INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
引擎燃烧室
1. principle of operation 原理
Engine and power :
Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine.
Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.
译:
引擎和能量:
引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。
用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。
Engine T erms :
Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are :
TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft.
BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft.
Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft.
Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder.
Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC
Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm.
Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC.
Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol)
Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.
Four-stroke : a power stroke every other revolution of the crank..
译:
引擎冲程
连接活塞和曲轴的连杆，是气体推动曲轴旋转的原因。做功冲程利用气体，也就意味着吧废气排出缸体，同时燃烧室吸入新鲜的燃油和空气：这个功能是气门的职责；进气门使新鲜的混合气在合适的时刻进入，排气门使燃烧过的混合气排除缸外。
上止点：当活塞离曲轴最远时，活塞或曲轴的位置。
下止点：当活塞距离曲轴最近时，活塞或曲轴的位置。
冲程：上止点和下止点的距离；冲程被曲轴控制。
缸经：缸筒的内经。
有效容积：上止点和下止点直接的容积。
发动机的排量：指发动机所以缸的排量，一个四冲程2升发动机每个气缸的排量是50.
燃烧室：当活塞在上止点时，活塞上面的容积。
压缩比=（有效容积+燃烧室容积）\燃烧室容积
两冲程发动机：曲轴旋转一周，一个做功冲程。
四冲程发动机：曲轴旋转两圈，一个做功冲程。
2.The Four-stroke Spark-ignition Engine Cycle 四冲程发动机的点火系统
The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition , which converts the energy contained in the fuel to kinetic energy.
The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft.
译:
四冲程点火发动机是一个具备外部点火系统的把燃料的能量转化为机械能的机械。
一个循环包括四个冲程。每个循环曲轴要旋转两圈。
The operating strokes are :
This stroke introduces a mixture of atomized gasoline and air into the cylinder. The stroke starts when the piston moves downward from a position near the top of the cylinder. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum, or low-pressure area, is created.
During the intake stroke, one of the ports is opened by moving the inlet valve. The exhaust valve remains tightly closed.
Compression stroke:
As the piston moves upward to compress the fuel mixture trapped in the cylinder, the valves are closed tightly. This compression action heats the air/fuel mixture slightly and confines it within a small area called the combustion chamber.
Power stroke:
Just before the piston reaches the top of its compression stroke, an electrical spark is introduced from a spark plug screwed into the cylinder head.
The spark ignites the compressed, heated mixture of fuel and air in the combustion chamber to cause rapid burning. The burning fuel produces intense heat that causes rapid expansion of the gases compressed within the cylinder. This pressure forces the piston downward. The downward stroke turns the crankshaft with great force.
Exhaust stroke:
Just before the bottom of the power stroke, the exhaust valve opens. This allows the piston, as it moves upward, to push the hot, burned gases out through the open exhaust valve.
Then, just before the piston reaches its highest point, the exhaust valve closes and the inlet valve opens. As the piston reaches the highest point in the cylinder, known as TDC, it starts back down again. Thus, one cycle ends and another begins immediately.
译:
吸气冲程:
吸气冲程吧雾化的汽油和新鲜空气吸入缸内。吸气冲程开始时，活塞在上止点。当活塞向下运动时，产生真空和低压，混合气体被吸入。
在吸气冲程，进气门打开，排气门闭合。
压缩冲程:
当活塞向上运动时，气门紧闭，活塞压缩混合可燃气。压缩混合气在燃烧室温度升高。做功冲程:
在活塞到达压缩冲程的上止点前，缸盖上螺纹固定的火花塞产生火星，点火。
火花点燃在燃烧室高压高温的燃油混合气体使其快速燃烧。快速燃烧的燃气产生大量的热，在缸体内迅速扩散产生压力。高压气体推动活塞向下运动。向下的运动使曲轴旋转。
排气冲程:
在做工冲程即将结束时，排气门打开。活塞向上运动，将热燃烧后的混合气通过排气门排除缸体外。
在活塞到达上止点前排气门关闭，进气门开启。当活塞到达所谓的上止点时，活塞又开始向下运动，这样一个循环结束，另一个循环开始。
3.Engine Overall Mechanics 发动机的总体构造
The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later.
译:
发动机有上百个部件，发动机的主要部件是缸体，缸盖，活塞，连杆，曲轴和气门。其它部分组合成系统，这些系统包括，燃油供给系统，进气系统，点火系统，冷却系统，润滑系统，和排气系统。每个系统都有一定的功能。这些系统将在以后的的章节详细讨论。
4.Engine Block and Cylinder Head发动机缸体和缸盖
Engine Block:
The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water jackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.
Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter than iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.
译:
缸体:
缸体是发动机的基础，其它的部件要么装在缸体内，要么固定在缸体上。水套和油道在缸体内。当然缸体也固定曲轴，曲轴固定在缸体的底部。凸轮轴也固定在缸体上，除非是顶置凸轮轴固定在缸盖上。在大多数汽车上，缸体的材料是灰铸铁或者是灰铸铁和其它金属的合金，例如镍镉合金，缸体是铸件。
一些发动机缸体，特别是小汽车缸体是铸铝。这种金属比铸铁轻。虽然，铸铁的耐久性比驴占优势。因此，铝合金缸体的气缸被镶上铸铁或钢质圆桶，那些桶被叫做缸套。还有一些发动机全部是铝缸体。
Cylinder Head:
The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. The most common cylinder head types are the hemi, wedge, and semi-hemi. All three of these terms refer to the shape of the engine's combustion chamber. The cylinder head carries the valves, valve springs and the rockers on the rocker shaft, this part of the valve gear being worked by the push-rods. Sometimes the camshaft is fitted directly into the cylinder head and operates on the valves without rockers. This is called an overhead camshaft arrangement. Like the cylinder block, the head is made from either cast iron or aluminum alloy.
译:
缸盖:
缸盖固定在缸体上，就像房子的屋顶。缸盖下面空间和活塞形成燃烧室。一般气缸盖的燃烧室是半球形，楔形，半独立燃烧室。三种燃烧室形状都影响发动机燃烧室。缸盖上安装气门，气门弹簧和气门摇臂，这个气门通过推杆工作。有时候，缸盖上的凸轮轴不经过摇臂直接气门。被叫做顶置凸轮轴结构。就像缸体，缸盖的材料是铸铁或铸铝。
Gasket:
The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the
block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.
译:
气缸垫:
缸盖被高强度螺钉固定在缸体上。在缸体和缸盖的结合处有耐气的垫片，防止燃烧的混合气体外溢。缸垫可以实现这一功能。气缸垫就像是三明治，一层石棉夹在铜材料的中间，这两种材料都能承受发动机高温和高压。
Oil Pan or Sump:
The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the crankshaft. The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.
译:
油底壳:
油底壳一般是钢铁冲压件，油底壳和缸体下面部分被叫做曲轴箱，它们把曲轴密封，包裹起来。润滑系统的油泵吸取油底壳的油输送到发动机的工作部分润滑。油流经油道又回到油底壳。这样，机油在发动机工作部分和油底壳之间始终有一个连续的循环。
3 Piston Connecting Rod and Crankshaft 活塞连杆和曲轴
Piston Assembly:
The piston is an important part of a four-stroke cycle engine. Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston , through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force create by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft .Thin, circular , steel bands fit into grooves around the piston to seal the bottom of the combustion chamber. These bands are called piston rings. The grooves into which they fit are called ring grooves. A piston pin fits into a round hole in the piston . The piston pin joins the piston to the connecting rod . The thick part of the piston that holds the piston is the pin boss.
The piston itself , its rings and the piston pin are together called the piston assembly.
译:
活塞总成:
活塞是四冲程发动机的一个重要部件。大多数的活塞是铝合金浇注而成。活塞通过连杆把燃烧混合气体的能量传给曲轴。这种能量使曲轴旋转，薄的，圆筒钢片安装在活塞队环槽内来密封燃烧室的底部。这些薄片叫做活塞环。活塞上的槽被叫做活塞环槽。活塞销装在活塞的
圆孔内。活塞销吧活塞和连杆链接起来。用来支撑活塞销厚道活塞部分叫活塞销凸台。
活塞和活塞销在一起被叫做活塞总成。
Piston:
To withstand the heat of the combustion chamber, the piston must be strong. It also must be light, since it travels at high speeds as it moves up and down inside the cylinder. The piston is hollow. It is thick at the top where it take the brunt of the heat and the expansion force. It is thin at the bottom, where there is less heat. The top part of the piston is the head , or crown . The thin part is the skirt The sections between the ring grooves are called ring lands.
The piston crown may be flat , concave ,dome or recessed . In diesel engine , the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown , depending on the method of injection . So they use pistons with different shapes.
译:
活塞:
为了能承受燃烧室的热量，活塞必须有一定的强度。活塞要轻，因为它以很高的速度在缸体里上下运动。因此，活塞是空的。活塞的头部很厚，因为，活塞头部要承受燃烧和膨胀的热量。活塞底部很薄，因为那里几乎没有热。活塞的顶部叫做活塞顶或活塞头。活塞的薄部分叫活塞裙部。
活塞头可能是平的，凹的，圆的。在柴油机中，今天活塞头是组成燃烧室的一部分，这取决于喷射的方式。所以，柴油机活塞有的形状很自由。
Piston Rings:
Piston rings fit into ring grooves near the of the piston. In simplest terms, piston rings are thin, circular pieces of metal that fit into grooves in the tops of the pistons.
In modern engines ,each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.) The ring’s outside surface presses against the cylinder walls. Rings provide the needed seal between the piston and the cylinder walls. That is, only the rings contact the cylinder walls. The top two rings are to keep the gases in the cylinder and are called compression rings. The lower one prevents the oil splashed onto the cylinder bore from entering the combustion chamber , and is called an oil ring. Chrome-face cast-iron compression rings are commonly used in automobile engines. The chrome face provide a very smooth , wear-resistant surface.
ring the power stoke , combustion pressure on the combustion rings is very high. It causes them to untwist . Some of the high-pressure gas gets in back of the rings. This force the ring face into full contact with the cylinder wall. The combustion pressure also holds the bottom of the ring tightly against the bottom of the ring groove. Therefore , high combustion pressure causes a tighter seal between the ring face and the cylinder wall.
译:
活塞环:
活塞环装在活塞顶部的的活塞环槽里。一般的活塞环是薄的，圆环金属片，正好贴在活塞头部的活塞环里。
现代发动机，每个活塞都有三个活塞环（近代发动有时候有四个活塞环，甚至五个）。活塞环的外表面贴在缸筒的壁面上。活塞环在活塞和缸筒之间形成密封。也就是说，只有活塞环和岗壁接触。活塞上面的两道环使气体早缸筒里，叫做气环。第三道环使机油流回阻止机油进入燃烧室，被叫做油环。
做工冲程中，燃烧室里气环的压力很高。压力使气环错开。一些高压气体进入气环背隙。这样使气环完全和缸壁接触。燃烧压力当然使气环的底部紧紧的贴在活塞环槽里。因此，高的压力使活塞环在缸体和活塞间形成了密封。
Piston Pin:
The piston pin holds together the piston and the connecting rod . This pin fits into the piston pin holes and into a hole in the top end of the connecting rod. The top end of is much smaller than the end that fits on the crankshaft . This small end fits inside the bottom of the piston . The piston pin fits through one side of the piston , through the small end of the rod , and then through the other side of the piston . It holds the rod firmly in place in the center of the piston. Pins are made of high-strengh steel and have a hollow center . Many pins are chrome-plated to help them wear better.
译:
活塞销:
活塞销连接活塞和连杆。活塞销要穿进活塞销空和连杆小头。连杆头部的孔比连杆和曲轴链接的孔小，连杆小头安装活塞底内部。活塞销通过活塞孔，连杆小头孔，活塞的另一侧销孔。销使连杆紧紧的固定在活塞中间。活塞销是高强度金属制成，并且是空心的。许多活塞销镀烙提高其耐磨性。
Connecting rod :
The connecting rod is made of forged high-strength steel . It transmits and motion from the piston to the crankpin on the crankshaft . The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin . A bush made from a soft metal , such as bronze , is used for this joint . The lower end of the connecting rod fits the crankshaft journal . This is called the big end . For this big-end bearing , steel-backed lead or tin shell bearing are used . These are the same as those used for the main bearings . The split of the big end is sometimes at an angle , so that it is small enough to be withdrawn through the cylinder bore . The connecting rod is made from forged alloy steel .
译:
连杆:
连杆是高强度金属锻造的。它把活塞的运动传递给曲轴的曲柄销。连杆小头连接活塞销。在连接处的衬套有软金属制成，例如青铜。比较低的连杆头叫做连杆大头，安装在曲轴上。对于大头轴承，金属背轴承或锡轴承。它们和发动机主轴承是一样的。连杆大头有时一定的角度分开的，分开裂口很小，为了适应气缸。连杆式有铸造合金铸成。
Crankshaft:
The crankshaft , in conjunction with the connecting rod , coverts the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion needed to drive the vehicle . It is usually made from carbon steel which
is alloyed with a small proportion of nickel .The main bearing journals fit into the cylinder block and the big end journals align with the connecting rods .At the rear end of the crankshaft is attached the flywheel , and at the front end are the driving whells for the timing gears , fan , cooling water and alternator .
译:
曲轴:
曲轴链接连杆，把活塞的往复运动变成驱动汽车的旋转运动。一般情况下，曲轴是碳及小量的金属镍的合金做成的。主轴承轴安装在缸径和大头主要轴承曲颈安装在气缸体和与连杆大头末端匹配的曲颈上。
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
Unit1 发动机是汽车的心脏。汽车引擎的目的是将燃料转化为能量使汽车移动。最简单的方法是在发动机内部燃烧燃料。,因此,汽车发动机是一种内燃机,缸内燃烧燃料和燃烧的扩张力量转换成旋转力用来驱动汽车。 这里有多种类型的内燃机分为往复式和旋转式引擎;火花式点火或压缩式点火发动机;代用燃料发动机。 往复式发动机 最熟悉的组合是往复式,火花点火,四冲程汽油发动机,如图1-1a所示。现代汽车通常是由水冷活塞式内燃机,安装在汽车的前面,它的力量可以被传送到前轮，传到后轮,或所有车轮轮。一些汽车使用风冷式发动机,但这些通常效率不及液冷式。往复式发动机的另一个主要类型是柴油发动机(如图果1-1b所示),这是使用重型车辆，如卡车，公共汽车和少数家庭轿车。柴油和汽油发动机一般采用四冲程循环。 转子式发动机 转子式内发动机,也叫汪克尔发动机,由德国的Felix~Wankel在1954年开发的,可以提供一种低废气排放和大规模生产的可行性的发动机来替代往复式发动机机。在这种发动机中，三面转子在燃烧室的自由空间内旋转使其随着转子转动压缩和膨胀,见图1 - 2。燃料被吸入、压缩和被点火系统的点燃。膨胀的气体带动转子然后废气排出,如图1 - 3所示。旋转式引擎没有气门,活塞,连杆,往复部件,或曲轴。它提高了马力,基本上不会有震动,但它的油耗是高于传统活塞式发动机。 代用燃料汽车 内燃机消耗大量的石油,并造成严重的空气污染,因此,其他类型的燃料和非常规引擎被研究和发展。 可替代燃料汽车(AFV)是一种用常见的油箱的柔性燃料车辆，设计一种在不同混合的无铅汽油与乙醇或双燃料汽车运行，一种可使用替代燃料和传统燃料。一种高科技车辆(A TV)结合了新引擎,动力传动机构,传动系系统显著提高燃油经济性。最理想的替代燃料发动机燃烧燃料比传统汽油内燃机更为简洁,但仍然能够使用现有的加油站。 混合动力电动车 混合动力汽车或者混合电动汽车(HEV)(如图1 - 4所示),是由两个或两个以上的能源,其中之一是电力可以高英里每加仑，低排放。有两种类型的混合动力汽车,串联和并联式。在串联式电动汽车中,车辆动力所有动力来自同一个源头。例如,一个电动马达驱动的汽车电池和内燃机驱动发电机给电池充电。在并联混合动力,电力是通过这两个路径,电动机和内燃机驱动车辆。这一点,可能有助于电力汽车的电动发动机空转和加速度。内燃机巡航时,驱动传动系和给电池充电。 在当前生产混合动力车发动机和电动马达连接,同样的传播协助下电动引擎可以更小。
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 引擎燃烧室 1. principle of operation 原理 Engine and power : Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 译: 引擎和能量: 引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。 Engine T erms : Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.
Types of Automobiles(UNITTWO) 汽车的类型 The automobile industry is a fast developing industry. Form the later 18th century when the first automobile was put on road, this industry has developed tremendously. Now there are thousands of factories all over the world manufacturing numerous types of automobiles. This industry employs crores of men and women directly and indirectly in allied industries. The automobile engines are also being used in engine powered machines for agriculture, construction and manufacturing processes. Various types of small engines are also being used in lawn movers, power saws, snow removers and similar equipment. The automobile industry is a developing and demanding industry which does not find its end or saturation point. There is a great demand for varied types of automotive products, vehicles and engines. There is also a great demand for trained and experienced persons in this industry for diagnosing motor vehicle troubles, repairing and replacing engines components, transmissions, propeller shafts, differentials, axles, steering system components, brake system components, suspension components, air conditioners, heaters, body and glass work. 汽车产业是一个迅速发展的行业。形成后18世纪当第一汽车被放在路,这个行业的发展极大。现在有成千上万的工厂世界各地制造许多类型的汽车。这个行业雇佣了卢比的男性和女性直接和间接地在盟军的产业。汽车引擎也被用于发动机动力机器为农业、建筑业和制造业的过程。各种类型的小引擎也被用于草坪搬家公司,电锯,雪消毒剂和类似的设备。汽车行业是一个发展中国家和要求行业没有找到它的结尾或饱和点。有大量需要不同类型的汽车产品,汽车和发动机。还有一个巨大的需求训练和经验丰富的人在这个行业对诊断机动车麻烦、维修和更换引擎组件、变速箱、螺旋桨轴、差异、轴、转向系统组件,制动系统组件,悬挂组件、空调、热水器、身体和玻璃的工作。 There are numerous types of automobiles used in the world. There are in general three main classifications of the various types of vehicles. 有许多类型的汽车在世界上使用。一般有三种主要分类的各种类型的车辆。 The single-unit vehicles or load carriers. 车辆的单件或负载运营商。 Articulated vehicles. 铰接车辆。 The heavy tractor vehicles. 沉重的拖拉机车辆。 Single-unit vehicles are of conventional four-wheel type. The great majority of vehicles are of two axle design, In these vehicles the front axle is a steering non-driving axle and the rear axle is the driving axle. With the passage of time, a great many changes have taken place in the number of axles and the driving arrangements. 单一制车辆四轮类型的传统。绝大多数的车辆被两个轴的设计,在这些车辆前轴是转向非驱动轴和后轴驱动轴。随着时间的流逝,许多变化已经发生轴的数量和驾驶的安排。 In this classification, digital terms like 4×2, 4×4, 6×4etc,are commonly used. The first figure denotes the total number of wheels and the second figure the number of driving wheels. 在这个分类、数字术语像4×2、4×4、6×4等,被普遍使用。第一个图表示轮子的总数和第二
《汽车专业英语》课程标准 一．课程性质与任务 《汽车专业英语》是汽车技术服务与营销专业的一门专业必修课程。随着中国汽车工业的飞速发展，有越来越多的外商进入中国市场，大量的国外汽车信息及汽车资料以及与外商、客户的交流对于我们汽车技术服务与营销专业来说尤为重要，这就需要我们了解、精通、掌握汽车专业通用语言——汽车专业英语。 本课程的主要任务是：本课程针对汽车销售实践中可能遇到的英文资料的类型，如整车性能特点、各系统零部件名称、车主手册等选用有代表性的实例，用英汉对照讲解，并将相关口语交流揉合在实例中，以培养学生汽车专业英文资料的理解能力，并能够用英语进行实际的交流并销售汽车。 二．课程设计思路 近年来，随着经济全球化的日益深入和汽车工业的不断发展，我国人民消费水平的提高以及汽车保有量的逐年增加，进口汽车大量涌入。同时，国内汽车制造业零部件的本土化比例也在不断提升，汽车技术正在迅速地与国际接轨，这就要求汽车专业人员必须具备汽车专业英文资料的阅读理解能力，为此，编者编写了这本《汽车专业英语》。。 本书以实用和交际为目的，把汽车知识和英语技能结合起来，既可供汽车专业人士和管理营销人士阅读和学习，也可作为职业院校学习汽车英语时的教材。本书在选材方面力求涉及面广，既涉及汽车的
发展、文化、环保和安全等方面的科普知识，又涵盖了汽车发动机、底盘等汽车专业知识。把高职高专基础英语教学内容和汽车专业英语课程内容进行科学合理的整合，将常用和实用的专业知识渗透到基础英语中。 每个单元由四个部分组成： （1）听说部分； （2）对话部分； （3）阅读部分（含三篇课文）； （4）相关专业词汇和短语部分。 对话部分涉及汽车销售及售后领域，主要包括客户接待、汽车介绍、价格协商、支付方式、汽车维修等方面；本书阅读部分题材新颖，取材于最新报刊、杂志。 三．课程内容 章节内容建议课时Unit1 TheVehicleworld 4 Unit2 HistoryofAutomobiles 4 Unit3 FamousCars 4 Unit4 CelebritiesintheAutoWorld 4 Unit5 LogosofAutomobiles 4 Unit6 TheProductionofAutomobiles 4 Unit7 TheLifeoftheAutomobiles 4 Unit8 AutomotivePollutionControlandFuel-efficiency 4
（6）Maintain correct viscosity (free flowing at all temperatures). 保持正确的粘度（在所有温度下自由流动）。 When the brake fluid boils, it becomes vapor. A vapor can be compressed, but a liquid cannot be compressed. Pressing on the brake pedal will compress the vapor in the lines instead of transferring the pressure through the fluid. This can lead to partial or complete braking system failure, sometimes called brake pedal fade. Mountain driving puts increased duty on brakes and brake fluid. The boiling point drops at high altitude. This naturally increases the tendency towards vapor lock. In fact, vapor lock in the hydraulic braking system is the primary reason for brake pedal fade. 当制动液沸腾时，它变成蒸汽。可以压缩蒸汽，但不能压缩液体。按压制动踏板将压缩管线中的蒸汽，而不是将压力传递通过流体。这可能导致部分或完全制动系统故障，有时称为制动踏板褪色。山地驾驶增加了刹车和制动液的使用。沸点在高海拔下降。这自然增加了气体锁定的趋势。事实上，液压制动系统中的汽油锁是制动踏板褪色的主要原因。 Vehicle manufacturers recommend brake fluid that meets or exceeds SAE (Societyof Automotive Engineers)andDOT (Department of Transportation) specifications. 车辆制造商推荐符合或超过SAE（汽车工程师协会）和DOT（运输部）规格的制动液。 Standard brake fluid (DOT 3) is composed chiefly of equal parts of alcohol and castor oil. This combination of fluids works well under normal conditions but it easily boils and becomes a vapor under heavy-duty applications. It also tends to separate when exposed to low temperatures. 标准制动液（DOT 3）主要由酒精和蓖麻油组成。这种流体组合在正常条件下工作良好，但在重载应用下容易沸腾并成为蒸气。暴露于低温时也容易分离。The increasing requirements of brake fluid led to the development of silicone brake fluid,such as DOT 5. This fluid achieved low water pickup and good corrosion protection and also provides good lubrication qualities and rubber compatibility. 制动液的要求越来越高，导致了DOT 5等硅胶制动液的开发。该液体实现了低吸水率和良好的防腐蚀性能，并且还具有良好的润滑性能和橡胶相容性。 5.Brake valves 5.闸阀 There are typically five types of valves in vehicle braking system to adjust the braking force distribution. 车辆制动系统中通常有五种类型的阀门来调节制动力分布。 (1)Metering valve （1）计量阀 Most vehicles that have front disc and rear drum brakes are equipped with metering valve. This metering valve controls, or delays the flow of brake fluid to the front brakes. The rear drum brakes take longer to respond than the front disc brakes. The valve ensures that front disc brake do not act before the rear drum brake. The delays is long enough to allow the rear drum brakes time to react. This delay is particularly necessary during light braking and on slick road surfaces.
汽车专业英语复习题 名词翻译： 1、活塞环 piston ring 2、电控系统electronic control system 3、里程表speedometer 4、发动机排量engine capacity 5、自动变速器automatic transmission 6、机油表oil gauge 7、方向盘steering wheel 8、做功冲程power stroke 9、exhaust gas废气 10. electric current电流 11. high gear高速档 12. automobile dealing汽车贸易 13. sports car 跑车 14. instrument panel仪表板 15. accelerator pedal加速踏板 16. physical property 物理性能 17、电子燃油计量系统electronic fuel metering system 18、减速slow down 19、刹车蹄brake shoe 20、General Motor 通用 21、wheel drum 车轮毂 22、TDC 上止点 23、BDC 下止点 翻译（中译英）： 上海汽车工业总公司已与德国大众和美国通用两大汽车公司建立了合资公司。 The Shanghai Auto Industry Corportion has established joint ventures with German V olkswagen and American General Motors. 四冲程发动机—曲柄旋转两圈做功一次。 Four stroke —a power stroke every other revolution of the crank. 液体冷却系由水泵、水套、发动机风扇、散热器等组成。 The liquid cooling system consists of water pumps，water jackets，engine fan ，radiator and so on. 在仪表板上，我们能看见几个显示发动机运转情况的仪表。
Post 商务中心business center 保险理赔Insurance Claimer 服务顾问Serves Consultant 销售顾问Sales Consultant 渠道服务经理Canal service manager 贵宾厅function room 市场营销marketing 策划总监author director general 综合管理部Comprehensive Controller Dept. 市场总监Marketplace Dept. Director General 市场主任Marketplace Dept. Director 销售代表Sales ambassador 财务finance 品牌店长Brand Director 分公司branch office 市场经理Marketplace Manager 部长助理Assistant Director 总监director general 高级工程师Senior Engineer 销售主任Sales Director 销售经理Sales Manager
项目经理Project Manager 业务经理Business manager 技术工程师Technicial Engineer 接待员Receiptionalist 技术服务工程师Technician Service Engineer 技术服务部经理Technical Service Dept.Manager 财务部经理Financial Controller 人事部经理Personnel Manager 工程部经理Chief Engineer 保安部经理Chief Security Officer 办公室主任Director of Executive Office 开户行Account bank 帐号Account number Auto insurance 1.身体伤害责任险Bodily injury liability insurance 2.财产损失责任险Property damage liability insurance 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险Medical payments or Personal Injury Protection 4.车辆碰撞险Collision insurance 5.综合损失险Comprehensive insurance 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险Uninsured/Underinsured motorists coverage insurance