English for Fisheries 水产专业外语
Editor: LIU JUN
Wuhan Polytechnic University Feed Science Department
水产专业英语概述
何谓水产专业英语：用来记载水产专业文献的一种英语文体——科技英语（English for Science And Technology）简称EST。
一、科技英语的诞生和特点
EST诞生于本世纪五十年代，第二次世界大战结束后不久，各国（特别是西方国家）迅速恢复国民经济生产，此时正是科技技术发展的好时机，随着科学技术的发展，科学文献以惊人的速度增长，而英语的世界光发表使用的语言，目前用英语出版的科技文献占世界总量的60%以上（85%）。因此，科技英语应用而生，世界各地纷纷建立了科技英语研究中心，我国也在北京、上海等地建立了EST研究中心。
前面已述科技英语是英语的一种文体，英语就其文章的体裁来讲，可分为四大类：文学文体，政论文体，应用文体和科技文体。
科技英语与普通英语或基础英语没有本质的区别，语音、词汇、语法是构成语言的三大要素。以语音而论，科技英语没有独特的语音的系统；以词汇而论，科技词汇是英语的组成部分；以语法而论，它虽具有一定特色，但仍未摆脱英语语法的法规。
（一）科技英语在词汇上的特点
1、专业词汇出现的频率低
根据美国和伊朗两国的科技英语专家共同了一次科技词汇的词频调查，发现专业词汇出现的频率最低，而功能词（冠词、介词、连词）出现的频率最高。我统计一下，Lesson One 共有单词211个，专业词汇出现27次，约占整个词汇的12.9%。
2、词义专一
在文学英语中，一词多义和一义多词的现象很普遍，也正是因为这样，作家才能写出生动感人的作品来。而科技英语要求叙事明了，说理准确，所以科技工作者在表达一个科学概念时，都会不约而同地选择同一个词汇（指科技词汇），其原因是由于科技英语的词义专一所致。大家可以打开科技英语字典，就可以发现很少有一词多义的单词。
在科技词汇中另一个特点就是词形越长，词义越专一。例如：mammal哺乳动物，shrimp虾，swim-bladder鳔，plankton浮游生物，climbing fish斗鱼，pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 火山爆发超微粒尘肺病。
3、科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语
根据美国科技英语学家Oscar的统计，在一万个普通英语词汇中，约46%的词汇源于拉丁语，7.2%源于希腊语，专业性越强的科技英语词汇中，这种比率越高。其原因是拉定语和希腊语的世界成熟最早，最发达的语种，词形、词义稳定。
4、广泛使用缩写词
在物理、化学专业中，缩写词用的多，水产上用的不多。据统计，科技英语的缩写词大概有2-3万个。
5、前后缀出现频率高
例如在Lesson One 中
ichthyology=ichthy+ology
phytoplankton=phyto+plankton
osteichthyes=oste+ichthyes
对于一个科技工作者来讲，要求至少掌握50个前缀和30个后缀，这对扩大词汇量，增加阅读能力，提高翻译速度是大有裨益的。
（二）科技英语在句法上的特点
1、长句使用多
2、广泛使用被动语态
英语与汉语不同之一就是英语中被动语态使用较多，而在科技文献中被动句显得更多，据统计，在科技英语中大约有1/3的动词用于被动语态。其原因是科技英语描写的是科学技术和自然现象，要求作者注重事实和客观规律，不带个人感情色彩，因此写作时避免使用第一人称而同被动语态，同时使用被动语态可使描写对象位置突出。
3、普遍使用形容词短语作后置定语
例：sufficient to 足够的，suitable for 适于，difficult to 难，capable of 能力。
4、动词非谓语形式使用频率高
动词非谓语形式又叫为非限定动词，包括不定式，动名词，分词三种。
（三）科技英语在修辞上的特点
1、时态运用有限
英语共有十六种时态，而在科技英语中只有九种。描述自然规律或事实，论述理论用一般现在时，叙述过去的研究上用过去时，间或用现在完成时；对于课题是研究展望用将来时。除此之外，还可用进行时，过去完成时，将来完成时，现在完成时，过去将来时。
2、修辞手法较单调
描述科学的语言注重事实和逻辑，往往以图表、共市数学来表达可写概念。一切文学修辞手法（夸张、明喻、隐语、借喻、拟人，对照等）都会破坏科学的严肃性。
3、逻辑——语法词使用普遍
（1）表示原因：as, due to, because of, caused of
（2）表示转折：but, however, nevertheless, yet
（3）表示秩序：so, thus, therefore, moreover
（4）表示限制：only, except, unless, besides
（5）表示假设：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided
二、科技英语的翻译
（一）何谓翻译
翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。
翻译本身不是一门独立的创造性科学，但它即带有创造性，又具有科学性。它是用语言来表达一门艺术，是科学的再创作。
翻译到底是否带有创造性和科学性？
翻译过文章的人都有这样一种体会，读懂一篇英语文章并不难，但要把它翻译成中文，用恰当的中文完全把它表达出来却并不是一件很容易的事。
例1：It is a cold winter
这个句子一看就懂，但往往容易把它译错，
译作“这是一个寒冷的冬天”。汉语“冬天”的含义是季节，而不是指冬天的一天。
译作“这是寒冬的一天”，也不对，因为cold 修饰的不是winter, 而是day。
译作“这是一个寒冷的冬天的一天”，意思才对，但句子很别扭。懂得翻译技巧，便会运用“抽词法”将它译成：
冬天，一个寒冷的日子。
例2：All substances are not good conductors
照字面上译：“所有的物质都不是良好的导体”。
All 与否定词No 一起使用，并不是表示全部否，而只是表示部分否定，因此句子应译成：“并不是所有的物质都是良好的导体”。
所以翻译确实是一门艺术，是一门即具有创造性，又具有科学性是艺术，是对原文的再创造，是用另一种语言对原意是正确表达。
（二）我国翻译是历史和翻译是标准
我国的翻译史是以佛教经典汉译为发端延续到今，历是仅两千年。最早主要采用照本直译法（所以经书难读，难背），后秦时该为意译，译文流畅易懂。唐代采用直译，意译并用，译文准确晓畅。直到清朝末年，翻译家严复提出“信、达、雅”的翻译标准，由于他过分的强调“达、雅”，所以有些译文他自己也承认是编出来的，而不是翻译出来的。后来鲁迅先生在严复的“信、达、雅”[信指忠实，达谓之通顺，雅意为修辞]是基础上提出“信”和“顺”两条标准。“信”就是“忠实”，忠实于原文是思想内容和风格，而不是保存原作形式，更不是逐字逐句的死译；“顺”是指“通顺”，疑问的语言形式要符合译文的语言规范，做到通顺易懂。
（三）翻译是过程
翻译的过程是理解和表达的过程。
1、理解
翻译首先是对原文的理解，必须对所译的每一个词，短语，句子读懂，了解其含义。
2、表达
表达是在正确理解原文的基础上，运用“直译”和“意译”相结合的放大将原文是内容表达出来。（1）什么是直译
既忠实原文内容，又忠实于原文形式是翻译就是直译。只有原文结构形式与汉语的结构形式一致时，才能直译。
例：Most living fishes are bony fishes, members of the class Osteichthyes.
大多现存的鱼类是硬骨鱼类，属硬骨纲。
（2）什么是意译
在忠实原文的前提之下，摆脱原文结构的束缚，使译文符合汉语的规范。原文结构形式与汉语的结构形式不一致时，采用这种方法。
drink, toilet, and grave for a fish.
水既是鱼类的交通道又是它们传递信息之媒介，既是鱼类抚养、玩乐、学习、生活的场所，又是它们饮食、排泄和葬身之地。
Lesson One
What Fish Are
Fish are cold-blooded animals, typically with backbone, gills, and fins, and are primarily dependent on water as a medium in which to live. Their study composes the pure and applied aspects of the science of ichthyology. Obviously not included in this field of learning are mammals, such as whales, seals, and porpoises; reptiles, such as aquatic turtles; and invertebrates, such as clams, shrimp, and lobsters (“shellfish”).
Fishes are the most numerous of the vertebrates, with estimates of around 20,000 recent species, although guesses range as high as about 40,000. In contrast, it is commonly assumed that bird species number about 8,600, mammals, 4,500 (of which living man is only one ), reptiles, 6,000, and amphibians, 2,500, Thus, not only are there many different fishes but they come in many different shapes and sizes. Included are pygmies such as the American percid least darter (Erheostoma microperca) which matures sexually at a length of 27mm, and a dwarf pygmy goby (Evlion) of the pacific which breeds at sizes less than 15mm. There are giants, too, such as the whale shark (Rhincoden), which has been judged to attain lengths near 21 m, and weights of 25 tons or more. Most fishes are torpedo-shaped, but some are round, others are angular.
词汇
backbone 脊椎骨porpoises 海豚
breed 繁殖pygmies 侏儒类（微小鱼类）
gill 鳃seal 海豹
ichthyology 鱼类学shellgish 贝类
lobsters 龙虾
词组
American percid least darter 美洲小河鲈
cold-blooded animals 冷血性动物
torpedo-shaped 纺锤形的
毫米millimeter厘米centimeter分米decimeter米meter公里kilometer
Lesson Two
How Fish Live
toilet, and grave for a fish. All of the fish’s vital funct ions of feeding, digestion, assimilation, growth, responses to stimuli, and reproduction are dependent on water. For a fish, the most important aspects of water are dissolved oxygen, dissolved salts, light penetration, temperature, toxic substances, concentrations of disease organisms, and opportunity to escape enemies.
Although humans are able to absorb oxygen directly from air through the vascularized walls of the lungs, few fish have lungs or other devices for utilizing oxygen from air. Most fish, including those with lungs, depend mainly upon gills to extract oxygen dissolved in water. Fish can not live long in a habitat rare or deficient in dissolved oxygen any more than humans can survive in the upper atmosphere or the space beyond unless they carry an oxygen supply with them.
The pasturage that the sea, lake, and steams afford to fish depends initially on the penetration of light into water, even as growth of grass on the open range relies upon the sun. T he “grass” of the waters is microscopic plant life-diatoms and algae, collectively termed phytoplankton.
The beginning of life leading to fish production is generally in the bodies of the phytoplankters. They utilize light energy and dissolved carbon dioxide to manufacture organic matter that eventually becomes food for fish. Besides proving energy for food production for all fishes, light is also known to trigger mechanisms of reproduction, growth, and many kinds of behavior, including that of feeding.
Unwanted materials such as toxins produced in nature and pollution from human activities are serious menaces to fish life. The aquatic habitat provides no places of escape from damaging substances in solution. The threat to fish of water-borne toxic materials is comparable to that of air-borne pollutants to human beings. Although fish are able to detect many such chemical contaminants, they are often unable avoid them.
Like all animals, fish have a very full complement of diseases with which to contend. Many of these are due to external agencies; others arise internally. From outside come viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasitic protozoan, worm, crustaceans and lampreys. From within arise almost all the common organic and degenerative disorders that plague man himself. Included are cancer, rickets, and degeneration of the liver, blindness, and a host of developmental anomalies such as Siamese twinning and spinal flexure. And even if not killed by a disease or disorder such as the foregoing, the fish must still survive periodic adverse chemical conditions in water, predators, and the capturing devices of fisherman.
词汇
diatoms 硅藻类phytoplankton 浮游植物（总体）
lamprey 海七鳃鳗rickets 佝偻病
pasturage 牧场vascularized 脉管化的
phytoplankter 浮游植物（个体）
词组
degeneration of the liver 肝功能退化
host of developmental anomalies 大量畸形发育
Siamese twinning 连体双胞胎
spinal flexure 脊柱螺旋卷曲
Lesson Three
The Breeding of Fish
Fish have developed many different ways for gaining nearness of sperms and eggs to each other in order to facilitate and insure their union. Outstanding among these ways are the nicely timed relations of the various reproductive functions. In the prolific open-water spawners, for example, the millions of eggs do not all mature at one time; just enough mature in each batch so that at the final stage of the eggs, the female is not too greatly distended with the enlarged sex products. If all ripened simultaneously, they would occupy a space much larger than the parent fish, so batches are timed in ripening to accommodate the parent. Many fishes have a very short breeding season, occurring only once a year as we saw, yet the males and females are on fully ripe condition at the same instant and both then are capable of exhibiting their complex breeding reactions. The secondary sexual characteristics and accessory structures which are used in courtship, clasping, or intermission develop simultaneously with the reading of the primary sexual products.
Perhaps the most famous case of accurately timed relationships in reproduction is in the palolo worm which swarms to the surface of the open seas once a year at a certain phase of the moon to breed. A few fishes show similar marvelously timed relationships for breeding. The best known of these is the grunion (Leutrsthes tenuis) of the California coast. This fish spawns just after the turn of high tide at certain times of the year. It spawns almost literally out of water, as far up on the beach as the largest waves will carry it at this time of high tide. It deposits eggs and sperm in pockets in the wet sand at just such a time and in just such a position that the eggs are not likely to be washed out by wave until two weeks or a month later at the time of the next high tide. At this time the waves come up on the sand again and when they hit the places where the nests are deposited and stir up the sand, the young hatch almost instantly and go to with these waves before the tide can recede and make it impossible for them to do so. This is certainly a remarkable instance of timed reproduction as well as development and hatching. Regarding timed relationships, we should think that somewhere in a continent such as North American, some fishes are spawning at almost any time, because of the influence if latitude and altitude, as well as individuality of species and races or varieties that compose them.
Most fish species have definite seasons for spawning as a part of their timed reproductive relationships, and are generally grouped as follows. Warmwater fishes are summer spawners and cold water fishes, fall and winter spawners. Species tolerating intermediate temperatures are generally spring spawners. Some tropical species spawn the year around. Fixed spawning seasons are roughly correlated with the developmental period that the fish require. Warmwater fishes (such as the black basses and sunfish, Centrarchidae) use only a few days to hatch and emerge into an environment generally favorable to growth and survival. Several months may be required for a char (Salvelinus) or a whitefish (Coregonus). Some trout (Salmo), at a mean temperature of 50 F (10℃), may average around 50 days for their developmental period. The whitefish (Coregonus clupeafoumis), at a temperature in the low 30 F (1℃), may take as much as 130 to 150 days for development to hatching. Both
seem to be timed bring the young forth into conditions favorable to them. Timing of reproduction also makes it possible for more than one species to use the same breeding grounds in a calendar year. Thus in American streams that both occupy, spring-spawning suckers (Catostomus) may use the same nest (redd) sites as fall-spawning brook trout (Salvellinus fontinalis).
Timed relationships, no matter how good, would not be very useful to a fish if it could not recognize a mate of the opposite sex when present. When a scientist is sexing fish he uses such characters as structure, form, and color as describe previously. With live fish, he may also use behavior. Fish themselves are also aware of form, color, and behavior when recognizing their mates. An outstanding experimental study of the value of these attributes for sexual recognition to fish is that by Tinbergen, who has demonstrated all of these points by observing sticklebacks (Gasterosteus) in aquarium.
In addition to the evolution of timed relationships, and abilities in sexual recognition, there have development among fishes several useful devices for insuring either external or internal fertilization, for external fertilization, proximity of two individuals of the opposite sex for spawning is the most common means employed. Actual pairing and some form of holding (amplexus) are sometimes used as a special development of proximity. In pairing, some fishes come side by side in actual contact and simultaneously emit eggs and sperms, and in other instances the male twists his body around that of the female, in a semicircle, or even in a corkscrew spiral for a fish with a much-elongated body such as a lamprey (Petromyzonidae).
词汇
amplexus 抱合species 种
char 湖红点鲑stickleback 棘鱼
grunion 银汉鱼sucker 胭脂鱼
races 亚种sunfish 太阳鱼
redd 专指鲑鳟鱼类的鱼巢varieties 品种
spawner 产卵的鱼whitefish 白鲑
词组
black basses 黑鲈
brook trout 溪红点鲑
palolo worm 沙蚕
Lesson Four
Tropical Aquarium Fish
Tropical aquarium fish come from many different parts of the world. These include the large land mass of Asia from the Bosporus to China and from northern India to the islands of the Indian Ocean; and further east, Australia with its relatively restricted fresh waters; Africa, increasingly important to the tropical fish trade; the giant River Amazon and its tributaries; and finally Central America, Mexico and Florida.
Wherever the fish come from, the aquarist should always try to find out all he can about the living conditions of the fish in the world because they are so varied. For instance, the tropical waters of southern Asia present many different conditions, from the sunshine of India to the damp, humid conditions in the island of the east Indonesia. There are dark, muddy ponds and ditches, paddy fields with their interconnecting drainage channels, often in low-lying areas, but there are also mountain streams with clear, fast-flowing water, and shady rivers in jungle country. There are just a few of the habitats, which support the rich fish population of tropical Asia.
Two main fish groups are particularly well represented in the fresh waters of Asia. These are the barbs and loaches (Cyprinodonoidae) and the labyrinth fish (Anabantidae). The tropical barbs are closely related to many cold-water fish in Europe and North America: these include the minnow, roach, carp, and chub.
The group of labyrinth fish contains a large number of brightly colored fish, most of which are easy to breed and thus well suited to the aquarium. It is believed that the first tropical fish imported to Europe was one of these labyrinth fish, now known as the paradise fish. It caused quite a stir when brought to France from China in the 1870s, and was soon bred in Paris by a Frenchman named Carvonnior.
Labyrinth fish come from some of the warmest parts of the China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaya and Sumatra. In their home range these adaptable fish live mainly in shallow, sun-drenches water of all kinds, such as ponds and pools, ditches and paddy fields. Such water is very poor in oxygen and is often extremely cloudy but the labyrinth fish have evolved the means to survive in these unfavorable conditions. They have an accessory respiratory organ, know as the labyrinth (hence their name), situated in front of the gill chamber. From time to time the fish swim to the surface in order to take in atmospheric air, which passes to the labyrinth and is taken into the blood system. In this way the oxygen deficiency in the water is made up, and the fish are able to survive in waters which would be lethal to other vertebrates. Some labyrinth fish have also developed very elongated, filamentous ventral fins, which serve to sense food in the water.
However, by no means all labyrinth fish come from such unfavorable waters; some species even live in the clear streams of the mountain ranges, and they are found in enormously varied waters. One of the group, the true climbing fish (Anabas testudineus), can even leave the waters when they start to dry up and move overland to reach other waters.
Another labyrinth fish, the small fighting fish (Betta splendens), which comes from Thailand, is much valued by the local inhabitants for its bright colors and its fighting ability, and by selective breeding the Thais have increased its natural coloration. The males of the species, which swim around like aquatic butterflies, displaying their exaggerated fins, are put together in couples to fight, and vicious contests take place. Old Thai families are proud of their breeding stock, and conceal the secrets of their breeding methods.
Fighting fish have been introduced into aquarium circles in Europe and elsewhere, at first in the original wild form, and subsequently as the beautifully colored selected forms known as veiltails. New varieties, even more spectacular, are being developed all the time.
词汇
Aquarist 水产养殖者loaches 泥鳅（这里指鳉科）
barbs 鲃属中色彩鲜艳的种类minnow 鱼岁
boastfully 自夸地paradise 攀鲈科
Bosporus 博斯普鲁斯海峡roach 拟鲤
chub 侧带臼齿鲤tributary 支流
exaggerated 夸张的，炫耀的veiltail 一种观赏鱼的名字
labyrinth 迷走器或鳃上器
Lesson Five
A Colorful World under Glass
A visit to a public aquarium introduces us to an amazing, colorful and almost dreamlike world, one which moves constantly behind the clear glass of the huge tanks, the glowing, and sometimes iridescent (colors of the fish catching the light as they make their slow and majestic movements. Here you are in an underwater world; the other visitors, irrelevant, are perceived only dimly as shadow-like figures in the darkened hall.
Those who know little about fish will be surprised by the incredible variety of their shapes and sizes, although the majority may be the torpedo-like shape one normally associates with fish, others are long and eel-like; some are flattened, almost as though compressed from above; and a few are even disc-shaped. The coloring, too, is almost unimaginably varied from dull brown to rainbow hues and so unimaginably are habits of each individual species. Some, like the cichlids, swim around actively herding and protecting their young, some swim in shoals, but others are quite solitary, often appearing momentarily and then retreating to a favorite hiding place.
On a first visit is almost impossible to comprehend underwater world, but such a visit will often fire the imagination and awaken an interested in fish, too, there are often television programs about fish in the wild; there are books on fish and their habits; and on a more mundane level, schools often have aquarium tanks in their biology rooms, though usually quite small ones. Last but not least, some people’s enthusiasm is aroused simply because they see a tank in the living room of a friend, of a doctor’s or dentist’s waiting room. The beauty and feeling of tranquility imparted by aquarium tanks, even small ones with a few inhabitants, often makes people think wistfully of having such a display on view all the time, in their own homes.
词汇
cichlids 丽鱼科mundane 世俗的、宇宙的
herding 集群，牧食shoals 鱼群
iridescent 彩虹色的tranquility 宁静
multiplicity 众多wistfully 渴望地、沉思地
词组
living room 客厅
waiting room 候诊室
Lesson Six
Lakes
Although to the casual observer, lakes may seem to differ primarily in size and depth, scientific study has disclosed countless other points of difference. Many of these differences are critical determinants of the presence, absence or abundance of fishes. Foe example, the fish-carrying capacity of a lake varies with the character of its basin, fertility of water, the age of the water body, and changes in the kinds of fish or in the relative abundance of certain kinds and size of fish. Carrying capacity has been related to a morpho-edaphic index and specific conductance of the water.
Lakes have been variously classifies according to evolutionary state and to direction of evolution. Although they are not all-inclusive, four basic types of lakes are recognized generally in the literature of limnology-oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic, and dystrophic.
Oligotrophic lakes are most often deep, cold, and low in nutrients and in population by plants-especially seed plants. There are many different species but few individuals of organisms, thus a high diversity of results. These species are distributed to great depth throughout the water column. The most characteristic fishes of such lakes in the North Temperate Zone are coldwater and deepwater salmons, trouts, and whitefishes (Salmonidae). Lakes of this type undergo ecological succession into the eutrophic type; this process of aging is termed eutrophication. Eutrophic lakes succeed into ponds, swamps, and marshes. Deepwater salmonids are absent or disappearing, as the lakes become shallower, warmer, and progressively more highly organic and occupied by larger aquatic plants. In the North Temperate Zone, common fishes of eutrophic lakes include many different kinds of minnows (Cyprinidae) and the walleyes (Stizostedion), pikes (Esox), perch (Perca), and some catfishes (Ictalurus; Silurus). A mesotrophic lake is one in the middle stage between eutrophic and dystrophic when amount of organic material cycling in the lake is increasing. Dystrophic lakes too are shallow but are head toward becoming peat bogs. Their highly organic nature often renders them at least seasonally devoid of oxygen and thus of fish. Representatives of the fishes that may occur are the mudminnows (Umbridae).
To whichever of the four forgoing or other categories a group of lakes may belong temporarily each lake may still differ greatly in its area, depth, volume, bottom contour, shoreline regularity, and other features. All of these physical features have some relation both to the kinds and the abundance of fishes that may be present.
词汇
mudminnows 荫鱼科pikes 狗鱼
perch 鲈walleyes 大眼狮鲈
词组
ecological succession 生态演替
morpho-edaphic index 湖泊形态——土壤学指数
peat bogs 泥炭，泥沼
specific conductance 电导率
Lesson Seven
Ecological Factors
Environmental forces that impinge on the lives of fishes are many, complex, and interrelated in their effects. We will single out a few for illustration.
Temperature
Temperature is a factor of wide and varied significance. Generally, with in the range of temperatures that can be tolerated by the fish, the effects are for vital processes to be accelerated by warm temperatures and decelerated by cold ones. Temperature extremes or sudden changes are often lethal. Elevated, sublethal temperatures may induce aestivation, and depressed ones, hibernation. Precipitation and evaporation in the hydrologic cycle are thermal phenomena. Freshwater fishes, marine species that use the freshwater habitat for growth, and brackishwater fishes are dependent on this cycle for the supply of water in which they live.
Within bodies of water, temperature may determine success of a species as well as its distribution. Within the geographical range of trouts of the family Salmonidae, waters are commonly classified thermally as cold (inhabited by trout) or warm (intolerable to trout). In lakes of the Temperate zones, when stratified thermally in midsummer, coldwater fishes such as the trouts (Salmo), chars (Salvelius), whitefishes (Corgonus) remain in deep water in or beneath the thermocline (the hypolimnion) and the warmwater fishes are restricted to the shallow upper warmwater layer (the epilimnion). The thermocline is a thin layer of rapid temperature decline demarcated in the Temperate zones by a change in temperature of 1℃for each meter of increase in depth. Low temperatures bring covers of ice to lakes in the Temperate and Arctic zones in the winter, and the growth of fishes is slowed or stopped in this season. Just before the ice covers a lake in the Temperate Zone in the fall and, again just after the ice leaves in the spring, a condition of homothermy is reached from top to bottom. This condition enables deep thermal and wind-induced circulation of such a lake (and of parts of the oceans) distributing nutrients and flocculent bottom materials from the deep to the very surface. Dissolved oxygen from the surface is mixed through the water column during this event. In super-cooled streams, ice may form on the bottom to destroy or occur out fish food organisms. Temperature of water can be an important detective influence in the migrations and movements of fishes. As a result of correlating temperature with the ranges of fishes, zoogeographers have developed isothermal of fish distribution. Limnologists have long attempted to classify lakes in the basis of their thermal characteristics. The most widely accepted classification has three major categories: Polar lakes with the surface temperatures never over 4℃(39.2F); Temperate lakes with the surface ranging both above and below 4℃; and tropical lakes with the surface temperatures always over 4℃.
It may be concluded that not only are fish temperature sensitive, but that those capable of movement generally seek what may be termed preferred temperatures. Within the range of tolerable temperatures fish continually move about as if to seek the temperature that is optimum for the vital activity of the moment.
Light
Light is another ecological factor of importance in the lives of fishes. Direct effects are through vision but there are many indirect ones as well. Coloration of the integument at any given time is a direct function of quality and quantity of light. Light also triggers and directs migrations and movements, has a timing role in reproduction, and influences rate and pattern of growth. Light also determines the kinds and amounts of food available for fish and is of course the direct energy source for the first photosynthetic link in the food chain of all fishes. The region where light intensity is sufficient for photosynthesis is referred to as the trophogenic or euphotic zone and extends downward to some 200m in clear seawater.
Currents
Currents are physical factors in the lives of both flowing and standing-water fishes. At the surface, water movements tend to equilibrate air and water temperatures. Through circulation, they also tend to homogenate temperature and chemical factors in the water. Forced mixing by wind moving across the surface moves the water molecules and causes turbulence or waves. When turbulence at the surface comes into contact the water layer beneath, a current in the opposite direction is set up the lower layer. Such currents produce turbulent internal eddies which lead to vertical interchange of water particles (intermixion). This interchange is known as eddy diffusion. The cutting action of currents along stream banks and shores continually alters habitat locally, dislodged materials are transported for deposition elsewhere to effect change there. Turbidity resulting from erosion may effect adaptations (as in the eyes) of fishes but it may also be lethal or it may greatly reduce chances for survival by sedimentation of feeding or spawning grounds. It also accelerates the rate with which water absorbs heat from sunlight.
Currents within stream systems typically change from fast in the headwaters to sluggish at base level with accompanying change in fish species. Generally, the stronger the current the more depauperate the fish fauna. The development of streamlining and holdfast organs among fishes is an obvious response to current. However, even as gradient in streams is an ecological factor for fishes, so are the shape, depth, configuration, and composition of the bottom of standing waters.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolves oxygen is required for respiration, the release of energy from food. In unpolluted streams and in the surface of lakes, ponds and the oceans the water is unpolluted streams and in the surface of lakes, ponds and the oceans the water is normally saturated with oxygen for its given temperature. It may, however, fall beneath the minimum few parts-per-million requirements of fishes at the sources of springs, and seasonally in stagnant bottom water of standing bodies. Oxygen by also be deficient over highly organic bottom deposits or in waters polluted by organic wastes such as domestic sewage. When large alga blooms die due to a few cloudy days, extensive fish kills (summer kill) may result because of decomposition using up oxygen. Tick snow cover on ice shuts out sunlight and as a result phytoplankton does not produce oxygen, respiration and decomposition use it up and winter kill results when the demand exceeds the supply.
Food
Food is one of several important biological factors in the environment of fishes. Its abundance and varieties are determinants of both the species composition and magnitudes of fish populations. Key foods are the free-floated plankton, the benthos composed of organisms which move over or burrow in the bottom, and the periphyton and perizoon, “Aufwuchs”, made up of the organisms that grow on the free surfaces of
submerged objects.
Key chemical factors or nutrients in the first link of the food chains of fishes include carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and such common elements as hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and calcium, plus trace elements (oligoelements), including manganese, boron, sulphur, magnesium, zinc, and molybdenum.
The origins of the elements and gases in water are many; the principal processes by which they become available in water ate three-slow diffusion, rapid mixing, and internal transformation, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, but especially oxygen, can diffuse relatively slowly into water from the atmosphere. These same gases plus ammonia may be mixed rapidly with the hydrosphere at times of rain, snow, and wind, or when then thermal and gradient currents occur. The internal transformation of nutrients by living organisms yields carbon dioxide to water from respiration, oxygen from photosynthesis, and hydrogen sulfide and organic salts from bodily wastes or from decay of dead organisms.
词汇
aestivation 夏眠euphotic 真光层
and perizoon 固生动物hibernation 冬眠
aufwuchs 固着生物homothermy 等温，同温
benthos 底栖生物hypolimnion 跃温层
configuration 外貌integument 皮肤
demarcated 划….界periphyton 固着藻类
depauperate 使….贫乏thermocline 跃温层
diffusion 扩散turbulence （）流
eddies 涡流
词组
fish fauna 区系
hydrolohic 水分循环
standing waters 静水体
summer kill 夏季泛塘
附录一：阅读课文
The Principal Components Of Automotive 张可可2013210612 The Principal Components Of Automotive contains the body, the engine , the chassis , the power train system, the steering system, the suspension system and wheels , the braking system and the electrical and electronic system. 1 The body An automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood and a trunk deck built into it.It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers and cargo. It is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 2 The engine The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines. the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.
2010年中国监护仪行业研究报告 版权声明：该报告的所有图片、表格以及文字内容的版权归北京水清木华科技有限公司（水清木华研究中心）所有。其中，部分图表在标注有其他方面数据来源的情况下，版权归属原数据所有公司。水清木华研究中心获取的数据主要来源于市场调查、公开资料和第三方购买，如果有涉及版权纠纷问题，请及时联络水清木华研究中心。
近年来，随着人民生活水平的提高，高蛋白水产品消费量逐年增加。强大的需求拉动了水产品产量的增长，2009年中国水产品产量达5120万吨，同比增长4.6%。从产品结构来看，海水产品与淡水产品产量占比差距逐年缩小，海水产品占比52.4%，淡水产品占比47.6%。 图：2005-2009年中国海水产品和淡水产品产量（单位：百万吨） 来源：国家统计局；整理：水清木华研究中心 随着海外市场需求量增加，中国水产品出口量也随之增加。2010年前三季度中国水产品出口量230.2万吨，出口额95.2亿美元，分别同比增长8.9％和25.6%，其中对虾、贝类、罗非鱼、鳗鱼、大黄鱼等名优养殖水产品仍是主要出口品种，该5个品种出口额之和占水产品贸易出口总额的50.2％。各品种出口单价同比均有所上涨，其中，鳗鱼和大黄鱼出口均价涨幅较大，分别同比增长38.7%和43.4%。山东、广东等沿海省份是中国水产品主要出口省份，而日美欧韩依然是中国最重要的出口市场。 从水产品加工看，2006-2010年，水产品加工企业营业收入不断增加，2010年1-8月行业整体营业收入达到1980亿元。从各子行业来看，受消费者饮食习惯影响，冷冻加工食品市场需求不断增大，2010年1-8月其营业收入达到1505亿元，占整个水产品加工的76%。但由于冷冻储藏、运输及采购等成本上升相对较快，2006-2010年8月，行业毛利率一直处于较低水平，在11%-12%范围波动。
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十字结联轴节 联轴器 链 皮带 精加工 粗加工 变速箱体 腐蚀 氧化 磨损 耐用度 随机信号 离散信号 超声传感器 集成电路 挡板 残余应力 套筒 扭力 冷加工 电动机 汽缸 过盈配合 热加工 摄像头 倒角 优化设计 工业造型设计 有限元 滚齿 插齿 伺服电机 铣床 钻床 镗床 步进电机 丝杠 导轨 组件 可编程序逻辑控制器 电火花加工 电火花线切割加工-
报告编号：YT-FS-6986-88 水产养殖专业实习报告 (完整版) After Completing The T ask According To The Original Plan, A Report Will Be Formed T o Reflect The Basic Situation Encountered, Reveal The Existing Problems And Put Forward Future Ideas. 互惠互利共同繁荣 Mutual Benefit And Common Prosperity
水产养殖专业实习报告(完整版) 备注：该报告书文本主要按照原定计划完成任务后形成报告，并反映遇到的基本情况、实际取得的成功和过程中取得的经验教训、揭露存在的问题以及提出今后设想。文档可根据实际情况进行修改和使用。 为了了解水产生产一线情况和海南红树林生态环 境，我们水产养殖全体同学在赵老师带领下到三亚水 产养殖基地进行学习参观。 我们到过的参观地点有： （1）东寨港红树林保护区； （2）沿途参观了冯家湾虾苗基地。 （3）螺旋藻养殖基地； （4）南海水产研究所海润珍珠养殖场； 一：首先到达参观东寨港红树林保护区： 海南东寨港红树林保护区位于海口东南方向琼山 境内，红树林在这里的海滩上绵延50公里，面积达 3337.6公顷，海南的红树林以琼山、文昌为最，其中 琼山市的东寨港红树林保护区是游人去得最多的景区
之一。面积4000多公顷，是我国建立的第一个红树林保护区，是中国七个被列入国际重要湿地名录的保护区之一。 红树林是热带、亚热带滨海泥滩上特有的常绿灌木或乔木的植物群落，其大部分树种属于红树科,生态学上通称为红树林，是能生长于海水中的绿色植物。从照片上可以看出，这里的红树林生态环境极好，适合各种生物繁殖生活，水中有多种生物，包括各种鱼类诸如血蚶、蚝、对虾、青蟹、血鳝，各种蛇类等。生物资源及其丰富。据介绍，这里的红树林生长良好，涨潮时分，茂密的红树林树干被潮水淹没，只露出翠绿的树冠。我们到时，正处于涨潮前期，能看到水已经淹没树根，只有气生根还露出水面。有经常性腿潮涨潮，有利于生物生长发繁殖，因此这里生物物种繁多。 二：参观红树林后，汽车开到冯家湾，沿途参观虾苗基地。这里是中国南方最大的虾苗培育基地。这里实际形成了冯家湾———椰林湾地区对虾种苗产业
1、简介：在过去20 年,水产养殖是世界范围内食品领域增长最快的行业 世界水产养殖以亚洲一些国家最为发达，主要有中国、日本、印度和东南亚诸国。我国是世界上从事水产养殖历史最悠久的国家之一，养殖经验丰富，养殖技术普及。改革开放以来，我国渔业调整了发展重点，确立了以养为主的发展方针，水产养殖业获得了迅猛发展，产业布局发生了重大变化，已从沿海地区和长江、珠江流域等传统养殖区扩展到全国各地。养殖品种呈现多样化、优质化的趋势，海水养殖由传统的贝藻类为主向虾类、贝类、鱼类、藻类和海珍品全面发展；淡水养殖打破以“青、草、鲢、鳙”四大家鱼为主的传统格局，鳗鲡、罗非鱼、河蟹等一批名特优水产品已形成规模。我国进行规模化养殖的水产品种类已达50 多种，工厂化养殖、深水网箱养殖、生态养殖等发展迅速。水产养殖业已成为我国农业的重要组成部分和当前农村经济的主要增长点之一。 2、产量分析：中投顾问发布的《2016-2020年中国水产养殖业投资分析及前景预测报告》指出，中国的水产养殖产量已经达到4300万吨，有50%是不依赖饲料的，其中滤食性种类，草食性种类超过50%，再加上大量的杂食性种类，这三类占了全部种类的92%，肉食性种类仅占8%。中国的水产养殖是低营养级别的，我们用很少的渔业资源，养殖了大量的水产品。中国每年消耗的鱼粉大概是160万吨，其中100万吨是进口，但从2000年以后中国进口鱼粉量就停止增长。最近20年中国消耗的鱼粉产量没有增加，但是我们的饲料产量持续增加，这说明中国使用鱼粉的效率在提高。中国每年使用的160万吨鱼粉，大概有55%是用于水产养殖，我们用少量的渔业资源，养殖了大量的水产品，中国是绝对的净鱼生产国。中国的水产养殖不但解决了我国的水产品需求、粮食安全问题，还为三农创造了大量的就业机会，而且中国水产养殖对环境更为友好。 尽管我国水产品产量每年都有变化，但 总体格局不会变化。其基本概念是： （1）世界生产 3 条“鱼” ，其中 1 条是中国产的。 （2）中国生产 3 条“鱼” ，其中近 2 条是养殖生产的。 （3）养殖生产的 5 条“鱼” ，其中 3 条是淡水生产的，2 条是海水生产的。（4）淡水产品中70%是由池塘小水体生产的。 （5）海水产品中80%是贝类（1000 万吨左右），绝大部分都不能出口。（6）自1996 年起，我国渔产量统计方法与FAO 接轨：藻类（138 万吨右）属植物蛋白质，不计入渔产量，而贝类直接统计重量（以往去壳，为体重的1/5 计）。 3：农业大环境下的产业比重：水产养殖业已成为促进农村经济发展的支柱产业。在农村养殖产业中，凡有水面的农村，绝大部分都将水产养殖放在首位，成为农村脱贫致富奔小康的重要途径。在动物饲养业中，我国养殖的主体是生猪，其次是家禽等。但它们的发展均需要粮食为依托。而水产养殖，其自然资源的利用率高，它们对粮食的依赖性远低于生猪和家禽。2007 年，全国配合饲料总产量为1 亿吨，其中水产配合饲料仅占养殖总饲料的10%左右。而且鱼类等水产品均为冷血动物，不必消耗大量的能量维持其体温，故饵+料报酬低，饲料利用率高。因此，对粮食不富有的我国，优先发展水产品养殖应是粮食安全的重国策之一。在动物饲养业中，我国养殖的主体是生猪，其次是家禽等。但它们的发展均
1.英语学术论文的语言风格特点就（知人方能论世） 为什么我们会读不懂SCI上面的文章呢？ 第一，由于SCI里面出现的专业词汇一般都是出现在特定领域，一类是一词对应于一意，另外一类则是一词多义。 其次，名词化结构则是另外另外一个普遍出现的现象，可以看到，复合名词，加前缀和后缀，以及省略现象可谓是漫山遍野，因为文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实，一般文章不会夹杂着太多主观看法。 最后，大量使用长句和定语从句SCI论文发表中大量使用长句和定语从句，在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。广泛使用被动语态SCI论文发表中侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确，第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁SCI论文发表中要求结构紧凑、行文简炼，缩写词和名词作定语的频繁使用，增大了信息密度，简化了句型。 如果我们能逆向思维，转换个角度去看文章，如果你要发表一篇SCI论文，你会怎么去构造你的行为，你如何组织你文章的逻辑，特别是用词方面，口语和一些狸语在一般
情况不应该出现在文章中。还有些中式英语也会极大地影响我们的阅读，例如说足球比赛，可不是我们想象中的football match （之前有次演讲说，英语里面不能有2个名词的情况，在此就举了个例子bicycle man），而应该做football play亦作soccer play。 2.翻译是一门艺术，从某种意义上来讲是没有标准答案的。 这里本人想要想要阐述这样一种观点，翻译是一个不断精进的过程，翻译最初的目的即是为了实现语言之间的一个互相沟通，然而不同的人对一句话，应该会有着不同的理解。这也就有了译者极大的自由发挥性，但是译者必须准确理解原文的基础之上的。 有三个字可以高度概括翻译的精髓“信，达，雅”，想必大家都应该听过。”“信”指意义不背原文,即是译文要准确,不歪曲,不遗漏,也不要随意增减意思；同样可以举个例子？This is a pan in my hand （请问如何翻译呢？） “达”指不拘泥于原文形式,译文通顺明白;这里就涉及到一个直译和意译的关系啦，否则就会出现像bicycle
水产养殖实习报告范文 当学习告一段落的时候，我们需要了解自己的所学需要或应当如何应用在实习中。因为任何知识源于实习，归于实习。分享了水产养殖实习报告给大家欣赏一下！ 前言 随着社会的快速发展，用人单位对大学生的要求越来越高，对于即将毕业的水产养殖学专业在校生而言，为了能更好的适应严峻的就业形势，毕业后能够尽快的融入到社会，同时能够为自己步入社会打下坚实的基础，毕业实习是必不可少的阶段。毕业实习能够使我们在实践中了解社会，让我们学到了很多在水产养殖学专业课堂上根本就学不到的知识，受益匪浅，也打开了视野，增长了见识，使我认识到将所学的知识具体应用到工作中去，为以后进一步走向社会打下坚实的基础，只有在实习期间尽快调整好自己的学习方式，适应社会，才能被这个社会所接纳，进而生存发展。 刚进入实习单位的时候我有些担心，在大学学习水产养殖学专业知识与实习岗位所需的知识有些脱节，但在经历了几天的适应过程之后，我慢慢调整观念，正确认识了实习单位和个人的岗位以及发展方向。我相信只要我们立足于现实，改变和调整看问题的角度，锐意进取，在成才的道路上不断攀登，有朝一日，那些成才的机遇就会纷至沓来，促使我们成为水产养殖学专业公认的人才。我坚信“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”，只有把从书本上学到的水产养殖学专业理论
知识应用于实践中，才能真正掌握这门知识。因此，我作为一名水产养殖学专业的学生，有幸参加了为期近三个月的毕业实习。 一、实习目的及任务 经过了大学四年水产养殖学专业的理论进修，使我们水产养殖学专业的基础知识有了根本掌握。我们即将离开大学校园，作为大学毕业生，心中想得更多的是如何去做好自己专业发展、如何更好的去完成以后工作中每一个任务。本次实习的目的及任务要求： 1.1实习目的 ①为了将自己所学水产养殖学专业知识运用在社会实践中，在实践中巩固自己的理论知识，将学习的理论知识运用于实践当中，反过来检验书本上理论的正确性，锻炼自己的动手能力，培养实际工作能力和分析能力，以达到学以致用的目的。通过水产养殖学的专业实习，深化已经学过的理论知识，提高综合运用所学过的知识，并且培养自己发现问题、解决问题的能力 ②通过水产养殖学专业岗位实习，更广泛的直接接触社会，了解社会需要，加深对社会 的认识，增强自身对社会的适应性，将自己融合到社会中去，培养自己的实践能力，缩短我们从一名大学生到一名工作人员之间的观念与业务距离。为以后进一步走向社会打下坚实的基础； ③通过实习，了解水产养殖学专业岗位工作流程，从而确立自己在最擅长的工作岗位。为自己未来的职业生涯规划起到关键的指导作用。通过实习过程，获得更多与自己专业相关的知识，扩宽知识面，
全国水产养殖主要分布区域概况 省：市、市、市 市位于辽东半岛西北部，大辽河入的左岸。西临渤海辽东湾，北与大洼县、海城市为邻，东与岫岩县、庄河市接壤，南与瓦房店市、普兰店市毗连。市区距市151公里，距市197公里，是中部城市群出岸。哈大铁路、大高速公路、哈大公路（202国道）纵贯南北；庄林公路（305国道）、大营铁路、营大公路、盖岫公路连接东西，京高速公路和筹建中的机场构成以为节点的9个城市的90分钟城市圈。港现有四个港区（港区、鲅鱼圈港区、仙人岛港区、港区），是全国综合交通体系的重要枢纽和沿海主要港口之一。 市地处欧亚大陆东岸，中国东北辽东半岛最南端，东濒黄海，西临渤海，南与半岛隔海相望，北依辽阔的东北平原。是东北、华北、华东以及世界各地的海上门户，是重要的港口、贸易、工业、旅游城市。现辖3个县级市(瓦房店市、普兰店市、庄河市)、1个县(长海县)和6个区(区、西岗区、沙河口区、甘井子区、旅顺口区、区)。另外，还有开发区、保税区、高新技术产业园区3个国家级对外开放先导区，长兴岛临港工业区和花园口经济区。 市是1989年6月新建立的省辖市（兴城市、绥中县、建昌县、连山区、龙岗区、南票区）。总面积10415平方公里，总人口282万。优越的地理位置。市地处省西南部，东邻，西接山海关，南临渤海辽东湾，与、、、等市构成环渤海经济圈，扼关外之咽喉，是中国东北的西大门，素有“关外第一市”之称。拥有258公里海岸线，滩涂13.4万亩，盛产鱼、虾、贝类等各种海产品。 省：市乐亭县 市地处渤海湾中心地带。位于省东部，东隔滦河与市相望，西与市毗邻，南临渤海，北依燕山隔长城与市相望，东西长约130公里，南北宽约150公里，总面积为13472平方公里。市区位于市中部，东、北与滦县交界，南与丰南区接壤，西与丰润区毗邻。乐亭县是中国共产党的主要创始人之一－－大钊的故乡。位于市东南部，环抱京唐港，毗邻妃甸。距230公里、150公里、70公里、118公里。全县陆地面积1308平方公里，潮间带面积310平方公里，浅海面积1808平方公里，海岸线长124.9公里，是第一沿海大县。全县辖11镇、3乡和1个街道，533个行政村、11个社区，耕地面积94.4万亩，人口49.7万，其中农业人口41.2万。水产品总产量14.1万吨，主要品种有青蛤、杂色蛤、日本车虾、南美白对虾、虾、梭鱼、鲈鱼、罗非鱼、鲤鱼等。水产品工厂化养殖面积17.5万平方米，居全市前列，养殖品种有牙鲆、河豚、青石斑鱼、海参、大菱鲆等。 市： 市北起蓟县黄崖关，南至大港区翟庄子沧浪渠，南北长189公里；东起汉沽区洒金坨以东陡河西干渠，西至静海县子牙河王进庄以西滩德干渠，东西宽117公里。市域面积11946.88平方公里，疆域周长约1290.8公里，海岸线长153公里，陆界长1137.48公里。 省：东营市、市、日照市、威海市、市、潍坊市、滨州市 东营市位于省北部黄河三角洲地区，中华民族的母亲河——黄河，在东营市境流入渤海。
英语专业实习报告 ????实习学校.市二中学,上海市第二中学,自己初中,高中7年的母校,可以说是再熟悉不过,看到大学里对口的学校里有这所的时候,没有丝毫犹豫地就填进了志愿里,也如愿的在母校开始了大学必经的实习阶段,也是别有一番意义的.回学校实习,亲切万分,亲爱的老师们还在,接受教育的学生们却是一张张全新的面孔,想想自己离开学校3年来的进进出出,目前的3个年级都是我毕业后考进市二的学生.学校的操场,小花园,甚至是几间教室,都是充满回忆的地方,接下来实习的日子,走过这些地方的时候,过去的记忆就不断在脑海里回旋. ????初日.我们一行8位同学到达市二后,接待我们的是现任教导主任高萍老师,她向我们简单介绍了下学校目前的状况,以及实习期间需要注意的一些事项.接下来是认识带教老师,我与其他2位同学分到高一,其余5位同学到高二.英语学科的带教老师是王雅芬老师,教学经验丰富,还担任高一的年级组长;班主任唐虹老师,自己高三时,她教过我政治,算是相当熟悉,呵呵.带教老师和班主任都向我们简单介绍了一下所带班级的基本情况.第一天只是熟悉下校园,第二天正式到班级,当时想到就要面对40多个学生,不免还是有点担心和紧张. ????身份.实习老师,是个很特别的存在.还记得第一次被班级里学生叫老师好的时候的那种错愕,渐渐适应,然后自如反应,点头示意.开始的一个礼拜,日渐习惯起学校的生活,仿佛重回高中时代一般,只是是以一种全新的角度来看待学生,以老师的身份来要求自己了,这种感觉挺奇妙的,以往觉得“高高在上”的老师,突然间成了身边的“同事”,作为实习老师,又该以怎样的态度去面对高中的学生?身份的转变,是实习阶段第一个要跨越的坎吧,正确认识自己的身份:带教老师的学生,高中学生的老师. ????高一(X)班.担任实习班主任工作的班级是高一(7)班,高一年级两个理科班之一,与我那时的理科班大为不同,现在理科班的学生不像我们那时那么沉闷,就像班主任唐老师所说,对于老师来说是喜忧参半吧,毕竟调皮的学生太多,比较不容易控制.一进教室就看到教室后的墙壁上贴满了奖状,看的出来这个班级在学校里也是相当活跃的,学校里评选的各个之星,几乎7班也每个都有份.班上同学的性格很活泼,几天相处下来,就建立起了不错的关系,谈谈班级同学,日常琐事,甚至也有同学会来找我解答问题,谈谈理想,也让自己渐渐有了的确是个老师了的觉悟. ????听课.实习的必经阶段,听课不仅能够学习带教老师的教学方法,也能熟悉自己将要教学的班级.高中阶段的英语课程与大学里大不相同,尽管自己以前高中时也上过牛津的教材,现在的教学要求又有新的变化,也因老师的不同,教学方法上有很大的差异.带教的王老师教态相当严谨,备课很充分,听第一节课的时候就觉得整节课规划的很好,让学生知道这节课要完成的内容,就算有突发状况的发生,也能自行控制好时间等等.学校规定的听课是10节左右,自己基本上能去听的课都去了,为的是想了解整个章节上课的完整过程,每个部分都有不同的上课手段和形式,都是值得学习的地方.大学里所学的英语教学法课程,提及不少教学
农林牧渔业英文 【篇一：水产常用英文】 aquaculture 水产养殖 aquaculture activity 水产养殖活动aquaculture farm 水产养殖场 aquaculture production 水产养殖生产 aquaculture site 水产养殖地点 aquaculturist 从事水产养殖业的人士 aquatic biota 水生生物 aquatic community 水生?落aquatic ecosystem 水生生态系统 aquatic environment 水生环境aquatic life 水生生物 aquatic organism 水生生物 aquatic system 水体 aqueous waste 含水废物 水产：aquaculture 水产业：fishery 淡水养殖：fresh water aquaculture 海水养殖：mariculture 溶解氧：do（dissolved oxygen） 总氨氮：tan（total ammonia nitrogen） 亚硝酸：nitrite 硝酸：nitrate 盐度：salinity 碱度：alkaninity 硬度：hardness 增氧机：areator 增氧：aeration 亲鱼：brood stock 子鱼：offspring 鱼苗：fry 虾苗：pl（post larvae） 石灰：agriculture lime 生石灰：slaked 熟石灰：hydrate lime 南美白对虾：pacific white shrimp 斑节对虾：tiger shrimp 拟穴青蟹：mud crab 淡水小龙虾：cray fish 蛤：clam
水产养殖业发展调研报告 水产养殖业发展调研报告 水产养殖业发展调研报告 科学发展观是中国特色社会主义理论体系的重要组成部分，是我国经济社会发展和党的建设的重要指导方针。科学发展观不仅回答了什么是发展、为什么发展、怎样发展的重大问题，它还是马克思主义中国化理论发展的最新创新成果，是指导中国特色社会主义伟大事业不断前进的强大思想武器。当前在全党开展学习实践科学发展观活动，即是推动经济社会又好又快发展- 的迫切需要，更是提高党的执政能力、保持和发展党的先进性的必然要求。按照县委的统一部署和安排,根据我单位《深入学习实践科学发展观活动工作实施方案》的要求,我们积极行动,由局长牵头、各股站负责人组成的调研工作小组,就认真学习、深刻领会科学发展观的实质内涵，并结合我县水产事业发展、队伍建设、技术更新等工作实际，边学习边调研，采取走访、座谈、书面征询等多种形式，深入干部职工、深入群众开展调研和征求意见。 通过调研活动,一方面了解到广大干部职工对科学发展观是衷心拥护的,也在努力学习力求深刻掌握、认真实践,从而形成推动我县水产事业发展的强大动力。但是，在调研中我们也查找出不少与科学发展观要求不相适应的问题,还需要采取更为积极有效的措施，才能把学习实践科学发展观进一步引向深入。 一、我县水产养殖业发展的有利条件和不利因素 1、有利条件
一是有资源优势。全县水产养殖总面积9万亩，其中：水产养殖场两个，面积3.9万亩；水库8座，面积0.55万亩；池塘面积4.55万亩；而精养养殖户仅拥有水面2.2万亩，占总养殖水面的24%。还有6.8万亩待深度开发。 二是具有发展绿色水产品的优势。9万亩水面80%为天然水库和塘坝，生态条件保持良好，无工业区、无污染，特别是岔林河流域及山区塘坝发展冷水养鱼具有独特的自然条件。 三是具有发展旅游业和休闲渔业的优势。二龙潭水上观光别具特色。8座水库风景秀丽，山区塘坝乡土风情浓厚。对发展以观光为主的旅游渔业和垂钓为主的休闲渔业具有广阔的发展前景。 四是渔业市场潜在优势。全县本文来自文秘114，转载请保留此标记。渔产品消费者24万人，产量达到人均年消费量5公斤，总计全年共需鱼消费量120万公斤，而目前全县消费的总量中按人均15公斤计算全县共需360万公斤，有240万公斤需从外地进入**市场，由此可见的是全县渔产品产量满足不了**县市场的需求量。2、不利因素 一是水产业起步晚、发展慢、基础设施十分薄弱，没有形成规模。科技含量低，没有成型的养殖场，在鱼池、塘坝中大多数均无路、无井、无电，养殖条件原始，与外地相比十分落后，基本上靠天养鱼。 二是养殖户思想观念陈旧。延续传统的方式养殖（粗养），技术水平低，品种单一，全县基本上还保持着鲤、鲢、鲫老三样。生产的效益差。 三是资金短缺。农民缺少资金的投入，制约了高投入、高产出、高效益精养生产模式的推行。
水产养殖现状及发展策略 临汾市是山西省第二大水产养殖主产区。改革开放以来，特别是进入21世纪，全市水产养殖业迅猛发展，渔业经济总量和规模大幅增加，在全市农业和农村经济中起到了举足轻重的作用。 1水产养殖业发展现状 在水产养殖业发展进程中，临汾市以市场为导向，不断加强名优特品种和池塘养殖结构调整力度，大力发展生态、休闲、水库和淤地坝渔业，拓展渔业市场，实现了水产养殖业发展由数量速度型向质量效益型方向的转变。一是引进优良品种，加快结构调整。先后从北京、石家庄、青岛、天津等国家良种场引进“新吉富”罗非鱼、鲟鱼、甲鱼、乌克兰鳞鲤鱼等优良品种，“新吉富”罗非鱼鱼种经过培育和饲养取得了良好效果，乌克兰鳞鲤鱼也形成规模生产。目前全市推广面积达到130.8hm2，名特优产量达2000余t，占全市水产品总量的50%左右。二是发展水库精养、推广网箱养殖。充分利用全市水库渔业资源丰富的优势，增加对中小水库的鱼苗投放量，如尧都区的涝河水库、曲沃县浍河水库和天河水库、侯马二库在苗种投放上增加了50%~100%，鱼产量增加到 4500~4650kg/hm2，不仅增加了经济效益，而且提高了水体利用率，同时通过开发垂钓、餐饮、观赏等休闲渔业，促进了全市渔业的健康持续发展。2011年，全市休闲渔业产值达到720万元，年效益超过300万元。三是搞好技术服务，提升产品档次。临汾市把渔业科技入户作为促进渔业增效、渔民增收的一项重要工作，确立了尧都区茂金甲鱼养殖专业合作社、侯马市秦村水产养殖场、洪洞县辛村水产养殖基地3个科技养殖示范点，引导和推进渔业科技化进程。同时，通过举办渔业技术培训班及水产养殖专家现场指导等形式，提高渔民的知识水平和养殖技术。四是加强质量监管，确保产品安全。加大电视、电台、报纸、网络等媒体宣传，让群众和养殖户了解和树立水产品质量安全意识。在养殖场建立养殖记录制度，规范生产记录和销售记录，杜绝违禁药品和其他违禁投入品的使用。同时把水产品质量安全纳入对县（市、区）渔业工作的年度考核，实行一票否决制度，大大提高了全市水产品质量安全水平，全市产地水产品质量安全抽检合格率达100％。五是抓好无公害生产基地建设，带动产业发展。全市积极推进无公害养殖基地和水产健康养殖示范场创建，培育打造无公害水产品品牌，以品牌带动产业结构调整和渔业产业发展。截至目前，全市农业部级水产养殖健康示范场达到3个，省级水产健康示范场达到5个，健康养殖示范场创建工作在全省名列前茅。 2存在问题 虽然临汾市水产养殖业发展取得了一定成效，但也存在一些急需解决的问题，如行业建设规模偏小，资源利用不合理，管理水平低下，科技含量低，产品质量不高等，具体表现在以下几方面：
专业英语结课报告翻译：基于AT89S51单片机的电子万年历的设计 班级：10级电子信息统本01班 姓名：席宇康 学号：101102010128
摘要 本文借助电路仿真软件Protues对基于AT89S51单片机的电子万年历的设计方法及仿真进行了全面的阐述。该电子万年历在硬件方面主要采用AT89C51单片机作为主控核心，由DS1302时钟芯片提供时钟、1602LCM点阵液晶显示屏显示。AT89C51单片机是由Atmel公司推出的，功耗小，电压可选用4～6V电压供电；DS1302时钟芯片是美国DALLAS公司推出的具有涓细电流充电功能的低功耗实时时钟芯片，它可以对年、月、日、星期、时、分、秒进行计时，还具有闰年补偿等多种功能，而且DS1302的使用寿命长，误差小；数字显示是采用的LED液晶显示屏来显示，可以同时显示年、月、日、星期、时、分、秒等信息。此外，该电子万年历还具有时间校准等功能。在软件方面，主要包括日历程序、时间调整程序，显示程序等。所有程序编写完成后，在Keil软件中进行调试，确定没有问题后，在Proteus软件中嵌入单片机内进行仿真。 论文主要研究了液晶显示器LED及时钟芯片DS1302，温度传感器DS18B20与单片机之间的硬件互联及通信，对数种硬件连接方案进行了详尽的比较，在软件方面对日历算法也进行了论述。 研究结果表明，由于万年历的应用相当普遍，所以其设计的核心在于硬件成本的节约软件算法的优化，力求做到物美价廉，才能拥有更广阔的市场前景。 关键词：单片机；DS1302；LED 绪论 随着社会、科技的发展，人类得知时间，从观太阳、摆钟到现在电子钟，不断研究、创新。为了在观测时间的同时，能够了解其它与人类密切相关的信息，比如温度、星期、日期等，电子万年历诞生了，它集时间、日期、星期和温度功能于一身，具有读取方便、显示直观、功能多样、电路简洁等诸多优点，符合电子仪器仪表的发展趋势。伴随着电子技术的迅速发展，特别是随大规模集
《水产养殖专业》淡水养殖方向人才培养方案 一、学制与招生对象 学制：全日制三年专科 招生对象：普通高中、职业高中、中等职业学校毕业生 二、培养目标 本专业培养适应社会主义市场经济需要，德、智、体、美全面发展，具有良好的思想品德和职业道德，掌握水产饲料的营养与饲料加工知识；了解鱼类的品种，掌握鱼类的生理特点及生物学特性；掌握鱼病的预防、诊断与治疗知识；掌握各种鱼类的养殖技术；掌握水生微生物的检测技术；掌握渔业经济管理知识等知识与技能，具备特种水产养殖、鱼类的繁殖操作、鱼类饲料的配制、加工能力；具备鱼病的预防、诊断、治疗能力；具备鱼网的编织与修补能力；鱼的捕捞操作能力；渔业生产经营、管理能力等。获得执业兽医师（水生生物学）、水产养殖工等中级职业技术等级标准，在畜牧水产局、畜牧水产所、水产科技站、水产种苗繁殖基地、饲料公司、鱼药公司、生物科技有限公司等相关企事业单位从事鱼苗繁殖、渔场管理、水质监测、饲料生产及销售、鱼药生产及销售、水产品研发与销售工作的高级技能应用型人才。 三、培养面向岗位或岗位群 职业岗位典型工作任务 1、水产种苗繁育、养殖场1、鱼苗繁育； 2、渔场的管理 2、饲料相关企业 1、饲料生产、研发； 2、饲料的销售； 3、饲料的品控和质检 3、水产养殖相关的事业单位1、畜牧水产局；2、畜牧水产所；3、水产科技站 4、渔药相关企业1、鱼药的生产、研发；2、鱼药的销售 5、水生生物疾病诊断与防治单位1、水产疾病诊断、防治 6、水产品加工企业1、水产品的加工；2、相关保健品的研发 7、自创实体从事与水产养殖相关的生产和经营 四、培养要求 （一）知识要求 1、具有马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论及本行业法规、法律及规范的基本知识； 2、具有大学专科层次的文化基础知识，有比较合理的复合知识结构；
水产养殖业发展调查报告 科学进展观是中国特色社会主义理论体系的重要组成部分，是我国经济社会进展和党的建设的重要指导方针。科学进展观别仅回答了什么是进展、什么原因进展、怎么样进展的重大咨询题，它依然马克思主义中国化理论进展的最新创新成果，是指导中国特色社会主义伟大事业别断前进的强大思想武器。当前在全党开展学习实践科学进展观活动，即是推动经济社会又好又快进展的迫切需要，更是提高党的执政能力、保持和进展党的先进性的必定要求。 按照县委的统一部署和安排,依照我单位《深入学习实践科学进展观活动工作实施方案》的要求,我们积极行动,由局长牵头、各股站负责人组成的调研工作小组, 就仔细学习、深刻领略科学进展观的实质内涵，并结合我县水产事业进展、队伍建设、技术更新等工作实际，边学习边调研，采取走访、座谈、书面征询等多种形式，深入干部职工、深入群众开展调研和征求意见。 经过调研活动,一方面了解到广阔干部职工对科学进展观是衷心拥护的,也在努力学习力求深刻掌握、仔细实践,从而形成推动我县水产事业进展的强大动力。但是，在调研中我们也查寻出很多与科学进展观要求别相习惯的咨询题,还需要采取更为积极有效的措施，才干把学习实践科学进展观进一步引向深入。 一、我县水产养殖业进展的有利条件和别利因素 1、有利条件 一是有资源优势。全县水产养殖总面积9万亩，其中：水产养殖场两个，面积3.9万亩;水库8座，面积0.55万亩;池塘面积4.55万亩;而精养养殖户仅拥有水面2.2万亩，占总养殖水面的24%。还有6.8万亩待深度开辟。 二是具有进展绿色水产品的优势。9万亩水面80%为天然水库和塘坝，生态条件保持良好，无工业区、无污染，特别是岔林河流域及山区塘坝进展冷水养鱼具有独特的自然条件。 三是具有进展旅游业和休闲渔业的优势。二龙潭水上观光别具特色。8座水库风景秀媚，山区塘坝乡土风情浓厚。对进展以观光为主的旅游渔业和垂钓为主的休闲渔业具有广大的进展前景。 2、别利因素 一是水产业起步晚、进展慢、基础设施十分薄弱，没有形成规模。科技含量低，没有成型的养殖场，在鱼池、塘坝中大多数均无路、无井、无电，养殖条件原始，与外地相比十分降后，都是靠天养鱼。 二是养殖户思想观念陈旧。连续传统的方式养殖(粗养)，技术水平低，品种单一，全县都是还保持着鲤、鲢、鲫老三样。生产的效益差。 三是资金短缺。农民缺少资金的投入，制约了高投入、高产出、高效益精养生产模式的推行。 四是没有真正列入产业结构调整之中。怎么积极进展水产养殖业，开辟**名、特、优品牌，这一咨询题应引起县、乡领导、农业部门及农业工作者的高度重视。 五是典型别突出，牵引能力弱。在多年的水产养殖业进展中，没有形成让农民学什么、看什么，怎么样进展的典型，使农民盲目，疑惑如何干。加之外出学习、引进外地经验别够，妨碍水产业的探究和进展。 六是服务体系别健全。乡镇水产业科技力量薄弱，对农民的技术指导别到位，农村水产科普面别广。 二、进展的基本构想 一是突出特色，狠抓名、特、优渔业养殖。要紧是提高养鱼产量，推进渔业生产向提高质量、规模养殖、优质、名贵鱼类转移，并逐步进展为产业化经营，以满脚于别同阶层消
英语专业实习调查报告 在大学，英语专业的理论学习仅限于课本知识，同学们可以在实习中尝试把所学知识运用到实践中去。下面是小编为您收集整理的英语专业实习调查报告范文，欢迎阅读与参考。 英语专业实习调查报告(一) 实习的目的和意义: 对学生已学部份理论知识进行综合运用的培训,加强学生对社会和了解,培养和训练学生认识,观察社会以及分析解决问题的能力, 提高学生的专业技能,实习可以学到书本外的知识和能力,开阔视野, 是一扇认识和观察社会的窗口,可以提高听说能力,可以培养合作沟通能力,有助于发现自身专业及能力方面的不足,明确以后改进的方向. 社会实践方式: 学校组织. 社会实践的时间地点:20xx年.锦汉展览馆 实习对于大学生来说是非常有必要的,虽然自己在进入大学前也有过好几年的工作经验,但并没有这种有组织有目的的实践经历,所学商务英语专业和实习地为交易会对自己来说也都算是新的领域.于XX年秋在锦汉展览的实习虽然是短短的二十几天,但却经历了一个完整的工作历程.我觉得在这次实习中有很多新的体会和感受. 首先,对于交易会有了一个整体的认识.交易会在促进商品出口方面起着重大的作用.交易会这种活动的本身带动
了国内经济发展，尤其是广州经济.它作为一个窗口展现在国外人士面前,除了经济上的互动还有文化,技术,知识各方面的互动,商品附上了民族文化气息.此次实习,扩宽了我们的视野,扩展了知识面,更有利于我们之后学习各国文化的理论课程.不同肤色的人,不同的服饰带着不同的风情,兀自成为一道风景,又以汇合的笔墨构成一幅风景图.让我对世界融炉字样产生了遐想.我喜欢上了这流动的画面,这变换的色彩. 工作的总体职责是： 1. 按时参加班前(后)会，服从主管工作安排，及时汇报情况。 2.上岗前检查岗位设备设施是否正常运作，如发现设备有异常，应及时报告主管人员：提出前配备好所需物品，作好充分准备。 3.留意当天的特别事项，总结情况，与交班人员做好交接班工作，填写好意见登记本，并及时向小组长或主管人员反映。 4.同时每个人都应肩负起“八大员”职责： 1)导展员：正确介绍展览会信息。 2)客服员：及时准确的解决客户的问题。 3)消防员：及时消除火灾隐患。 4)保安员：随时肩负起展馆、人员及财务的安全责任。
carp in captivity (A) foster mother （1）. Sexual maturity and sexual cycle of the Yangtze river basin (female general 2 age, male of 1 year of above the carp reach sexual maturity. Generally 3 ~ 5 month for the gonads mature and spawning period. After the first phase of the eggs Ⅵovarian to absorb degradation in July to the first Ⅱperiod, then gradually development to enter the first Ⅳperiod in November, and, on the winter period, the second year 3 ~ 4 months, meet appropriate environmental conditions, ovarian it quickly mature soon Ⅳphase, the first to the first V period. The male sexual maturity (after the first JingChao degradation to reproduce Ⅲperiod, 8 to 9 months into the first Ⅳperiod, December to the first V period, and this period winter. Laying eggs in the different season all over south laying eggs for 2 ~ 3 month stage; The Yangtze river basin as a 3 ~ 4 month; The Yellow River is 4 ~ 5 month; The northeast region for 5 ~ 6 months. Spawning period sustainable 2 months or so commonly. （2）. The choice of mother and raising female carp should choose 2 years old, weight more than 1 kg, the male carp slightly small weight for about 0.5 kilograms. The choice should be body height, mother back thick, healthy body, strong, the figure is good, strong activity without injury. Source of good for breeding in the pond. Kiss fish pond area is general 1 to 3 mu, depth of water 1.5 meters or so, every year to clear a pond. Mother stocking density general 100-150 kg/mu, also can a few silver carps, it collection fish, to control the excessive breeding of plankton. After laying eggs in winter carp have to kiss before male and female fed separately, in order to avoid sudden high temperature when natural reproduction and sporadic carp spawn, usually can be male and female FenYang collection or a pond. Carp for bears are, appetite is big, raising the period shall be given enough food, also can be appropriately fertilization make water quality fertile, natural feed enough. Note 10 ~ 15 days before laying eggs with high quality feed to strengthen the cultivation, so as to facilitate the development of the. (B) natural fertilized eggs 1. Laying eggs, hatch pool choice spawning pool to 0.5 ~ 1 mu is better, water depth 1 ~ 1.5 meters. Rappel/abseil stations should be exposed to the shelter, less, silt, note drainage convenient, the environment is quiet pond. Put the fish from seven to 10 days before with lime and clear pond, when water tight filters, water quality and pure and fresh, oxygen levels high. General is encouraged by raising pool and be hatching pool, fry in them after they hatch, raised on the spot. Request the pond area 1 ~ 2 acres, water depth 0.7 ~ 1 m, put the fish before qing pond. 2. Fish and making of nest eggs is to produce cohesive set carp, need has attached objects, so that a fertilized egg adhesion on development. Usually the artificial setting for the fish eggs attached objects called nest. Copper natural materials nest fish, as long as the quality of a material soft, fine need more, in the water easily spread out the long-lived all can be used. Commonly used in production plants (poly grass, horworts), willow roots, palm skin, ferns, etc, and is now the artificial fiber production development of fish nest, more durable. Fish nest materials by disinfects processing, tie beam is made, the right size, not thin not close, and then the fine bamboo or tied to a tree in the article. Common set mode have suspension type peace column type. General fish arranged in nests away from the shore 1 meter of