英语阅读理解推理判断之观点态度题
真题感悟：
(2018·浙江，C)
As cultural symbols go，the American car is quite young.The Model T Ford was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago，with the first rolling off the assembly line(装配线) on September 27,1908.Only eleven cars were produced the next month.But eventually Henry Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road，behind a wheel.The car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture：the roadside diner，the billboard，the motel，even the hamburger.For most of the last century，the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find new worlds.The road novel，the road movie，these are the most typical American ideas，born of abundant petrol，cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system，the largest public works project in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every garage.” Since then，this society has moved onward，never looking back，as the car transformed America from a farm-based society into an industrial power.
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster.In America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive(过度的) energy consumption，climate change and population growth have been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L．Friedman.He fears the worst，but hopes for the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy(经济)is a chance to keep American strength.“The ability to design，build and export green technologies for producing clean water，clean air and healthy and abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
30．What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A．Ambiguous. B．Doubtful.
C．Hopeful. D．Tolerant.
一、题型解读
所谓作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断。作者的观点和态度一般分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问形式常有：
1．What’s the writer’s attitude towards...?
2．What is the author’s opinion on...?
3．What does the author think about...?
二、解题技巧——“忠于措辞”定选项
1．文章作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度往往隐含在文章的字里行间或流露于修饰词之中，注意文中作者或人物的措辞。
(1)正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思，切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
(2)留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
(3)结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等的背景知识来进行合理的推断。
(4)关注首段首尾句，推断文章主题，确定作者观点。
2．要分清选项中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反对或否定的词语，再以此对照文章内容。下面是一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：
(1)表示支持或肯定的词语
favorable赞同的，有利的；positive积极的，肯定的，确实的；supportive支持的；approval 赞成，正式批准；reasonable合理的；enthusiastic热情的等。
(2)表示反对或否定的词语
critical批评的；negative否定的，消极的；disapproval不赞成；impractical不实际的；radical 激进的；prejudiced有成见的，偏颇的等。
例如：【真题感悟】中第30题，根据最后一段第一句“Friedman points out that the green economy(经济) is a chance to keep American strength.”可知，Friedman认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。
限时训练：
A
(2018·湖南衡阳第一次联考)
Carrie Gracie is knowledgeable about China and its affairs.She also has a 1reputation as a generous colleague.She has resigned from her job as China editor because her employers will not pay her at the same rate as they pay the handful of men who do a similarly challenging and important job.She has resigned because she refused to go on colluding(共谋) with the BBC’s dishonesty about its failure to give women and men equal pay for equal work.
Gracie was recruited to the job，because she had all the talent and skills the BBC needed to 10cover the difficult international and domestic story of the rise of China.One of the conditions she set for taking it was equal pay with the BBC’s other international editors，familiar names including Jon Sopel in Washington and Jeremy Bowen in the Middle East.
Last summer，the government forced the BBC to publish which of the familiar names on radio and TV earned over ￡150,000.The results exposed an astonishing pay gap.They also showed Gracie that her employers had misled her.
Gracie sets out all her efforts to get her bosses to do what they had 8originally promised her，but they fail to respond adequately.Instead，they prevaricate(搪塞) and offer her a pay rise that still would not have delivered equality.They thought they could buy her off.They thought that the reputational hazard she was running would scare her away from the fight.
The BBC is wrong this time! Gracie has chosen to design rather than give in because she thinks that it is her responsibility to stop the BBC doing something stupid.She is fighting for women’s legal rights.
Gracie said she hoped she wouldn’t be remembered as the woman who complained about money，but as a great journalist.She is proving that they are two sides of the same invaluable coin.
Carrie Gracie’s 9dispute with the BBC isn’t about money—it’s about dignity!
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the BBC?
A．Positive. B．2Vague.
C．3Critical. D．Cautious.
B
(2018·陕西渭南质检)
A new study of 8,000 young people in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior shows that although love can make adults live healthily and happily，it is a bad thing for young people.Puppy love(早恋) may bring stress for young people and can lead to 4depression.The study shows that girls become more depressed than boys，and younger girls are the worst of all.
The possible reason for the connection between love and higher risk of depression for girls is “loss of self”．According to the study，even though boys would say “lose themselves in a romantic relationship”，this “loss of self” is much more likely to lead to depression when it happens to girls.Young girls who have romantic relationships usually like hiding their feelings and opinions.They won’t tell that to their parents.
Dr Marianm Kaufman，an expert on young people problems，says 15% to 20% young people will have depression during their growing.Trying romance often causes the depression.She advises kids not to jump into 5romance too early.During growing up，it is important for young people to build strong friendships and a strong sense of self.She also suggests the parents should encourage their kids to keep close to their friends，attend more interesting school activities and spend enough time with family.
Parents should watch for signs of depression—eating or mood changes—and if they see signs from their daughters or sons，they need to give help.The good news is that the connection between romance and depression seems to become weak with age.Love will always make us feel young，but only 6maturity gives us a chance to avoid its bad side effects.
8．What’s the author’s attitude towards puppy love?
A．Confused. B．Disapproving.
C．7Neutral. D．Scared.
专题强化练
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
(2018·新疆第一次适应性检测)
Emma Watson entered our lives as the perfect Hermione Granger in 2001，and 18 years later，we’re just as much in love with this charming，intelligent British girl，as ever.You may or may not be a Potterhead，but a lot of people are charmed by Emma Watson’s perfection.
Despite being a star performer at the young age of 11，she’s never gone the Hollywood spoiled child route.In fact，she made all attempts to stay as normal as possible.She said，“Ignoring fame was my rebellion，in a funny way.I was insistent on being normal and doing normal things.It probably wasn’t advisable to go to college in America and room with a complete stranger.And it probably wasn’t wise to share a bathroom with eight other people in a dormitory.Looking back，I think that was crazy.”
She added，“I was very well educated.My dad paid for me to go to a very good school，so I worked hard every single day at that school to make him proud of me.And I did，and I still do.”
If we had to imagine what Hermione Granger would have grown up to be like，we would say she’d be the Emma Watson of the Potter universe because there really is no way to separate the two.In the last few years，Emma has added more feathers to her cap than we imagined being humanly possible，which include actor，scholar，model and UN Women Goodwill Ambassador.In her role as a UN Women Goodwill Ambassador，she’d supported powerful causes to the best of her ability and brought them all the attention they deserve.
Emma Watson gave us the most accurate description of our favorite girl from the Potter universe.“Young girls are told you have to be a delicate princess.Hermione taught them that you can be a warrior.”
语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了艾玛·沃特森不平凡的人生。
4．What’s the author’s attitude to Emma Watson?
A．Critical. B．Objective.
C．Cautious. D．Appreciative.
B
(2018·吉林长春质量监测二)
Next time you go shopping，keep in mind that there may be hidden cameras analyzing your habits.According to a 2015 survey of 150 managers from Computer Services Corporation，a quarter of British shops use facial recognition software to collect data on shoppers’ behavior.
With concerns that face-recognition cameras “are kind of invasive(冒犯的)”，British analysis firm Hoxton Analytics has come up with a new way of measuring footfall(客流)—by filming people’s shoes.The technology can collect a large amount of personal information.“We have cameras at about 50 cm off the ground and they point down so they are less invasive than facial recognition，” Duncan Mann，Hoxton’s officer said.
As modern cities get fuller—70 percent of the population will live in urban areas by 2050—cameras and other technologies are taking over public spaces and collecting our data.Their purpose is to keep people safe，provide efficient services and prevent disasters and crimes.
But some are not happy with the cameras as far as their privacy(隐私) is concerned.“Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering，” said Renate Samson.
We begin giving away data as soon as we wake up.When we enter the transport system，we are giving away even more details about ourselves through smart cards，mobile phones or credit cards.
Nick Millman，director at a consulting firm thinks statistics are the key to the privacy concern.He used the example of Google Maps，which is to monitor the flow of traffic in Stockholm.He explained，“It is basically adding privacy controls to statistics so that you only see the data you need to know about.In this case，Google gets enough data to improve traffic but not so much that it shows individual journey patterns.”
语篇解读本文是关于对泄露个人数据的担忧。
8．What is Renate Samson’s attitude towards the rise of smart cities?
A．Worried. B．Optimistic.
C．Confused. D．Uninterested.
参考答案：
答案C
解析观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句“Friedman points out that the green economy(经济) is a chance to keep American strength.”可知，Friedman认为绿色经济是使美国保持实力的一个机遇。由此可知，他对美国的未来充满了希望。故选C项。
答案C
解析观点态度题。通过文章中作者对BBC隐瞒薪酬差距的描述可知，作者对BBC是持批评态度的，故选C。
答案B
解析观点态度题。根据第一段中的“it is a bad thing for young people.Puppy love (早恋) may bring stress for young people and can lead to depression.”和第三段中的“Trying romance often causes the depression.She advises kids not to jump into romance too early.”可知，早恋对青少年的伤害很大，作者不赞成早恋。故选B。
答案D
解析观点态度题。根据最后两段内容可知，作者讲述了艾玛取得了引以为傲的成就，并竭尽全力支持那些有影响力的运动，她的经历告诉年轻女孩：你们也可以成为战士。因此推断作者对她是欣赏的。故选D。
答案A
解析观点态度题。根据第四段“But some are not happy with the cameras as far as their privacy(隐私) is concerned.‘Very few of us have any real concept of what data smart cities are gathering，’ said Renate Samson.”可知，Renate Samson的态度是“担忧的”，故选A。
专题07 阅读理解推理判断题 推理判断题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。 提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容；明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出正确的推论。 这种问题的提问方式通常有： 1.From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that . 2.We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that… 3.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that. 4.The author implies that by the year 2080, . 5.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should. 6.The author mentions the fact that…to show. 7. This passage would most likely be found in _________? 8.The author’s attitude toward …is _________? 9. The tone of the passage can best be described as _________? 这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点： 1.首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替
2015年阅读理解专题--推理判断题 一.考纲解读： 设题角度: (1)细节推断题 (2). 推断隐含意义 (3). 推断作者观点或态度 (4). 推断写作目的 (5). 推断文章出处 (6). 推断上下文内容等 4.设问方式:It can be inferred from the text that . From the text we know/learn (about) that …is most likely . The writer’s attitude toward… is______. The writer’s purpose of writing this passage is to _____. The passage implies that _____. In writing the passage, the author intends to _____. The passage is most likely to be taken from______. Where would this passage most probably appear? The next paragraph would most probably deal with _______ 二. 技巧点拨 1. 细节推断题。 根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等.一般可根据短文提供的信息,或结合生活常识来推断①要吃透文章的字面意思，捕捉有用的提示和线索②对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。③要忠实 于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。 【题例1】In September, 1940, my mother, sister and I went to Swansea, where my father's ship was getting ready to sail, we brought him a family photograph to be kept with him at all times and keep him safe. (2011·湖南卷B篇)（1.5分钟） 61. We can infer that the mother and children went to Swansea ______. A. to meet a friend B. to see the father off C. to take a family photo D. to enjoy the sailing of the ship 【题例2】Understanding why members of her family and her friends would be there, AT asked why her dance teacher had traveled so far to see her compete(比赛). “She's always been my role model. I've danced with her since I was six. She's been through so many difficulties and came through them all. I've learned to get over bad life's experiences and learned how to move on because of her.”(the fourth paragraph) (2012·全国大纲卷 E篇)（2分钟） 57. Shelley takes her dance teachers as a role model mainly because she is ______. A. determined B. friendly C. strict D. experienced 2. 隐含意义题 这类题目往往要求考生根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文所提供的事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到的或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事情。这类试题的题干中常含
英语阅读理解推理判断之文章出处或读者对象题 真题感悟： (2018·全国Ⅱ，B) Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质)，iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein)．Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物质)．The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃)，they are so delicious who cares？However，they are rich in vitamin C. When combined with berries or slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”．For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks，depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer. If you have a juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft-serve”creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children’s party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below. 27．From which is the text probably taken? A．A biology textbook. B．A health magazine.
阅读技巧之------推理判断题 推断隐含意义 （Case1）Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called "the deathwatch beetle." ●The sound of this beetle ________. A. pleased people. B. surprised people. C. frightened people. D. excited people. (Case 2) Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age; today only two exist. The wood bison is the larger of the two, and is now found mostly in western Canada. Better known in the United States is the Plains bison, or buffalo. At one time, herds of these animals could be sighed almost everywhere from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West. ●The author implies that several types of bison______. A. live outside the United Stated and Canada B. are well adapted to swampy terrain C. existed before the Ice Age D. have been killed or have died out (2012重庆卷) To take the apple as a forbidden fruit is the most unlikely story the Christians (基督教徒) ever cooked up. For them, the forbidden fruit from Eden is evil (邪恶的). So when Colu brought the tomato back from South America, a land mistakenly considered to be Eden, everyone jumped to be the obvious conclusion. Wrongly taken as the apple of Eden, the tomato was shut out of the door of Europeans. What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was thought to have come from Hell (地狱). What earned the plant its awful reputation was its roots which looked like a dried-up human body occupied by evil spirits. Tough the tomato and the man were quite different except that both had bright red or yellow fruit, the general population considered them one and the same, too terrible to touch. Cautious Europeans long ignored the tomato, and until the early 1700s most of the Western people continued to drag their feet. In the 1880s, the daughter of a well-known plant expert wrote that the most interesting part of an afternoon tea at her father's house had been the "introduction this wonderful new fruit -- or is it a vegetable?" As late as the twentieth century some writers still classed tomatoes with mandrakes as an "evil fruit". But in the end tomatoes carried the day. The hero of the tomato was an American named Robert Johnson, and when he was publicly going to eat the tomato in 1820, people journeyed for hundreds of miles to watch him drop dead. "What are you afraid of?" he shouted. "I'll show you fools these things are good to eat!" Then he bit into the tomato. Some people fainted. But he survived and, according to a local story, set up a tomato-canning factory. ●What can we infer the underlined part in Paragraph 3? A. The process of ignoring the tomato slowed down. B. There was little progress in the study of the tomato. C. The tomato was still refused in most western countries. D. Most western people continued to get rid of the tomato.
第三节推理判断题 一、推理判断题出题方式 【设题类型】 1. 细节推理：直接推理，正确选项是由文中的某处具体信息直接推倒出来的。 2. 归纳推理：需要就文中所提供的多处信息进行归纳综合，推导出新的结论。【设问形式】 1. Which of the following is (not) mentioned in the paragraph? 2. What can we infer from the last sentence? 3. What do you think would ha ppen (to …) at the end of the story? 4. We can learn from the last paragraph that _________. 5. We can infer from the passage that __________. 6. From this passage, we can infer that __________. 7. From the passage, we know that __________. 8. The writer believes that ___________. 二、4招巧解推理判断题 第1招：根据题干中的关键词在原文中定位 某些推理判断题往往也针对文中的事实或细节而设置，因此也可以根据题干中的人物、地点、时间、陈述对象等关键词语在原文中定位，然后根据原文内容进行正确的推理和判断。 示例1 The man left with no hope at all. He didn’t know what to do with only $10 in his pocket. He thought and thought. Then he went to the supermarket and bought 10 kilos of tomatoes. He sold the tomatoes from door to door. In less than two hours, he had 20 dollars. He repeated the operation three times, and started to go early every day, and returned home late. Shortly, he bought a cart, then a truck, then he had his own fleet of delivery vehicles (运货车队). Five years later, the man was one of the biggest food retailers (零售商) in the US. 49. Why could the man become one of the biggest food retailers in the US? A. Because he had many friends to help him. B. Because he was smart and worked very hard. C. Because he had his own fleet of delivery vehicles.
解密阅读理解之推理判断题 考点详解 推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。常见的题干有： 1. It can be inferred from the text that… 2. We can conclude that… 3. When the writer talks about..., what he really means is that… 4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? 从历年的高考阅读理解题分析来看，推理判断题所占的比例大概在7％-10％，一般可以归纳为五大题型：细节推断题、因果推断题、人物性格、预测想象推理题和写作意图推测题。下面就这五大类型的题目进行剖析： 题型一细节推断题： 常见的设问方式： It can be inferred from the passage/text that_________. The author mainly suggests that ________. It can be concluded from the passage that_______. The writer implies but not directly states _______. What does the author imply about newspapers? 细节判断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 干扰项特点：
2019高考英语阅读理解-推理判断题（含解析） 一、阅读理解 1.根据短文理解，选择正确答案。 Here are six steps to better studying. Pay attention in class Do you have trouble paying attention in class? Are you sitting next to a loud person? Tell your teacher or parents about any problem that is preventing you from paying attention. Take good notes Write down facts that your teacher mentions or writes on the board. Try to use good handwriting so you can read your notes later. It's a good idea to keep your notes organized by subject. Plan ahead for tests and projects Waiting until Thursday night to study for Friday's test will make it hard to do your best. One of the best ways to make sure that doesn't happen is to plan ahead. Write down your test dates. You can then plan how much to do after school each day, and how much time to spend on each topic. Break it up When there's a lot to study, it can help to break things into several parts. Let's say you have a spelling test on 20 words. Instead of thinking about all of the words at once, try breaking them down into five-word groups and work on one or two different groups each night. Ask for help You can't study effectively if you don't understand the material. Be sure to ask your teacher for help. If you're at home when the confusion occurs, your mom or dad might be able to help. Sleep tight So the test is tomorrow and you've followed your study plan—but suddenly you can't remember anything! Don't panic. Your brain needs time to digest all the information you've given it. Try to get a good night's sleep and you'll be surprised by what comes back to you in the morning. （1）We know from the passage that a loud person is ________. A. a student who always answers questions loudly in class B. someone who likes to talk with others in a loud voice C. a student who likes speaking with others in class D. a person who makes a lot of noise in public places （2）If you don't understand what you have learnt, you can ________. A. read your notes over and over again B. turn to people around you for help C. put aside the material for later review D. ask your teacher to explain it the next day （3）By saying “Sleep tight”, what does the author mean?
2015考研英语阅读推理判断题考点归纳 1、推理判断题的标志：infer，imply，suggest，All of the following/statements……NOT true/ correct/ mentioned EXCEPT 2. 应该每个选项都返回原文，找出出处 考生经常会在这种题型出错，其实主要就源于一个“懒”。 推理判断题经常四个选项是四个很长的句子，而且极有可能对应原文中截然不同的四个地方，考生就没有耐性一一定位。这是一种错误的方法，考生一定要每个选项都返回原文，找到相对应的考点。笔者接下来就考研经常在推理判断题中出现的考点做一个归纳总结。 A）正话反说： 这是考研的一个难点，即作者实际表达的意思和你读到的字面意思是相反的。很多考生没有真正理解文章意思，只停留在字面意思的理解，经常会选错答案。而正话反说又可以分为以下几类： Should：应该怎样？也就意味着实际上并没有那么干，也就是作者想表达的意思和字面意思相反。 It looks/sounds like/as if：看/听上去好像，实际并不是。如大纲样题（1997年真题第5篇）的首句“Much of the language used to describe monetary policy，such as ”steering the economy to a soft landing“ or ”a touch on the brakes“，makes it sound like a precise science.”下划线的字面意思直译“使之听上去好像一门精确的科学”，作者实际表达的意思货币政策并不是一门精确的科学。 虚拟语气：虚拟以所谓的反事实假设，即作者是既表达的意思和字面意思相反。如1996年第五篇的末句“And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.”本句话字面意思直译是“如果理性成为创世论和进化论这场争 议的惟一评判标准，那么一切都会变得好了”，作者实际表达的意思就是理性既不是惟一评判标准，而今天情况也并不好。 让步论述：让步论述就是先假设作者观点负面成立，从而引发出一系列荒谬的、不合理的结局，倒过来再次论证作者自身观点的正确性。因为有假设能成立的过程，事实上并不能成立，因此字面意思和实际意思依然是相反的。如大纲样题（1997年第5篇）首段“Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen，a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty stee ring wheel.”如果把货币政策比成开汽车的话（前文论证过货币政策不能比喻成开汽车，这里就是假设其观点的负面成立），那么你就是开着一辆前挡风玻璃是黑的，后视镜是碎的，方向盘是坏的车（荒谬的不合理的结局）。倒过来论证货币政策不能比成开汽车。
高考英语阅读理解：5种判断推理题详尽解法 【命题特点】 这类题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的容可能是文中某一句话，也可是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理题的答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写(paraphrase)或综合。 【常见考法】 在解答推理判断题时应注意： 提问中的常见单词： infer, imply, suggest, conclude, learn, intend, mean, describe, purpose 提问中常含有表示推测的情态动词： can, could, might, would 提问中常含有表示可能性的副词或词组: probably, most likely 推理题经常使用的提问方式： 推测作者写作目的或意图的设题形式： 1) The purpose in writing this text is to __________. 2) The author writes this passage to __________. 3) The author in this passage intends to __________. 推测文章的观点或结论的设题形式： 1) It can be inferred from the passage that __________. 2) What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? 3) From the passage we can conclude that __________. 推断文章出处的设题形式： 1)The passage is most likely to be taken from_________. 2)Where would this passage most probably appear? 3)The passage is most likely a part of_________. 解题思路 判定推理是一种创造性的思维活动，但它并非无章可循。 推理判定题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正涵。 ①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础; ②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表入里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判定等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。 ③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点; ④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。
如何做高考英语阅读理解推断题 高考英语阅读理解中的推断题，要求考生在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，同学们要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。根据近几年高考英语推断题的考查情况，本文拟就对隐含意义的推断、作者观点的推断、写作目的推断以及材料出处的推断等四种典型的推断题类型进行分析，以帮助同学们熟练应对。 一、如何推断隐含意义 1．推断隐含意义的提问方式 It can be inferred from the text that______. According to…, we can infer that______. From the text we know that …is most likely_______. When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is_______ . The writer suggests that______. The story implies that___________. We can infer [conclude] from the passage that______________. 这类题干中通常常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude, intend, purpose, be likely to…等标志性词语。2. 干扰项的设置特点在通常情况下，这类试题的干扰项具有以下特点：或是文章中直接用于表达细节的信息，或是文章中无关紧要或片面推出的结论，或是与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理或不合逻辑的结论等。3. 答题误区同学们在做类题目时，很容易误选文段中直接用于表达信息的选项或表示片面结论的选项。4. 技巧点拨一是要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。二是要忠实原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断。三是注意不要选择表层信息答案，应该立足由已知推断未知。 实例分析（江西卷） A stronger argument comes from research into school results. Girls grow up
Reading Comprehension —how to make inferences By Sun Yunping Gaoyou City No.1 Middle School Teaching aim: To i mprove the students’ ability of make inferences Teaching difficult point: How to improve the students’ ability of doing task-based reading Teaching aid: Multimedia Teaching procedures: Step One: Lead-in Have a free talk with students and find out the difficulty that they have in doing reading Comprehension. 1.How much time do you usually spend on this exam item? 2. 解读20XX年高考大纲中关于阅读理解的要求 要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。考生应能： １、理解语篇主旨要义； ２、理解文中具体信息； ３、根据上下文推断生词的词义； ４、作出简单判断和理解； ５、理解文章的基本结构； ６、理解作者的意图和态度; 7 、根据所读，用恰当的词语补全文章提纲、概括关键内容或作关键词词语转换。3．How many question types are there in this exam item? 事实细节型；词义猜测型；主旨大意型；推理判断型 Step Two: Finding out ways Give students a sample and then help them get the relative ways to solve each question type. Then let them do some practice. 1).How to infer the implied meanings(推断隐含意义) 【Sample】 It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you don’t turn it back over, all the sea animals under it or clinging to（依附）the underside will die. You can tell that rocks ________.(B) A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animals C. won’t be found on beaches D. can’t be found on beaches
高一英语阅读理解 判断推断语义. (1) 语境中理解单词(旧词新义). 短语和句子的含义. (2) 语境中推段文章隐含意思和作者的态度和观点. (1)For the first 19 months of her life Helen Keller was able to see and hear. But then a sickness (疾病)struck. She became completely blind and deaf. For the rest or her life she was never able to see or hear. And the sickness struck when she was a baby before she learned to talk. Her world was totally dark and silent. For the first seven years of her life she was almost like a wild animal. Her mother and father could not control(控制) her. She screamed(尖声叫喊) and kicked and struggled and cried. Finally her parents sent for a teacher. Her name was Ann Sullivan. She herself had once been blind. She quickly saw that first she had to teach Helen how to obey and how to control her anger. She spelt out words in Helen’s hand. Helen couldn’t see or hear so she learned by touching and feeling. She learned to read books in Braille(盲字). Helen also learned foreign language: French, German, Latin and Greek. She learned to write and to speak. She could ride a horse, swim, row a boat, climb trees. She went to college and Ann Sullivan went with her. With Miss Sullivan’s help, Helen Keller finished college with high honor. She became a teacher, writer and lecturer. Her life is an inspiration(激励), not just to the blind and the deaf but to people everywhere. 1.Helen Keller was able to see and hear only for ______months. A. nine B. ninety C. nineteen D. ninth 2.For the first seven years of her life, Helen was almost like “a wild animal” this sentence means_____ A. she was a very naughty girl B. she lived with animals for a long time