词汇精讲笔记整理2016.4.15 词汇学习的三个重点：（1）正确的方向；（2）多样的方法；（3）科学地计划。
一、正确的方向
（一）必考词义
1. impossibly=very
It is an impossibly unpopular behavior. →这是一个非常不受欢迎的行为。
2.unseemly behavior
unseemly 不雅的=unethical 不道德的→ethical 有道德的
unseemly →decent 优雅的（反义词）礼貌的：
courtesy=decent
Eg. As a courtesy to the next passenger, may we suggest that you wipe off the wash basin.
为了方便下一个乘客，我们建议你清洁洗手池。
3.fashion v.推广fashion policy/laws
4.exceptional优秀的 = brilliant, great, well accepted → mediocre 一般、平庸
exceptional child 智障https://www.doczj.com/doc/4114635781.html,pare、
contrast、comparison
（1）compare v.比较（找出相同点）contrast v.比较（找出相同点）
（2）词性：contrast、comparison为名词
6.intelligence与intellectual
（1）intelligence n.智力；智商；情报→指“智力、智商”时特指天生的/先天的智力Central Intelligence Agency （美国）中央情报局，简称 CIA （2）
intellectual adj.有智力的n.知识分子→指后天从知识中获得的智力
intellect n.知识分子；智力
intellectualism n.知识主义→ anti-intellectualism反智主义（“智”指后天知识）☆：后缀“ism”表示“……主义；……论”
7.push n.进取；向上
passion（激情）, work（刻苦）, focus（专注）, push（强迫）, ideas（点子）, improve（精通）, serve（服务）,persist（坚持）——《Richard.St.John谈成功是趟持续的旅程》
8.weather v.克服 eg. weather financial crisis 克服金融危机
9. overlook忽视overrate 高估overestimate 评估
词汇精讲笔记整理
10.knowledge n.了解
In the times of knowledge explosion…在知识爆炸的时代（写作词汇）
eg. The habits of consumers have been recorded by the browsers without their knowledge.
browser n.浏览器without one’s knowledge 在某人不知情的情况下
11.profile high-profile = much-publicized adj.高调的（人）；引人注目
的（事）
low-profile adj.低调的
12.approach n.研究方法（=method=way）v.接近
approach study 方法论研究
13.discipline n.教训；学科；纪律 v.惩罚
14.game n.猎物
15.spell①拼写；②导致（A has spelt B A导致了B)；③咒语；④一段时间
Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1970s …尽管在 1970 年代早期有过一段乐观的时间initial 早期
optimism 乐观→ pessimism 悲观
16.edge 优势
eg. To gain competitive edge, in the times of knowledge explosion, we should have good command of … →在知识爆炸的时代，要想获得竞争优势，我们应该掌握……【写作万能句】command 掌握
17.school n.学派
Chicago School 芝加哥学派→“需了解经济学和法学的基础知识”
18.cause n.事业
great cause 伟大事业
misguided cause 误导人的事业
→ misguided误导人的（前缀“mis”意为错误；guided意为“…引导的”）
19.content内容→ delivery表达方式
20.contend主张 = believe = argue
21.suspect与doubt
suspect = believe →doubt = don’t believe
22.code规则 moral code道德准则
词汇精讲笔记整理
23.odd①古怪 = strange ；
②临时→ odd staff 临时工= low-level staff；
③几率→ eg. The odd has jumped eight folds.几率翻了8番
24.blame
（1）A blames B. A指责 B
（2）A is to blame for B原因A负面导致了结果B【例句1】That is not to say
that sth alone is to blame for the sorry state of affairs.
这并不是说某物是造成这一遗憾局面的唯一原因。【写作句】
【例句2】PM2.5 is to blame for pneumonoultramicroscpicailicovolcanoconiosis
PM2.5 导致了一种病。（考试时不需要知道这种病具体是指的什么，重点在于懂得
短语的意思以及因果关系。）
pneumon o ultra micro scpic ailico volcano coniosis
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ①pneumon表示
“肺”
③ultra表示“超越” → ultrasonic/ultrasound adj.超声的
④micro表示“微观” → Microsoft微软microeconomic微观经济
⑤scopic意为“视觉” → scope看，审视⑥silico表示“硅”
（silicon）→ silicon valley硅谷
⑦volcano n.火山⑧后缀“coniosis”和
“knoiosis”都表示“病”
【注】通常记忆单词的方法是将单词分解为字母，科学的方法是将单词按构词法分解为词根词缀。例如：appreciate意为“①欣赏；②理解（=understand）” → 前缀“ap”与前缀“ad”一样，都表示把形容词和名词变为动词；后缀“ate”通常表示词性为动词。类似的，accompany 意为“陪伴”；accelerate意为“加速”。
（3）A is blamed for B→ “A被指责为B；因为B，A被指责了”
be to blame for →原因A负面导致了结果B be
blamed for → A被指责为B；因为B，A被指责了
25.控制：curb、harness、temper（均 = control ）
temper：（内在）控制→ temper the desire of consuming 控制消费的欲望
temper → temple n.寺庙→ patriot n.爱国者
3
26.entertain v.热情款待；使有兴趣；抱着，怀有；考虑
→entertainment n.娱乐
→entertaining = interesting = funny
27.far-reaching =profound 影响深远的farfetched 牵强的
28.vulnerable adj.易受影响的；易受伤害的；易受控制的（ = susceptible）
（1）vulnerable：
vulnerable to = likely to = prone to 易于
eg. The citizens are prone to the exploitation. 平民容易被剥削。
（2）susceptible：
① A is susceptible to B.A容易受B影响
eg. The young is susceptible to the advertisement. 年轻人易受广告影响。
②A is susceptible to doing sth.A容易做某事
eg. The woman is susceptible to developing disorder when facing stress contrasting to men. 与男性相比，女性在面对压力的时候更容易形成紊乱。（developing在这里意为“形成”，disorder 意为“紊乱”）
③sb is susceptible.某人的性格很敏感
29.cover
①报道。eg. BBC covers the disaster.
②支付。eg. Your salary bravely covers the expense.你的薪水很难支付这笔费用。
bravely = hardly expense n.费用
30.assume
① = believe
② assume the responsibility承担责任（这里assume相当于shoulder）
③ assume the position of governor出任州长
【延伸】美国的立法机关与司法机关：
The Court 最高法院→ court 法院 The
Congress 国会→ congress 议会
31.buy相信（ = believe） eg.We don’t buy it. 我们不相信。
32.literature文字材料；文学read the literature of this drug 阅读药品说明书
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4114635781.html,munity 与 institution、institute
（1）community n.社区；机构；群落
eg.legal community 法律机构； the community of the elephant 象群类似的，
establishment也可以表示机构，例如：academic establishment学术机构（2）institution n.制度；机构（3）institute做
“机构”讲时相当于university
例如：Massachusetts Institute of Technology麻省理工学院（MIT）
34.anger = seething愤怒 seething anger 极端愤怒
35.eyebrow n.眉毛
（1）raise eyebrows引起舆论哗然
eg. His move raises eyebrows.
raise = abuzz →has sb abuzz使某人吃惊 eg.
This move has lawyers abuzz. 这个行为让律师觉得吃惊。
（2）low-brow低档middle-brow中档high-brow高档
36.procedure n.【医】手术，手段；过程；
eg. surgical procedure 外科手术； medical procedure=medical initiative 医学手段37.measure = initiative =resort手段
the best resort 最好手段 the last resort 最后手段
38.stand n.观点（= consideration）
eg. political stand/consideration 政治观点
39.practice n.做法
common practice of recruiting players from overseas 从海外招募球员的普通做法
40.underline v.强调；体现
a fact underlines by figurers 从人物所体现出来的事实
41.underlie v.构成……的基础（或起因）
A underlies
B A构成B的基础或原因（A是原因/基础；B是结果）
A deep faith underlies her work among refugees.
坚定的信念构成了她在难民中工作的原因/基础。
faith n.信念refugees n.难民
42.respect 的派生词
（1）respectfully adj.尊敬您的（常用于书信结尾“Respectfully yours，”respectfully相当于liming）
（2）respective adj.各自的（3）
respected idea公认的理念；真理
（4）irrespective无论
eg. This law has applied to everyone irrespective of race, creed or color, since its introduction.
本法律从制定以来就适用于所有人，不论种族，信仰或肤色。
【例句解析】race n.种族；creed n.信仰；color n.肤色；
introduction n.制定（draft v.起草，制定）
introduce sth/sb to sb 把某人/某物介绍给某人 introduce policy/law 制定政策/法律
43.symptom n.【医学】症状；→symptom=negative example n.反例；负面例子
symptom of anti-intellectualism 反智主义的反例
symptoms of abusing searching-technology 滥用搜索技术的反例（abuse v.滥用）
44.threat n.威胁
threat of A A引起的威胁（A是负面的） threat to A对于A的威胁（A是正面的）eg. the threat of monopoly 垄断引起的威胁
the threat to our society 对于社会的威胁 the threat to security 对安全的威胁
45.increase to 增加到 increase by 增加了
46.group v.分类n.一组；
47.mountain 山mountainous debt 负债累累（mountainous：巨额的；大）
48.object 及其派生词 objective、objectionable
（1）object v.反对→object to n.客体；物体；宾语
（2）objective adj.客观的（态度）（3）objectionable
adj.反感的= distasteful
→ taste原意是“吃；尝”，但taste是一个语义根据不同语境而变化的万能词，例如：taste the knowledge 学知识 taste the culture 体会文化 taste the happiness 体会幸福
objectionable music 会引人反感的音乐
【延伸：麦当劳：McDonald’s莎士比亚：Shakespeare】
方法：Thomas.L.Friedman托马斯·L·弗雷德曼（用于写作时取代I think）
49.imply v.暗示→implication n.含义，意义；结果
A carries great implication for
B A对于B意义重大，A对于B很重要
eg. Reform and Opening-up Policy, carries great implication for China’s long-term modernization process. 改革开放政策，对中国长期的现代化进程意义重大。
50.safeguard v.保护；n.保镖→ guard v.防范；保护
eg. This danger should be guarded.这个危险应该被防范。
【延伸】alarm与alert
alarm 警报；闹铃（是一种客观的提醒）
alert 警惕（是一种对主观感受的描述）→keep alert保持警惕 eg.
middle class are on the alert 中产阶级（主观）保持警惕
middle class are on the cliff中产阶级（客观）处境危险→ cliff悬崖
51.substantial程度形容词，具体意思依据语境判断
（1）This plan allows for substantial cost reduction.这个计划带来大量的/大幅的降价。
（2）The party has just lost a substantial number of seats.这个政党失去了许多/很多个席位。
52.instead与instead of
（1）instead表示句间转折,，意为“相反”；（2）instead of是句中否定
词。eg. Instead of a plan, they are about to act. （instead of = not = no）
53.analogue模拟的；类比
→ 反义：digital数字的
延伸：redundancy备份[IT]；多余；冗长
54.Triumph 凯旋门→triumph胜利
55.dispassion公正；冷静→passion热情
56.privilege特权；权利 = right = access （privilege、right、access后均接to）
→ 反义：underprivilege adj.→ underprivilege youngster家境一般的年轻人（即“屌丝”）57.elegant 优雅→elegant system 完美的系统
58.embrace 拥抱→embrace new policy 接受新政策embrace innovation 相信创新
59.technology 表示“技术”，technique 表示“方法”，但通常情况下二者可混用。
60.desire欲望→desirable令人满意的→undesirable令人讨厌的
61.humble 修饰人时表示“卑微的”，修饰物时按具体情况活用：
humble house 寒舍humble therapy 普通的疗法
词汇精讲笔记整理
62.advertiser与advertising通常可混用，但如果需要区分二者的不同时：advertiser指“需要做
广告的人/公司”，即广告公司的客户；advertising指“广告公司/广告商”
63.emerge v.出现；浮现emerging market新兴市场
64.controversialist n.有争议的人→controversial adj.有争议的
→ 构词法：前缀“contro-”表示“相反的”，后缀“-ist”表示“人”，词源“versial”表
示“争议的”
65.rule v.裁决；判决；作出决定；n.规则
（二）专有名词
1.汽车品牌：Mercedes-Benz 梅赛德斯-奔驰；Renault 梅洛轿车；Chrysler 克莱斯勒；Honda 本田；Toyota丰田
2.fast fashion 品牌：Uniqlo 优衣库；Gap 盖普；Zara 飒拉；Levi’s 里维斯
3.奢侈品：Prada 普拉达；Louis Vuitton 路易威登；Chanel 香奈儿；
4.杂志：（1）Wall Street Journal 华尔街日报；（2）VS news and World report 美国新闻和世界
报道；（3）The Economist经济学人；（4）Newsweek新闻周刊；（5）Harvard Business Review哈佛商业评论；（6）Business Week商业周刊；（7）Scientific American环球科学5.组织：（1）Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development 联合国经济发展合作组织，简称OECD；（2）National Academy of Science美国国家科学院，简称NAS 6.书名：Doing Our Own Thing：The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should，Like，Care
专有名词的大小学规律：介词、连词和句中的冠词首字母不大写，其余的都要大写首字母Pulizer-Prize 普利策奖 degradation 滑坡；下降；衰退7.美国政治与法律制度：（1）First Amendment 美国宪法第一修正案；（2）Construction 美国宪法；（3）electoral college选举人团；（4）Swing State摇摆州；（5）Federal Courts联邦法院；（6）state courts州法院
美国的联邦法院共有3级普通法院和6种专门法院：3级普通法院分别是：（1）United States Supreme Court（美国最高法院）；（2）District Court of Appeals （区域上述法院）；（3）United States District Court（地方法院）。6 种专门法院中，最常考的是the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit，即联邦巡回上诉法院，主管知识产权和专利。
8.经济学术语：（1）Matthew Effect 马太效应；（2）Keynes 凯恩斯；（3）inflation 通货膨胀；（4）interest rates银行利率；（5）steep learning curve陡峭的学习曲线→表示做什么事情很难
8
词汇精讲笔记整理
9.外来语：
（1）Notie Dame De Paris巴黎圣母
院；（2）vice versa反之（3）i.e.解释
说明，等于that is to say
eg. Females，i.e. girls and women.
（4）status quo n.现状→ maintain status quo（5）Seize the day.
= Carpe Diem.活好当下，抓住生命的每一天
（6）Cogito ergo sum.我思故我在（笛卡尔）即“I think, therefore, I
here.” （7）VE RI TAS真理= truth
（8）Veni Vidi Vici我来了，我见到了，我征服了——凯撒（Caesar）
二、必考短语
1.sort out 解决
2.At the end of the day. 说到底
3.to the letter 严
格，不折不扣地
→ eg. Now，carry out my order to the letter.现在，严格执行我的命
令。 4.side with 支持 = back → on the side = by the way 顺便
5.continuing along this path这样一来【写作】
6.check and balance 制衡
2013 年第 40 题：check the power of the president = limit the power of the White
House 7.fair play 公平竞争 8.Pink Slip 解雇通知单→通常联想到失业 9.up in the air
悬而未决 10.silver lining 一线希望/一线生机 11.in effect = actually 实际上
to the effect 大概含义→The idea to the effects that +同位语从句【写作】
12.guts to crack the nuts 克服困难的勇气 13.all walks of life 各行各业
14.wield the power 行使权力 wield the influence 施加影响
15.swear at 咒骂 16.jet lag 时差17.replace、trade、substitute：A代替了B/用B换来A（A在手中）的表达——（1）A replaces B. （2）B is replaced by A.（3）sb. trades B for A.（4）sb. Substitutes A for B.（5）A is substitute for B.
18.more often than not = often
eg. He more often than not comes here.
词汇精讲笔记整理
19.but all too = very
eg. The decline of telephone is but all to natural in the development of modern communication. 20.in the wake of 随着随着B，A出现了（B前A后）的表达：（1）A emerges in the wake of B.（2）A follows B.（3）
A tracks the emergence of B.（4）A rises，following in the wake of B.（5）A rises in the company of B.（6）A owes it emergence to B.
21.with it 随之（it 代指之前的一个事物或者依据句子，在阅读中通常将其之间删除）
eg. This move brings with it the greater rewards.
22.obliged：（1）be obliged to do sth 有责任做某事（2）be obliged to sb/sth 感谢某人/感念某物
23.relieve：
（1）The legislation/law will relieve us of the disaster.
（2）We will get compensation when facing disaster through lawsuit.
relieve sb of sth 使某人免受某事p.s. 减轻的另一个表达是：lessen
24.Put it another way. = Put another way. 换句话说25.Preside over 主持
26.Subscribe to 同意；认可27.harsh reality 残酷的事实
28.a long shot 机会不大29.shell out 支付
30.other than 除了
In China. = In no country other than China. I = No one other than I.
31.Tit for tat 针锋相对/零和博弈→ game theary博弈论
32.long before ：早在……之前；before long ：不久（= soon）
33.perfect competition 完全竞争市场 perfect storm 惊涛骇浪
34.industriousness and thrift 勤俭
35.Time was when…. Now，…曾经……。现在……。【写作】
Eg. Time was when firms modeled themselves on（模仿） armed forces. Now , many model themselves on learning- through- pay school.
三、同义替换
1.precision = accuracy 精确
2.faith = confidence 信念；信心
3.property = real estate 房地产
词汇精讲笔记整理
4.thinking ability = critical thinking = creative ability = innovation 思考
力 5.purchasing power of income 收入的购买力
maximize the income = maximize/increase the purchasing power of
income maximize your bedroom = fully use the space of your house
6.popular culture = common culture 普通文化
7.reasoning = logical thinking = thought
8.mind = people = individual
9.entail = make = cause = render =underline
10.visualize = imagine = conceive = envision
11.unfocused article = free theme 主题多样的
free：sugar-free 无糖口香糖；fat-free milk 脱脂牛奶；care-free 无忧无虑的
12.chronic and repeated = durable and frequent 慢性的和重复的
13.field = domain = area = sphere = category 领域
14.reshape = remade = remold
15.frame = body 框架
16.literally = actually = virtually = in effect
17.grasp = command = understanding =
mastery 18.fame = distinction
19.mechanical = unchanged；dynamic = changeable；change =
modify 20.nurture = made =cognitive 后天的
nature = born = intuitive = innate先天的
四、科学规划
记忆包括记（memorize）和忆（remember）两部分。建议每天记忆单词3个30分钟，分别是早晨起床后的30分钟、中午起床后30分钟和晚上睡觉前的30分钟。每次记忆25个单
词，每天75个单词。时间分配：前25分钟以1分钟/个的速度浏览单词，然后休息2分钟，
最后3分钟回看前面的25个单词。每个月坚持21天可把单词书看一遍，考试之前至少看完5 遍。
单词总结 Bet 1.bet (sth) (on/against sth ) to risk money on a race or an event by trying to predict the result 下赌注（于）用…..打赌 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4114635781.html,ed to say that you are almost certain that sth is true or that sth will happen 敢说八成二 词语扩展 I’ll bet 1．（表示理解）有同感当然 2．（表示不相信对方的话） e.g: “I’m going to tell her what I think of her.” “Yeah. I’ll bet.” I wouldn’t bet on it/don’t bet on it. 不大可能 e.g:”she’ll soon get used to the idea.” “I wouldn’t bet on it!”(很难说) You bet中文解释的确当然 e.g:”are you nervous?” “you bet!”(这还有说) You can bet your life/your bottom dollar （on sth/(that)…..）中文解释肯定毫无疑问 e.g: you can bet your bottom dollar that he’ll be late.（他肯定会迟到） Peer Noun 1. a person who is the same age r who has the same social status as you 身份或地位相同的人同龄人同辈 2. (in Britain) a member of the NOBILITY 英国的贵族成员 Verb (~+adv/prep) to look closely or carefully at sth ,especially when you can not see it clearly.仔细端详 Spectacle 1.spectacles 相当于glasses 2. a performance or a event that is very impressive and exciting to look at 精彩的表演，壮 观的场面 3. a sight or a view that is very impressive to look at 壮观的景象 4.an unusual or surprising sight or situation that attract a lot of attention. 奇特的景象出 人意料之外的情况 词语扩展 Make a spectacle of yourself to draw attention of yourself by behaving or dressing in a ridiculous way in public 出洋相出丑
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
1。词汇学是以语言中的词和词汇作为研究对象的一门学科。 2。词的意义的体现，则有事物、思维和语言结构三者。因而词的基本分类，则有客体、特征、状态和代替之别。据此研究，一在抓词的理据；二在抓词的变化，考察哪些意义变化引起哪些形式变化和哪些形式变化引起哪些意义变化。即通过词的结构分析，串连语音、形态、语义的内在联系和词义系统相符的名词，确定词与词间的语源关系，从而寻求词根及其衍化轨迹。现代词汇学的研究，不能再墨守传统训访学的方式和方法。既要由上而下地从经籍递推到大众口语，又要根据大众的词汇逆溯到它们最初的来源。这样，对词形结构的分析，词义发展的识别和语音衍化的探讨，才能有所创获。 3。对于某一发展阶段上的语言体系的描写和研究又叫共时的或静态的研究；对于语言体系及其各个组成部分在历史上的发展变化的研究又叫历时的或演化的研究。“共时性”(synchronie)和“历时 性” (diachronie)这两个概念是瑞士语言学家索绪尔(Ferdinand de Saussurel857—1913)在他的《普通语言学教程》里首先提出来的。索绪尔对“共时”和“历时”的解释是，“有关我们这门科学的静态方面的一切都是共时的，涉及演他的一切都是历时的”“共时和历时分别指一种语言状态和一种演化情况。”汉译本《普通语言学教程》，商务印书馆，1980，页119. （P2） 4。个别语言词汇学又可以分为历史词汇学和描写词汇学。前者研究语言的词汇在历史过程中的发展，后者研究在历史发展的某一阶段(一般是指现阶段)语言的词汇系统的状况和特点。自然，二者也是相互为用，不可以截然划分开来的。（P2） 5。若是研究一个民族的古代历久那就更加用得着词汇学(特别是历史词汇学)的知识。正如当代语言学家丰克 (Wilfred Funk)在《词的来源和它们的传奇故事》(Word Origin and Their Romantic Stories，1950)中所说，“词汇也象个小窗户，通过它可以熟悉一个民族的过去。”有时候在缺乏其他史料的情况下，语言材料(主要是词汇材料)就成了研究古代历史上某一个问题的重要依据甚至是唯一依据。（P7） 6。把语言材料应用于古代历史的研，在西方创始于德国语言学家雅各·格林(Jakob Grimml785—1863)。他的著名论点是：“我们的语言也就是我们的历史。”（J。Grimm：《K1einere Schriften》 (小品集)第1册，1864，页290.转引自阿巴耶夫：《语言史和民族史》，《民族问题译丛》1957年第12期，页13。）（P7） 7。分别来说历史词汇学的知识能够帮助解决古代民族史上如下三方面的问题：1)民族起源，即一个民族的起源和形成过程如何，它跟哪些别的民族有亲属关系；2)民族文化历史，即一个民族在各个历史阶段上的文化水平及其主要特点如何；3)民族间互相交往和影响，即一个民族在历史上跟哪些别的民族发生过关系，它受到过它们哪些影响，又对它们有过哪些影响。 解决头一个问题主要依靠基本词汇的材料，而解决后两个问题就还要利用一般词汇的捞料，因为一个民族的物质生活和精神生活的特点及变化都会在语言的词汇中留下它们的痕迹。（P8） 8。总括词的语言外部联系和语言内部联系两个方面，就可以看出一种语言的词汇是在历史上形成并不断发展的社会现象，它本身构成一个完整的体系；词和词之间、词和语言的其他要素之间以及词和客观现实之间都存在着不可分割的多种多样的联系。P14
3. conversion Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another. Since the words that are made do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. ? Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. ? Conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning it originally carried. ?1). Conversion to nounss ?Deverbal. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways according to Quirk et al: ?State (of mind or sensation) doubt the state of doubting want what is wanted desire, love , hate , smell, taste b. Event or activity search the activity of searching laugh the act of laughing attempt, hit, release, swim, shut-down,etc c. Result of the action catch what is caught find what is found reject , buy, hand-out, answer , bet d. Doer of the action help one who helps cheat one who cheats Bore, coach, scold, stand-in(替代) e. Tool or instrument to do the action with cover used to cover something wrape used to wrap something cure, paper, etc. f. Place of the action Pass where one has to pass Walk a place for walking Divide , turn, drive, lay-down ? Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have, take, make. Give; e.g. to have a look ? words like hand-out, stand-by, are converted from phrasal
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
Motivation of words分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,) Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. 3.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions 4.What are the characteristics of antonyms? 1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 5.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning 6.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes 7.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy). 8.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less 9.Definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was
高分作文标志 1、是否长短句交叉； 2、用词是否恰当，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词； 3、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项： 1.适当用被动代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. )举个经典结 尾It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. Thus， its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. 2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词， 助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说：Other individuals, however, take the attitude that … 3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的代替太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable代替proper, approaches代替ways, implement代替carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge代替enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物竞争力) 下面举一篇例子，给各位钻石班会员共勉！ Computer and I By Simmy I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music. That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me. exceedingly 替换 very thrilling 替换 exciting
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
笔记整理: Unit1 1.频度副词: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never. (对他们提问用how often). 并且他们是一般现在时的标志 2.go skateboarding 去玩滑板 3.do/take exercise 做运动 4.morning/eye exercises早操/眼保健操 5.surf the Internet 上网冲浪 6.once a week/twice a month/ three or four times a day(对其提问也用how often) 7.How often do you go shopping? How often does your mother clean the house? How often do they play sports? (注意助动词的运用) 8.activity survey 活动调查 9.most 大多数most students/ most of the classmates 10.at Green High School 在格林高中 11.Here is/are… 12.the result（c.n）of…。。。的结果the results of the final exam(期末考试的结果) 13.as for 至于，关于As for homework 14.the results for ―watch TV‖ 15.junk food 垃圾食品（u.n） 16.vegetables(c.n) and fruit(u.n) 17.want sb. to do sth. 18.be good/bad for 对…有好/坏外be good to sb 对…好be good with sb 和某人相处得 好be good at=do well in 擅长 19.healthy (adj) health(n) 固定搭配有：a healthy lifestyle, be in good health=keey/stay healthy, healthy food, it’s good for your health, 20.how many hours=how long, how many times=how often 21.eatting habits(注意不能说a eating habits) 22.try to do 尽力做某事try one’s best to do尽某人最大的努力做某事 https://www.doczj.com/doc/4114635781.html,e home from school 从学校回家 24.look after=take care of 照顾 25.help sb (to) do 26.get good grades 取得好成绩（注意不能说a good grades） 27.the same as/be different from 28.keep in good health=keep healthy保持健康 29.less meat更少的肉 Unit2 1.What’s the matter? What’s the trouble? What’s wrong? What’s up? 询问某人怎么了（除了 What’s up外，都可以在后面加上with sb） 2.have a cold/have a fever/have a headache/have a toothache/have a sore throat/have a sore back/have a stomachache/have a sore leg 3.lie down 躺下(lie作动词讲有撒谎的意思，常用短语：lie to sb 对某人撒谎tell a lie 撒了一个谎) 4.have a (good) rest （好好）休息
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 重点知识锦集： 1. According to semanticists（意义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. 2. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is …no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself?. 3. Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. 4. Words may fall into content words and functional words by notion. 5. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by origin. 6. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. 7. ‘all national character’（全民性）is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others. 8. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. 9. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. 9. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings. 10. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes: Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans. 11. The differences between sound and form are due to innovations made by linguists. 12. Of all the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is all national character.（全民性） 13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable. 14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form. 15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world. 16. Some words in the basic words stock are said to be stable because they refer to the commonest things in life. 17. In different language, the same concept can be represented by different sounds and the same sound can show different meanings. 18. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is the fact of more phonemes than letters in English. 19. Native words are neutral in style and frequent in use. 20. The expression of “long time no see”is translation-loan among the four classes of borrowings. 名词解释： 1. word(词): A word is a minimal free form of a Language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. vocabulary（词汇）: The term ‘vocabulary’is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given disicipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 3. Jargon（专门术语）: It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular