. Certain white blood cells flock to infected areas and try to localize the infection by forming pus-filled abscesses. Unless the abscess breaks and allows the pus to drain, the infection is likely to spread. When this happens, the in- fection is first blocked by local lymph glands. For example, an infection in the hand travels up the arm, producing red streaks and swollen, tender lymph glands in the armpit. Unless the infection is brought under control, it will result in blood poisoning.
Phagocytes are located at various sites to minimize infection. One type in the spleen and liver keeps the blood clean. Others in such high-risk areas as the walls of the bronchi and the intestines remove certain bacteria and shattered cells.
How We Become Immune to Disease
The body has a special way of handling infection. It has a system that fends off the first traces of an infectious substance and then, through a "memory," gives the body a long-lasting immunity against future attacks by the same kind of invader.
Many substances could harm the body if they ever entered it. These substances, or antigens, range from bacteria and pollen to a transplanted organ (viewed by the body as an invader). To fight them the body makes special chemicals known as antibodies.
Antibodies are a class of proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody is made of a heavy chain of chemical subunits, or amino acids, and a light chain of them. The light chain has special sites where the amino acids can link with their complements on the antigen molecule. When an an- tibody hooks up with an antigen, it often puts the antigen out of action by inactivating or covering a key portion of the harmful substance. In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibod- ies "butter" the surface of some antigens and make them "tastier" to phagocytes, which engulf the antigens. Sometimes an antibody hooks to a bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, or com- plement, to actually destroy the bacterium. As the antibody-antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex "fixes" complement to it. In turn, the complement causes powerful enzymes to eat through the bacterial cell wall and make the organism burst.
There are several kinds of immunoglobulins——IgM the largest; IgG, the most plentiful and
versatile; and IgA, the next most plentiful and specially adapted to work in areas where body secre- tions could damage other antibodies. Other immunoglobuhns are tied in with allergic reactions. IgM is made at the first signs of an antigen. It is later supplanted by the more effective IgG.
When infection first strikes, the immunity system does not seem to be working. During the first day or so, antibodies against the infection cannot be found in the blood. But this is only be- cause the basic cells involved in antibody production have been triggered by the presence of antigen to multiply themselves. The antibody level starts to rise on about the second day of infection and then zooms upward. By the fifth day the antibody level has risen a thousandfold.
The first antibodies, the large IgM type, are not the best qualified to fight a wide range of antigens, but they are particularly effective against bacteria. The more versatile lgG is circulating in the blood on about the fourth day of infection. Its production is stimulated by the rising level of IgM in the blood. At this time, IgM production drops off and the immunity system concentrates on making IgG. The IgG type of antibody sticks well to antigens and eventually covers them so that the antigens can no longer stimulate the immune response and IgG production is switched off. This is an example of negative feedback control.
Exercises:
A. Discuss the following topics.
1. What is pathology? What does the modem approach to the study of disorder emphasize?
2. How can a disease be classified?
3. How germs enter the human body?
4. How does the human body fight against diseases?
5. Describe the function of antibodies.
6. Imagine that you were on a lecture tour speaking on the importance of vaccination before a
group of maternal and child health workers in Tibet. Your task is to make them understand the theory of vaccination.
B. Put the following words or phrases into the following sentences and change the form if
necessary.
endemic disease potential acute diseaso provoke minimize assume addiction ward off
susceptible to succumb to mental retardation epidemic disease
1. When the same disease strikes a region or district year after year, we call it .
2. Disability and illnesses can be not only by infectious and noninfectious diseases, but
also by psychological and social factors. A typical example is drag .
3. All living things, animal or plant, can diseases, but a good health care system
does the rate of death.
4. Normally a healthy person's defense system can infection, but the old and weak are
especially vulnerable to diseases.
5. Marriage among relatives may result in .
6. ，such as heart attack, usually has a sudden and violent onset, but it can be
cured in a few days if treated timely.
7. Persons AIDS are often those who are drug addicts or those who have sexual
contact with those who are HIV carriers.
8. Many invaders of the bocly cannot bear body temperature and those who survive
and thrive will be destroyed when the body higher, fever temperature.
9. When a large number of cases of the same communicable disease occurs during a single period
of time, it is termed as .
C. Fill in each blank with one proper word; try not to look back at the passage until you
have finished this.
Diseases can also be classified by their causative agent. For instance,
an infectious, or (1) disease is the one that can be passed (1)
between persons such as by (2) of airborne droplets from a (2)
cough or sneeze.
Tiny (3) such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious (3)
diseases, So can (4) So can tiny worms. Whatever the (4)
causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is (5)
(5) on to another.
Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who
shows no (6) of the disease. The asymptomatic carrier can (6)
then pass the disease on to someone else (7) even knowing he (7)
has it.
(8) diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body, These (8)
include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty (9)
blood (9) and flow.
Also (10) are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the (10)
endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases
can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body's defense system, or a
poorly operating nervous system.
D. Match Column Ⅰwith Column Ⅱ.
Column ⅠColumn Ⅱ
E. Translate the following into Chinese
1. Each antibody is made of a heavy chain of chemical subunits, or amino acids, and a light
chain of them. The light chain has special sites where the amino acids can link with their com- plements on the antigen molecule.
2. In some cases, through the process of opsonization, antibodies "butter" the surface of some
antigens and make them "tastier" to phagocytes, which engulf the antigens.
3. Sometimes an antibody hooks to a bacterial antigen but needs an intermediate, or complement,
to actually destroy the bacterium. As the antibody-antigen complex circulates in the blood, the complex "fixes" complement to it.
4. During the first day or so, antibodies against the infection cannot be found in the blood. But
this is only because the basic cells involved in antibody production have been triggered by the presence of antigen to multiply themselves.
F. Translate the following into English.
损害正常功能污染环境
功能失调
致病因子
易受侵害的人群局部化的感染花柳病
抗原与抗体
Chapter 4
The Digestive System
In this passage you will learn:
●The digestive system as a whole
●Anatomy and physiology of the major organs in the digestive system
●Associated medical terms
Introduction.The digestive system, also called the gastrointestinal or alimentary canal, contains the organs involved in the ingestion and processing of food. The primary functions of the digestive system are: ingestion—the entry of food into the body ; digestion—the physical and chemical breakdown of food into nutrients that can be used by the body's cells; absorption—the passage of these nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream; and elimination—the excretion of solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the blood.
Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomically, the digestive system consists of a 30-foot long, mucous membrane-lined tube beginning with the mouth, where food enters the body, and ending with the anus, where solid waste is excreted. The digestive system is composed of 9 main organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are also called accessory organs of the digestive system. Although food does not pass through these organs, they aid in the processing of food and nutrients. The organs of the digestive system are illustrated in Figure 5-1 and described in the paragraphs below
.
Figure 5-1
The oral cavity. The process of digestion begins in the mouth, also called the buccal cavity, which is the opening through which food enters the body. The mouth has the ability to mechanically reduce the size of the food that is placed in it. The lips form the opening to the
mouth, while the cheeks or bucca form the borders of the oral cavity. The structures within the oral cavity including the teeth, tongue, and palate, are involved in the chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition)of food. They also play a role in speech.
The teeth are used to cut, tear, and crush food into smaller pieces. They are classified mainly by their shapes and locations. Incisors and cuspids are in front of the mouth; molars are in the back. Each tooth consists of a mass of nerves and blood vessels, called pulp, surrounded by a hard substance called cementum and a white smooth substance called enamel. The teeth are embedded in fleshy tissue called gums or gingivae. Together, the gums and other structures that support the teeth are known as the periodontium. Humans have two sets of teeth, the deciduous dentition of child-hood , which fall out and are replaced by the permanent dentition of adulthood.
The tongue extends across the floor of the oral cavity and is attached by muscles to the lower jaw bone. It manipulates food in the mouth during mastication and deglutition. The tongue is covered with a series of cone-shaped small projections called papillae in which there are taste buds that can sense flavors, such as sweet, bitter, salty, and sour.
The palate forms the roof of the mouth. It is divided into two parts; the hard palate and the soft palate. The hard palate forms the anterior portion of the mouth, while the soft palate lies posterior to it. Hanging from the soft palate is a small tissue called the uvula. The word uvula means little grape. Around the oral cavity are three pairs of salivary glands. These exocrine glands produce a fluid called saliva, which is released, from the parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland on each side of the mouth. During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula move upward to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity, the uvula also helps to guide the food into the pharynx.
The pharynx, or throat, is a long muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus and as a passageway for air from nose to the windpipe (trachea). When swallowing occurs, a flap of tissue, the epiglottis, covers the trachea so that food can 't enter and becomes lodged there.
The esophagus is a long muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Food is propelled by rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the esophagus. This process, called peristalsis, is also how food is moved through the stomach and intestines. It is something like squeezing a marble (bolus of food) through a rubber tube.
The stomach, a pouch-like organ located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, connects the esophagus with the small intestine. It is composed of an upper portion called fundus, a middle section known as the body, and a lower portion, called the antrum. Entry of food from the esophagus into the stomach is controlled by a ring of muscles known as the cardiac sphincter.
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
第一章医学英语词汇 医学领域涉及的科学和专业广泛，不仅包括基础医学和临床医学的诸多学科，还涉及化学和物理两大基础学科领域，甚至社会科学领域中的诸多学科和专业。因此，医学英语词汇数量庞大，其词汇量高达数十万。同时，由于医学专业的历史渊源，医学英语词汇大多含有希腊语和拉丁语成分，一些医学英语单词显得古怪而陌生，单词结构长而复杂。但就其构词法上基本遵循普通英语单词的构词规律，也往往由前缀、词根、后缀组成，虽然具有其自身的特点，也是可以找到规律的。因此，医学英语词汇构词法，理解与掌握单词尤其是组合词构成的基本知识，牢记必要的基本词素，就能找到掌握医学英语词汇的捷径。 第一节医学英语词汇的结构 一、医学词素 一般认为，词是语言中可独立使用表达意思的最小单位。但是，从结构方面来看时，词并不是最小的语言单位，许多单词可以细分为更小的，同时也是具有意义的单位.这些最小的有意义的单位就是词素。 医学词素（morpheme）是医学语词的组成部分，是医学英语中语音和语义的最小结合体。一个医学语词可以由一个词素构成，也可以由两个或两个以上的词素构成。从语义方面来看，医学词素有两种类型。一种医学词素含有明确的词汇意义，表达单词的主要意义，这类词素称为词根。例如，orth(o)－（正常的）、plasma（血浆）、reticul(o)-（网状）等。其中，plasma可以单独使用，这类词根称为自由词根。另外两个不能单独使用，是黏着词根，这类词根必须与其他词素结合使用。还有一类医学词素是词缀。词缀也有两种，一种屈折词缀只有语法意义而没有词汇的意义（如表示名词复数-s）；另一咱派生词缀有一定的词汇意义，但只表达单词的次要意义。 二、医学词根 医学词根（root）是医学语词的基本形式，承载着医学语词的核心意义。一般认为，词根是同根词共有的、可以辨认的部分，也就是说，词根可以在不同的单词里出现，但它的基本形式和含义相同。例如，erythroblast（成红细胞）、erythrocatalysis（红细胞溶解）、erythroclasis（红细胞破碎）和erythrocytopenia（红细胞减少）都有一个共同的词根“erythr(o)-”（红的）。这一词根在不同的语词里出现，但形式没有什么变化，含义也相同。
常用骨科医学专业英语词汇 骨科ORTHOPEDICS 1、概论INTRODUCTION *fracture n.骨折 pathological fracture 病理骨折 fatigue fracture 疲劳骨折 *open fracture 开放骨折 close fracture 闭合骨折 *comminuted fracture粉碎性骨折 compressed fracture 压缩骨折 shock n.休克 *deformity n.畸形 tenderness n.压痛 swelling n.肿胀 ecchymosis n.瘀斑 obstacle n.功能障碍 *bonefascial compartment syndrome 骨筋膜室综合征infection n.感染 spinal cord injury 脊髓损伤 surrounding nerve 周围神经 *fat embolism 脂肪栓塞 bedsore n.褥疮
arthroclisis n.关节僵硬 ischemic necrosis 缺血性坏死 ischemic contraction 缺血性挛缩 *traumatic arthritis 创伤性关节炎 hematoma n.血肿 *callus n.骨痂 heal n.愈合 *synovitis n.滑膜炎 *ligament n.韧带 *tendon n.肌腱 * pyogenic osteomyelitis 化脓性骨髓炎 *reduction n.复位 *bone traction 骨牵引 *osteoporosis n.骨质疏松 2、上肢骨折FRACTURE OF UPPER EXTREMITIES clavicle n.锁骨 *humerus n.肱骨 *rotation n.旋转 supracondyle n.髁上 blister n.水疱 pulsate n.搏动 thrombus n.血栓
13级本科?英语应用基础?考试题 一、Translate the following words into Chinese 1.营养 2.蛋白质 3.淀粉 4.维生素 5.开处方 6.硝酸盐 7.青霉素 8.口渴 9.糖尿病 10.新陈代谢 11.呕吐 12.病毒 13.腹胀 14.肥胖 15.儿科 16.垂体 17.压力 18.关节炎 19.溃疡
20.瘤 二、Reading comprehension Tea drinking was common in China for nearly one thousand years before anyone in Europe had ever heard about tea. People in Britain were much slower in finding out what tea was like, mainly because tea was very expensive. It could not be bought in shops and even those people who could afford to have it sent from Holland did so only because it was a fashionable curiosity. Some of them were not sure how to use it. They thought it was a vegetable and tried cooking the leaves. Then they served them mixed with butter and salt. They soon discovered their mistake but many people used to spread the used tea leaves on bread and give them to their children as sandwiches. Tea remained scarce and very expensive in England until the ships of the East India Company began to bring it direct from China early in the seventeenth century. During the next few years so much tea came into the country that the price fell and many people could afford to buy it. At the same time people on the Continent were becoming more and more fond of tea. Until then tea had been drunk without milk
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone;
医学专业英语 I. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1. Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2. Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3. Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4. A- means ______. A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5. The suffix -itis means _______ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6. The combining form of radi/o means _________. A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7. The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutti ng is_____. A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8. Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______. A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. ele ctroencephalogram 10. Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____. A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11. Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12. The combining form meaning “the skin”is _______. A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13. Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14. The term meaning “pertaining to secretion”is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15. The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
Human Diseases The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has given us a glimpse into two different studies that are considered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete without considering pathology, the science that deals with the structural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasizes the close relationship of the pathological and physiological aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals of each in treating any body diseases. 第一章中，通过对人体的概论，即解剖学与生理学，我们对两种被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了一个大致的印象。然而如果我们不考虑病理学，这门涉及由疾病带来的结构和功能变化的学科，上述的人体概论就不是完整的。实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调了病理学与生理学方面的密切关系，强调了我们在治疗任何人体疾病方面需要了解病理学与生理学基础的重要性。 Then what is a disease? It may be defined as a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. People, for example, are often infected by tiny bacteria, but bacteria, in turn, can be infected by even more minute viruses. 那么什么是疾病呢？它可能被定义为正常的功能或是部分功能遭受损害时的一种状态。每一种生物、植物和动物，都会受制于疾病。例如，人类常常被微小的细菌所感染，但是，反过来说，细菌又能够被甚至更加微小的病毒所感染。 Hundreds of different diseases exist. Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem. A symptom is something a patient can detect, such as fever, bleeding, or pain. A sign is something a doctor can detect, such as a swollen blood vessel or an enlarged internal body organ. 许多种疾病存在于世。每一种都有其特定的症状、征兆和线索，医生能以此诊断疾病之所在。症状是病人自己就能觉察到的，比如，高烧、流血，或是疼痛。而征兆则是医生能够观察到的，比如，血管扩张或是体内器官肿大。 Diseases can be classified differently. For instance, an epidemic disease is one that strikes many persons in a community. When it strikes the same region year after year it is an endemic disease. An acute disease has a quick onset and runs a short course. An acute heart attack, for example, often hits without warning and can be quickly fatal. A chronic disease has a slow onset and runs a sometimes years-long course. The gradual onset and long course of rheumatic fever makes it a chronic ailment. Between the acute and chronic, another type is called subacute. 疾病可以划分为不同的种类，例如，流行病是一种在某一社区内侵袭许多人的疾病。当它年复一年地袭击同一社区，就成了一种地方病。急性病发作快，但病程短，举个例子来说，急性心脏病发作常常没有前兆，而且会很快致命。慢性病发作则慢，但病程有时会长达几年之久。风湿热正是由于发病慢、病程长而成为一种慢性失调病（慢性病）。而介于急性与慢性之间的另一种类型，就被称为亚急性。 Diseases can also be classified by their causative agents. For instance, an infectious, or communicable, disease is the one that can be passed between persons such as by means of
一、绪论 中医学TCM(Traditional Chinese Medicine), 中医学理论体系的形成Origination of TCM, 形成formation, 发展development 中医学理论体系的基本特点 The basic characteristic of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory 整体观the whole concept, 辨证论治syndrome differentiation and treatment 第一章阴阳五行学说 阴阳Yin-yang , 阴阳的特性the property of yin-yang 阴阳之间的相互关系Interaction between yin and yang 阴阳对立制约Opposition of yin and yang 阴阳互根互用Interdependence between yin and yang 阴阳消长平衡Wane and Wax between yin and yang 阴阳相互转化Mutual transformation between yin and yang 阴阳学说在中医学中的应用 The applications of the theory of yin-yang in TCM 说明人体的组织结构Explanation of the histological structure of the human body 解释人体的生理功能Explanation of the physiology function activity of the human body 阐释病理变化Explanation of pathogenesis 阴阳偏盛Relative predominance of yin or yang 阳偏盛Relative predominance of yang 阴偏盛Relative predominance of yin 阴阳偏衰Relative decline of yin or yang 阳偏衰Relative decline of yang 阴偏衰Relative decline of yin 五行the five elements,
医学英语课后翻译答案完 整版 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020
Translation： Unit one 1 医院，在现代意义上，就是由专业人员和专业的设备为病人提供医疗服务的机构，通常但也不总是提供长期的住院治疗。它的历史意义，直至最近，是给退伍战士提供服务的地方。 2 在现代社会，从广义上说，医院或者由它所处的国家的政府提供资助，或者在私营部门通过竞争在经济上生存下来。目前，为医院提供赞助的通常有公共部门，医疗机构，赢利或者非赢利的，医疗保险公司或者教会，包括直接由教会提供捐赠。在历史上，医院通常由宗教机构或者教会的成员或领导来建立和资助。与此不同的是，现代医院主要由专业的内科医生、外科医生和护士组成，在过去这些工作主要由成立医院的宗教机构或者志愿者来完成。 3 一些病人去医院只是去接受诊断和治疗，然后离开，不在医院过夜（门诊病人）；也有一些病人被收入院，在医院过夜，甚至长达几个星期或几个月（住院病人）。医院的等级划分通常由它们所提供的医疗设施的类型和为住院病人提供的医疗服务，以及其他的在门诊所提供的医疗服务水平所决定。（医院与其他医疗机构的区别在于它具有将病人收住院并为住院病人提供医疗服务的能力，而其他一类通常称为诊所。） Unit two 1它们平均是每两位医生为一千位病人提供预防性和初级医疗服务。下一级别的为城镇医疗中心，这些中心通常主要为一万到三万位病人
提供门诊医疗服务。每一个中心有十到三十个床位，中心的专业医生为医士(助理医师）。这两个较低级别的医疗机构构成了乡村合作医疗系统，为大多数的乡村病人提供医疗服务。 2强调公共卫生和预防性治疗为主的医疗政策始于50年代早期，在那个时候，共产党开始有大批的人口流动，（动员群众）参与大规模的“爱国卫生运动”，目的在于改进较差的环境卫生，预防某些疾病。 3这一转变对农村医疗卫生产生了一系列重要影响，合作医疗缺乏资金来源，致使赤脚医生数量减少，这就意味着健康教育、初级保健和家庭保健都受挫，在一些村庄，卫生状况和饮用水(水源检测这个大家自己看哈）很少得到监控。 Unit three 1金刚烷阻碍(阻断）了由m2蛋白质形成的离子通道，这一通道在vRNPs释放进入细胞质的过程中是至关重要的。对金刚烷的排斥（耐药）迅速形成，大多数的人类传染性H1N1和H3N2病毒，一些H5N1病毒，大多数的欧洲猪H1N1、H1N2和H3N2病毒都能抵制（耐受）金刚烷。 2（然而），万一（一旦）发生流行性疾病（大流行），鸡蛋供应就会短缺，相反的是，细胞培养是可高度控制的系统，可以促使疫苗的大批量生产，包括这些对抗高致病性H5N1的禽流感病毒（可以促使包括那些针对高致病性H5N1病毒在内的疫苗大批量生产），通过以狗肾传代细胞或者非洲绿猴子肾细胞生产的流感疫苗的纯度和免疫能力
C o m m o n S y m p t o m s W o r d s u s e d i n C l i n i c s 1.h e a d a c h e头痛 2.v e r t i g o/d i z z i n e s s头昏/眩晕 3.a p o p s y c h i a晕厥 4.c o n v u l s i o n抽搐 5.c y a n o s i s发绀/紫绀 6.d y s p n e a呼吸困难 7.c o u g h咳嗽 8.h e m o p t y s i s咯血 9.c h e s t p a i n胸痛 10.p a l p i t a t i o n心悸 11.o l i g u r i a少尿 12.e d e m a水肿 13.e p i g a s t r a l g i a/u p p e r a b d o m i n a l p a i n上腹部痛 14.h o a r s e v o i c e声音嘶哑 15.i n s o m n i a/t r o u b l e w i t h s l e e p失眠 1.d y s p h a g i a吞咽困难 2.n a u s e a恶心 3.v o m i t i n g呕吐
4.b e l c h i n g/e r u c t a t i o n嗳气 5.s o u r r e g u r g i t a t i o n反酸 6.h e a r t b u r n烧心感 7.a n o r e x i a食欲不振 8.a b d o m i n a l d i s t e n s i o n腹胀 9.a b d o m i n a l p a i n腹痛 10.d i a r r h e a腹泻 11.c o n s t i p a t i o n便秘 12.t e n e s m u s里急后重 13.j a u n d i c e黄疸 14.h e m a t e m e s i s呕血 15.m e l e n a黑粪 16.h e m o t o c h e z i a便血 17.e a r l y f u l l n e s s早饱 18.A b d o m i n a l m a s s腹块 19.a s c i t e s腹水 20.f l a t u s放屁/打屁 1.c h e s t p a i n胸痛 2.c o u g h咳嗽 3.f e v e r发热 4.s o r e t h r o a t咽痛
医学专业英语 I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4.A- means _____ . A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5.The suffix -itis means _____ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________ . A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is ______ . A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision o f ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______ . A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____ . A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______ . A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13.Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as ________ . A. leukocyte B. leukemia C. leukogenesis D. erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________ . A. bronchitis B. pneumonitis C. gastritis D. hepatitis 17.-plasm means ______ . A. treatment B. knowledge C. diagnosis D. growth 18.Mammo/o refers to ______ . A. mother B. thymus gland C. thyroid gland D. breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A. en- B. endo- C. intra- D. none of the above 20._____ means surgical repair of an organ. A. phag/o B. –plasm C. –plasty D. –pathy