第十一章
Part Two The Republic of Ireland
爱尔兰共和国
地理与历史 Geography and History
不列颠群岛由两大岛屿和几百座小岛组成。两大岛屿是大不列颠和爱尔兰岛。爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫而被称为绿宝石岛。爱尔兰分为两个政治区域：北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。北爱尔兰是联合王国的一部分。爱尔兰共和国是个独立国家。
The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because ot its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country.
I.Geographical Features地理特征
爱尔兰共和国的面积为70，282平方公里。与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为434公里。
The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km.
首都是都柏林，The capital is Dublin.
爱尔兰一直被比作盆地，内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。海洋性气候影响全国。
Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highland s. Maritime influences penetrate the land.
最高峰是卡朗图山(1，041米)
The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1,041 m)
爱尔兰最大的河是香农河，它发源于斯利戈湾附近的高原, 香农河为共和国提供了大部分电力。
The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, The Shannon River provides electric power for much of the Republic.
多样化是低地的主要特征。中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。山谷的通道和低地走廊通向每一个爱尔兰海岸，
Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. Easy passageways along valley and lowland corridors lead from it to every Irish shore.
因为爱尔兰在冰川时期完全被冰层覆盖，现在所有的动植物种类都是从欧洲其他地方迁徙来的。
As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the lce Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe.
沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。在所有山脉中随处可见，并覆盖低地的大片地区。
Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape. They occur on all the mountains and cover large areas of the lowlands.
l.气候 Climate and Weather
爱尔兰的气候被描绘成"温和、温润和多变",地理学家把全岛划分为六大气候区：
The weather of Ireland is described as "mild, moist and changeable." Geographers have distinguished six climatic regions
爱尔兰雨量过多。中部低地,是爱尔兰雨量最少的地区
Ireland has excessive rainfall. The Central Lowland is the area of the lightest rainfall in Ireland,
东北部以极佳的农场和庄稼闻名
The Northeast is noted for its excellent cattle pastures and crops.
Ⅲ.人口与宗教 Population and Religion
爱尔兰的基本民族是凯尔特人，同时还混合有挪威人、法国人、诺曼人和英国人。
In Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with an admixture of Norse, French, Norman and English.
因为其种族的同一性，历史上的爱尔兰一直没有种族冲突。
There are no significant ethnic minorities. Historically Ireland has been free of ethnic conflicts because of its racial homogeneity.
爱尔兰有四大不寻常的人口特征：
Ireland has four unusual demographic features:
(1)结合整个世纪的迁移而形成的低出生率； a low birthrate compounded by a century of emigration,
(2)晚婚(男性35岁，女性29岁)；a late marriage age (35 for men and 29 for women),
(3)人口中男性过剩；an excess of males in the population .
(4)人口中各种年龄的独身男女占高比例。a high proportion of bachelors and spinsters of all ages.
1845年开始的大饥荒标志着爱尔兰社会历史的一个时代结束和另一个时代的开始。
The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland.
在人口自然下降的基础上雪上加霜的是同样历史悠久的人口外迁浪潮。从1845年起，赤贫的人们跳上任何一艘能运载他们渡过爱尔兰海或大西洋的船只。约有6百万人离开了爱尔兰。
To natural decrease was added a flow of emigration almost as long.From 1845 onward the desperately poor sought any ship that could carry them across the Irish Sea or the Atlantic. some 6 million people are estimated to have left Ireland in the century following the Great Famine.
爱尔兰自由邦建立后 (1921年)，移民锐减。
After the establishment of the Irish Free State (1921), emigration showed a sharp decline.
爱尔兰有两种官方语言：爱尔兰语(凯尔特语)和英语。
There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English,爱尔兰是欧洲最为信奉天主教的国家。美国约有一半的天主教主教是爱尔兰裔。
Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe. About half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.
爱尔兰圣公会是最大的非天主教教派。尽管天主教占绝对优势，但很少发生反对非天主教徒的宗教歧视。
The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denomination，Despite the Catholic predominance, there is very little religious discrimination against non-Catholics.
Ⅳ.历史背景 Historical Background
在史前时代，爱尔兰遭受许多凯尔特部落的入侵，最重要的是盖尔人。约公元前4世纪他们抵达此岛，征服了北方的皮克特人和南方的爱兰人部落(这是爱尔兰名称的来源)，后来他们定居下来建立了繁荣的盖尔文明。
Ireland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The most important were the Gaels. They arrived in the island about the 4th century BC. They conquered the Picts in the north and the Erainn tribe (from whom the name
Ireland is derived) in the south. Then they settled down to establish a flourishing Gaelic civilization.
爱尔兰历史上最重要的事件或许是公元432年圣帕特里克来到爱尔兰岛，并把此岛变成学问中心和基督教文化中心。
The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 was perhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.
英国人和爱尔兰人之间的冲突持续了近800年。亨利八世是使爱尔兰置于英国的完全统治下的首位国王。
Conflict between the English and the Irish went on for almost 800 years. Henry VIII was the first king to bring all Ireland under English control.
1610年苏格兰定居者在乌尔斯特建立殖民地。
Scottish settlers established a colony in Ulster in 1610.
爱尔兰共和军和英国政府之间爆发了战争( 1919 -1921)，1921年，英国人签署了《英爱条约》，建立拥有自治身份的爱尔兰自由邦，并在国教占统治地位的北爱尔兰建立分离的政府。
War broke out between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British government (1919~21). In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government
in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.
1932年就职的阿蒙·德·凡勒拉领导的爱尔兰没有参加二战，以表明它与英国人之间的长期不睦，1937年颁布一部新宪法，选出的总统取代了总督，国家的名称正式改为爱尔兰。
Under Eamon de Valera,who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War 1I to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British. In 1937, under a new constitution, the Governor-General was replaced by an elected president and the name of the country was officially changed to Ireland (Eire in Gaelic).
1948年，爱尔兰投票使自己脱离英联邦，1949年4月18日宣布为共和国。
In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.
Ⅴ.外交政策 Foreign Policy
独立以来，爱尔兰一直奉行中立与不结盟政策。
Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment,
1979年6月22日，爱尔兰与中国建立外交关系。目前爱尔兰与46个国家保持外交关系。
Ireland established diplomatic relations with China on June 22, 1979. Ireland currently maintains diplomatic relations with 46 countries.
第十二章
今日爱尔兰Ireland Today
Ⅰ.政治体制 Political Structure
根据1937年的宪法，爱尔兰是议会制共和国和中央集权国家。理论上而言，此宪法适用于整个爱尔兰岛。北爱尔兰公民也被视为共和国公民，能够竞选南方的职位。爱尔兰共和国由爱尔兰32个郡中的26个郡组成。
Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Constitution. The Constitution is theoretically applicable to the whole of Ireland. Citizens of Northern Ireland are also considered citizens and cart run for office in the South. The Republic of Ireland consists of 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland.
1.行政权Executive power
国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。他召集或解散议会；签署和颁布法律；任命法官、首相和其他内阁成员；统率武装部队。
The head of state is the president, elected by direct suffrage for a term of seven years. He summons or dissolves the Oireachtas (Parliament) ; signs and promulgates laws; appoints judges, the prime minister（taoiseseh） and other members of the cabinet ; and heads the defense forces.
总统应在众议院提名下任命首相；在众议院事先批准而首相提名下任命其他政府成员。
the president shall appoint the prime minister on the nomination of the House of Representatives (Dail)and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.
政府向众议院所负的责任是集体的，它被要求作为一集体权力部门聚会和行动。集体负责制要求政府对公众和众议院以统一战线的面目出现。爱尔兰议会生活的这一特征归功于政党团结和忠诚。
The government's responsibility to the Dail is collective, and it is required to meet and act as a collective authority. Collective responsibility requires the government to present a united front to the public and to the Dail. This feature of Irish parliamentary life is due to party solidarity and loyalty.
作为政府首脑，首相只对众议院负责。他仅被要求让总统对"国内和国际事务的方针有总体了解"。
As the head of government the taoiseseh is answerable only to the Dail. He is required only to keep the president "generally informed on matters of domestic and international policy. "
2.立法权 Legislative power
所有立法权都赋予了国家议会。国家议会分为两院：众议院和参议院。
All the legislative powers are vested in the national parliament. The national
parliament (Oireachtas) has two Houses. They are the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann ) and the Senate (Seanad).
宪法所规定的参议院的权力通常比众议院的权力要少。
The powers of the Seanad, as defined by the Constitution, are in general less than those of the Dail.
1）要求总统拒绝签署议案,直到提交全民公决的请愿书,必须获得参议院的多数议员同意(但众议院只需三分之一同意)。
A petition to the president to decline to sign a bill until the matter can be put before the people in a referendum requires the assent of a majority of the members of the Seanad (but only one-third of the membership of the Dail).
2）个人议案必须首先在参议院提出。
A private bill must be introduced in the Seaned first.
3.爱尔兰法律和法院3. Irish laws and courts
爱尔兰法律以英国的普通法为基础，随后的立法和1937年的宪法对之加以修改。
Irish law is based on English common law as modified by subsequent legislation and the 1937 Constitution.
只有议会决议能对法官免职。高级法院裁决宪法条款范畴内的任何法律的合法性。
judges can be removed from office only by resolution of the Oireaehtas. The high court also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the
中国共产党，其他政党及政协相关名称 中国共产党中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC 中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC 中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC 中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC 中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC 中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC 中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC 中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC 中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC 中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC 中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC 中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC 中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC 中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC 中央党校Party School of the CPC 中央党史研究室Party History Research Centre, CCCPC 中央文献研究室Party Literature Research Centre, CCCPC 中央翻译局Compilation and Translation Bureau, CCCPC 中央外文出版发行事业局 China Foreign Languages Publishing and Distribution Administration 中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC 《中国人民政治协商会议及其机构》 The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会 Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅 General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee 专门委员会Special Committee 提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals 经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs 人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment 教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports
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Unit 1 1.餐饮行业与电影行业的共同之处在于其小型企业的失败率很高。 The restaurant industry has one thing in common with the film industry: the high failure rate among its small business. 2.他的伟大在于他具有非凡的能力，集科学家和实业家的品质于一身。 His greatness lies in his outstanding ability to connect the qualities of a scientist with those of an industrialist. 3.像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的种族身份已被职业身份所取代。这一现象在流动作业的行业中表现得尤为明显。 We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with workplace, which is quite obvious among the mobile professions. 4.显然，任何一家大公司的老板都不可能事事亲力亲为，需要找一些方法把他们的理念传达给他人。 Plainly, in any large enterprise the boss cannot be directly involved in everything, and some means have to be found to transfer his belief to others. 5.没有任何人愿意再过那种自己无法控制、要别人认可、任人摆布的日子了。No one was willing to experience the feeling of being out of control and dependent on someone else’s approval, at someone else’s mercy. 6.人们渴望一种成就感，渴望有能力凭自己的手、自己的脑、自己的意志办成事情。 The human being longs for a sense of accomplishment, and being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind and with his will. 7.政府希望通过大量出售资产来弥补损失。 The government hopes that the sale of a chunk of its assets will help make up for its lose. 8.现代社会里人们的身份更多地由他们所从事的职业，而不是他们所生活的社区来界定。
Comparison of the Politics in Britain and United States Abstract: The system that British established in 19 century has a profound effect not only on its own country’s society developments of politics and history but also on other counties’ modern institution, politics and history. British is the mother of world capitalist constitutionalism. As a powerful capitalistic country, US’system is also based on the British’s system and set a prefect system after some reforms. Even so, the systems of the two countries still have many differences. Both of the two countries have powerful political systems in the world. Keywords: constitution, party systems, electoral system 1. Introduction: (political institution is superstructure, generally refers to the state power organs and the basic system which adapted with the social nature. "Political system, as same as the various systems of the human society, is the product of history development, branding with time and space.”) After the English bourgeois revolution, democratic politics was gradually established. The constitution was promulgated and constitutionalism was gradually be taken. Capitalism got a considerable development in Britain. Britain built the first set of the capitalist system, which is known as the source and model of Western political system. British and US political systems have the same theoretical basis: the principle of "separation of powers” and the theory of “human rights”; the concrete content includes the parliamentary system, the electoral system, the judicial system, and the political party system, etc; these are all considered to be the elements of "people's democracy", Regimes implemented the principles of separation of powers and check and balance and the "rule of law". And most fundamentally,as two typical representatives of capitalist countries’ political systems, Britain and USA have the same nature in the maintenance of bourgeois interests and the private capitalist system, the implementation of other aspects of bourgeois dictatorship. But in the specific political system level, they present different characteristics, the paper only compare British and American political system from three aspects of the Constitution, the party system, the electoral system. 2. Comparison of constitutions Britain is typical of countries with unwritten constitution, there is no unified, complete written form, and its constitutional system is extremely complex which is constituted by a variety of written and unwritten customary law, jurisprudence and constitutional practices constituted. British constitution can not be listed by one or several pieces of documents, nor strict distinct by the time, it lacks rigorous and explicit content, consistent and complete system。 The United States Constitution is the first written constitution in the world. In the course of its development, the United States Constitution formed the four main principles: the separation of powers and checks and balances, federalism, limited the powers of the government and judicial review. The US Constitution carried thorough the separation of powers which provide the separation of the legislative, judicial and administrative. Congress, the Federal Court and the President perform their respective duties, and the division of labor between federal, state and local governments is also very clear. Federal Court is an important weight in the separation of powers and checks and balances in the United States, in addition to the administrative function and legislative function, the most important function is the supervisory function and judicial function. Judges enjoy constitutional status and was appointed guardian to uphold the Constitution; the
英语国家概况翻译 Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to The United Kingdom 我们正在研究的这个国家的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这也是一个复杂的名字，对于一个在许多方面都很复杂的国家。大多数人都知道它，是因为它的庞大的海外帝国的称号使他在国家上扮演着重要的角色，但是在第二次世界大战之后的数年，这一切都结束了。然而，人们知道的那些有关英国(他们可能称它为 大不列颠)的事情，可能跟大多数真正的英国人是如果过自英国或者，错误的称为 己的生活的事情没有多大的联系。一方面，现在，帝国的时代已经过去很久了，只有老人们把帝国作为他们生活有一些意义的一件事留在记忆里。英国不再是一个帝国，尽管其过去帝国的影响可能体现在各方各面;而不是仅仅体现在与曾经是这个帝国的一部分并且建立起一个松散(自愿)的称之为英联邦国家的组织保持联系的50或更多的国家之间的密切关系。但是今天在英国国际关系中，更重要的是欧洲联盟。自从1973年始，英国成为了它的成员。考虑到当代的英国，强调它在欧盟中扮演的角色，比起英联邦的一部分，要有用得多了。作为7国集团成员的大型发达经济体，它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家。 另外一个明显旧帝国的影响在于组成英国人口本身。在20世纪50年代和60年代这段时间，受到鼓励来自这些英联邦国家的移民，导致了一个二十个人中就有一个非欧洲人的人口种族。他们自己，其父母，或者祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，仅举出这几个最有代表性的国家和地区。 这将引入什么是本章节关于英国的关键主题:因为是大多数，或所有的国家，是不可能用简单的话语来概括英国人民。很多人想到了英国，就想到了英国的绅士。但是，这仅仅是一种刻板印象，在当今，对于绝大多数英国人来说都是不适
中国小吃官方翻译 （中英文对照） A list of Chinese dainty snacks 中式早餐/午餐/晚餐 Chinese -Breakfast/lunch/supper 米饭类 Rice 1、竹筒饭 Bamboo rice 2、鸡粥 Chicken gruel 3、粽子 Chinese rice-pudding/Glutinous rice dumpling/ z ongzi 4、稀饭 Congee / millet gruel/ Rice porridge 5、蒸饭 Boiled rice/ Steamed rice 6、汤团 Boiled rice dumpling 7、卤肉饭 Braised pork rice/ Rice with red-cooked pork 8、炒米饭 Fried rice 9、蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg 10、及第粥 Giblets Congee
11、糯米饭 Glutinous rice 12、油饭 Glutinous oil rice 13、腊八粥 Laba porridge (rice porridge with nuts and d ried fruit eaten on the eighth day of the twelfth luna r month) 14、白饭 Plain cooked rice /Plain white rice 15、紫米八宝饭 Purple rice with eight-treasures rice pu dding 16、饭团 Rice and vegetable roll/ Rice ball 17、红苕稀饭 Rice porridge with sweet potato 18、田鸡片粥 Sliced Frog Congee 19、地瓜粥 Sweet potato congee 20、稀粥 Thin gruel 21、稀饭 Congee / Millet gruel/ Rice porridge 22、蒸饭 Boiled rice/ Steamed rice 23、汤团 Boiled rice dumpling 24、卤肉饭 Braised pork rice/ Rice with red-cooked pork 25、蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg 26、糯米饭 Glutinous rice
题型：选择，判断，名词解释，填空 名词解释重点整理如下： 英国经济的相对衰落：英国已经历了经济的下降，因为1945.But这是一个相对而不 是绝对的下降。英国是富裕和更富有成效的，比它在1945年，但由于其他国家的发展更为迅速，从第二大经济体，第六下滑。 私有化在1908s：英国经济在20世纪70年代经历了一个特别恶劣的时期，高通胀率和英镑贬值，因此，在20世纪80年代，当根据撒切尔夫人的保守党执政时期，一个广泛的方案。进行了私有化。许多国有企业（如钢铁，电信，天然气，航空航天）到了私人公司的私有化是在控制通货膨胀取得了成功，但同时失业率迅速上升。 英国经济的主要部门：主要行业，如农业，渔业和采矿，制造这些初级产品的复杂商品的第二产业;和大专（或服务）的产业，如：英国国家经济可以划分成三个主要领域银行，保险，旅游业和零售业。 综合学校：综合学校是在英国最流行的中学，这些学校承认不参考他们的学术能力的儿童提供普通教育的学生可以学习一切从喜欢文学，喜欢烹饪的实用科目的学科。 文法学校。文法学校在英国中学的类型选择通过一个名为“11 - PULS”考试在11 岁以下的儿童，这些儿童与最高分去文法学校，这些学校打好重点上先进的学科，而不是更普遍的综合学校的课程，并期望他们的学生去上大学。 俗称独立学校：独立学校是公立学校，这实际上是私人学校接收他们通过私营部门和学费率的资金，与一些政府援助的独立学校是不是国民教育体系的一部分，但教学的质量和标准。通过参观女王陛下的学校督察保持这些学校限制学生的父母都比较丰富。公开大学：。开放大学是在英国成立的1960年为人们谁可能不会得到经济和社会原因高等教育机会的它是对所有人开放，并并没有要求在同一个正式的其他大学教育资格大学其次通过电视，广播，通信，视频和Q研究中心的净工作课程，公开大学学业结束。成功的学生将被授予大学学位。 邦联条：独立战争胜利后，美国新的国家是一个虚弱的国民政府组织联合会章程协议下的所谓国会，每个国家都有自己的政府，其自身的规律。和处理其内部事务。国家没有与美国国会和相互合作。大会没有权力强迫任何国家出钱国家的政府和国会不能任何公民征税。因此，文章邦联失败。 一个联邦制度：一个联邦制度是其中的电源之间共享一个中央机关及其组成部分，保留给每个前来的权利，。 美国宪法的制定：联邦章程失败，大会决定举行制宪会议修改联合会章程12States （罗德岛州拒绝参加）的代表聚集在费城在1787and在写一个新的结束。宪法和联 邦制度与一个强大的中央政府。宪法规定，总统选举将被称为，联邦法律将只能由国会众议院众议院和参议院和S最高法院将成立，终于批准了新宪法，大多数市民在 9of 13States是在1787年正式生效。 。执行：行政长官是谁当选一个四年任期的总统根据在1951.The总统通过了一项修 正案，只有两个词可以选出一位总统可以向国会提出立法建议，他可以否决任何法案国会通过。否决权，可以通过在两院三分之二多数票覆盖。总统可以任命联邦法官空缺出现，他是军队的首席指挥官。布什总统在政府运作等广泛当局部门和处理外交关系。 人权：人权法案条例草案，其中在1791年宪法第10修正案，权利的条例草案获得 通过，以保证自由和个人权利，如言论自由，集会权在公共场所自己的武器等的权利。
第十二章今日爱尔兰 Ⅰ.政治体制 根据1937年的宪法，爱尔兰是议会制共和国和中央集权国家。理论上而言，此宪法适用于整个爱尔兰岛。北爱尔兰公民也被视为共和国公民，能够竞选南方的职位。爱尔兰共和国由爱尔兰32个郡中的26个郡组成。 1.行政权 国家元首是总统，直接投票选举产生，任期七年。他召集或解散议会；签署和颁布法律；任命法官、首相和其他内阁成员；统率武装部队。此外，他有权提交一些议案给最高法院裁决是否符合宪法，也有权提交一些议案给人民进行全民公决。国家委员会建设和帮助总统履行职责。 宪法第13项条款规定，总统应在众议院提名下任命首相；在众议院事先批准而首相提名下任命其他政府成员。在议会的合法届期内，首相能一直担任其职，直到他自己辞职或是失去众议院多数的支持。宪法赋予众议院任命首相的工作相当正式。每届新众议院提名多数党或多数团体领袖为首相。当多数党领袖要求总统正式任命为首相时，众议院通常要休会。然后多数党领袖又返回众议会提出其政府成员名单，这些名单一起被批准后由总统任命，并由首相分配他们负责的部门。 政府向众议院所负的责任是集体的，它被要求作为一集体权力部门聚会和行动。集体负责制要求政府对公众和众议院以统一战线的面目出现。爱尔兰议会生活的这一特征归功于政党团结和忠诚。从历史上看，政党忠诚一直是著名的公共美德，对领袖强烈的忠诚一直坚持至今。像宗教信仰一样，政治上的变节者受人都视。因其领袖的要求，政党成员总是全体投票一致。除集体负责外，部长们也对其各自部门的工作个人负责。 多年来，与总统职位相比，首相职位的权力在增长。作为政府首脑，首相只对众议院负责。他仅被要求让总统对"国内和国际事务的方针有总体了解"。过去通过与首相的经常会晤总统有"总体了解"。自从20世纪70年代以来，这些会晤日益衡少。 2.立法权 所有立法权都赋予了国家议会。国家议会分为两院：众议院和参议院。据宪法，议会拥有制定法律的独有权力。唯一的例外是有关适用于爱尔兰而由欧洲议会通过的法律。目前众议院有166个议员，称为爱尔兰共和国众议院议员。全国划分为41个选区。1987年，13个选区中每个选区有三个议席，另13 个选区中每个选区有四个议席，其余选区中每个选区中有五个议席。参议院60位议员，11位由首相直接提名；43位由五个候选小组选举产生--文化和教育组，劳动组，工商业组，农业组和行政组；剩下的六位议员则由大学产生。众议院议员和参议院议员的任期为五年。 宪法所规定的参议院的权力通常比众议院的权力要少。在免除总统或法官的职务，宣布和终止国家的紧急状态，开始实施除财政议案外的议案，以及除法令文件等广泛事务上，参议院与众议院的权力互为补充。但在其他一些领域，参议院有优先权或独一无二的权力--要求总统拒绝签署议案直到提交全民公决的请愿书必须获得参议院的多数议员同意(但众议院只需三分之一同意)。个人议案区别于公共政策议案，其目的是为促进个人或地区的特别利益，它必须首先在参议院提出。 3.爱尔兰法律和法院 爱尔兰法律以英国的普通法为基础，随后的立法和1937年的宪法对之加以修改。除那些被爱尔兰议会废除的成文法之外，1921年之前英国议会通过的成文法有法律效力。根据法律，总统根据政府的建议任命法官，只有议会决议能对法官免职。高级法院在所有的法律事务上有充分的原始司法权。它也裁决宪法条款范畴内的任何法律的合法性。通常高级法院由
I WAS born in the year 1632, in the city of York, of a good family, though not of that country, my father being a foreigner of Bremen, who settled first at Hull. He got a good estate by merchandise, and leaving off his trade, lived afterwards at York, from whence he had married my mother, whose relations were named Robinson, a very good family in that country, and from whom I was called Robinson Kreutznaer; but, by the usual corruption of words in England, we are now called - nay we call ourselves and write our name - Crusoe; and so my companions always called me. I had two elder brothers, one of whom was lieutenant-colonel to an English regiment of foot in Flanders, formerly commanded by the famous Colonel Lockhart, and was killed at the battle near Dunkirk against the Spaniards. What became of my second brother I never knew, any more than my father or mother knew what became of me. Being the third son of the family and not bred to any trade, my head began to be filled very early with rambling thoughts. My father, who was very ancient, had given me a competent share of learning, as far as house-education and a country free school generally go, and
1.Shakespeare: Great Tragedies:Hamlet\ Macbeth\ Othello\ King Lear Great Comedies:The Merchant of Venice\The Twelfth Night\ A Midsummer Night's Dream\As you like it 2.The Privy Council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the state and give private advice to the King.So the Privy Council was also called the King's Council in history.Today its role is largely formal,advising the sovereign to approve certain government decrees. 3.Civil Service Implementation of the Minister’s decisions is carried out by a permanent politically neutral organization known as the civil service.The civil service is non-political.Changes of government do not involve changes in departmental staff.Civil servants are recruited mainly by open competition. 4. Norman Conquest In 1066, Edward died childless. Harold, Edward’s brother-in-law, and William, Duke of Normandy, Edward’s Norman cousin, both claimed the throne. William, Duke of Normandy, crossed the Channel , killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings. After Norman Conquest, feudalism was established in
第十一章 Part Two The Republic of Ireland 爱尔兰共和国 地理与历史 Geography and History 不列颠群岛由两大岛屿和几百座小岛组成。两大岛屿是大不列颠和爱尔兰岛。爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫而被称为绿宝石岛。爱尔兰分为两个政治区域：北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国。北爱尔兰是联合王国的一部分。爱尔兰共和国是个独立国家。 The British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because ot its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country. I.Geographical Features地理特征 爱尔兰共和国的面积为70，282平方公里。与北爱尔兰接壤的边界为434公里。 The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. 首都是都柏林，The capital is Dublin. 爱尔兰一直被比作盆地，内有海滨高地围起的石灰岩高原。海洋性气候影响全国。 Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highland s. Maritime influences penetrate the land. 最高峰是卡朗图山(1，041米) The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1,041 m) 爱尔兰最大的河是香农河，它发源于斯利戈湾附近的高原, 香农河为共和国提供了大部分电力。 The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, The Shannon River provides electric power for much of the Republic. 多样化是低地的主要特征。中部低地是爱尔兰的心脏。山谷的通道和低地走廊通向每一个爱尔兰海岸， Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. Easy passageways along valley and lowland corridors lead from it to every Irish shore. 因为爱尔兰在冰川时期完全被冰层覆盖，现在所有的动植物种类都是从欧洲其他地方迁徙来的。 As Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the lce Age, all extant plants and animals are migrant species from other parts of Europe. 沼泽仍是爱尔兰最重要的地形特征。在所有山脉中随处可见，并覆盖低地的大片地区。
英语求职信中英翻译范文5篇 求职自荐信在应聘时显得非常重要，可是求职自荐信中的英文求职信又该怎么写呢，在这之中应该有许多外文系专业的同学们要头疼了吧。相对于中文求职信的要求，英文求职信，怎么样的格式、开头才算礼貌呢，这其中有涉及到西方交流文化了。求职1号站给大家带来英文求职信,求职信英文,英语求职信范文,求职简历英文,求职信格式英文,英语求职信格式等给大家 应聘管理职位英文求职信1 尊敬的Volitip女士： 您是否需要一名能够及时向管理层提供关键决策(如公司产品的销售、新分支机构的开设、公司经营的多样化、新税法的效果审查、经济预测的编制等)信息的员工? 我拥有经济学和运筹学的硕士学位，正在寻找一个能够充分挑战我的研究能力以实现公司目标的成长型组织的职位。 随函附上的简历反映了我在课堂和短暂的职业生涯中取得的扎实成就。无论是在教室还是在工作场所，我始终能够实现近期目标，同时开发工具来成功地解决未来的需求。 谢谢你抽出时间。我期待你的回音。如有要求，将提供参考资料。 真诚的 Dear Ms. Volitip: Do you have need for an employee who can provide management with timely information on which crucial decisions (e.g., marketing of company products, the opening of new branches, diversification of company operations, examination of the effects of new tax laws, preparation of economic forecasts, etc.) are made? I hold an M.S. degree in Economics and Operations Research and am seeking a position with a growing organization that can fully challenge my research capabilities in pursuit of the firm' s objectives. The enclosed resume reflects solid achievement in both the classroom and during my brief professional career. Whether in the classroom or at the workplace, I have been consistently able to meet near-term objectives while developing the tools to successfully tackle future requirements.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language 全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国）and Northern Ireland（北爱尔兰）. 由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠）and Ireland（爱尔兰） The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates（起源于）in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles. Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛 Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul’s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.