The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期
Beowulf 《贝奥武夫》：第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集，描写了各行各业中的人物形象
Italy 三方面：painting+sculputre+literature
主要作家：
William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚
The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
（1）手法：pun 双关（“Not on thy sole,but on thy soul,harsh Jew /Thou mak ’st thy knife keen.”“狠心的犹太人,你不是在鞋口上磨刀,而是在你的心口上磨刀”）
（2）主人公名字：安东尼奥Antonio 巴萨尼奥Bassanio 鲍西亚Portia 犹太人Jews 夏洛克Shylock 生平2long poems 154sonnets
38plays
Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯与安东尼斯》
The Rape of Lucrece 《鲁克丽丝受辱记》
四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》
As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》
Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》
The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》
Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》
（1）手法：soliloquy 独白（“To be,or not to be —that is the
question ”）
（2）The first and the most popular play of Shakespeare
十四行诗（18）
（1）起源Italy
引入英国的人Wyatt 华埃特
（2）经典名句：“Shall I compare thee to a summer ’s day?”我
可能把你和夏天相比拟？
（3）修辞：Personification 拟人手法
（4）主题：美好夏日通常短暂，但诗歌之美却能永存。
A nice summer's day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can
last forever 四大悲剧哈罗李白Macbeth 《麦克白》
King Lear 《李尔王》Othello 《奥赛罗》
Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》
四
个
时
期学徒期：5部历史剧、4部戏剧个性期巅峰期：悲剧、悲喜剧（黑色喜剧）
晚年期
5部历史、6部喜剧
剧2部悲剧：Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》表达乐观情绪：optimistic 运用反讽刺手法：irony 浪漫悲喜剧：The Tempest 《暴风雨》
最后两部剧：《亨利八世》、《两位贵族亲戚》
?John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿
失乐园Paradise Lost
（1）关键人物：Santan(撒旦)Adam(亚当)Eve(夏娃)
（2）灵感来源：the Old Testament 旧约
（3）主题：“人类的沉沦”——Fall of Man
Christian humanism 基督教人文主义
Samson Agonistes 力士参孙
灵感来源：古希腊悲剧Greek
其他作家
●斯宾塞Edmund Spenser
（1）作品：仙后（The Faerie Queene ）
（2）情节：chivalry 骑士精神（骑士公主打恶龙）
（3）选段提问：骑士胸前有血十字，代表垂死的主dying lord ——
耶稣Jesus
●马洛Christopher Marlowe
（1）作品：The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士的悲
剧
（2）情节：浮士德博士用灵魂从魔鬼手中换取24年时间。—
—Time
（3）作品：The Passionate shepherd to His Love 激情的牧人致心
爱的姑娘
（4）关键词：shepherd 牧羊人Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》
晚期：写巨作（写神明）
great poems 生平Paradise regained 《复乐园》
早期：要写诗（没故事）Lycidas 《利西达斯》
中期：写册子（搞革命）Areopagitica 《论出版自由》
Paradise Lost 《失乐园》
●培根Francis Bacon
（1）作品：Novum Organum新工具
（2）特点：拉丁文书写Latin讲述方法论Methodology
（3）作品：Of Studies论学习
（4）选段关键词：Reading Books
●邓恩John Donne
（1）玄学派诗歌Metaphysical Poetry
（2）作品：Death,Be Not Proud死神，你休要得意
The Neoclassical Period新古典时期
1.The Neoclassical Period新古典主义时期
18th Century——Reason
从英王查理二世复辟开始到浪漫主义时期为止。
中间发生了大火灾（Fire）和瘟疫（Plague）。
英国中产阶级笃信self-reliance自力更生self-restraint自我克制hard work努力工作。
2.启蒙运动the enlightenment
France→the whole Europe
reason equality and science
3.新古典主义规定散文要精确，直接，灵活和流畅。
being precise
being direct
being flexible
4.新古典主义时期末期出现的新小说形式：Gothic Novels哥特式小
说（内容恐怖、暴力）
主要作家：
?Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福
(1)写了很多政治小册子
《成为异教徒的捷径》The Shortest Way with the Dissenters（身陷囹吾）
《地地道道的英国人》The True-born Englishman（成为国王的好朋友friendship with the king）
鲁滨逊漂流记Robinson Crusoe national spirit---adventure story
（1）特点：第一人称
（2）主人公形象：typical English middle -class man+prototype of the
empire builder or the pioneer colonist.典型的十八世纪英国中产阶级
人士，也是帝国建造者或先驱殖民者的原型
故事简介：
(1)出海：on sail
(2)遇到海难帆船：perils of the sea
(3)漂至一片孤岛：floating to an islet
(4)从此在岛上挣扎生存了24年：since then,he has struggled for 24
years on the islet
(5)救了星期五：saved Friday
(6)最后获救返回英国：finally rescused and returned to England
(7)种植园发家致富：plantations grow rich
Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特
特点：讽刺satire 爱尔兰民族英雄——抵制copper coin 写作特点：a good style as proper words in proper places 在恰当的地
方使用恰当的语言
作品Robinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》
描写大瘟疫的作品：A Journal of the Plague Year 《大疫年日记》
底层人士故事Lover class people
作品The Battle of the Books 《书籍的战斗》
A Tale of a Tub 《桶的故事》小说Colonel Jack 《杰克上校》
Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰》
Roxana 《罗克查娜》讽刺巨作a perfect model ：A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》
针对腐败的两片讽刺文章
讽刺宗教和学术界
Drapier （假名）——copper coin 1724?Henry Fielding 亨利·菲尔丁aristocratic 旧贵族家庭
1.生平the father of English Novels 英国小说之父
（1）26plays
（2）他对文学的最大贡献是他创作的现实主义小说modern novel
（3）为现代小说确立了结构与风格the first to give the modern
novel its structure and style 散文喜剧史诗comic epic in prose
（4）第三人称叙述方式
Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》
（1）每一卷第一章是一篇独立散文，大都是文论性质，阐述作者
对现实主义文学的见解
（2）菲尔丁被誉为“散文荷马”Prose Homer
其他作家
●班扬John Bunyan
天路历程The Pilgrim's Progress
Christian,Faithful and Pliable are the literary figures in it
●蒲伯Alexander Pope rationalism 理性主义第一个传入英国
The Dunciad 愚人志
An Essay On Man 《说教师》运用Heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Pasquin 《巴斯昆》
Houyhnhnms 慧烟国
Flying Island 飞岛国
Brobdingnag 大人国
Lilliput 小人国
The History of Amelia 《阿米亚的故事》:unfortunate life of an
idealized woman
Gulliver's Travels 格列佛游记greatest satiric
The Tragedy of Tragedies 《悲剧的悲剧》
Tom Jones 《汤姆·琼斯》
作品The Coffee-House Politician 《咖啡馆的政客》
The Romantic Period 浪漫时期
(1)
开始于1798华兹华斯和柯勒律治《抒情歌谣集》。结束于1832沃尔特·司各特去世及议会第一个提案通过。(2)
In the Romantic period,poetry is the most prosperous literary form.浪漫主义时期，诗歌是最繁荣的文学形式。(3)
A rebellion against the neoclassical literature,which was later regarded as the poetic revolution 反对新古典主义的运动被称为诗界革命。(4)
To Romanticists,poetry is an expression of an individual 's feeling and expressions 对于浪漫主义者来说，诗歌是个人情感和经历的表达(5)
英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表：柯勒律治+华兹华斯Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth (6)英国浪漫主义运动中湖畔诗人Lake Poets ：华兹华斯、柯尔律治和罗伯特·索西
Robert Southey,Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth
主要作家：
William Blake 布莱克
Poet and engraver 布莱克一生既是诗人也是雕刻师
At the age of 12he began writing poetry.(1)《诗歌札记》Poetical Sketches.——Joy,laughter,love and harmony (4)《天堂与地狱联姻》Marriage of Heaven and Hell ——during the climax of the French Revolution
marks his entry into maturity 标志布莱克创作上的成熟
satire and a prophecy 讽喻+预言
the relationship of the contraries 生活就是不断的对立冲突
(3)《经验之歌》Song of Experience ——充满悲伤，贫穷，疾病，战争与压迫的世界Misery ，poverty,disease,war and repression
Tyger 老虎
(2)《天真之歌》Song of Innocence ——快乐温暖happy and innocent world
作品
特点：carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning 美
丽+深渊的内涵
?William Wordsworth 华兹华斯
Lake Poets 湖畔诗人领袖worshipper of nature 大自然的膜拜者
主题：human life +nature
?Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱The Prelude 《序曲》
最伟大的作品most famous poem Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗米修斯》希腊神话诗剧Greek
晚期：意大利浪漫的革命
Italian Romantic Revolution
作品Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》生活主题表达平凡人
早期：浪漫romantic
Men of England 《英格兰人之诗》——greatest political lyrics
The Solitary Reaper 《孤独的割麦女》
中期：革命revolution
作品Ode to the West Wind 《西风颂》抒情诗——best of all the Romantic
well-know lyrics (If winter comes,can spring be far behind?)I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud 《我如行云独自游》
The Cloud 《云》
?Jane Austen奥斯汀
主题：love+marriage
Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》2姐妹
Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》5姐妹bennet--snobbish and vulgar 作品
Emma《爱玛》
Persuasion《劝告》
Personal relationship、the late18th century、landed gentry families
The Victorian Period维多利亚时期
●宪章运动The Chartist Movement
(1)The first mass movement of the English working class and the early
sign of the awakening of the poor,oppressed people is The Chartist
Movement.
世界上第一次群众性的、政治性的无产阶级革命运动。同时也是英国
工人阶级的第一次群众运动和被压迫人民觉醒的早期迹象。
(2)In the Victorian Period novel became the most widely read and the
most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.
在维多利亚时期，小说成为阅读最广泛和进步思想最重要和最具挑
战性的表达。
(3)A typical feature of the English Victorian literature is that writers
became social and moral critics,exposing all kinds of social evils..
英国维多利亚时期的一个典型特征是当时的作家都变成了社会和道德批评家，揭露当时各种社会丑恶现象。
(4)The Victoria Age was largely an age of critical realism,eminently
represented by Dickens and Thackeray.
主要作家：
Charles Dickens狄更斯
1.狄更斯是维多利亚时期伟大的批判现实主义作家
Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.
2.讲故事的能力
Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.
对人物的塑造
Dickens is famous for the depiction of those horrible and grotesque characters like Fagin,Bill Sikes,and Quilp.
Dickens is also good at describe kind and innocent children in his books.幽默+哀伤
Charles Dickens’works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club《匹克威克外传》——成
名作the first novel made him famous
Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》
A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》批判上层阶级
作品
Great Expectations《远大前程》
Little Dorrit《小多利特》criticism---governmental branches
Hard Times《艰难时世》criticism---Utilitarian principle
（English education system+young minds）
a.Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》London底层人民
描写了十九世纪社会底层人民的生活。
反应当时丧失人性的济贫院体系和黑社会犯罪
workhouse济贫院underworld黑社会
Oliver——the first children hero批判上层阶级
b.A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》
It present a criticism of the nobility.
Paris——London
The Bronte Sisters勃朗特姐妹
主题：
(1)个人为实现自我价值而奋斗
Struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization.
(2)孤独而卑微的少女对爱情和幸福的渴求
Lonely and neglected young woman with a fiercr longing for
love,understanding and a full,happy life.
(3)人生是由罪与德、善与恶的斗争构成的Man’s life is composed of battle between sin and virtue,good and evil. Thomas Hardy 哈代Villette 《维莱特》——the most autobiographical work in Brussel Jane Eyre 《简爱》——the first governess heroine Sharp criticism of the existing society Jane Eyre 简爱Rochester 罗切斯特Emily ——Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》
艾米丽·布朗蒂
Anne ——Agones Grey 《艾格尼斯·格雷》
安妮·布朗蒂
批判现实作家
Critical realist writer
Charlotte 夏洛特·布朗蒂自然主义作家
Naturalistic writer
晚期
三姐妹
及相关
作品早期
The Return of the Native 《还乡》
Eustacia
The Trumpet Major 《号兵长》
The Woodlanders 《林地居民》
Jude the Obscure 《无名的裘德》Mayor of Casterbridge 《卡斯特桥市长》
Tess of the D ’Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》小说
批判社会道德morality Novels of character and environment
Under the Greenwood Tree （most cheerful ）《绿荫下》诗
环境environment
性格/人物character 作品作品特点
揭露传统与现代冲突Expose the conflict between tradition and modernity
The Modern Period
现代主义从各方面看都是对现实主义的反叛。它排斥现实主义的理论基础-理性主义。
Modernism is,in many aspects,a reaction against realism.It rejects rationalism which is the theoretical base of realism.
作家：
George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳
1.剧作家playwright剧评论家drama critic
2.关于革命
（1）萧伯纳在实现社会主义目标的过程中，反对暴力革命或武装斗争的手段。
George Bernard Shaw was against the means of violent revolution or armed struggle in achieving the goal of socialism.
（2）萧伯纳认为只有那些优秀的人才有能力对抗资本家。George Bernard Shaw held that only those superior intellects could have the ability to fight against capitalists.
（3）萧伯纳不信任在与资本家的斗争中没有受过教育的工人阶级。George Bernard Shaw had a distrust of the uneducated working class in fighting against capitalists.
Too True to Be Good 《难以置信》
Man and Superman 《人与超人》
Back to Methuselah 《回到马修撒拉时代》Mrs.Warren 's Profession 《华伦夫人的职业》
Life force 生命
的力量Equal to god
Pygmalion 《皮格马利翁》
戏剧
晚期早期Candida 《康蒂妲》——established his position as the
leading playwright of his time 奠定了他剧本创作人的地位
Widowers'Houses 《鳏夫的房产》——a grotesquely realistic
exposure of slum landlordism （标志戏剧生涯开始）
St.Joan 《圣女贞德》
Caesar and Cleopatra 《凯撒和克里奥帕特拉》
历史剧
华伦夫人的职业Mrs.Warren ’s Profession
the most important comedy （1）华伦夫人的职业是卖淫Prostitution 卖淫
（2）女儿Vivie 在思想、抱负和哲学方面都不落俗套Vivie is unconventional in regards with the thought,ambition and philosophy.
（3）深刻揭露了对女性经济压迫的残酷现实A grotesquely realistic exposure of the economic oppression of women
作品特点：inversion 颠覆传统
Indignation 愤怒作品
?John Galsworthy高尔斯华绥conventional writer、critical realism 主题：politics
1.代表作：弗兰塞特小说三部曲：Forsyte Trilogies
2.“一个典型的福塞特人是一个有强烈的财产感的人，他从不关心别人的感情”:A typical Forsyte is a man with a strong sense of property, who never pays any attention to human feelings.
?William Butler Yeats叶芝
1.20世纪爱尔兰文艺复兴运动的领导人
The leader of the Irish National Theater Movement in the early20th century
2.关于民族矛盾
（1）W.B.Yeats是一个温和的民族主义者，当然他有民族自豪感和对英国压迫的憎恨。
Yeats was a moderate nationalist,who surely had his national pride and his hatred for English oppression.
（2）W.B.Yeats从来不热衷于暴力行动，也不推崇为国家事业而采取的英勇的集体行
动。
He never showed any enthusiasm towards the violent,heroic mass actions taken by the people for their national cause.
3.关于文学和信仰
（1）W.B.Yeats认为文学本身并不是目的，而是信念的表达和高尚情感的体现。
Yeats came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion.
（2）W.B.Yeats认为历史和命运，遵循一个周期性的螺旋模式，由长周期组成，在不同的层次上不断循环往复。
He believed that history,and life,followed a circular,spiral pattern consisting of long cycles which repeated themselves over and over on different levels.
（3）由于不满足于任何一个已建立的宗教机构的教条，W.B.Yeats 为自己建立了一个神秘的信仰体系。
Not content with any dogma in any of the established religious institutions,W.B.Yeats built up for himself a mystical system of beliefs.
?T.S.Eliot 艾略特出生在美国的英国作家
1.作品主题：死death
2.诺贝尔奖the Nobel Prize ：1948
3.代表作
（1）大教堂谋杀案Murder in the Cathedral —verse drama 最好诗句
（2）荒原The Waste Land
①主题theme
The theme of The Waste Land:The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning,significance and purpose.The poem has developed a whole set of historical,cultural and religious themes;but it is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society.
? https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c12240317.html,wrence 劳伦斯
作品特点：心理描写psychological description 中产阶级母亲Mrs.Morel （蔑视丈夫merely contemptuous ）
工人父亲Water Morel
男主：Paul ——sensitive
Aaron's Rod 《亚伦的手杖》
描绘了一个为了确保自己的人格的完整试图从妻子和孩子身边逃离的男人a man attempting to save his integrity by running away from his wife and children Lady Chatterley ’s Lover 《查泰莱夫人的情人》
Women in Love 《恋爱中的女人》——well structed
2姐妹。结构最细腻主人公：Ursula Brangwen and Gudrun
The Rainbow 《虹》
Sons and Lovers
《儿子与情人》母亲——教师——高雅
家庭阴影——多愁善感+心思细腻
作品
父亲——旷工——粗俗
乔伊斯James Joyce
代表作：小说集《都柏林人》Dubliners 内含15篇
最著名的一篇：阿拉比Araby
英 美 文 学 选 读 论 文 《傲慢与偏见》的女性 叙事视角解读 姓名： 班级： 学号：
《傲慢与偏见》的女性叙事视角解读 摘要: 奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中，通过在全知视角下具有限制性的叙述模式向我们展示了灰姑娘的浪漫爱情故事，描绘出作者所处时代的社会道德风貌，表达了作者的女性抗争意识及对当时社会婚姻观的批判。 关键词: 全知视角;有限视角 在奥斯丁的著作中，《傲慢与偏见》一直深受读者的喜爱，并经受住了时间的考验，成为文学史上不休的名著。剖析其原因，发现这与奥斯丁高超的叙事技巧是分不开的。自小说发表以来，其叙述技巧引起了广泛的评论，纵观其评论，发现对其独特的女性视角分析还是不够。在这部小说中，奥斯丁颠覆了以往男权统治下的话语权，采用了全知视角下，从女性的有限视角展示故事，从女性的角度来描写生活，并首次让小说中的女性形象第一次成为真正意义上的主角，让女性有了话语权。因而，从女性视角这一角度对小说进行解读，对于理解和把握作品具有重要的意义。申丹曾指出：叙事者的性别不同，往往会对叙事模式及其意义产生影响。把性别和视角结合在一起的女性视角是指从性别入手来审视人类的文化遗产和文化创造的一种批评观念和批评角度。本文将从女性叙事视角对小说进行解读，发掘其对于展现女性意识的意义。 叙事视角，在文学作品中是指作品叙述者或者人物从什么角度观
察故事。从小说的整体来说，奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中选择了全知视角，如在交代故事背景，人物首次出场以及在每章节中奥斯丁看似无意的评述。例如：小说的第一章第一句话就是通过贝内特太太总括式的议论“有钱的单身汉总是要娶位太太，这是一条公认的真理。”使读者顷刻间就能识别人物形象。贝内特太太在全知叙述视角下，是作为被叙述对象而存在，她的那句总括式议论，与作者的价值信念是完全不同的，因而造成了读者与她的距离，读者高高在上地评判着贝内特太太，笑她的迂腐和无知。但是正是这一人物形象，却揭露了当时社会上普遍流行的婚姻价值观，正是因为当时流行的婚恋观所以贝内特太太才把嫁女儿当作自己的人生大事，读者在嘲讽贝内特太太的同时也了解了整个社会背景，实际上读者对贝内特太太的疏离也拉近了读者和隐含作者的距离，从而拉近了读者和女主人公的距离。在全知视角的应用方面还可以从小说的第二十二章中，作者那一段心酸讽刺的话语评价了夏绿蒂的婚姻看出。“大凡家境不好而又受过相当教育的青年女子，总是把结婚当作仅有的一条体面的退路。尽管结婚并不一定会叫人幸福，但总算给自己安排了一条最可靠的储藏室，日后可以不致挨冻受饥。”这句话揭示出了当时女子在婚姻方面的被动局面，在男权社会里，女性一直处于附属地位，婚姻是两个门当户对家庭的结合，爱情的有无处于次要地位。对于女性来说，她在婚姻市场的卖点取决于她能够带来的嫁妆，像夏绿蒂这样没有嫁妆的女性，在当时只有两条路可走，一条是做家庭教师，另一条就是抓住婚姻，所以当迂腐的柯林斯向她求婚时她爽快地答应了，这在夏绿蒂看来似乎
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英美文学选读试题 课程代码：00604 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. 1. Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ______ plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems. A. 27 B. 38 C.47 D. 52 2. john Milton’s literary achievement can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last ______. A. romances B. dramas C. great poems D. ballads 3. The novels of ______ are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower— class people. A. John Milton B. Daniel Defoe C. Henry Fielding D. Jonathan Swift
要通过《英美文学选读》这门课考试，不是考前“冲刺”一类的短训能奏效的。这门课难就难在它的阅读量很大，它包括英国和美国的诸多作家的诸多作品，而每一部作品就是一部书。现行统一教材在作家和作品的选取方面尽管已经是精而又精了，但还是不得不采用节选的办法来压缩篇幅。即便如此，为了更好地理解作品，考生还不得不在对整部作品了解的基础上，在教师指导下反复阅读节选，才能对节选部分的内容以及思想有较好的理解。不过文学阅读也有规律可循。下面的文字就“选读”课的性质、阅读时读取什么信息、现行试题各个部分的考查点是什么、如何回答简单论述题等问题，给考生一点提示，希望能对考生学习、复习《英美文学选读》课提供一些帮助。 第一部分《英美文学选读》课的性质 一、《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品顾名思义，“英美文学选读”是有选择地阅读英美文学史上有影响作家的重要作品，熟知作品内容，了解大多数批评家和读者已经接受的对这些作品主题的表述，并能从作品中找到、列举出证明这些表述的细节。这样的定义里有三个要注意的问题。一是作品内容，二是作品里的细节，三是节作品主题。三个同等重要，学习者不能只取其一。以小说为例，所谓作品内容，是指情节(plot)、场景(setting)、人物(characters)、语气(tone)、以及语言(style)。情节是指故事里所展示的事件和这些事件按作家意愿有序的安排，如事件发生的背景、事件中涉及的人物、事件本身(即冲突)、以及解决冲突的办法和结果。情节就是故事；没有情节就没有故事；熟知情节是理解文学作品，特别是小说和戏剧的第一、也是不可缺少的一步。不掌握故事情节，对作品进行深入分析就无从谈起。有故事当然就有人，对人物的分析是对作品分析的核心。语气是指作者在他／她刻画人物、安排情节、描写场景时所持的态度，而作者的态度直接影响我们对作品思想的理解。作者要表达自己对人物、事件的态度，只有通过文字才能与读者交流，而不同的作家使用语言的风格(style)是不一样的。如果掌握了以上内容，就掌握了细节，之所以把细节单列出来，是因为多数考生只记得大概情节，考试中不能用具体的细节进行人物或思想分析、评述，空话太多。劳伦斯小说《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lovers)里，成年的保罗是如何仍然生活在他母亲的掌控之下的细节，是分析这部作品里的人物和主题的关键，不能引用相关细节作为根据，分析就失去了基础。阅读文学作品一定要在一般性的了解情节的基础上，尽量记一些细节，细节显示考生对作品的熟悉程度。主题是对作品思想的高度概括。教材里作家作品概述和作品简介(斜体部分)，对作品主题已有简明准确的表述，考生不可不读。对这些表述的理解，又是以考生对作品内容、细节的掌握为基础的。作品内容、细节、主题是考生学习的重点。 两点说明： (一)这里我们姑且不讨论新批评对作者和作品关系的观点，也不去讨论接受美学和读者反映理论，本科阶段没有开设文学批评理论课，没有必要进行那样的讨论，教师也不要引入类似的话题，以免造成不必要的困惑。 (二)从历年考题来看，作家的生卒年月、家庭背景、接受教育情况、作品发表年代等都不在考察范围，考生不必在这些方面浪费时间。目前市场上有一些英美文学教材和辅导材料在作家生平上花费了相当的篇幅，有的甚至远远超过了对文学作品本身的介绍和分析，这类书籍对考生复习没有多大帮助。教育部组织专家编写的现行教材尽管可以再修改、完善，但它的最大好处是它给考生提供了学生最需要的作品概要和精确而恰当的分析(教材里作品前的斜体部分)，对考生从作品全貌理解文学作品很有帮助。 二、文学作品与文学史的关系关于文学作品和文学史哪个在先、以及哪个更重要的问题，我们还是留给专门的学者去争论，我们要搞清楚的是考生学习过程中应该以哪一个为重点的问题。前面讲选读课的性质时已经讲过，《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品，以往考试所包括的内容也充分说明了这一点，似乎没有争论的必要。但我们不得不考虑另一个无法回避的问题：如何对待教材中每个文学阶段前对该时期影响文学作品的经济、文化、社会、思想思
Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.
1. The 18th-century England is known as ( ) (浙0710) A. the Age of Puritanism B. the Age of Reason C. the Era of Capitalism D. the Age of Glory 2. English Enlighteners in the 18th century held ________ as the yardstick for the measurement of all human activities and relations. （一）1 A. property B. education C. emotion D. reason 3. In the Enlightenment Movement, the progressive representatives intended ______. (浙0810) A. to call the people to fight against poverty and hardship B. to tell people to economize and to accumulate wealth C. to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas D. to instruct people to obtain their present social status through hard work 4. As to education, the enlighteners thought that ______. （浙0310） A. human beings were limited, dualistic, imperfect, and not capable of rationality and perfection through education. B. universal education was unnecessary. C. if the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. D. most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. 5. Why did the enlighteners regard education the major means to improve the society and the people? ( ) (浙0710) A. Because most of the human beings were perfect themselves, so only a few needed further education. B. If the common people were well educated, there would be great chance for a democratic and equal human society. C. Because universal education was limited , dualistic, imperfect, and unnecessary. D. Because human beings were not capable of rationality and perfection through education. 6. About reason , the enlighteners thought _____. （浙0210） A. reason or rationality should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities B. reason couldn't lead to truth and justice C. superstition was above reason and rationality D. equality and science is contrary to reason and rationality 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about the tendency of ( ) A. realism B. puritanism C. neoclassicism D. romanticism 8. Which of the following statements about Neo-Classicism and Enlightenment Movement is true? A. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the
英美文学选读-阶段测评3 成绩：87.5分 一、Multiple Choice 共40 题 题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c12240317.html,wrence’s novels( )are generally regarded as his masterpieces. A、The Rainbow，Women in Love B、The Rainbow，Sons and Lovers C、Sons and Lovers，Lady Chatterley’s Lover D、Women in Love，Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P370.para2）劳伦斯的成名作是《儿子和情人》，而其代表作是《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》 标准答案：A 考生答案：A 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分 T.S.Eliot’s poem( )is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream - of -consciousness technique,also a prelude to The Waste Land. A、―Prufrock‖ B、―Gerontion‖ C、The Hollow Men D、Lyrical Ballads （P358.para3）―Gerontion‖是一部用戏剧式独白写成的诗歌，是《荒原》的前奏曲，也采用了意识流派的文风。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B
本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 3 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c12240317.html,wrence’s autobiographical novel is( ). A、The Rainbow B、Women in Love C、Sons and Lovers D、Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P369.para1）劳伦斯的作品大多都是从心理上去探求让人的本能的，同时也反映人性中最内在的东西。其作品《儿子和情人》真实地反映了自己在童年时期的家庭状况，被视为其半自传体小说。 标准答案：C 考生答案：C 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 4 本题分数:2.5 分 The typical representatives of G.B.Shaw’ s early plays are( ). A、Man and Superman，The Apple Cart B、Widowers’ House，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession C、Candida，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession D、The Apple Cart，Widowers’ House （P321-322）。萧伯纳的第一步剧作是Widowers’ House，写于1892年；第二部剧作是Mrs. Warren’ s Profession，写于1893年。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 5 本题分数:2.5 分 It was only after the publication of( )that https://www.doczj.com/doc/2c12240317.html,wrence was recognized as a prominent novelist.
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
e to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。 5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。 6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great wr iters like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defo e, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。 7. In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。 8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。 9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。 10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。 11. Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter r hymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space and action should b e strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and t ype characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要
Chapter 3 ------------The Romantic Period(英国） Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. Historical background: Rousseau’s ideas provided guiding principles for the French Revolution (1789-1794) The primarily agricultural society had been replaced by a modern industrialized one. Political reforms and mass demonstrations shook the foundation of aristocratic rule in Britain. Cultural background 1.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought, French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau and German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Rousseau established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit. Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit as manifested in German folk songs, Gothic architecture, and the plays of English playwright William Wordsworth. 2. The Romantics saw man essentially as an individual in the solitary state and emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. 3. In the works of the sentimental writers, we note a new interest in literatures and legends other than those of Greece and Rome. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. Features of the romantic literature 1.Expressiveness: Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the romantics hold that the object of the artist should be the expression of the artist’s emotions, impressions, or beliefs 2. Imagination: Romantic literature puts great emphasis on the creative function of the imagination, seeing art as a formulation of intuitive, imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact, logic, or the here and now. 3.Singularity: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical. 4. Worship of nature: Romantic poets see in nature a revelation of Truth, the “living garment of God”. 5.Simplicity: Romantic poets tend to turn to the humble people and the everyday life for subjects, employing the commonplace, the natural and the simple as their materials 6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantic period is also a great age of prose. The major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott. Gothic novel was one phase of the Romantic Movement. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural Willam Blake Points of view: 1. Politically Blake was a rebel, mixing a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine. He strongly criticized the capitalists’cruel exploitation. He cherished great expectations and enthusiasm for the French Revolution and regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. 2. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual’s imagination. His works: Poetical Sketches (1783) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790) Songs of Innocence (1809) Songs of Experience (1794) 1. Songs of Innocence (1809)