2017年考研英语阅读理解模拟题（十一）及答案：法学类 By almost every measure ， Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last week the San Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try suspect Charles Andrew Williams ， 15， as an adult for the Santana High School shootings. Even before the tragedy ， Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.
So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A. in the U.S. to launch his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June ， Pfingst told his
attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words ， he wanted to revisit past victories ——this time playing for the other team. “I think people misunderstand being conservative for being biased ，” says Pfingst. “I consider myself a pragmatic guy ， and I have no interest in putting innocent people in jail.”
Around the U.S.， flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheered his move. Among prosecutors ， however ， there was an awkward pause. After all ， each DNA test costs as much as $5，000. Then there's the unspoken risk ： if dozens of innocents turn up ， the D.A. will have indicted his shop.
But nine months later ， no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted. Only the rare case merits review. Pfingst's team considers convictions before 1993， when the city started routine DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has
been released. Of the 560 remaining files ， they have re-examined 200， looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still claim innocence.
They have identified three so far. The most compelling involves a man serving 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were there at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the victim's shirt ——too small a sample to test in 1991. Today that spot could free a man. Test results are due any day. Inspired by San Diego ， 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA audits.
注(1)本文选自Time; 03/19/2001， Vol. 157 Issue 11， p62， 1p ， 2c ， 3bw 注(2)本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1.
1. How did Pfingst carry out his own Innocence Project?
[A]By getting rid of his bias against the suspects.
[B]By revisiting the past victories.
[C]By using the newly developed DNA-testing tools.
[D]By his cooperation with his attorneys.
2. Which of the following can be an advantage of Innocence Project?
[A]To help correct the wrong judgments.
[B]To oust the unqualified prosecutors.
[C]To make the prosecutors in an awkward situation.
[D]To cheer up the defense attorneys and their jailed clients.
3. The expression “flabbergasted”(Line 1， Paragraph 3) most probably means _______.
[A]excited
[B]competent
[C]embarrassed
[D]astounded
4. Why was Pfingst an unsentimental prosecutor?
[A]He intended to try a fifteen-year old suspect.
[B]He had no interest in putting the innocent in jail.
[C]He supported the controversial California law.
[D]He wanted to try suspect as young as fourteen.
5. Which of the following is not true according to the text?
[A]Pfingst‘s move didn’t h ave a great coverage.
[B] Pfingst‘s move had both the positive and negative effect.
[C] Pfingst‘s move didn’t work well.
[D]Pfingst‘s move greatly encouraged the jailed prisoners.
答案：CADBC
篇章剖析
本文采用的是记叙文的模式。第一段指出芬斯特作为一位铁面无私的检查官的一些做法;
第二段指出芬斯特实施“清白计划”的打算及做法;第三段指出实施“清白计划”造成的反应以及可能存在的问题;第四段和第五段是实施“清白计划”的结果和影响。
词汇注释
prosecutor n.检察官 ，检察员，起诉人，原告
controversial adj.争论的， 争议的
mandate v.批准制订一个训令，如通过法律;发布命令或要求：
wager v.下赌注， 保证
conviction n.定罪， 宣告有罪
unravel v. 阐明， 解决
flabbergast v.使大吃一惊， 哑然失色， 使目瞪口呆
indict v.起诉， 控告， 指控， 告发
bust v.破产或缺钱
oust v.剥夺， 取代， 驱逐
discard v.抛开;遗弃;废弃
molest v.骚乱， 困扰， 调戏
saliva n.口水， 唾液
难句突破
1.Even before the tragedy ， Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.
主体句式：…Pfingst had stood behind …
结构分析：Even before the tragedy 是本句的时间状语;主句是Pfingst had stood behind …;that 引导的宾语从句修饰law;在从句中，as …as 是一词组，意思是“和…一样”;出现的第三个as 是介词，意思是“作为”。
句子译文：甚至在这场悲剧发生之前芬斯特就支持加利福尼亚州的一项颇有争议的法律。这项法律规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的最低年龄可以降到十四岁。
题目分析
1.答案为C ，属事实细节题。文中对应信息“Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools.”是对第二段第一句的补充说明。
2.答案为A ，属推理判断题。从上下文我们可以得知，实施“清白计划”就是使用先进的DNA 技术来重新审理过去的案件当中可能存在的冤案错案。
3.答案为D ， 属猜词题。从第二段第一句话我们得知芬斯特可能是美国第一个实施非常独特的“清白计划”的人，因此他的做法很可能是令人感到吃惊的，从而可猜出该词的含义。
4.答案为B ，属推理判断题。从第一段和第二段给出的事例我们可以看出，芬斯特不愿放过任何一个犯罪的人，即便他的年龄还不算大;他也不愿使无辜者蒙冤，即便案件已经审理。
5.答案为C ，属推理判断题。正因为 “Pfingst ‘s move works well ”，美国才又有“ten other counties are starting DNA audits ”，而且，“no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted ”。
参考译文
用任何标准衡量，保罗。芬斯特都不是位感情用事的检察官。上周，圣地亚哥县地方检察官说，他决意对桑塔纳高中枪杀案疑犯—15岁的查尔斯。安德鲁。威廉斯—作为成人进行审讯。甚至在这场悲剧发生之前芬斯特就支持加利福尼亚州的一项颇有争议的法律。这项法律规定，以成人身份受审的谋杀嫌疑犯的最低年龄可以降到十四岁。
谁也不能保证芬斯特会成为美国第一个实施自己“清白计划”的地方检察官。然而，去年六月，芬斯特告诉手下的律师对过去的谋杀罪和****罪重新进行审理，看是否有能用最新的DNA 检验工具揭开的无头案件。换句话说，他想重新回顾过去的胜利——这回是为了另一方。“我想人们把保守错误地理解成了心存偏见。”芬斯特说，“我认为我自己是一个讲究实际的人。我并无意把无辜的人送进监狱。”
在美国，那些哑然失色的辩护律师及其被收监的当事人为他的举动感到欢欣鼓舞。然而，在检察官当中却出现了令人尴尬的沉默。毕竟每一次DNA 检测的费用都高达5，000美元。这其中还存在隐含的风险——如果出现众多的无罪受害者，地方检察官肯定会自砸饭碗。
九个月后，并没有出现资金短缺或检察官被罢免的情况。只有极少数案件需要重新审理。该市是从1993年开始进行常规DNA 检测的，因此芬斯特的手下只考虑1993年前宣判的案件，并排除了那些被告已被释放的案例。在560份现存档案中，他们重新审理了200份，主要是寻找那些留有生物证据的案件和被告人仍声明无罪的案件。
到目前为止，他们只确定了三起案件。其中有一起案件最引人注意。案件的当事人因被控调戏一名在他的公寓玩耍的女孩而被判服刑12年。案发时还有他人在场。警方在受害人的衬衣上发现了一小滴唾液—这个样本太小，无法在1991年检验。但在今天，那滴唾液却能使一个人获释。检验结果什么时候都可以拿到。受圣地亚哥的影响，美国又有10个县开始用DNA 对案件进行审核。
如何突破考研英语阅读细节题 由历年考研英语真题可知，阅读理解部分的试题中，大多数是针对段落的细节设计的，其目的是为了测试考生对组成段落的主体部分的理解。在每年的考试中，细节题的数量是最多的，大约占50%，其中涉及对文章中复杂句，列举，例证，引用，转折，因果关系等的处理，因此做好这类题至关重要。那么，xx年考研英语如何做好阅读细节题? 另外，细节题的测试在另一方面也可以考察考生对段落结构的理解程度，哪些是辅助论点，哪些是主要脉络，只有对这些细节有一定的了解，我们才能更深入地领会文章。文章的细节并不是孤立的，它总要与其他事实前后呼应，一般来说，作者总会把同等性质的事实放在一起，并借助不同的衔接手段进行组合，从而达到说服读者或阐明观点的目的。其提问方式不外乎有以下几种： The author provides following examples except …? Aording to the author, all of the following are true except (that)____. Which is among the best possible ways to…? Which of the following would NOT be an example____? Which of the following is the LEAST likely…? 对于细节题我们要从词义与语法(句法)着手，从这个角度来说，此类考题又可被细划分以下几个次范畴： 1)因果标志语 表因果关系的标志词可具体分为：
a.表原因 because of, since, for, as, now that, seeing that, owing to, caused by, the main reason for…is b. 表结果 hence, thus, so, therefore, consequently, as a consequence, aordingly, for that reason 2)结论标志语 in general, generally speaking, in short, in a word, to be brief in all, in simple words 3) 转折与对比题 but, however, nevertheless, otherwise, dissimilarly, unlike, on the contrary, in contrast, in opposition to, on the opposite side 4) 比较类型标记语 similarly, likewise, in similar fashion, in similar way, in the same matter, just as 5) 列举标志语 one… another…still another, first…second…third 6) 举例标志语 for example, as an example, as an instance, take…as an example, let me cite… as a proof 细节题举例说明 xx年Passage 1 Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing aumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案(三) Passage 11 Dream is a story that a personwatchesor even takes part in during sleep. Dream events are imaginary, but they are related to real experiences and needs in the dreamer's life. They seem real while they are taking place. Some dreams are pleasant, others are annoying, and still others are frightening. Everyone dreams, but some persons never recall dreaming. Others remember only a little about a dream they had just before awakening and nothing about earlier dreams. No one recalls all his dreams. Dreams involve little logical thought. In most dreams, the dreamer cannot control what happens to him. The story may be confusing, and things happen that would not happen in real life. People see in most dreams, but they may also hear, smell, touch, and taste in their dreams. Most dreams occur in color. but persons who have been blind since birth do not see at all in dreams. Dreams are a product of the sleeper's mind. They
2017年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版 2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一） Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter. In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress,” notes Sheld on Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a
1.主旨题 (考察理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力） ?识别：题干中出现：subject，summary，topic，title等表达方式的为主题句?实质：对论点和论题提问 ?解题方法： 寻找主题句，主题句通常出现在文章首段首句，或出现在文章开头的转折处或文章开头结束处 主题句特征：主体句通常是一个概括总结性的结论或者判断 寻找主题词：主题句首段末段或全文中多次出现 解题原则：正确选项不能描述太细节，不能包含无依据的信息，应该包含主题词或同义替换词 优先考虑议论文的标题 2.例子证明题（主要考察区分论点和论据的能力） ?识别：题干中出现example，case，illustrate等词 ?解题思路：例子为观点和结论服务，寻找到例子对应观点和结论，通常往上或往下寻找 ?错误选项特征：就事论事，自我总结 ? 3.推理题 ?识别：题干中出现infer，learn,conclude等词 ?分类 a.细节性的推理题(题干中包含具体的定位信息） 理解文中具体信息和概念性的含义的能力 b.段落性的推理题（题干中包含具体段落） 理解文中单句之间，段落之间关系的能力，进行有关的判断，推断和引申的能力 c.全文性的推理题（题干中包含主体词或无定位信息） 理解文章总体结构的能力 ?常考出题点：段落首末段，主题句，观点句，转折处，强调或递进关系的地方
?实质和解题原则：考研推理题本质上还是一种同义改写，推理通常为正反推理和归纳总结 解题原则重在推理原文依据，特别关注转折，选择答案方面，主体大于细节，观点大于论据（意思就是选择原文中对应的总结性句子，而不是论据） 4.细节题：题干中不包含提起题型特征的题为细节题 （考察理解稳重的具体信息和概念性的能力，理解文章的总体解雇以及单句之间，段落之间的关系能力） ?事实识别：问题中出现文章相关的具体信息，可以用相对明显的本文词汇定位 ?因果关系：问题中除了有相对具体的定位信息词外，还有表示因果关系的词汇，要重点把握 ?观点识别：与观点结论有关，通常有suggest，found等引导的宾语从句 ?which题型：问题中没有具体的定位词只出现which提问 解题思路： a.识别题型 b.定位：寻找题干定位词（具体的定位词，因果词，观点词，比较词，原文词汇的替换词）与包含定位词的句子 c.读取： ?分析线索句主干与其他各项的对比（表达方式不同，意思最为接近的为正确选项） ?必要时需要分析线索句的上一句和下一句（支持句） ?当线索句为段落首末段时，支持句为段落的其他句子 d.注意事项：顺序原则（出题顺序和行文顺序基本一致）段落原则（一个段落通常只出现一个细节题，细节题通常不跨段（除非段落间存在指代或明显的逻辑关系） 5.词汇题 (考察上下文推测词义的能力） a.识别：要求对题干中的某个单词，词组或句子的含义进行推测 b.实质：通过上下文确定单词含义 c.解题流程： ?返回原文确定题干位置 ?根据上下文推测含义 ?代入原文，确定答案
广大考生请注意：为了帮助广大考生顺利通过2016年研究生入学考试，勤思考研隆重推出考研公共课（政治和英语）的全面辅导，为你扫除考研道路上的一切障碍。我们会在第一时间为广大考生搜集整理2016年考研英语复习资料及相关信息，敬请大家关注！ 2016考研英语阅读：如何解答细节题 由历年考研英语真题可知，阅读理解部分的试题中，大多数是针对段落的细节设计的，其目的是为了测试考生对组成段落的主体部分的理解。在每年的考试中，细节题的数量是最多的，大约占50%，其中涉及对文章中复杂句，列举，例证，引用，转折，因果关系等的处理，因此做好这类题至关重要。 另外，细节题的测试在另一方面也可以考察考生对段落结构的理解程度，哪些是辅助论点，哪些是主要脉络，只有对这些细节有一定的了解，我们才能更深入地领会文章。文章的细节并不是孤立的，它总要与其他事实前后呼应，一般来说，作者总会把同等性质的事实放在一起，并借助不同的衔接手段进行组合，从而达到说服读者或阐明观点的目的。其提问方式不外乎有以下几种：The author provides following examples except … According to the author, all of the following are true except (that)____. Which is among the best possible ways to…? Which of the following would NOT be an example____? Which of the following is the LEAST likely…? 对于细节题我们要从词义与语法(句法)着手，从这个角度来说，此类考题又可被细划分以下几个细类： 1. 因果标志语 表因果关系的标志词可具体分为： 1)表原因 because of, since, for, as, now that, seeing that, owing to, caused by, the main reason for…is 2)表结果 hence, thus, so, therefore, consequently, as a consequence,
2020年考研英语阅读模拟试题及答案(2) The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were — reptiles or birds — are among the questions scientists have puzzled over. Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animal’s body. The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.
2017考研英语一阅读答案 答案：21-25 ACDDC 21. 答案【A】explain American’s tolerance of current security checks. 解析：本题目为例证题，考察论点与论据。根据题干关键词the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804定位到第二段第二句。例证题中的例子为论据，所要找的答案为论点，而论点在论据之 前，因此该题目的答案是第二段的第一句话。二段首句说的是美国人愿意忍受长时间的安全 检查。正确答案A的American’s tolerance是原文Americans are willing to tolerate的原词复现，current security checks是原文的time-consuming security 的同义转化。干扰项B 的urgency to strengthen security worldwide，原文未提及worldwide，属于扩大范围;选项C的major U.S. major airports属于具体信息的干扰;选项D的privacy 隐私并未提及，是常识性干扰。 22. 答案【C】An increase in the number of travelers. 解析：本题目为原因细节题。根据题干中的long waits at major airports定位到原文第三段的第二句，原文的resulted in 与题干中的contributed to是同义转化，所以定位内容就 是提升的安全措施以及航空旅游的增加。正确答案C的an increase in the number of travelers 是原文 a rise in airline travel的同义替换。干扰项A的carry-on bags是在第四段的最后一句出现的，非定位句内容;选项B的TSA efficiency也出现在第四段;选项D的unexpected secret checks未提及。
2018考研英语一阅读：态度题解题技巧【解题方法】作者态度分类法 1. 在判断感情色彩时，应结合以下两点。 1)作者态度可以分为三大类：a. 正向态度：支持，乐观，赞同; b. 客观、中立、公正;c. 负向态度：反对、批评、怀疑 2)特别注意作者的态度一般与文章中心相联系。不要把自己的态度纳入其中，而且要注意区分作者的态度和作者引用别人的态度。 2. 匹配选项。匹配选项时应该注意： 1)有些选项一定不是正确答案(永陪选项)：indifferent(漠不关心);subjective(主观的);biased(有偏见的);puzzled(迷惑不解的)。 2)一般带有绝对化或者过于强烈的语气的选项必然是错误的，如：strongly;completely;entirely。 3. 态度题的新趋势： 1)现在题目的考察不仅仅局限于作者的态度，也开始考察文章中某人的观点和态度，做题时特别应该注意看清楚题目考察的是谁对谁的态度。 2)选项可能不在是态度明确的肯定或者否定的词，而是改为带有程度限制的词语，带有如下词语的选项往往是正确的：guarded慎重的，qualified有条件的，tempered缓和的，因为带有保留态度的观点比较客观，一般带有绝对化或者过于强烈的语气的选项必然是错误的，如：strongly completely entirely 【解题步骤】 1.判断选项ABCD的态度正负向，将四个选项进行分类(正向，负向) 2.根据关键词，回文定位判断态度。 【例题】2015年Text 2 They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone - a vast storehouse of digital information - is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect's purse. The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. 27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of [A] disapproval. [B] indifference. [C] tolerance. [D] cautiousness. 【解题步骤应用】 1 判断选项态度的正负向 [A] disapproval反对的(负) [B] indifference漠不关心的(中立) [C] tolerance包容(正) [D] cautiousness谨慎的(正) 2 回文判断态度 They should start by discarding California's lame argument 因此，根据文章的discarding，可以确定是表示负向否定态度，因此答案选A。 其实看看凯程考研怎么样，最简单的一个办法，看看他们有没有成功的学生，最直观的
2018考研英语冲刺阶段阅读细节题解题 秘诀 首先，根据题干关键词，回文定位。细节题一定考察考生对于文中某一细节信息的具体理解，因此根据关键词精确回文定位是解题之关键。考生只要能精确回文定位，细节题已经成功了一半。 其次，准确理解定位句。由于细节题必定考察文章当中的某一具体信息，而不是我们的常识，所以考生要重点分析这个定位句。但是，有时候答案并不是蕴含于一个句子，而是在定位句的前一句或者后一句。 最后，和选项进行精确比对，直击答案。一般来说，细节题的正确答案是一定是原文信息的同义改写。因此，考生能否准确理解定位句和进行同义改写决定其在细节题的成败。 下面以最近2012-2014年真题为例，为大家详细剖析细节题解题秘诀。 真题：2014年Text 1 26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to _______. [A] the growing demand from clients [B] the increasing pressure of inflation [C] the prospect of working in big firms [D] the attraction of financial rewards During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare. 【直击答案】根据题干A lot of students take up law as their profession due to，可以定位至该段第二句，其中 A lot of students take up law as their profession是more students to pile into law schools的同义改写。准确理解定位句“The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.”（最好的律师挣钱极多，这吸引更多的学生想要挤进法学院。）由此可以判断很多学生从事法律史由于“律师挣钱极多”。题干中due to是文中tempting的改写。因此，选项D the attraction of financial rewards（金钱回报的吸引）是原文The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money的改写。 真题：2013年Text 1 21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her _______. [A] lack of imagination [B] poor bargaining skill [C] obsession with high fashion [D] insensitivity to fashion In the 2006 film version ofThe Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by
考研英语模拟试题：阅读理解 Faces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child-or even an animal, such as a pigeon-can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted. We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others. Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. if you were asked to describe what anice facelooked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so. But if you were asked to describe anice person,you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm,and so forth. There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon all ports, an American psychologist, found nearly 18 000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types-people are described with such terms. People have always tried totypeeach other. Actors in early Greek
2017年考研英语一真题-高清版含答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding “yes!”1helping you feel close and2to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you4getting sick this winter. In a recent study5over400healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6the participants’susceptibility to developing the common cold after being7to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10about 32percent of that beneficial effect.11among those who got a cold,the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12. “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13risk for colds that’s usually14with stress,”notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie.Hugging“is a marker of intimacy and helps15the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.” Some experts17the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called“the bonding hormone”18it promotes attachment in relationships,including that between mothers and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream.But some of it19in the brain,where it20mood,behavior and physiology.
一．情感态度题的词语选项一般可以分为以下几种： 1．褒义词 impartial,（公正的）, rewarding（有回报的）, appreciative (欣赏的)，positive (肯定的, 积极的), optimistic (乐观的), useful (有用的, 有益的), admiring (赞赏的, 钦佩的), interesting (有趣的), instructive (有益的, 教育性的), enthusiastic (热心的, 热情的), supportive (支持的), support(支持), approval (赞成, 承认), approving (满意的), confident (自信的, 确信的), impressed (留下印象的), reverent (尊敬的), polite (有礼貌的, 文雅的)。 2．贬义词 Apprehensive(担忧的), hostile (敌对的), dubious(怀疑的)，intolerant (不能容忍的), negative (否定的, 消极的), pessimistic (悲观的, 厌世的), subjective (主观的, 个人的), disappointed (失望的), frustrated (失败的, 落空的), critical (批评的), questioning (质疑的), doubtful (可疑的, 不确的), compromising (妥协的), dissatisfied (不满意的, 不高兴的), biased (有偏见的), satirical (讽刺的), puzzling (迷惑的), suspicious (怀疑的), gloomy (令人沮丧的), scared (恐惧的), cynical (愤世嫉俗的), oppose (反对), opposition (反对), disgust (令人反感), disgusting (令人厌恶的), worried (闷闷不乐的), depressed (沮丧的), contemptuous (轻蔑的, 侮辱的), arbitrary/opinionated (武断的) 。 3．中性词 analytical (分析的)，apathetic (缺乏兴趣的)，concerned (关心的), cautious (谨慎的, 小心的), neutral (中性的)，objective (客观的), impartial (公平的, 不偏不倚的), indifferent (无关紧要的), impassive (冷漠的), detached (超然的，不偏不倚的), unconcerned (不关心的), uninterested (不感兴趣的), , humorous (滑稽的, 诙谐的), , disinterested (无私的), sensitive (敏感的), factual (事实的, 实际的), informative (提供资讯的), persuasive (说服的), personal (个人的,), formal (正式的), informal (非正式的), casual (偶然的), 二．情感态度题常见出题位置 1．直接表达作者或者其他人态度的句子。 2．一些感情色彩较浓的词语，尤其是形容词、动词和副词等。 3．首段和末段。 4．出现转折的地方，如nevertheless, however, but, yet等。 5．文章中一些情态动词后面的内容，这些情态动词有should, shouldn’t, must, mustn’t等。
2020年考研英语阅读模拟试题：理学类(5) The once radical notion that birds descended from dinosaurs——or may even be dinosaurs， the only living branch of the family that ruled the earth eons ago——has got stronger and stronger since paleontologists first started taking it seriously a couple of decades ago. Remarkable similarities in bone structure between dinos and birds were the first clue. Then came evidence， thanks to a series of astonishing discoveries in China's Liaoning province over the past five years， that some dinosaurs may have borne feathers. But a few scientists still argued that the link was weak; the bone similarities could be a coincidence， they said. And maybe those primitive structures visible in some fossils were feathers——but maybe not. You had to use your imagination to see them. Not anymore. A spectacularly preserved fossil of a juvenile dinosaur， announced by a team of paleontologists from the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences and New York City's American Museum of Natural History in the latest issue of Nature， is about as good a missing link as anyone could want. “It has things that are undeniably feathers，” exults Richard Prum， of the University of Kansas Natural History Museum，an expert on the evolution of feathers. “But it is clearly a small， vicious theropod similar to the velociraptors that chased the kids around the kitchen in Jurassic Park.” The find helps cement the dinosaur-bird connection， but it also casts new light on the mystery of why nature invented feathers in the first place. For the better part of a century，
2017年考研英语二真题 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s w ork，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters. 1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring 2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty 3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction 4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured 5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom 6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless 7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated 8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute 9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among 10. [A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside 11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically 12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles 13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course