名词解释
Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅠ
第一章英国简介1
✧ 1. London
London is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies. It is not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centres in the world.
伦敦位于该国南部最大的城市。从各方面来看，它是英国主导。它是文化和商业中心，绝大多数英国大公司总部。它不仅是国家的金融中心，而且在世界三大国际金融中心之一。2.Robin Hood
Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and bid himself with his band of "merry men" in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.
罗宾汉是一个撒克逊的贵族。因为他再也无法容忍诺曼人的压迫，他成为逃犯并且让自己和他的"快活人" 帮派呆在森林里。他就在这个秘密的地方里，进行劫富济贫。
✧The Anglo-Saxons
They were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.
盎格鲁撒克逊族是日耳曼民族的两个群体，从第五世纪在英格兰定居下来。他们被视为英国人的祖先和英格兰的创始人。
4.King Arthur
It is said that he was the King of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends.
据说亚瑟王在第五世纪他是英格兰的国王，并且用他的魔剑统一英国和驱赶撒克逊人，该剑就是王者之剑。他是否存在还是个疑问。他是许多传奇的核心人物。
5.King Harold
He was the Saxon King whose army was defeated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when Williamthe Conqueror invaded England from France.
哈罗德国王是撒克逊国王，当征服者威廉从法国入侵英国，他的军队在1066 年的黑斯廷斯之战中被打败。
Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom Ⅱ
第二章英国简介2
1. The Easter Rising
In order to gain independence, different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces. One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916. The rebels occupied Dublin's Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.
为了获得独立，不同的爱尔兰团体一直反对英国机构和英国军队。其中一项活动是发生在1916 年的复活节起义。叛军占领柏林的邮局，通过军事力量迫使英国撤退。叛乱的领导人被英国当局处决。
2. The Provisional IRA
In 1919, a group calling itself the IRA (Irish Republic Army) expanded fighting for lrish freedom and independence. The Provisional IRA is the radical faction of the IRA. They prefer the use of force and believe that armed force is the only way to get the British out and to have a unified Ireland.
1919 年，一个自称是IRA(爱尔兰共和国军)扩大为爱尔兰自由和独立而战。临时爱尔兰共和军是激进的派别。他们更喜欢使用武力，并认为武力是唯一的方式脱离英国，并且统一爱尔兰。
3. Sinn Fein
Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland which supports the IRA to fight for the union of Ireland. The leaders of Sinn Fein prefer union with Ireland by a twin campaign, both military and political which they call the policy of " the Bullet and the Ballot Box". It believes that without the participation of Sinn Fein the political problem of Northern Ireland cannot be thoroughly solved.
北爱尔兰新芬党是一个合法的政党，支持爱尔兰共和军争取爱尔兰统一。新芬党的领导人喜欢靠双战役统一爱尔兰，即军事和政治的政策，他们称之为"子弹和投票箱"。它认为没有新芬党参与的话，在北爱尔兰的政治问题就无法彻底解决。
4. Home Rule
Ireland had long been dominated by Britain, but Irish desire for an independent Irish state was never lost. "Home Rule" refers to a campaign for Irish control of lrish affairs. The Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914, but the process was overtaken by the First world War and was suspended for the duration of the war. 爱尔兰一直被英国统治，但爱尔兰对一个独立的爱尔兰国家的渴望是永远不会失去。"自治"是指爱尔兰事务控制的运动。自治条例法案终于在1914 年通过，但遭遇到第一次世界大战使得战内期间进程暂停。
❖ 5. The Good Friday Agreement
As a result of multi-party negotiations, the Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. This agreement assures the loyalist community that Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom and it won't change its political status unless the majority of the people of Northern Ireland agree. Under the terms of the agreement, Northern Ireland should be governed by three separate jurisdictions: that of the Republic of Ireland, that of Great Britain and that of its own elected executive government of ten ministers.
作为多党谈判的结果，《北爱和平协议》于1998 年4 月10 日获得批准。这项协议保证忠诚的社会，北爱尔兰仍然是英国的一部分，它不会改变其政治地位，除非大多数北爱尔兰人民同意。根据协议条款，北爱尔兰应由三个独立的司法统治：爱尔兰共和国，大不列颠和自己选出十名部长的行政政府。
Unit 3 The Government of the United Kingdom
第三章英国政府
✧ 1. The Bill of Rights of 1689
In 1688, King James II’s daughter Mary and her husband William were invited by the politicians and church authorities to take the throne, on condition that they would respect the rights of Parliament. The Bill of Rights was passed in 1689 to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.
1689 年《权利法案》：1688，金·詹姆斯二世的女儿玛丽和她的丈夫威廉被政治家和当局教会邀请继承王位，条件是他们将尊重议会的权利。1689 年通过了法案，以确保国王再也不能无视议会。
❖ 2. The Constitution
Unlike many nations, Britain has no written Constitution.
Contents:
The foundations of the British state are Iaid out in Statute law, which are laws passed by Parliament;
The common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts;
And conventions. (rules and practices which do not exist legally but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government).
宪法：英国没有成文宪法。英国政府的基础是制定法，这是议会通过的法律；普通法，这是通过在法院常见的做法建立的法律；还有公约。
❖ 3. The functions of Parliament
The functions of Parliament are: to pass laws, to vote for taxation, to scrutinise government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.
议会的职能是：通过法律，为征税投票，审查政府的政策，管理和支出，对当前重大问题进行辩论。
❖ 4. The House of Lords
The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual, who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal, which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers or they have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the public.
上议院：上议院由上议员主教议员组成，也就是大主教和最突出的英格兰教会的主教；和世俗贵族，他从祖辈继承了座位或被任命的贵族。上议院主要代表自己，而不是公众的利益。❖ 5. The House of Commons
The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where about 650 elected representatives (Members of Parliament) make and
debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.
下议院：下议院是真正的英国政治生活的中心，因为它是大约650 名当选代表(国会议员)产生和辩论政策的地方。这些议员(MP=Member of Parliament)在普选中被选举产生，应该代表投票给他们的人民的利益。
Unit 4 Politics, Class and Race
第四章政治、阶级和种族
1. The importance of general elections
General elections are very important in western democracy. According to the author, they provide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.
普选的重要性：在西方民主中普选是非常重要的。据作者说，他们为人民提供机会以影响未来的政府政策，并替换那些无能的政治领导人。
2. The formation of the government
651 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 651 constituencies in the UK. The party which holds a majority of those "seats" in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister.
政府的形成：在英国普选中651 个议会成员被选出代表651 名议员选区。拥有议会中的这些大多数"席位"的政党构成政府，政党领袖作为其首相。
3. The electoral campaign
Before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public. The campaign involves advertisements in newspapers door-to-door campaigning, postal deliveries of leaflets and "party electoral broadcasts" on the television. The parties also try to attack and critisise the opponents' policies. Therefore, these campaigns sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical.
竞选：普选之前，各政党将开始他们的竞选活动，以便让公众知道他们的意识形态和政策。竞选运动包括在送上门的报纸的竞选广告，邮件递送传单和在电视上的"党选举广播"。双方还试图攻击和批评对手的政策。因此，这些运动有时是相当积极和关键的。
4. Class system in British society
The class system does exist in British society. Most of the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class, though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class. Class divisions are not simply economic, they are cultural as well. People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read, in the way they speak and in the kind of education they receive. One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.
英国社会的阶级制度：阶级制度在英国社会确实存在。大多数英国人口将自认为是中产阶级和工人阶级中的其中一个，虽然有些人会真的属于中上阶层或中下阶级。阶级分化并非简单的经济，也包括文化。不同阶级的人可能读报纸的种类、说话的方式、受到的教育方式上不同。
5. Ethnic relations in the UK
The coming of immigrants groups from other parts of the world has greatly enriched British culture. But ethnic relations are also sometimes tense: the local people view the newcomers as a threat to their way of living; and despite much official actions to minimize racism, both subtle and overt oppression remains. The immigrant population is not well-of economically. They face problems of unemployment, under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and by the justice system.
英国的民族关系：来自世界各地的移民团体的未来极大地丰富了英国文化。但民族关系有时也会紧张：当地人民认为新来者是对他们的生活构成威胁，尽管官方采取行动以尽量减少种族主义，但仍然存在微妙和明显的压迫。移民人口有不良好的经济。他们面对失业问题、在政治上代议机会不足、警察和司法制度的不公平待遇。
Unit 5 The UK Economy
第五章英国金融
1. Relative decline of the UK economy
The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. But this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly it has slid from being the second largest economy to being the sixth.
英国经济的相对衰落：英国经历了自1945 年以来的经济衰退。但这是一个相对而非绝对的。英国比1945 年更富裕、更多产，但从其他国家发展更迅速，使得它从第二大经济体已经下滑到第六。
2. Privatisation in the 1980s
The British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of the Pound. Therefore the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatisation was carried out. Many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. Privatisation was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time
unemployment rate increased rapidly.
1980 年代私有化：在1970 年代，英国经济经历了一个特别糟糕的时期，高通货膨胀率和英镑贬值。因此1980 年代，在保守党执政期间的撒切尔夫人，进行了一次广泛的私有化方案。许多国有企业(如钢铁、电信、天然气、航空航天)变成了私人公司。私有化是成功控制通胀，但与此同时，失业率迅速增加。
3. Main sectors of the UK economy
The UK national economy can be divided into three main areas: primary industries such as agriculture, fishing and mining; secondary industries which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary (Or service) industries such as banking insurance, tourism and the retailing.
英国经济的主要部门：英国国家经济可分为三个主要领域：第一行业，如农业、渔业和采矿；第二产业从初级产品制造复杂的物品的行业；第三级(或服务)行业，如银行保险、旅游和零售业。
4. "The City"
"The City" refers to the historic area at the centre of London. It is one of the biggest financial centres in the world with the greatest concentration of banks, insurance companies and businesses dealing in commodities. At the heart of the city is the London Stock Exchange.
"城市"："城市"指的是在伦敦市中心的历史性地区。它是世界上最大的金融中心之一，拥有最集中的银行、保险公司和商品交易业务。在城市核心是伦敦证券交易所上市。
✧ 5. The aerospace industry in the UK
The UK's aerospace industry is the third-largest in the world, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines. It produces 2% of the UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods.
英国的航空航天工业：英国的航空航天产业是世界第三大，产生全方位的航空航天产品从民用和军用飞机与导弹、卫星和飞机引擎。它产生2%的英国国民产出，占8%的制成品出口货物。
Unit 6 British Literature
第六章英国文学
✧ 1. Elizabethan Drama
The general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries known as the Renaissance. In British culture, one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development lay in drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth(1558-1603). The first professional theatre in London opened in 1576, and others followed, performing the plays of
many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare.
伊丽莎白时代的戏剧：在第十五和第十六世纪欧洲的文化和精神生活的开花,被称为文艺复兴。在英国文化中，这一发展的最成功的和持久的表达方式之一在于戏剧。这是英国女王伊丽莎白二世统治时期(1558-1603)。在伦敦的第一家专业剧院于1576 年开业，并且其他人也跟随，许多名剧作家的戏剧表演，包括克里斯托弗·马洛、本·琼森和威廉.莎士比亚。
2. The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer is the most important work in Middle English literature. It is made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain each other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in southeast England. It's quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style or the stories they tell.
《坎特伯雷故事集》：乔叟写的《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要的工作。它是在英格兰东南部的坎特伯雷前往基督教教会途上，由31 名朝圣者互相告诉娱乐的一系列故事。它的多样性很值得注意，不仅在朝圣者中的社会地位范围，而且在风格或他们告诉的故事中。
3. The King James Bible
King James I ordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures, which came to be known as the King James Bible. It appeared in 1611. Although it was not the first English translation and there have been many translations since, the King James Version will probably never be matched for majesty of language. For many generations it has had a greater influence on style and standards of taste than any other single work in English literature.
詹姆斯国王的圣经：国王詹姆斯一世下令圣经的翻译，后来被称为钦定版《圣经》。它出现在1611 年。虽然它并不是第一个英文译本，有许多的译本，国王詹姆斯版本可能永远不会匹配陛语言的庄严。相对其他任何一个在英语文学作品，风格和品位的标准对很多代人产生了较大影响。
✧ 4. Romanticism
Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature's romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry's "Declaration of Independence. “Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought the Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.
浪漫主义：大约第十九世纪的前三分之一构成了英国文学的浪漫主义时期。浪漫主义文学的作家更加关注想象与情感，而不是理性的力量。由华兹华斯和柯勒所著的一卷诗《抒情歌谣集》，是作为浪漫主义诗歌的"独立宣言。"济慈、拜伦和雪莱，三个伟大的诗人，使浪漫主义运动带到新高度。浪漫主义的精神也发生在小说中。
5. The Bronte sisters
Perhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters, who were influenced by the Romantic Movement. Charlotte, Emily and Ann were daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Although they were poor, they were educated and respectable. In their short livest they didn't produce much but their works are among the best-loved novels in English: Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre and Emily's Wuthering Heights.
勃朗特姐妹：也许英国历史上最著名的文学家庭是勃朗特姐妹，她们受到浪漫主义运动的影响。夏洛特、艾米丽和安是在约克郡的一个乡村教堂的牧师的女儿。虽然他们很穷，他们也受教育和受人尊敬的。在他们的短暂的生命中，他们没有产生太多作品但他们的作品在英语小说作品中是最受喜爱的：夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简爱》和艾米丽的《呼啸山庄》。
✧ 6. Modernism
Modernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It is characterized by a high degree of experimentation. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Often,
Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. it often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action. One of the most famous English Modernist writers is Virginia Woolf.
现代主义：现代主义是指主要在二战之前的一种书面文学形式。它的特点是高度实验。它可以被视为对第十九世纪现实主义形式的反应。现代派作家表达他们看到世界是如何运转的理解和交流困难。通常，现代主义写作似乎混乱，难以理解。它常常从一个单一的困惑个人的观点描述行动，而不是从一种无所不知的客观叙述者在行动以外的观点。一个英国最著名的现代派作家是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫。
Unit 7 British Education System
第七章英国教育系统
1. Comprehensive schools
Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking.
综合学校：综合学校今天在英国是最受欢迎的中学。这类学校承认儿童没有提及他们的学术能力并且提供一般教育。学生可以学习任何东西，从学术学科比如文学，到实用科目比如烹饪。
2. Grammar schools
It is a type of secondary schools in Britain. Grammar schools select children at the age 11, through an examination called "the 11-plus". Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.
文法学校：这是一个英国的中学类型。文法学校选择在11 岁的儿童，通过考试被称为"11 加"。与得分最高的那些孩子去文法学校。这些学校重视先进的学术学科，而不是的综合学校的更广泛的课程，并且期望他们的许多学生去上大学。
3. Independent schools
Independent schools are commonly called public schools which are actually private schools that receive their funding through the private sector and tuition rates, with some government assistance. Independent schools are not part of national education system, but the quality of instruction and standards are maintained through visits from Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. These schools are restricted to the students whose parents are comparatively rich.
独立学院：独立学校通常被称为公共学校，实际上是私立学校，通过私营部门和学费接收他们的资金，在政府的一些援助下。独立学校不是国家教育制度的一部分，但教学质量和标准是透过英国学校监察员的维护。这些学校要求学生的父母比较富有。
4. The Open University
The Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the Opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. It's open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities . University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centres. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.
开放大学：英国开放大学成立于在1960 年代，面向于可能因为经济和社会原因得不到高等教育的机会的人。这是对所有人开放，并且不要求与其他大学的正规教学条件相同。大学课程可以通过电视、广播、通信、视频和学习中心的网络进行。他们在开放大学的学习结束后，成功的学生获得大学学位。
Unit 8 British Foreign Relations
第八章英国外交
1. The foundations of British foreign policy
The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.
英国外交政策的基础：当代英国外交政策是受到帝国历史和其地理政治特点的影响。英国最近失去了它的帝国，英国的决策者经常忘了英国现在在世界事务没有像过去那样有影响力。另一个对英国处理对外事务的方式产生决定性影响，是基于是对欧洲的地理政治态度。2. The making of Britain's foreign policy
The general direction of Britain's foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet.The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the main government department, plays a significant role in the making of Britain's foreign policy. Many other government ministries such as the Ministry of Defence also play a part in formulating and carrying out the government's decisions. But an extremely influential player in Britain's foreign policy is the Treasury. The Treasury makes decisions on how much money other departments can have each year.
英国外交政策的制定：英国外交政策的总方向主要取决于总理和内阁。主要政府部门，外交和联邦事务部，在英国外交政策的制定中发挥着重要的作用。许多其他政府部门，如国防部也参与制定和执行政府的决定。但是，英国的一个非常有影响力的外交政策角色是财政部。财政部决定其他部门可以每年有多少钱。
❖ 3. Britain and the EU
Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 which is now called the EU. Britains participation in the EU remains controversial. At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. Britain likes to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government. 英国和欧盟：1973 年英国加入欧洲经济共同体，现在被称为欧盟。人们对于英国参与欧盟仍有争议。在这场争论的中心是，它不清楚欧盟是什么，欧盟将成为什么。英国一直致力于鼓励国家之间的自由贸易，因此非常支持欧盟作为一个自由贸易区。英国喜欢把欧盟作为一个可能经济合作的地方，也会可能有专门人才和货物的流动。但英国始终不那么热衷于放弃国家主权给欧洲政府。
❖ 4. Britain and the United States
The British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the United States. During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar years, because they had many things in common about the past and the world situation. Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britain's "special relationship" with the United States has gone through many ups and downs. The British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the "special relationship."
英国和美国：英国的外交政策也是影响其与美国的关系。二战期间，在两个国家紧密相关，并在战后继续密切合作，因为他们在过去和世界地位有许多共同之处。即使在今天，英国和美国的决策者会分享各方面的政治思路。然而，英国与美国的"特殊关系"经历了很多起伏。
英国正在开始意识到自己的外交政策会受到美国政策的限制。但双方一直在努力维持"特殊的关系"。
5. The Commonwealth
In the author's opinion, the Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. There are 54 members of the Commonwealth including one currently suspended member: many of these are developing countries like India and Cyprus; others are developed nations like Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.
英联邦：笔者认为，英联邦国家是一个是由英国和大部分是前身是英国殖民地的自愿协会。目前有54 个英联邦的成员，包括一个中断成员：许多这些都是发展中国家，如印度和塞浦路斯；其他的发达国家，如澳大利亚、加拿大和新西兰。英联邦建立成继续合作论坛，并作为一种关系网维持。
Unit 9 The British Media
第九章英国媒体
❖Two major newspapers in Britain: Quality papers and Tabloids
❖ 1. Quality papers
They belong to one of the categories of the national dailies. The quality papers carry more serious and in-depth articles of particular political and social importance. They also carry reviews, such as book reviews, and feature articles about high culture. These papers are also referred to as "the broadsheets" because they are printed on large-size paper. The readers of such newspapers are generally a well-educated middle class audience.
上层报纸：属于国家日报的类别之一。上层报纸对特定的政治和社会重要意义进行更认真和深入的文章。他们还进行审查，如书评和高文化水平的专题文章。这些文件也被称作是"大
报"，因为他们是大尺寸纸张打印。这类报纸的受众通常是一个受过良好教育的中产阶级读者。
❖ 2. Tabloids
A tabloid is a small format newspaper with colour photos and catchy headlines. Tabloids are interested in scandals and gossip usually about famous people. They also carry lots of crime, sports and sensational human interest Stories so as to a attract readers. Stories are short, easy to read and often rely more on opinions than fact. They belong to a category of national papers different from quality papers.
小报：小报是小尺寸格式的报纸，带有彩色照片的报纸和吸引人的标题。小报通常对名人的丑闻和八卦感兴趣。它们也携带大量犯罪、体育和耸人听闻人们的故事以吸引读者。故事很短，便于阅读并且经常观点更多地依赖于事实。它们是属于国家报纸，但不同于质上层报纸。❖ 3. The Times (The Observer/ The Guardian)
The Times began publishing in 1785 and it is the United Kingdom's oldest daily newspaper.
纽约时报：《纽约时报》于1785 年开始出版，是英国最古老的日报。
4. The BBC:
The full name is the British Broadcasting Corporation. It was founded in 1927 as a public service radio station and later moved into television. It has been Britain's main public service broadcaster. For a long time the BBC had mainly two channels. BBC One specializes in shows with a broad appeal while BBC Two aims at a wide range of subject matter and interests, specialising in intelligent yet popular programme genres. The BBC also provides the World Service which broadcasts in English and 42 other languages throughout the world.
BBC：全名是英国广播公司。它成立于1927 年，作为公共服务电台站，后来搬到电视。这是英国主要的公共服务广播机构。长期以来，BBC 主要有两个频道。BBC 一台的专门的官方节目具有广泛的吸引力，而BBC二台目标在于广泛的主题事务和利益，专门展示热门智力节目类型。BBC 还提供世界广播的英语服务和其他在世界各地的42 种语言。
Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain 第十章英国的运动，假日和节日
1.“Football hooligans”
2.Cricket and “fair play”
3.Wimbledon
4.The three traditions of Chrismas in Britain
5.Orange Marches
6.Eisteddfod
问答题
Unit 1
❖ 1. "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence
English culture?
(I)A history of invasions:
(1) Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43 AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it for slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.
(2) However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the knights' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.
(3) In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alfred the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between northerners and southerners in England
(4) Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, killed the king and William became the Frist of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy ruled Saxon and
English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That directly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, we can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.
(II) How did they influence culture:
(1) A lot of stories of King Arthur, which brought a lot of singers, poets, novelists and filmmakers. Places associated with his legend. Round table was seen as an indicator of the way in which the English have wished to see their monarch as something other than a remote dictator.
(2) Anglo-Saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English. By Vikings' settlements the English heroes were truly English. There remains to this day a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England.
(3) Norman aristocracy ruling a largely Saxon and English-speaking population. the legend of Robin Hood.
Unit 2
1.Why is Northern Ireland, according to the author, so significant in the United Kingdom? What is the political problem there?
(I) Why it is so significant:
Though Northern Ireland is small it is significant because of the political troubles there.
(II) Its political problem:
The problem is in Northern Ireland in 1921 in southern Ireland independence from Britain, Ireland North and South following the separation of issues left over by history, mixed it with historical, political, ethnic and religious conflicts, extremely complex. Ireland’s independence, to remain under British rule within the framework of the 6 in the northern island of Ireland residents of the pro-British Protestant majority (about 51%), the Catholic nationalist minority (about 38%), as a result of the two major forces in Northern Ireland On the contrary position of ownership and lead to confrontation, conflict.
英语国家概况（课后问答题） 第一部分英国概况 1 What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth? Britain is the shortened form of the United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland while the British Isles is a geographical name. 2 What are the three political divisions on the island of Great Britain? They are England, Scotland and Wales 3. What is the official name of Great Britain？ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 4. Where did the King Harold defeat Tostig and Harold Hardrada? ( At Stanford Bridge) 5.What did William do after he suppressed镇压the Saxon risings in the north? (He built a string of defense防卫castles to ensure his military control of the whole country.) 6. How long was Britain under the Roman occupation? ( For nearly 400 years) 7 What was the peculiar features of the feudal system of England? (All landowners, whether the tenants-in-chief or subtenants, took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.) 8 What did Willliam I leave to his sons after he died? ( He left Normandy to his eldest son, Robert, and England to his second son William, and a large sum of money to his third son, Henry.) 9 What was William I’s policy towards the church? (He wanted to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to upload its power.) 10 When was the Domesday Book completed? ( In 1086) 11 What was the consequence of the Hundred Years’ War? (The French drove the English out of their land. By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of English) 12 What did the Lollards preach? (The Lollards preached the equality of men before God) 13 What were the two countries Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years? ( France and Spain were the two countries that Elizabeth I successfully played off against each other for nearly 30 years) 14 What was the outcome结果of the English Civil War? (It not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.) 15 What were the three main causes of Henry VIII’s religious reform of the Church? ( The three main causes were: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Marin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money) 16 Which party did Margaret Thatcher represent in the 1970s? (She represented the Conservative Party) 17 What did the Whigs stand for in the early 19th century? Whigs stood for a reduction in Crown patronage, sympathy towards Nonconformists, and care for the interests of merchants and bankers. 18 Why did changes in farming methods改变耕作方式affect lives of millions in the 18th century? (Because village and agriculture were the backbone of England at that time.) 19 When did Britain finally become a full member of the European Economic Community? (Britain finally became a full member of the European Economic Community in January, 1973) 没背20 Why was Mrs. Thatcher removed from office in 1990? (It was because of her opposition to European Union and her imposition of an extremely unpopular flatrate ‘poll tax’ in place of property taxes to pay for local government service. 21 What were the two groups of the Chartiests? What was their difference? (The Chartists could be divided into two groups: the Moral Force Chartists and the Physical Force Chartists. The former wanted to realize their aims by peaceful means while the latter wanted to achieve their purpose by violence) 22 What was the goal of the London Working Men’s Association in its struggle? (It aimed to ‘ to seek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights)
1、What different ethnic groups are there in UK? Why are there so many? Where do they live? How are they different from the majority of people: language? Clothing? Music? What effects do different ethnic groups have on a country?英国有哪些不同的民族？为什么有这么多？他们住在哪里？他们与大多数人有什么不同：语言？服装？音乐？不同民族对一个国家有什么影响？Englander, Welsh, Scottish, Irish。（England，Wales,Scotland,Ireland） The majority of the population is descendants后裔of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe. Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people. They merged through ethnic invasions and immigration In terms of language, Some Scottish people like to use Scottish. Irish people speak English and Gaelic. In terms of clothing, Scottish men wear kilts(a kind of skirt) is most prominent representative, they think that it is a symbol of identity. In music, Scottish bagpipes have become one of the representatives of its culture. In terms of culture, many ethnic groups contribute to cultural exchange and development. But on the other hand, it may make it difficult for the country to manage it. 2、How would you describe the traits of the people in Britain? Do you think people all over the world are basically the same or basically different? How are the British people different from Chinese? 你如何描述英国人的特点？你认为世界各地的人基本上是相同的还是基本不同的？英国人和中国人有什么不同？ For me personally, first, most Brits are very polite. It can be seen from their conversation. For example, “I don’t really like to ask you, but…”. Second, most Britons are humorous. This can be seen from their TV shows. As a famous going says, “You can’t find two leaves which are exactly the same in the world.” That is like you and me. Neither the same nor very different, people are similar in some ways and different to some extent. Just like people with the same name and gender, their personalities may be different. In terms of eating habits, The Chinese mainly eat noodles and rice, while the British mainly eat bread and noodles. In terms of character, the Chinese are more euphemistic and the British are more direct. 3、How religious are the British? What major religious beliefs are there in Britain? Historically, what role has religion played in bringing about what the country is now? 英国人有多信仰？英国有哪些主要的宗教信仰？从历史上看，宗教在实现该国现在所扮演的角色是什么？1、Their beliefs are diverse and popular. In the UK, more than 60% of people are religious. They gradually developed into a multi-faith country through national invasion and immigration. 2、The major religious beliefs are Christianity and Islam. 3、Historically, religion played an indispensable role in British history. Before the Reformation, the rights of the church were far greater than those of the king. Therefore, it affected the direction of the country’s development. After the reform of the religion, it made the national consciousness begin to awaken. This laid the foundation for the United Kingdom becoming a developed country 4、People say that a history of Britain is a history of invasion. Do you agree or disagree? Find evidence to support your view. Please be specific and go down to the details. 人们说英国的历史就是入侵的历史。你同意还是不同意？找到证据来支持你的观点。请具体说明并详细说明。1、I claim that the invasion includes being invaded and invasion. So, from this angle, I agree with the view that a history of Britain is a history of invasion. 2.1、Being invaded: Before the English Bourgeois Revolution(英国资产阶级革命), Britain had been invaded by other countries for a long time. For example, first，the Celtics invaded the United Kingdom. Second, The Romans managed to conquer Britain by its army. Including German Conquest、Norman Conquest(诺曼征服) and so on. 2.2、Invasion: In 1600，The British invaded India. In 1840 the British launched the first Opium War.(第一次鸦片战争）In 1854, the Crimean War（克里米亚战争）. 1856-1860 the British launched the second Opium War. and it join in the world war 1.
（0200）《英语国家概况》复习大纲 学习要点和课程考核目标参看课本最后附录页 考试内容 Part one The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1-10 Part Two The Republic of Ireland Chapter 11-12 Part Three The United States of America Chapter 13-22 Part Four Canada Chapter 23-26 Part Five Australia Chapter 27-32 Part Six New Zealand Chapter 33-34
（0200）《英语国家概况》样题及答案 一．单项选择题 Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question four suggested answers A, B, C and D are given. Choose the one you think best completes the statement or answers the question. (15 %) 1. There are political divisions on the island of Great Britain. A. one B. two C. four D. three 2. The longest river in England is . A. the Tweed River B. the Rhine river C. the Thames River D. the Seven River 该题共15小题，每题一分。请按顺序将答案写在答题纸相应的位置上。每5个为一组，如1－5 adxxx 评分标准：选对得一分。 二．是非题 Read the following statements carefully and decide if each of them is True or False: (15 %) 1. The Romans brought the new religion, Christianity to Britain. (T) 2. The English Renaissance was largely economic. (F) 请将答案按顺序写在答题纸相应的位置上。每5个为一组，如1－5 TFxxx 该题共15小题，每题一分。 评分标准：注意按要求答题，必须注明T或F，打勾或打叉不得分。 三．填空题 Fill in the blanks with the proper information .（10％） 1. There are states on the mainland of U.S.A. 答案为：48 2. The official residence of the British Prime minister is . 答案为No. 10 Downing Street. 请将答案按题号顺序写在答题纸相应的位置上。 该题共10小题，每题一分。 评分标准：填入的内容完整、正确。有拼写错误或回答不完整不得分。 四．名词解释
英语国家概况课后问答题 Book 1 Chapter 1 Questions for Thought: 1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain and in the international field? Key points: 1. Before the end of WWII, the British Empire was one of the most powerful empires; it enjoyed the name of “an empire on which the sun never set” due to its overseas colonies on the world. 2. People of the British Empire are descendents of the Anglo-Saxons. 3. A system of monarchy was observed still on today’s Britain, which went through the history. The Queen is still the Head of the Commonwealth. 4. the “Empire” still can be felt in the following ways: a. there are still close relationships between the UK and the fifty or more countries which used to be its former colonies, and which maintain links through a loose organization called the Commonwealth of Nations. b. it became one member of the European Union since 1973. c. the effect also lies in the makeup of the British population itself. Newly immigrants mainly came from the former colonies, specially from India and Caribbean area. d. today the Monarch represents the country in many occasions. e. class exists and lords and peers are obvious evident of the imperial past. 2.Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the British people with a few simple phrases? Key points: Reasons: 1. regional differences---England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland 2. racial differences 3. class differences 4. cultural differences---Highland vs Lowland 5. religious differences---protestants vs Catholics (main in Northern Ireland) 3.“British history has been a history of invasion”. Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture? Key points:
《英语国家概况》课程习题集西南科技大学成人、网络教育学院版权所有 习题 【说明】：本课程《英语国家概况》（编号为12010）共有单选题,名词解释题,简答题,填空题2等多种试题类型，其中，本习题集中有[简答题]等试题类型未进入。 一、单选题 1. Celts were different groups of ancient people who came originally from________ A. France B. Denmark C. Ireland D. Germany 2. Who invaded and conquered Britain for the first time in 55 BC? A. Emperor Claudius B. Julius Caesar C. King Alfred D. King Ethelred 3. Who is the author of Murder in the Cathedral? A. Christopher Marlowe B. T. S. Eliot C. Ben Johnson D. Thomas Becket 4.When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658, and was succeeded by his son, ______, the regime began immediately to collapse. A. Henry B. Hamilton C. Richard D. Charles 5. The 18th century saw selective breeding of cattle, sheep and houses by _________. A. Jethro Tull B. Thomas Coke C. George III D. Robert Bakewell 6. Which of the following is not one of the members of the Lords Temporal? A. all hereditary peers and peeresses of the England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom (but not peers of Ireland) B. lire peers created to assist the House in its judicial duties C. senior bishops of the Church of England D. all other life peers 7. Two years after the ending of the Hundred Years’ War with France, England was thrown into another series of civil wars, ________. A. the War of the Celts
《英语国家概况》复习资料及答案 1.The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by___. A.King Arthur B. Robin Hood C. Oliver Cromwell D. William the Conqueror 2.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of British government? A.It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power. B.It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. C.It is the oldest representative democracy in the world. D.It has no written form of Constitution. 3.Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed? A.William of Orange B. James Ⅱ C. Oliver Cromwell D. GeorgeⅠ 4. Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? A. Beef cattle. B. Dairy cattle C. Chicken. D. Sheep. 5. Which group of people cannot vote in the general election? A. Members in the House of Commons. B. Lords in the House of Lords. C. The UK citizens above the age of 18. D. The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic. 6. A free press is considered very important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy because ___________. A. it plays a watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government B. it informs people of current affairs in the world. C. it provides people with subjective reports. D. it publishes short pamphlets for Parliament. 7．Of Which people is Robert Burns a national poet? A. The Welsh people B. The Irish people C. The Scottish people D. The English people 8．. It was said that Christianity was introduced into Ireland by __________ A. the Vikings B. the Normans C. Brian Buru D. Saint Patrick 9. In the 17th century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland because _________. A. they wanted to increase its control over Ireland B. they had too many people and didn’t have enough space for them to live in Britain C. they intended to expand their investment D. they believed that Ireland was the best place for them 10. Which is the largest city in Scotland? A. Cardiff B. Edinburgh C. Glasgow D. Manchester 二．填空 1. Charles the First, king of Britain, was executed, because he attempted to overrule___________ in the English Revolution. 2. The _________IRA believed that they had made enough progress so that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for_______. 3. It’s hard to make talks successful between the British and Irish governments without the participation of __________and____________.
1. William the Conqueror 威廉征服: William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in England.建立了封建制度 2. Doomsday Book----It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London. 为了可靠地记录所有的土地、佃户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税，威廉派官员编了一本财产清册，称为《末日审判书》。因为对英国人来说，这本土地清册无疑就是最后审判日那天众王之王所用的《末日书》。此册完成于1086 年，它记录了1085 年作的英国全国总调查的结果。此册陈述了土地的范围、价值、人口、耕种情况和所有权。现在《末日审判书》保存在伦敦的公共档案馆里。从此册可以看出，在1086年，农村约有一半的耕地掌握在10 个承租人(贵族)手里，其中只有两个是英国贵族，约五分之一土地归国王本人所有。其余大多数属于主教、修道院院长和其他修道院头领 3. the Black Death----It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching economic consequences. 黑死病是现代名称，指的是由鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染疾病。14 世纪传播到欧洲，尤其是在1347 - 1350 年。1348 年夏天横扫全英国，事先毫无征兆。但重要的是无药可救。不论贫富不放过任何人，死亡迅速而痛苦。它夺去了二分之一到一半的英国人的生命，加上随后50 年中发生的流行病，英国的人口在14 世纪末从400 万税减至200 万。 4. The Wars of Roses玫瑰战争----the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 148 5. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put ht country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened..是对外战争和国内不稳定导致贵族们之间冲突再起，却令人回想起13 世纪的麻烦。1455至1485 年间政局不稳定是两支金雀花家族争斗引起的，它们是兰开斯特家族和约克家族。实际上，玫瑰战争这个词是19 世纪的大作家瓦尔特司考特创造的，但它已被普遍接受，专指这两个家族间的战争。因·为红玫瑰代表兰开斯特家族，而白玫瑰则是约克家族的象征尽管玫瑰战争断断续续进行了三十年，但普通民众所受影响甚微，他们照常从事各自营生。封建制度却遭受了致命打击。不少于80 位皇族血统的贵族阵亡，中世纪的贵族势力被大大削弱，名誉扫地。至此国王的权力变得至高无上
英语国家概况 三．简答题 1.Standard English Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England, adopted as a broadcasting standard in the British media. It is used as much in printed materials, and is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language. It is also called Queen’s English or BBC English. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. Standard English also refers to the norm carried overseas for non-native speakers learning English. 2.Constitutional monarchy The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powers are limited by law and Par. The monarchy actually has no real power. Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. 3.House of commons In Britain the upper Chamber is the House of Lords, and the lower the house of Commons. The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members of Parliament (MPs). It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority. It has three functions: to draft laws, to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the activities of the government , and to influence future government policy. https://www.doczj.com/doc/1619299820.html,monwealth of nations The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign states, all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head. The commonwealth is not a political union of any sort, and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs. It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence. The major activities of Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy, human rights, and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members. 5.Industrial Revolution in Britain The Industrial Revolution in Britain took in Britain for lots of reasons. By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain. It changed Britain in many ways. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world. The country also underwent a process of mass urbanization. Many new cities sprang up. The Industrial Revolution also created changes in the class structure. The capitalist class replaced the old nobility as the mose important force in the country. https://www.doczj.com/doc/1619299820.html,prehensive schools British comprehensive schools provide a general education, offering both academic subjects like cooking and carpentry. 7. BBC The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation) and its programs BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Service broadcasts international news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-run（国营）and it is financed from the sales of television licences. BBC Network Radio serves an audience of 30 million a week in Britain, broadcasting around 38,000 hours of programmers each year on its 5 networks. 8. Shakespeare/Charles dickens