Ⅰ.
Gone up → increased set up → established
Put up with → tolerate looking into → investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up → constitute
Get rid of → eliminate keep up → maintain
Gone down → decrease thinking → considering
Ⅱ.
Structure of Data Commentary
Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order.
1.location elements and/or summary statements
2.highlighting statements
3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting
aspects of the data
可能涉及到排序题，有例如下：
①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack
a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software.
①②→Theory and common beliefs. ③→The start ④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications
Ⅲ.信息性摘要
An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information.
信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。
比较流行的信息性摘要架构有：
①Objective→Methodology→Results→Conclusions
②Background→Purpose and aim→Methods→Results→Conclusions
③Background+purpose→Methodology→Result→Conclusion
Ⅳ.Appendix 1 常用词汇、短语的用法
Above
“above”可用于指称前面提到的信息，但只能以一个段落或前几个句子中曾出现过的信息为限。“above”不能用来说明前几个段落甚至前几页中曾经出现的信息，否则读者会感到迷惑，不清楚“above”所指的信息是什么。
e.g. (1)The above explanation will help answer this question. (刚提及)
否则就应该用下列写法
(2) We can adopt the explanation described earlier to answer this question.
(3) We can apply the explanation introduced in Section 2 to answer this question. As mentioned above, as mentioned previously
这两个短语的用法有些不同。“as mentioned previously” (as mentioned earlier) 通常用来指几个段落或几页前所提到的内容。作者想指明前几个句子所提到的内容时，可以使用“as just mentioned”。
建议撰写科技论文的作者尽可能使用较准确的词来代替“as mentioned above”或“as mentioned earlier”。例如，当作者指的是上一节中的内容，则可用“as mentioned in the preceding section”来表达，而不用“as mentioned above”。
Appendix
若论文、著作或研究报告只有一个附录，则在文章中应该使用“the Appendix”。若有两个以上的附录，则采用“Appendix A”，“Appendix B”或“Appendix I”, “Appendix II”来指称这些附录，而且“Appendix”前可不加冠词。
e.g. The properties of various materials used in the design and analysis of heat pipes are presented in Appendix C.
As follows
“as follows”, “the following”, “as shown below”都是正确的形式，而“as followings”，“as the followings”, “as below”等都是不正确的形式。
e.g. (1) Solutions for equation (1) and (2) can be derived as follows.
(2) Commonly used methods include the following:
Aspect
在英文科技论文中，aspect及area之类的词，常常是累赘而应该加以省略的词。
累赘：(1) Regarding the application aspect of Genetic Algorithm (遗传算法), many approaches have been proposed.
累赘：(2) In the area of application of Genetic Algorithm, many approaches have been proposed.
简洁：(3) Many approaches to application of Genetic Algorithm have been proposed. 简洁：(4) Many applications of Genetic Algorithm have been proposed.
Based
“Based”这个词常出现在论文的题目中，用于名词短语“基于某物或某方法的…...”之中，以使该名词短语简洁。
e.g. (1) 基于气泡堆积法的非结构化网络生成
bubble packing method based unstructured grid generation
(2) IEEE 802.15.4-based body sensor network
Based on
若句首出现以based on开头的过去分词短语，则必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对象是句子中的主语。然而，在绝大多数以based on开头的句子中，based on开头的过去分词短语却不能合理地修饰句子的主语。由此看来，还是应该用on the basis of，by，from, According to或其他词来替代based on，否则就需要重写句子，以便使读者清楚地了解是
什么的“基础”。
正：(2) From Eq. (6), it is obtained that….
佳：(4) On the basis of the experimental results, we conclude that….
佳：(5) From the experimental results, we conclude that….
佳：(6) the experimental results show that….
在下列例句中，以based on开头的短语就可以正确地修饰句子的主语。这个句子的含意是Nikon Cool Pix 995照相机是以“advanced digital technology”为基础的。
Based on advanced digital technology, the Nikon Cool Pix 995 camera provides the excellent performances.
Belong
在英文中，“belong”通常表示属某人的财产 (后加“to”)及应归入某部分和适合的意思。但在科技论文中，想要表示某个项目属于某种类型时，通常不使用“belong”，而用“to fall into the category of”, “to be a form of”或“to be classified as”
e.g. (1) The building belongs to the college.
(2) This problem can be classified as a nonlinear programming problem.
(3) The total tool wear (工具磨耗) observed in the ceramic cutting tool (陶瓷刀具) can be divided into two main broad categories such as…
Besides
在正式的英文论文中，不宜用连接词“besides”来表达“此外”之意，应该使用“in addition”，“moreover”或“furthermore”。
佳：(2) In addition, sending these massages electronically eliminates the need for 100 pieces of paper that people glance at and throw away.
佳：(3) Moreover, sending these massages electronically eliminates the need for 100 pieces of paper that people glance at and throw away.
Better
在英文科技论文中，当我们比较两个事物的时候，最好不要告诉读者其中一个比另一个“更好”（“better”），而应该使用更精确的词。
e.g. (1a) The gas turbine is better than the stream engine.
(1b) The gas turbine (燃气涡轮) is more efficient than the stream engine.
(2a) Our algorithm is better than the conventional one.
(2b) Our algorithm is faster than the conventional one.
Can
“Can”可以用来帮助造出通顺的句子，但在有些情况下，为了简洁起见，英文句子中的“can”常被省略。
e.g. (1a)The finite element formulations(有限元数值、公式) can be expressed in the non-dimensional form as follows.
(1b)The finite element formulations are expressed in the non-dimensional form as follows.
在英文科技论文的结果、讨论的章节中，常出现“It can be noted from the figure that…”、“It can be observed that…”、“From Fig.5 it can be seen that…”这样的句子中的can不能被省略。
(2) From the above figure, it can be noted that the notch wear(沟槽磨损) in both of the ceramic(陶瓷) cutting tool increases with cutting speed. Conclusion, conclude
科技论文中，常用“state conclusion”、“draw conclusion”或”present conclusions”这样的搭配，而不用“make conclusion”或“give conclusion”。或者有时候只需使用动
词“conclude”。
佳：(2) Finally, we state a conclusion in section 5.
佳：(4) The final section states the conclusion of the paper.
佳：(5) Section 5 concludes the paper.
Display, show, exhibit
“display”、“show”和’exhibit”可用于表示“呈现”、“显示”之意。“以图标表示”所对应的动词常为“show”或“display”，“show’的使用更为普遍。若用“exhibit”则显不自然。
e.g. 佳：(1) The relationship of Num and Cd for the various of A and Pl is shown in Fig. 6.
佳：The relationship of Num and Cd for the various of A and Pl is displayed in Fig.
6.
Give
Give是个意思不精确的词，要防止在撰写英文科技论文中滥用give。在大多数情况下，要表达“提出”、“给出”之意，使用state、present或Propose这些意思较为精确的词要比使用give好很多。
在许多中国学生撰写的研究论文的导论中．常常可以见例
“The final section gives the conclusions”这样不自然的句子。此句可以改写成：
佳：The final section states the conclusions of the paper.
佳：Section 5 concludes the paper.
佳：The conclusions of the paper are stated in section 5.
精确：(2) The concept of “Sequential Combustion” developed by ABB is presented in this paper.
精确：(3) The concept of “Sequential Combustion” developed by ABB is described in this paper.
精确：(4) The concept of “Sequential Combustion” developed by ABB is stated in this paper.
精确：(6) First we will state the governing equations in the Cartesian coordinates.
i.e.
i.e.是拉丁文短语id est的缩写，其意思是“即是”。i.e. 是非限定短语．所以必须使用逗号将其与句子分开
The idea of
The idea of的意思与中文的“这个概念”或“这个主意”类似。在撰写科技论文时，当作者想解释提出的方法或理论背后的基本概念时，不宜用the idea of，而应使用the idea behind或the idea underlying。
佳：(2) The main idea behind the proposed method is to use an iterative algorithm to eliminate the effects of the under-relaxation factor.
佳：(3) The main idea underlying the proposed method is to use an iterative algorithm to eliminate the effects of the under-relaxation factor.
Illustrate
Illustrate的意思是“举例或以图表等说明”。因此其宾语(对象)应该是一个论点或方法。“to illustrate an example”这种表达方式是不正确的。
正: (2) Figure 3 shows different examples of pore-level and system-level chemical non-equilibrium.
正：(4) An experimental example will show how LDV can be applied to measure velocity. Introduce
科技论文中，尽量用explain，describe或state来代替introduce.
佳：(2) We will describe the advantage of an informational abstract later.
佳：(3) We will state the advantage of an informational abstract later.
Match
在对不同的资料进行比较时，使用agree或其他词表示“一致”之意，通常比使用match 恰当。
原句：（1）The computed lift coefficients(升力系数）match the experimental data. 更恰当：
2) The computed lift coefficients agree with the experimental data.
(3) The computed lift coefficients are in agreement with the experimental data.
(4) The computed lift coefficients are consistent with the experimental data.
(5) The experimental data confirm the accuracy of the computed lift coefficients. Modern
Modern的意思比较复杂．它可以指of the present or recent times(如欧洲近代史，自1475年迄今)，也可以指modern inventions and discoveries(即现代的发明与发现)。因此，在一些句子中，使用modern这个词不能清楚的表明作者所指的究竟是什么时代。在科技论文中，若提到“现代技术”，使用contemporary这个词耍比modern会使意思更加清楚。
清楚：（2）The contemporary digital video interactive (DVI) technology offers another kinds of compression, edit-level video, done on the developer’s DVI system in real time.
Of
撰写科技论文时，不能把中文的“的”这个字统统翻译成英文的of，例如有些人把of 和in混淆使用。
正：(2) The use of reformulated gasoline has helped vehicle manufacture to meet CARB standards without a costly investment in infrastructure for alternative fuels.
文中的“的”有时实指“关于”，“针对”的意思，此时应使用about, on , concerning 或regarding, 而不能用of。
正：(4)Professor Robinson has done some interesting research on fuzzy logic control. 正：(6) This is a book abou t the design of rapid access memory.
On the contrary, in contrast, in comparison
On the contrary 用于否定或反驳前一个句子或分句所提出的论点，in contrast （或by contrast）用于介绍一个与前一个所陈述的观点强烈对照的新观点。in comparison（或by comparison）是用来提出新的信息并与前一个句子所提到的信息作比较或对照。
(1) He argue that this strategy has increased sales. On the contrary, sales revenue has dropped 20% since the strategy was adopted.
（2）Approach A provides high speed at the cost of increased memory requirement （内存需求量）. In contrast, approach B is slower but requires much less memory.
(3) The parallel design is quite complex. In comparison, the serial design is much simpler.
Phenomena
Phenomena是复数形式，其单数为phenomenon。Phenomenon的意思是“现象”，常用在中文中，但在英语中较少使用。一般说来，英文句子中的phenomenon可以省略，最好使用具体的文字来描述所指的对象。
简洁:(2) We must also consider the radiation effect.
Present, propose
Present和propose这两个动词都是“提出”的意思，但意思稍有区别。“present”指提出来给他人参考之用，而“propose”有“建议”或“推荐”之意。科技论文的作者可以以“present”某个自己不完全赞同的论点或方法。相反，“propose”一个论点或方法，等于建议或推荐别人也应该接受。科技论文中常用到的“the proposed method”或“the proposed technique”等短语是用来指论文中所推荐的方法或技术，此时使用“presented”是不合适的。
正：(2) In addition, the transcribability from surface nature of mold to the surface of polymer by the proposed method was experimentally confirmed.
Recently
在中文中，作者习惯把表示时间的副词放在句首，如“目前”、“近年来”、“近几年”等。但是在撰写英文文章时，不要按照中文的习惯来书写。把表示时间的单一副词如Recently或Currently放在句首，语法上没有错误，但使英文句子显得不够自然，如下列两句所示。
（1）Recently, many researchers have investigated Magnetocaloric effect (MCE). （2）Currently, Magnetocaloric（磁热效应） effect (MCE) is attracting a great deal of attention.
若将Recently等副词置于动词旁边或至句尾，则这些句子较为通顺自然。
（3）Many researchers have investigated Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) recently. （4）Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is currently attracting a great deal of attention.
此外，Recently这个字的意思比较模糊。建议科技论文的作者使用更加明确的词语来表示时间，如in the past decade或 in the last three years。
Refer
论文中引述参考文献时，不要使用refer的被动语态，应该写成主动态的祈使句。
正: (3) For a detailed description of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), referred to (Tanaka,2000).
正: (4) A detailed description of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) can be found in (Tanaka,2000).
Research
表示某方面或某题目的研究，使用research on这个组合，不能使用research of。另外，在当代英语中，research是个不可数名词，因此只能用单数形式。
(1) Much research on urban heat island has been published.
Respectively
在科技论文中常用到respectively这个字。在某些句子中，若省略respectively，句子会更加直接，更易理解。值得注意的是，若respectively的句子提到多种项目，则易使读者感到迷惑。
(1) The initial values of H, S, X, Y, L, B, and the total amount of passage at the air and refrigerant sides are 9.5, 0.2, 1.7, 1.5, 9.3, 110, 215, 19, and 20. respectively.
若确需表达这么多的数值，则应该考虑使用表格列出。
注意：必须用逗号把respectively这个词与句子的其他部分分隔开来。
So far
在科技论文的文献回顾部分中，不要使用so far或until now 来表示“到目前为止”
的意思，应该使用to date。然而，当句子采用现在完成时态时，可省略to date, 因为现在完成时态本身就表明“从过去到目前为止”的意思。
佳：(2) To date, little research has been done on this ferromagnetic material.
佳：(3) Little research has been done on this ferromagnetic material.
Type of
Type of, form of 及kind of 中type, form 及kind 的数和接在介词of 后面的名词的数必须一致。此外，在科技论文中，用type of通常比用kind of 恰当。
(1) We adopt a new type of senor for measuring pressure.
(2) There are three types of methods used in business data processing. Unlike
Unlike放在句首以表达“与x不同”或“不同于x”之意。若把“differing from”或‘different from”放在句首，则使句子很不自然。
佳：(3) Unlike previous works, this book emphasizes applications of information systems and issues facing managers and users.
正：(4) Unlike the direct MCE measurements, the indirect experiments allow the calculation of both ΔTad (T)ΔH and ΔSm (T)ΔH.
Ⅴ.Paraphrase
[Original Source] (A totalitarian) society…can never permit either the truthful recording of facts, or the emotional sincerity, that literary creation demands….Totalitarianism demands… the continuous alteration of the past, and in the long run…a disbelief in the very existence of objective truth. (written by George Orwell)
[Paraphrased Version ] Orwell believed that totalitarian societies must suppress literature and free expression because they cannot survive the truth, and thus they claim it does not exist.
(1) Deep waters that were once off limits to oil explores are suddenly accessible, partly because of advances in floating rigs.
以前开发不了的深海海域现在也能够涉足，部分原因是由于浮式钻机技术的进步。[Key]
a. Deep water exploring oil had once been impossible before, but now it becomes practicable in part because the floating rigs have developed much.
b. Oil explorers are now suddenly able to operate in deep waters where they couldn’t get to, in part because there are developments in floating rigs.
(2) A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and proteins to match.
肝细胞与血液细胞分工不同，而且与之匹配的蛋白质也不同。
[Key]A liver cell plays a different role compared with a blood cell and the proteins inside a liver cell are different from those inside a blood cell.
(3) This suggests that there is a great deal of plasticity in the growing embryo that still allows it to develop successfully even when a significant proportion of its genes are malfunctioning. 这表明胚胎在生长发育过程中有较大的可塑性，即使大部分基因发生突变，仍能成功发育。
[Key]It can be concluded from the cloning studies that the growing embryo bears a lot of plasticity which enables it to develop successfully even under the condition that there are a great proportion of malfunctioning genes.
(1). "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity."
From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.
(1).According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).
(2). The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was
a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past.
From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.
(2). During the twenties lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as many turned away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young "flappers," women who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25).
(3) Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head.
From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348. (3). The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school children ("Bike Helmets" 348).
(4). Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate.
From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50.
(4). Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct sensory impressions of one experiencing the scene first hand. For instance, "The Casbah Gate" takes one to the walled city of Tangier and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultan's palace, where one can imagine standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of colors and the fine outlines. Even the sentry, the bowaab vaguely eyeing those who come and go through the gate, blends into the scene as though real (Plagens 50).
(5). While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building.
From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.
(5). How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than the present world marvel, the Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).
Ⅵ.Write a summary for the following text.
Eg.Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong
William Kilpatrick
Many of today’s young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension (道德层面) to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that’s true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews (回避) teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision-making,” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. (品格教育)”Character education didn’t ask children to reinvent the moral wheel (浪费时间重新发明早已存
在的道德标准); instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control.
In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, teachers worried about students chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape.
Decision-making curriculums pose thorny (棘手的) ethical dilemmas to students, leaving them with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they’ve never acquired in
the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous (薄弱的) hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion.
For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed.
This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education (价值观教育) programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem (自尊). These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won’t want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard will conclude that he or she can’t do anything bad.
Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive (无指导性的), non-judgmental (无是非观的), as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality (思想) that has pervaded (渗透) public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today’s drug education, sex education and values-education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place.
Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with (胡乱摆弄) outdated “feel-good”approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money—if it feels right—you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion—just about any conclusion—can be reached and justified using the decision-making method.
It is time to consign (寄出) the fads (风尚) of “decision-making” and “non-judgmentalism”to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it.
Sample
Summary of “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong”
In his essay “Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong,” William Kilpatrick argues fervently that the “decision-making” approach to the moral education of American youth, which replaced “character education” 25 years ago, has prevented juveniles from behaving and thinking in accordance with the traditional moral principles that are fundamental to American society. According to Kilpatrick, decision-making methods instill in students a wrong belief that all norms of morality are subjective constructs with only relative truth in them and therefore can be interpreted flexibly and even questioned. This belief deprives them of the chance to secure solid moral standards and induces misconceptions about what should be clearly right or wrong. In parallel with this inadequacy of the “decision-making” approach are the unexpected outcomes of those values-education programs focusing on students’ self-esteem that subscribe to the “non-judgmental” mindset dominating “decision-making” curriculums. Their mistaken assumption that feeling good warrants morality excuses students from criticizing and disciplining their own behaviors.
Basing his conclusion on his analysis of the fundamental flaws of the decision-making approach, Kilpatrick finally proposes an immediate shift back to character education which he believes teaches morality more effectively by emphasizing practice instead of discussion.
江苏大学XXXX级研究生期末考试卷样卷 课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX 1. What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%） A1: There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit, accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work. 2. Compare the stylistic features of the following two passages . (15%) (1) With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the gravel path until she was under their window. The table was there, washed bright green in the rain, but the cat was gone. She was suddenly disappointed. The maid looked up at her. “Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora? [Have you lost something, Madam?]” “There was a cat,” said the? American girl. “A cat?” “Si, il gatto. [Yes, a cat.]” “A cat?” the maid laughed. “A cat in the rain?” “Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then: “Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.” When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened. “Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.” “I suppose so,” said the American girl. They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed outside to close the umbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone bowed from his desk. Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. The padrone made her feel very small and at the same time
《毕业研究生登记表》填写说明 本填表说明和要求是对“毕业研究生登记表”填表说明的一个补充，是根据以往毕业生填表过程中容易出现的错误和问题而制定的，要求填表人仔细阅读本填表说明和要求，并遵照有关要求认真填写“毕业研究生登记表”。 ●全日制研究生及在职师资硕士的以此填写为例，工程硕士毕业生登记表可参考下表 填写。 ●填写时一律用钢笔、签字笔（黑色），不得使用圆珠笔，字迹要清楚。 ●登记表放入档案，请仔细填写，填表过程中严禁涂改，如使用涂改液则表格作废。 ●表内所列项目必须全部如实填写，不得留空白，如有情况不明无法填写时，应写“不 清”、“不详”及其原因，如无该项情况，亦应写“无”。 ●填表日期：凡是涉及时间的，填写格式为：XXXX年XX月XX日如:2008年06月8 日 一、封面填写说明: 1、学校（研究单位）：辽宁工程技术大学 2、系（所室）： XXXX学院（填写培养单位的全称，不能填简称） 3、专业：填写入学时录取的专业名称，不能填研究方向。 4、姓名：必须和身份证、户籍卡以及学籍卡一致。 5、获得学位：如XXXX博士或硕士学位（如工学、管理学、经济学等）。 二、第一页（基本信息）填写说明： 姓名 XXX 性别 X 曾用名 XXX （如没有请写“无”） 出生年月日 家庭出身 XX （工人、农民、教师、干部、军人等） 本人成分 XX （除了军人及委托培养以外都应填写“学生”） 籍贯 XXXXXXXXX 民族 X 现在家庭住址 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX（详细填写） 是否华侨侨居何处 XXXXX （是或否，是请详细填写）
婚否 X （是或否） 何时何地参加工作 XXXXX （顺序为：时间地点单位） 原工资级别 XXXXX （无或者“不详”） 何时何地入党（团） XXXXXX （如实填写） 健康情况 XXXXXX良好（一般填写“健康”、“良好”等，如有疾病应如实填写。） 何时何地因何原因受何奖励或处分 XXXXXXXXX （以往表现见证，认真填写） 所学专业 XXXXXX 研究方向 XXXXX 学制 XXXXX（硕士2.5 年，博士3年, 在职硕士3年，MBA：脱产学制2年；不脱产学制3年。）授予何种学位 XX学位（与封面一致，如工学、管理学等等） 指导教师姓名 XXXX （导师姓名） 指导教师职称 XXXX （导师职称） 三、第二页（本人简历）填写说明： “本人简历”一栏应填写清楚本人从小学以来的学习和工作经历，依时间顺序详细填写。经历时间上应连续，不得出现空白阶段，中途间断学习和工作的时间也要填入，并加以说明,年月要衔接。“学习或工作单位”一栏填写格式应为“×省×市×县××学校”。“学习或任何职”一栏填写格式应为“学习”或“任××职”。 四、第三页（家庭成员和社会关系）填写说明： 爱人情况:如已婚按实际情况填写，如未婚只需在“姓名”栏中写“无。 家庭主要成员和主要社会关系： ①未婚研究生的“家庭成员”，应该是自己的父母和兄弟、姐妹，“主要社会关系”是指叔伯、姑舅等。 ②已婚研究生的“家庭成员”应该是自己的父母、配偶和子女，“主要社会关系”是指兄妹、岳父母等。“有何联系”，应该填写“密切”。填写格式为“××（姓名），父亲，党员（团员、群众），在×地×单位工作（学习），联系密切”。 五、第四页（自我鉴定）填写说明： 自我鉴定：由学生本人认真填写，内容为全面总结本人在校期间思想政治表现，学业情况，及其它方面的表现，实事求是地评价自己的优点和成绩，指出不足和努力方向，篇幅不宜过短。另外：不要忘记本人签名。 六、第五页（组织鉴定与意见）填写说明： 班组（基层组织）鉴定”：此栏由班长或班主任填写，“负责人签名”处应由班长或班主任填写签字，内容为该毕业生在校期间的一贯表现和全面评价。 系级组织意见: 院系组织部门对毕业生业务能力、外语水平介绍及其对工作分配的建议，由培养单位负责人填写，并须加盖研究生培养单位的公章（如:资环学院、工商管理学院等）。 学校（研究单位）意见：由研究生学院填写并盖公章。 七、第六页（论文及成绩）填写说明：
1.1 What we do in the next two to three years will determine our future. This is the defining moment. 2 some of the dire projections may not occur, but in light of the warnings from our best scientists, it will be beyond irresponsible to take that bet. 3By badly disrupting that envelope, we adversely affect every dimension of human well-being that is tied to the environment. 4 In 2004, Swiss Re warned in a report that the costs of natural disasters, aggravated by climate change, threatened to double to150 billon a year in 10 years. 5The threat of this major disruption coming from a number of factors, including the increased costs of damage from extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, heat waves, and major storms. 6 Stern also points to the consequences of climate change on the environment and on human health as economic growth and productivity suffer under the weight of degrading environmental conditions. 7Moreover, we would incur a very large opportunity cost, having lost out on the chance to become the economic leader in developing alternative and more efficient uses of energy. 4.1In recent years the mushrooming power, functionality and ubiquity of computers and the Internet have outstripped early forecasts about technology’s ra te of advancement and usefulness in everyday life. 2Alert pundits now foresee a world saturated with powerful computer chips, which will increasingly insinuate themselves into our gadgets, dwellings, apparel and even our bodies. 3In light of what I have just described as a history of largely unfulfilled goals in robotics, why do I believe that rapid progress and stunning accomplishments are in the offing? 4Properly educated, the resulting robots will become quite formidable. In fact, I am sure they will outperform us in any conceivable area of endeavor, intellectual or physical. 5 Human will play a pivotal role in formulating the intricate complex of laws that will govern corporate behavior. 5.1Sundown had seen his pockets empty before, but sunrise had always seen them lined. 2Along came a youngster of five, headed for the dispensary, stepping high with the consequence of a big errand, possibly one to which his advancing age had earned him promotion. 3 Content, light-hearted, ironical, keenly philosophic, he watched the moon drifting in and out amidst a maze of flying clouds. 4People’s money must be spent to advance their priorities, not to line pockets of contractors or to maintain projects that don’t work. 5 They had entered a maze of fences, through which they twisted and turned for a long time before finally finding their way out again. 7.1 Through necessity, I was entering a club more viewers are joining by choice: the post television society. 2Unless you got proactive with VCR, you did not copy, carry or remix what you saw. This was why mass media were culturally unifying: those moments that mattered, we all saw in exactly the same way. 3Why sit through 90 minutes waiting for the good bits when an army of online editors will separate the wit from the chaff? 8.1But amid this gloom, there’s buzz about consumers’ shifting demand toward ‘green homes’---and how builders with this expertise remain busy despite the bust. 2.It’s taken almost as a fait accompli,that green building is where the market is headed. 3.If there is a downside to this trend, it may be the growing numbers of green homeowners who’ll brag about low utility bills the way golfers boast of low golf scores.
Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up → established Put up with → tolerate looking into → investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up → constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up → maintain Gone down → decrease thinking → considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data 可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software. ①②→Theory and common beliefs. ③→The start ④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications Ⅲ.信息性摘要 An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information. 信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。 比较流行的信息性摘要架构有： ①Objective→Methodology→Results→Conclusions ②Background→Purpose and aim→Methods→Results→Conclusions ③Background+purpose→Methodology→Result→Conclusion
Unit one Stumbling block in intercultural communication 1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。 The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings. 8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象
英语学术论文写作实践作业 作者 系（院）外国语学院 专业英语 年级2xxx级 学号 写作意向 旅游的快速发展以及随着中国融入全球化经济，中国与世界各国的交流不断增多，例如，加入WTO、2008年北京成功举办奥运会及上海世博会等，这些显示了中国在国际舞台上扮演越来越重要的角色。近些年来，越来越多的国家希望了解中国，许多外国朋友纷至沓来。特别是中国旅游风景名胜区，每年接待的外国游客越来越多。为了方便外国友人，我国旅游景区就必须提供英语景点导游词。旅游景点导游词主要指的是旅游景区公开和面对旅游者的告示、指示、提示、警示、标示等文字及图形信息，涉及到食、宿、行、游、娱、购等日常生活的方方面面。在旅游景区内，游客最为集中，与旅游宣传册、地图、宣传单等相比，景点导游词更加引人注目集中，更加直截了当地发挥其信息指示功能。由于旅游景点导游词需要及时满足的是社会公众和旅游者的直接社会、行为和心理需求，也反映了生活在这个社会群体的整体文化素质、道德修养和精神面貌，是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境的具体体现。因此其翻译质量将会响到游客的旅游线路、兴致、感受及印象，进而间接影响我国旅游业的发展。因此，对旅游景点导游词的特点、翻译策略进行探讨具有一定的现实意义。 资料的初步整理 对于英语景点导游词，许多中外学者都做出自己的研究，提出自己的观点。以下是中外学术界的众多研究和观点。 蔡媛媛（2007）《英语景点导游词的语言特点》一文中指出，英语景点导游词具有相应的功能特点。（1）指示性。指示性景点导游词主要是提供给公众一些信息服务，没有任何限制或强制在内，同时也不强制要求公众采取任何行动，其功能只是指示服务内容。因此，指示性景点导游词也被称为指导性或引导性景点导游词。这也是景点导游词最基本、最主要的功能。例如：One Way （单行线）、Tickets （售票处）、Department Store （百货商场）。（2）提示性。提示性景点导游词提示性景点导游词提醒公众注意某些事情，同时提示性景点导游词也并不针对特殊或个别人群。这类景点导游词应用非常广泛，通过提示性景点导游词可以了解什么该做什么不该做，但是这种提示性景点导游词并不具有强制性，公众可根据实际情况来选择执行或不执行。例如：Caution！Radiation（当心射线）、Watch Your Hand（当心夹手）、Don’t Touch（请勿手扶）。（3）限制性。限制性景点导游词对有关公众提出限制或约束的要求，希望有关公众为了大众的利益遵守一定的规则。多数情况下限制性景点导游词语气较为直接，一目了然，但不会让人感到强硬、粗暴或无理。例如：Athletes Only （运动员专用通道）、Large Vehicles Keep Right （大型车靠右）。（4）强制性。强制性景点导游词对有关公众有较大约束力，要求有关公众必须或不得采取任何行动或严格遵守规则。这类景点导游词的语言直接、强制，没有任何商量的余地。例如：No Parking （禁止停车）。 上面是学者对景点导游词特点的研究，对于翻译，颜莉（2008）《英语景点导游词的文体特点及汉英翻译》一文中说到，在进行景点导游词的汉英翻译前，应先了解英语景点导游词的文体特点，这样才能更加准确地将汉语景点导游词译为地道的英语表达方式。代博君（2010）在《景点导游词的语言特征及翻译策略》一文中指出，景点导游词的翻译应属于实用翻译，也称语用翻译。法国翻译理论家Jean Delisle 将语用翻译界定为：运用语用学知识对语用文
《研究生英语学术论文写作基础》教师参考 作者：杨炳钧 复旦大学出版社，2009年 第一部分学术论文基本构件及其写法 课前准备 【提示】该环节可以让学生充分表达自己的看法，对错可以先不判定，本章学完之后再回过头加以分析。 1) The Methods of Improve your Oral English in Native Chinese-speaking School 【解答】首先，这个标题有语法错误和大小写错误，应当修改为The Methods of Improving Your Oral English in Native Chinese-speaking School；其次，其中的代词your用得不合适，因为它是一种对话口吻，一般不适宜于学术论文；另外，标题中一般尽可能不用功能词，即介词、冠词、连词等。如果要改进这个标题，可以表达为Methods of Improving College Students’ Oral English in China等。 2) The study of Chinese Teaching in Thailand Overseas School 【解答】该标题修饰关系不清，大小写有误，study等多余。可以改进为Teaching Chinese in Schools in Thailand等。 3) A New Opportunity to the moral development of rural left-behind children
【解答】该标题大小写有误；new的用法值得考虑，因为除非已经有所谓的opportunity，否则就没有什么new；修饰关系也有问题，尤其是to用得不对。可以改进为Opportunity for the Moral Development of Left-behind Children in Rural Regions等。 4) The H2O2-biosensor based on PVP and Nano-Au 【解答】这个标题相对较好，但大小写还有问题，冠词多余，限定不够明确。可以修改为Developing H2O2-biosensor Based on PVP and Nano-Au等。 5) The identification of PCV2 Gene 【解答】该标题主要毛病是冠词多余，限定不够。如果是研究如何辨别，那么可以修改为How to identify PCV2 Gene?或Identifying PCV2 Gene等。 6) advantages and challenges of electroplating on Magnesium alloys 【解答】这个标题的问题是大小写不规范。应当修改为Advantages and Challenges of Electroplating on Magnesium Alloys等。 7) The impact of threatening information on pain recover time 【解答】按照英式大小写，该标题大小写是规范的，但recover的修饰关系不明确；另外，冠词the可以省略。修改为Impact of threatening information on pain recovery time或Impact of Threatening Information on Pain Recovery Time等。 8) The Issues of Copyright in Cyber-space 【解答】这个标题相对较好，没太大问题。可以把the省略。 9) Research on student’s achievement assessment in mathematics.
借鉴最新的在职研究生毕业生登记表自我鉴定十年苦读，只是为了让自己成为更有用的人，会社会做出更大的贡献，作为一名优秀的在职研究毕业生，一定会时刻对自身进行自我鉴定下面是我收集推荐的在职研究生毕业生登记表自我鉴定，欢迎阅读参考。 在职研究生毕业生登记表自我鉴定(一) 我很荣幸的成为了一名研究生，时光荏苒，岁月如梭，马上在职研究生就要毕业了，这次的经历是一生中最宝贵的财富，我在四川大学的四年里学到了很多东西，也从此树立了我的人生信念，这里让我体会到了什么是思想的碰撞，是一种只可意会不可言传的意境 时光匆匆，研究生的大半时间已转瞬即逝。能在名师云集，人才济济的四川大学新闻学院继续深造是一份难得而珍贵的人生经历，因此我倍加珍惜在这里的学习机会。四川大学不仅有无限深厚的历史文化底蕴，更聚集了众多名师英才的思想精髓，思想的轻微碰撞就会绽放美丽的火花。也就是在这里，我更进一步的了解了知识的无穷力量，文化的博大精深，让我深深惊叹于这里的确定了人生的信念，坚定了向前的步履，明晰了应尽的责任。 努力学习专业知识。熟悉并掌握了有关法律基础理论、基本法、部门法的相关知识，对所学专业知识努力达到系统化、条理化、要点化，并注重将所学理论与工作实践紧密结合，特别是对《民事诉讼法》、《劳动法》、《合同法》等做到了学以致用、以用促学、学用相长，运用科学理论认识、分析、解决实际问题的能力不断增强。 书本是思想的凝缩，是智者的精华，因此，我一有时间就在学校图书馆阅览
室阅览或者查阅书刊杂志，不仅仅专业的中外书籍，也阅览包括心理学社会学管理学经济学等书刊杂志。我深知做一个现代的一专多能的人才，必须知识丰富，视野开阔，这样才能有利于我在以后的学习和工作中发展的更好。我深深珍惜在四川大学的读书机会，经常去听新闻传播学、文学、儒学等各种讲座，补充营养，开拓视野，给自己加力。每到周五的时候，我都会参加学校的英语角活动，并认识了很多优秀的同学，他们是我的榜样，也是我向上的力量。除此之外，我阅读大量的英文报刊杂志，并阅读英文原著来补充自己。在研究生阶段，我的英文听说读写能力有了很大提高。 在这里我成长了很多，很感谢老师们的谆谆教诲，和同学们的帮助，在以后的生活中我也一定会坚守我的信仰，不断的提高自己和完善自己，做一个有思想有抱负的人。 在职研究生毕业生登记表自我鉴定(二) 光阴荏苒，毕业在即。回顾三年来的学习、工作以及生活，做自我鉴定如下: 1、政治思想坚定。坚持马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想，全面贯彻党的基本路线、方针、政策，具有较强的政治敏锐性和鉴别力，在大是大非问题上能够保持清醒头脑、经得起考验，始终与以xx同志为总书记的党央保持高度一致。 2、努力学习专业知识。熟悉并掌握了有关法律基础理论、基本法、部门法的相关知识，对所学专业知识努力达到系统化、条理化、要点化，并注重将所学理论与工作实践紧密结合，特别是对《民事诉讼法》、《劳动法》、《合同法》等做到了学以致用、以用促学、学用相长，运用科学理论认识、分析、解决实际问题的能力不断增强。
研究生英语答案重点 小结
第一课※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※※ 1.It is one of the paradoxes of social intercourse that a compliment is much harder to respond to than an insult. 在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。 2.Here is an area of small talk where most of us act awkwardly. 闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。 3.Someone utters a pleasing, praiseful remark in our direction and we grow inarticulate and our kneecaps begin to vibrate.有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。 4.I can’t even accept with grace a compliment bestowed upon me for a thing that isn’t really mine. 如果别人称赞不是真正属于我自己的东西时，我根本无法欣然接受。 5.The nearest I ever came to downright acceptance of this particular compliment was the time I said, “Well, we like it.” 我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。” 6.carried away by th e vastness of his complimentary remark, a woman said, “Well, we like it.” 一位被他的这种极度夸张的恭维话所吸引的妇女，禁不住说道，“嗯，我们喜欢这个地球。” 7.I think we make a mistake when we react to a compliment with denial and derogation. 我认为，对待恭维采取否定和贬低的态度是错误的。 8.The situation here is much the same as the one regarding my view. 这种情景，与我上述提出的观点非常相似。 9.I know a man who has put his mind to this problem and come up with a technique for brushing off praise.He employs a sort of unreasonable realism. 我认识一个潜心研究这种问题的人，他想出了一个办法来避开别人的表扬。他采取了一种不近情理的现实态度。 10.I don’t think this fellow is on the right track. 我想这个家伙回答的方式有问题。 11.This sort of thing, the witty reply, ought to be placed under government regulation. 这种俏皮机智的应答，应该置于政府的规定之中。 12.That one, I thought, was more than passable. But for every genuinely clever retort there are a thousand that fall flat.It takes a Dorothy Parker or a George S. Kaufman to handle the quip comeback with skill.
研究生英语学术论文写 作考试大概 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up →established Put up with → tolerate looking into →investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up →constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up →maintain Gone down → decrease thinking →considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data
可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software.
在职研究生登记表自我鉴定 ，了解更多关于自我鉴定的内容，请关注出国留学自我鉴定栏目。 在职研究生毕业生登记表自我鉴定【一】本人作为研究生在大学数学所攻读计算数学专业近三年，毕业之际，回顾三年来的学习、工作以及生活，做自我鉴定如下： 本人在思想觉悟上始终对自己有较高的要求，能用科学发展观来认识世界认识社会，能清醒的意识到自己所担负的社会责任，对个人的人生理想和发展目标，有了相对成熟的认识和定位。 在专业课程的学习上：根据自身研究方向的要求，有针对性的认真研读了有关核心课程，为自己的科研工作打下扎实基础;并涉猎了一部分其他课程，开阔视野，对本研究方向的应用背景以及整个学科的结构有了宏观的认识。学习成绩也比较理想。在外语方面，研究生阶段着重加强了书面写作的训练，并取得了一定效果。 在科研工作上：根据导师的指导，研读了大量论著，逐步明确了研究方向，通过自身不断的努力，以及与师长同学间的探讨交流，取得了一些比较满意的成果。在这期间，查阅资料，综合分析等基本素质不断提高，书面表达的能力也得到了锤炼，尤其是独立思考判断和研究的能力，有了很大进步，这些对于未来的工作也都是大有裨益的。 平时生活中：为人处世和善热情，和同学关系融洽。根据自身
爱好和能力，业余参与了一些社会活动，为个人综合素质的全面发展打下基础。 毕业在即，在工作实践中，除了提升适应工作要求的具体业务能力，还提高了和同事沟通交流的能力，团队协作的素质也得以培养，为走出校园融入社会做好了准备。 本人在研究生阶段所获颇丰，从学业、科研工作，到个人素质，都得到了充分的培养和锻炼，是充实且有意义的三年。相信这些经历和积累都将成为我人生道路上的宝贵财富。 在职研究生毕业生登记表自我鉴定【二】我是一个普通的、默默无闻的但内心充满着理想和抱负的青年。研究生三年的学习生活对我个人来说是受益终生的。导师的谆谆教诲、自己的刻苦攻读都将在未来的人生道路中体现出其应有的价值。 学习上，我是抱着谦虚谨慎、求真求实的态度去钻研课题的。在学习的过程当中，渐渐发现自己还有许多东西需要去学、去领悟，其实这本身也是一个自我提升的过程。我的理论水平、动手实践能力都随着课题研究的不断深入而得到了提高，同时我也学会了如何去分析问题、怎样采取最佳的手段去解决问题。生活上，我比较淡定、豁达。尊重身边的每一个人，在别人遇到困难之时，我会尽我所能去帮助他。生活应该是丰富多彩的，我喜欢听歌、唱歌、打篮球、看电影、看书、和好朋友聊天。 以上都自述了一些本人的优点，缺点和不足也是需要我自己多加反省的。如学习上思想有惰性，生活中容易冲动、不擅言谈等等。