【国际经济学】英文题库
Chapter 1: Introduction
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United State s?
*A. Coffee, tea, cocoa
B. steel, copper, aluminum
C. petroleum, coal, natural gas
D. typewriters, computers, airplanes
2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of:
A. the United States
*B. Switzerland
C. Germany
D. England
3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has:
*A. grown
B. diminished
C. remained unchanged
D. cannot say
4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is giv en by:
A. the size of the nations' population
B. the percentage of its population to its GDP
*C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP
D. all of the above
5. Economic interdependence is greater for:
*A. small nations
B. large nations
C. developed nations
D. developing nations
6. The gravity model of international trade predicts that trade between two nat ions is larger
A. the larger the two nations
B. the closer the nations
C. the more open are the two nations
*D. all of the above
7. International economics deals with:
A. the flow of goods, services, and payments among nations
B. policies directed at regulating the flow of goods, services, and payments
C. the effects of policies on the welfare of the nation
*D. all of the above
8. International trade theory refers to:
*A. the microeconomic aspects of international trade
B. the macroeconomic aspects of international trade
C. open economy macroeconomics or international finance
D. all of the above
9. Which of the following is not the subject matter of international finance?
A. foreign exchange markets
B. the balance of payments
*C. the basis and the gains from trade
D. policies to adjust balance of payments disequilibria
10. Economic theory:
A. seeks to explain economic events
B. seeks to predict economic events
C. abstracts from the many detail that surrounds an economic event
*D. all of the above
11. Which of the following is not an assumption generally made in the study of international economics?
A. two nations
B. two commodities
*C. perfect international mobility of factors
D. two factors of production
12. In the study of international economics:
A. international trade policies are examined before the bases for trade
B. adjustment policies are discussed before the balance of payments
C. the case of many nations is discussed before the two-nations case
*D. none of the above
13. International trade is similar to interregional trade in that both must ove rcome:
*A. distance and space
B. trade restrictions
C. differences in currencies
D. differences in monetary systems
14. The opening or expansion of international trade usually affects all members of society:
A. positively
B. negatively
*C. most positively but some negatively
D. most negatively but some positively
15. An increase in the dollar price of a foreign currency usually:
A. benefit . importers
*B. benefits . exporters
C. benefit both . importers and . exporters
D. harms both . importers and . exporters
16. Which of the following statements with regard to international economics is
true?
A. It is a relatively new field
*B. it is a relatively old field
C. most of its contributors were not economists
D. none of the above
思考题：
1.为什么学习国际经济学非常重要？
2.列举体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，它们为什么重要？
3.当今世界面临的最重要的国家经济问题是什么？全球化的利弊各是什么？
Chapter 2: The Law of Comparative Advantage
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The Mercantilists did not advocate:
* trade
B. stimulating the nation's exports
C. restricting the nations' imports
D. the accumulation of gold by the nation
2. According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on:
*A. absolute advantage
B. comparative advantage
C. both absolute and comparative advantage
D. neither absolute nor comparative advantage
3. What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage?
A. All
B. most
*C. some
D. none
4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its:
A. absolute disadvantage
B. absolute advantage
C. comparative disadvantage
*D. comparative advantage
5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is establish ed that nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nation B must have:
A. an absolute advantage in commodity Y
B. an absolute disadvantage in commodity Y
C. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y
*D. a comparative advantage in commodity Y
6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while na tion B can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input):
A. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity X
B. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y
*C. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X
D. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity
7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:
A. Px/Py=1 in nation A
B. Px/Py=3 in nation B
C. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B
*D. all of the above
8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y:
A. nation A gains 2X
*B. nation B gains 6Y
C. nation A gains 3Y
D. nation B gains 3Y
9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually benefic ial trade between nation A and B is:
A. 3Y < 3X < 5Y
B. 5Y < 3X < 9Y
*C. 3Y < 3X < 9Y
D. 1Y < 3X < 3Y
10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:
A. there will be no trade between the two nations
B. the relative price of X is the same in both nations
C. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations
*D. all of the above
11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of:
*A. the labor theory of value
B. the opportunity cost theory
C. the law of diminishing returns
D. all of the above
12. Which of the following statements is true?
A. The combined demand for each commodity by the two nations is negatively slop ed
B. the combined supply for each commodity by the two nations is rising stepwise
C. the equilibrium relative commodity price for each commodity with trade is
given by the intersection of the demand and supply of each commod ity by the two nations
*D. all of the above
13. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upon a difference in:
A. factor endowments
B. technology
C. tastes
*D. all of the above
14. In the trade between a small and a large nation:
A. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade
*B. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade
C. the gains from trade are likely to be equally shared
D. we cannot say
15. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically
*A. verified
B. rejected
C. not tested
D. tested but the results were inconclusive
思考题：
比较优势原理所带来的贸易所得是从何而来的？贸易利益又是如何分配的？
现实世界中比较优势是如何度量的？你认为目前中国具有比较优势的商品有哪些？这意味着什么？
比较优势会不会发生变化？什么样的原因可能会导致其变化？
经济学家是如何验证比较优势原理的？
Chapter 3: The Standard Theory of International Trade
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that the nat ion incurs increasing opportunity costs in the production of:
A. commodity X only
B. commodity Y only
*C. both commodities
D. neither commodity
2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:
A. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit o f X
B. the opportunity cost of X
C. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production
*D. all of the above
3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:
*A. technology differs among nations
B. factors of production are not homogeneous
C. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the produ ction of all commodities
D. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that ar e less and less suited in the production of the commodity
4. Community indifference curves:
A. are negatively sloped
B. are convex to the origin
C. should not cross
*D. all of the above
5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:
A. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still rem ain on the same indifference curve
*B. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still re main on the same indifference curve
C. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a hi gher indifference curve
D. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a hi gher indifference curve
6. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the MRS of X for Y?
A. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curve
B. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curve
C. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curve
*D. all of the above
7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is t rue?
A. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curves
B. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysis
*C. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can be overcome by the application of the compensation principle
D. all of the above.
8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation?
*A. It consumes inside its production frontier
B. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with its production front ier
C. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontier
D. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py
9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:
A. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity Y
B. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity X
*C. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity Y
D. none of the above
10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:
A. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exports
*B. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/Py
C. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exports
D. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py
11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with trade
A. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at equilibrium
B. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than at
equilibrium
C. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Py
*D. all of the above
12. With free trade under increasing costs:
A. neither nation will specialize completely in production
B. at least one nation will consume above its production frontier
C. a small nation will always gain from trade
*D. all of the above
13. Which of the following statements is false?
gains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and the ga ins from specialization
B. gains from exchange result even without specialization
*C. gains from specialization result even without exchange
D. none of the above
14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains from specialization are a lways:
A. greater
B. smaller
C. equal
*D. we cannot say without additional information
15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:
A. equal but tastes are not
B. different but tastes are the same
C. different and tastes are also different
*D. the same and tastes are also the same.
思考题：
国际贸易的标准理论与大卫.李嘉图的比较优势原理有何异同？
两国仅仅由于需求偏好不同可以进行市场分工和狐狸贸易吗？
两国仅仅由于要素禀赋不同和/或生产技术不同可以进行分工和贸易吗?
Chapter 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of Trade
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. The demand for imports is given by the excess demand for the commodity
B. the supply of exports is given by the excess supply of the commodity
C. the supply curve of exports is flatter than the total supply curve of the co mmodity
*D. all of the above
2. At a relative commodity price above equilibrium
A. the excess demand for a commodity exceeds the excess supply of the commodity
B. the quantity demanded of imports exceeds the quantity supplied of exports
*C. the commodity price will fall
D. all of the above
3. The offer curve of a nation shows:
A. the supply of a nation's imports
B. the demand for a nation's exports
C. the trade partner's demand for imports and supply of exports
*D. the nation's demand for imports and supply of exports
4. The offer curve of a nation bulges toward the axis measuring the nations
A. import commodity
*B. export commodity
C. export or import commodity
D. nontraded commodity
5. Export prices must rise for a nation to increase its exports because the nat ion:
A. incurs increasing opportunity costs in export production
B. faces decreasing opportunity costs in producing import substitutes
C. faces decreasing marginal rate of substitution in consumption
*D. all of the above
6. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is false?
A. It relies on traditional demand and supply curves
B. it isolates for study one market
*C. it can be used to determine the equilibrium relative commodity price but no t the equilibrium quantity with trade
D. none of the above
7. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is true?
A. The demand and supply curve are derived from the nation's production frontie r and indifference map
B. It shows the same basic information as offer curves
C. It shows the same equilibrium relative commodity prices as with offer curves
*D. all of the above
8. In what way does partial equilibrium analysis differ from general equilibr ium analysis?
A. The former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium price with trade
B. the former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium quant ity with trade
C. the former but not the latter takes into consideration the interaction among all markets in the economy
*D. the former gives only an approximation to the answer sought.
9. If the terms of trade of a nation are in a two-nation world, those of the t rade partner are:
A. 3/4
*B. 2/3
C. 3/2
D. 4/3
10. If the terms of trade increase in a two-nation world, those of the trade pa rtner:
*A. deteriorate
B. improve
C. remain unchanged
D. any of the above
11. If a nation does not affect world prices by its trading, its offer curve:
A. is a straight line
B. bulges toward the axis measuring the import commodity
*C. intersects the straight-line segment of the world's offer curve
D. intersects the positively-sloped portion of the world's offer curve
12. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:
A. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commod ity
B. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commo dity
C. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commo dity
*D. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commo dity
13. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:
A. the nation's terms of trade remain unchanged
*B. the nation's terms of trade deteriorate
C. the partner's terms of trade deteriorate
D. any of the above
14. If the tastes for a nation import commodity increases, trade volume:
*A. increases
B. declines
C. remains unchanged
D. any of the above
15. A deterioration of a nation's terms of trade causes the nation's welfare t o:
A. deteriorate
B. improve
C. remain unchanged
*D. any of the above
思考题：
提供曲线如何推导？有何用途？
两国贸易时的均衡商品价格是如何决定的？受哪些因素影响？
贸易条件的含义是？贸易条件的改善意味着什么？哪些因素可能导致贸易条件的改善？
Chapter 5: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:
A. explaining the basis for comparative advantage
B. examining the effect of trade on factor prices
*C. both A and B
D. neither A nor B
2. Which is not an assumption of the H-O model:
A. the same technology in both nations
B. constant returns to scale
*C. complete specialization
D. equal tastes in both nations
3. With equal technology nations will have equal K/L in production if: *A. factor prices are the same
B. tastes are the same
C. production functions are the same
D. all of the above
4. We say that commodity Y is K-intensive with respect to X when:
A. more K is used in the production of Y than X
B. less L is used in the production of Y than X
*C. a lower L/K ratio is used in the production of Y than X
D. a higher K/L is used in the production of X than Y
5. When w/r falls, L/K
A. falls in the production of both commodities
*B. rises in the production of both commodities
C. can rise or fall
D. is not affected
6. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:
A. greater absolute amount of K
B. smaller absolute amount of L
C. higher L/K ratio
*D. lower r/w
7. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on
a difference in:
A. technology
B. factor endowments
C. tastes
*D. all of the above
8. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:
A. technology
*B. factor endowments
C. economies of scale
D. tastes
9. According to the H-O model, trade reduces international differences in:
A. relative but not absolute factor prices
B. absolute but not relative factor prices
*C. both relative and absolute factor prices
D. neither relative nor absolute factor prices
10. According to the H-O model, international trade will:
A. reduce international differences in per capita incomes
B. increases international differences in per capita incomes
*C. may increase or reduce international differences in per capita incomes
D. lead to complete specialization
11. The H-O model is a general equilibrium model because it deals with:
A. production in both nations
B. consumption in both nations
C. trade between the two nations
*D. all of the above
12. The H-O model is a simplification of the a truly general equilibrium model
because it deals with:
A. two nations
B. two commodities
C. two factors of production
*D. all of the above
13. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that .
*A. import substitutes are more K-intensive than exports
B. imports are more K-intensive than exports
C. exports are more L-intensive than imports
D. exports are more K-intensive than import substitutes
14. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:
A. must be rejected
B. must be accepted without reservations
*C. can be accepted while awaiting further testing
D. explains all international trade
15. For factor reversal to occur, two commodities must be produced with:
*A. sufficiently different elasticity of substitution of factors
B. the same K/L ratio
C. technologically-fixed factor proportions
D. equal elasticity of substitution of factors
思考题：
H-O理论有哪些假设？各假设的含义是什么？为什么要做出这些假设？
如何检验H-O理论的正确性？
H-O-S定理的假设条件又是什么？他与生产要素国际间的流动有何关系？
如何检验H-O-S定理在现实中的可靠性？
Chapter 6: Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade
Multiple-Choice Questions:
1. Relaxing the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory rests:
A. leads to rejection of the theory
B. leaves the theory unaffected
*C. requires complementary trade theories
D. any of the above.
Which of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed, leave
the theory unaffected?
A. Two nations, two commodities, and two factors
B. both nations use the same technology
C. the same commodity is L-intensive in both nations
*D. all of the above
Which of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed,
require new trade theories?
*A. Economies of scale
B. incomplete specialization
C. similar tastes in both nations
D. the existence of transportation costs
International trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations hav e identical:
A. factor endowments
B. tastes
C. technology
*D. all of the above
5. A great deal of international trade:
A. is intra-industry trade
B. involves differentiated products
C. is based on monopolistic competition
*D. all of the above
6. The Heckscher-Ohlin and new trade theories explains most of the trade:
A. among industrial countries
B. between developed and developing countries
C. in industrial goods
*D. all of the above
The theory that a nation exports those products for which a large domestic mark et exists
was advanced by:
*A. Linder
B. Vernon
C. Leontief
D. Ohlin
8. Intra-industry trade takes place:
【国际经济学】英文题库 Chapter 1: Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States? *A. Coffee, tea, cocoa B. steel, copper, aluminum C. petroleum, coal, natural gas D. typewriters, computers, airplanes 2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of: A. the United States *B. Switzerland C. Germany D. England 3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has: *A. grown B. diminished C. remained unchanged D. cannot say 4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by: A. the size of the nations' population B. the percentage of its population to its GDP *C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP D. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for: *A. small nations
Chapter 13 Balance of Payment 13.1 Introduction International finance: examination of the monetary aspects of international economics Balance of Payment: a summary statement in which all the transactions of the nation’s residents with the foreigners are recorded during a certain period. Main purpose of BOP: inform the government of the international position of the nation; to help it in its monetary, fiscal and trade policies. BOP traits: The BOP aggregates all the trades into a few categories Only the net balance of each type of international capital flow is included International transaction: Exchange of a good, service or assets between the residents of two nations. Gifts and certain transfers + International Transactions People Concerning BOP: Diplomats, soldiers, tourists and workers belong to motherland Corporation: motherland/ foreign branches: local International institutions: nowhere 13.2 BOP Accounting Principles Credit transactions: involve the receipt of payments from foreigners + Exports, unilateral transfers and goods received, capital inflow Capital inflow: an increase in foreign assets in the nation/本国持有外国资产上升 a reduction in the nation’s assets abroad/本国在外资产减少 Debit transactions: involve the making of payments to the foreigners - Imports, unilateral transfers or gifts paid, capital outflow Capital Outflow: an increase in the nation’s assets abroad a reduction in foreign assets in the nation Double-Entry Bookkeeping: each international transaction is recorded twice, once as a credit and once as a debit of an equal amount. 5 Examples in Textbooks 13.3 The International Transactions of the USA rounding. The official reserve assets: ?Gold holdings of monetary authorities黄金储备 ?Special Drawing Rights特别提款权(paper gold) International reserves created on the books of the IMF and distributed to member nations according to importance in international trade ?The reserve position in the IMF在IMF的头寸 The reserves paid in by the nation on joining the IMF, which the nation can then borrow automatically and without questions asked in case of need ?The official foreign currency holdings of monetary authorities外汇储备 Statistical Discrepancy: This is required to make the total credits equal to the total debits, as required by double-entry bookkeeping. 13.4 Accounting Balances and Disequilibrium in International Transactions Autonomous transactions: transactions in current account + capital account Take place for business or profit motives and independently of BOP considerations Items above the line Current account: All sales and purchases of currency produced goods and services, investment incomes, and unilateral transfers Link between the nation’s international transactions and its national income Current account surplus stimulates domestic production and income. Current account deficit dampens domestic production and income. Capital account: The changes in US-owned assets abroad and foreign-owned assets in the US other than official reserve assets Change in reserves reflects government policy rather than the market force. Accommodating transactions: Transactions in official reserve assets Items below the line The accommodating items form the Official Reserve Account. The balance on the official reserve account is called the Official Settlements Balance. Deficit in the BOP: The excess of debits over credits in the current and capital accounts The excess of credits over debits in official reserve account Surplus in the BOP: The excess of debits over credits in official reserve account The excess of credits over debits in the current and capital accounts
三、名词解释 1.生产者剩余 答：生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。 2.罗伯津斯基定理 答：罗伯津斯基定理是指在生产两种产品的情况下，如果商品的国际比价保持不变，一种生产要素增加所导致的密集使用该生产要素的产品产量增 加，会同时减少另外一种产品的产量。 3.产品生命周期 答：产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。 4.购买力平价 答：购买力平价是指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。 5.市场内部化 答：市场内部化是指企业为减少交易成本，减少生产和投资风险，而将该跨国界的各交易过程变成企业内部的行为。 6.黄金输送点 答：黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点，是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限，它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。 7.要素禀赋 答：要素禀赋，即要素的丰裕程度，是指在不同国家之间，由于要素的稀缺程度不同导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。赫克歇尔-俄林 定理认为，要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础 8.比较优势 答：比较优势也称为比较成本或比较利益，是由英国古典经济学家大卫李·嘉图提出的。李嘉图通过两个国家两种产品的模型阐明，比较优势是一国 在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较小的 劣势，遵循“两利相权取其重，两弊相衡取其轻”的原则。根据各自的 比较优势来来确定国际分工并进行贸易往来，双方便都可以获得比较利 益。 9.人力资本 答：所谓人力资本是资本与劳动力结合而形成的一种新的生产要素，然们通过劳动力进行投资（如进行教育、职业培训、保健等），可以提高原有 劳动力的素质和技能，劳动生产率得到提升，从而对一个国家参加国际 分工的比较优势产生作用与影响。 10.布雷顿森林体系 答：布雷顿森林体系是指从第二次世界大战结束到1971年所实行的金汇兑本位制。这一以美元为中心的固定汇率制度的特征简而言之便是“美元
International Economics, 8e (Krugman) Chapter 14 Money, Interest Rates, and Exchange Rates 14.1 Money Defined: A Brief Review 1) The exchange rate between currencies depends on A) the interest rate that can be earned on deposits of those currencies. B) the interest rate that can be earned on deposits of those currencies and the expected future exchange rate. C) the expected future exchange rate. D) national output. E) None of the above. Answer: B Question Status: Previous Edition 2) Money serves as A) a medium of exchange. B) a unit of account. C) a store of value. D) All of the above. E) Only A and B. Answer: D Question Status: Previous Edition 3) Money includes A) currency. B) checking deposits held by households and firms. C) deposits in the foreign exchange markets. D) Both A and B. E) A, B, and C. Answer: D Question Status: Previous Edition 4) In the United States at the end of 2006, the total money supply, M1, amounted to approximately A) 10 percent of that year's GNP. B) 20 percent of that year's GNP. C) 30 percent of that year's GNP. D) 40 percent of that year's GNP. E) 50 percent of that year's GNP. Answer: A Question Status: Previous Edition 5) What are the main functions of money? Answer: Money serves in general three important functions: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; and a store of value. As a medium of exchange, money avoids going back to a barter economy, with the enormous search costs connected with it. As a unit of account, the use of money economizes on the number of prices an individual faces. Consider an economy with N goods, then one needs only (N - 1) prices. As a store of value, the use of money in general ensures that you can transfer wealth between periods. Question Status: Previous Edition
1、一价定律 2、购买力平价 3、国际收支 4、产品生命周期 5、绝对优势原理
考试试卷 考试课程：国际经济学行政班： 学生姓名： 二、判断题（正确的标“T”，错误的标“F”，并将答案填入对应的方格中。共 1、当用直接标价法表示外汇汇价时，数值越大，意味着本币价值越高。（） 2、要素价格均等化会使两国生产同一产品的要素密集度均等化。（） 3、重商主义者认为每个国家应该努力实现出口等于进口的平衡贸易。（） 4、斯密的绝对优势理论指出在贸易中两个国家均能通过出口其比另一国劳动生产率更高的产品获益。（） 5、无差异曲线表示能够给单个消费者或者国家提供相同价值或满意感的商品的不同组合（如小麦和汽车）。（） 6、产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品将在该国经历整个生命周期。（） 7、关税的保护效应是指国内生产商获得的利润增加额。（） 8、政府出口补贴提高了出口数量，但同时也降低了出口价格，增加了国内税收负担。（） 9、最惠国条款给予某些国家同盟国才能享受到的最优关税待遇。（） 10、美国向别国进口小麦应该记入美国国际收支的资本账户。（） 三、简答题（共5题，每题8分，共40分） 1、简述进口配额和等效的进口关税存在的差别。
考试试卷 考试课程：国际经济学行政班： 学生姓名： 2、简述要素禀赋论和比较优势说的主要内容，并说明二者的主要区别。 3、简述区域经济一体化的静态效应。 4、作图说明大国征收进口关税的经济效应。
考试试卷 考试课程：国际经济学行政班： 学生姓名： 5、简述国际收支失衡的主要原因。 四、计算题（1题，共10分） 假定对成品车征收40％的从价税，无关税时进口零部件成本为成品车价格的30％，请计算对进口零部件分别征收40％、20％、60％的从价税时的有效关税保护率，并对结果进行说明。 五、论述题（1题，共20分） 当前，国际间新贸易保护主义抬头，各种各样的非关税壁垒成为了各国进行贸易保护的主要手段。请简述非关税壁垒的定义及其主要种类，并针对我国现实情况，以一种壁垒为例，说明我国应当如何应对发达国家的非关税壁垒。
国际贸易部分 一、单项选择题 1.重商主义的基本观点是一种( ) A.国际金融的“乘数理论” B.国际贸易的“零和理论” C.国际金融的“杠杆原理” D.国际贸易的“绝对优势理论” 2.比较利益理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是( ) A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 3.不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有( ) A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 4.能反映规模经济理论本意的是( ) A.规模报酬递减 B.规模报酬递增 C.规模报酬不变 D.规模成本递增 5．一种产品的竞争优势并非长期固定在某一个特定的国家，而是从技术发明国转向生产成本较低的国家，描述这一现象的理论是（） A.雁形模式理论 B.产品周期理论 C.示范效应理论 D.大宗产品理论 6.下列不属于保护贸易学说的理论有( ) A.幼稚工业理论 B.贸易条件恶化论 C.国内市场失灵论 D.资源禀赋论 7.最佳关税水平应等于( ) A.零进口关税 B.零进口关税与禁止性关税之间的水平 C.禁止性关税 D.禁止性关税以上 8.最佳关税的长期目标是（） A.从外国垄断厂商那里抽取部分垄断租 B.保护和发展本国工业 C.阻止国外商品进口 D.增加本国财政收入 9.从历史发展看，最为成功的国际卡特尔是( ) A.烟草贸易公司 B.铁路运输公司 C.橡胶生产国组织 D.石油输出国组织 10.从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是( ) A.商品 B.资本 C.人员 D.技术 11.国际经济学理论体系发展阶段不包括（） A.重商主义 B.古典的自由贸易论及其自由贸易的政策 C.现代国际经济理论 D.重农主义 12.从国际贸易对生产要素分配的影响来看，国际贸易有利于（） A.生产进口竞争品中密集使用的生产要素收入的增加 B.生产进口竞争品中密集使用的共同生产要素收入的增加 C.生产出口品中密集使用的共同生产要素收入的增加 D.生产出口品中密集使用的生产要素收入的增加 13.一国利用原材料或资源密集型产品的出口增加本国收入，进而提高本国的储蓄和投资水平，带动经济发展。该理论被称为（） A.剩余物质出口理论 B.大宗产品贸易理论 C.比较优势理论 D.产品生命周期理论
绪论 一、单项选择题 1．国际经济学产生与发展的客观基础是（） A．国际经济活动范围不断扩大B．国际经济关系日益复杂 C．跨越国界的经济活动不断增长D．国与国之间经济联系密切 2．国际经济学的研究对象（） A．国际经济活动B．国际经济关系 C．世界范围内的资源配置D．国际经济活动与国际经济关系 3．国际经济学产生的时间（） A．20世纪60年代 B．20世纪50年代 C．20世纪40年代 D．20世纪70年代 二、判断改错题 1．国际经济学产生与发展的理论基础是国际贸易理论。（） 2．国际经济学是西方经济学的重要组成部分。（） 3．国际经济学的微观部分主要讨论世界范围内的资源配置问题。（） 4．国际金融理论与政策是站在单个国家角度来研究金融问题的。（） 绪论 一、单项选择题 1．C 2．D 3．A 二、判断改错题 1．×。将“国际贸易理论”改为“国际贸易理论与国际金融理论”。 2．×。国际经济学是从西方经济学中独立出来的一门系统科学。 3．√。 4．×。国际金融理论与政策是独立于个别国家之外来研究所有国家参与国际金融市场的问题。 第二章古典国际贸易理论 一、单项选择题 1．主张对外贸易顺差，并将金银视为财富的唯一形式的理论是（）A．比较优势理论B．贸易差额理论C．要素禀赋理论D．相互需求理论2．贸易差额论的政策主张中对发展中国家制定贸易政策有借鉴意义的是（）A．发展本国工业B．发展本国航运业C．追求贸易顺差 D．对外贸易垄断3．最早对重商主义提出质疑的英国学者是（） A．约翰·穆勒 B．亚当·斯密C．大卫·李嘉图D．大卫·休谟
4．甲国使用同样数量资源比乙国能生产更多的X，则乙国在X生产上具有（）A．绝对优势B．比较劣势C．绝对劣势D．比较优势 5．甲国生产单位布和小麦分别需要6天和9天，乙国为10天和12天，根据比较优势理论（） A．乙国进口小麦B．甲国出口布C．乙国出口布D．甲国出口小麦6．比较优势理论的提出者是（） A．约翰·穆勒B．大卫·李嘉图C．亚当·斯密 D．李斯特 7．被称为西方国际贸易理论基石的是（） A．贸易差额理论B．绝对优势理论C．比较优势理论 D．相互需求理论8．比较优势理论认为国际贸易产生的主要原因是（） A．劳动生产率的相对差异B．技术水平差异 C．需求强度差异D．商品价格差异9．律师打字速度是打字员的两倍却雇佣打字员打字，以下表述错误的是（）A．律师在打字上具有绝对优势B．律师在律师咨询上具有比较优势 C．打字员在打字上具有比较优势D．打字员在打字上具有绝对优势 10．按照比较优势理论，大量贸易应发生在（） A．发达国家之间 B．发展中国家之间 C．发达国家与发展中国家之间D．需求相似国家之间 二、判断改错题 1．贸易差额论虽然产生时间很早，但并不是严格意义上的国际贸易理论。（）2．贸易差额理论的奖出限入政策是针对所有产品而言的。（） 3．贸易差额理论是第一个自由贸易理论。（） 4．绝对优势理论分析的是国际贸易实践中的一个特例。（） 5．具有绝对优势的产品不一定具有比较优势。（） 6．根据绝对优势理论，一国两种产品都处于绝对劣势时仍可以参与互利贸易。（）7．比较优势理论认为从理论上说所有国家都可以参与互利贸易。（） 8．根据比较优势理论，只有当一国生产率达到足够高时，它才能从自由贸易中获益。 （） 9．如果贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，贸易后国际市场价格更接近于小国封闭条件下的国内市场价格。（） 三、名词解释 1．绝对优势2．比较优势 四、简答题 1．简述绝对优势理论主要内容。 2．简述比较优势理论主要内容。
Key Terms of International Economics Chapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势 Absolute advantage 绝对优势 Opportunity cost 机会成本 Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界 Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入 Relative price 相对价格 Relative demand curve相对需求曲线 Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线 Relative wage 相对工资 Relative quantity 相对产量 Ricardian model 李嘉图模型 Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论 Nontraded goods 非贸易商品 Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素 Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张 Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化 Factor abundance 要素丰裕度 Factor intensity 要素密集度 Scarce factor 稀缺要素 Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论 land-intensive 土地密集型 Labor-intensive劳动密集型 the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比 Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比 Land-labor ratio ，the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比 Chapter 5 The standard Trade Model Biased growth 偏向性增长 Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长
《国际经济学》模拟试题及参考答案（一） 一、名词解释（每小题 5 分，共20 分） 1.要素禀赋：亦即要素的丰裕程度，是指在不同国家之间，由于要素的稀缺程度不同所导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。赫克歇尔-俄林定理认为，要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础。 2.倾销：指出口商以低于正常价值的价格向进口国销售产品，并因此给进口国产业造成损害的行为。 3.黄金输送点：黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点，是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限，它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。 4.三元悖论：也称为三元冲突理论，即在开放经济条件下，货币政策的独立性、汇率的稳定性和资本的自由流动三个目标不可能同时实现，各国只能选择其中对自己有利的两个目标。 二、单项选择题 2.根据相互需求原理，两国均衡的交换比例取决于（C） A 两国的绝对优势 B 两国的比较优势 C 两国的相对需求强度 D 两国的要素禀赋 3.在当今的国际贸易格局中，产业内贸易更容易发生于（B） A 发展中国家与发达国家 B 发达国家与发达国家 C 发展中国家与发展中国家 D 发展中国家和最不发达国家 4.课征关税会增加生产者剩余，减少消费者剩余，社会总福利的变化将（B） A 上升 B 降低 C 不变 D 不确定 5.以下选项中，哪个选项不属于国际收支统计中居民的概念？（C） A 外国企业 B 非盈利机构 C 国际经济组织 D 政府 7.布雷顿森林体系创立了（B） A 以英镑为中心的固定汇率制度 B 以美元为中心的固定汇率制度 C 以英镑为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度 D 以美元为中心的有管理的浮动汇率制度 8.在下列投资方式中，属于国际间接投资的是（D） A 在国外设立分公司 B 在国外设立独资企业 C 在国外设立合资企业 D 购买国外企业债券 9.经济非均衡的无形传导方式不包括（C）
试卷 编号： 郑州航空工业管理学院2010—2011学年第一学期 课程考试试卷（ A ）卷 一、单项选择题（本题总计20分，每小题1分） 1．李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，（）。 A、贸易导致不完全专业化 B、即使一个国家不具有绝对成本优势，也可以从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益 C、与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多 D、只有具备比较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额 2．如果一个劳动力丰富的国家与另一资本丰富的国家进行自由贸易，则（） A、两国工资水平都会相对资本成本上升 B、两国工资水平都会相对资本成本下降 C、前一国家的工资会相对后一国家上升 D、前一国家的工资会相对后一国家下降 3．如果机会成本是递增而不是固定不变的，国际贸易将导致（）。 A、每个国家完全专业化，且生产成本下降 B、每个国家不完全专业化，且出口产品生产成本不变 C、每个国家不完全专业化，且生产出口产品的机会成本上升 D、每个国家不完全专业化，且生产出口产品的机会成本下降 4．（）可用于解释发达国家之间的制成品贸易。 A、比较优势学说 B、要素禀赋理论 C、需求重叠理论 D、绝对优势学说5．可以解释产业内贸易现象的理论是（）。 A、比较优势学说 B、要素禀赋理论 C、绝对优势学说 D、规模经济理论6．一种产品的竞争优势并非长期固定在某一个特定的国家，而是从技术发明国转向生产成本较低的国家，描述这一现象的理论是（）。 A、产品生命周期理论 B、要素禀赋理论 C、需求重叠理论 D、规模经济理论 7、社会无差异曲线用来表示（）。 A、一国公民不愿意与别国进行贸易的百分比 B、能够为社会成员提供相同满意感的商品消费组合 C、为多生产一单位其他产品而必须放弃的本来生产产品的数量 D、一国具有比较优势的产品
《国际经济学》模拟试卷（1） 一、单项选择（10小题，每小题1分，共10分）：在四个备选答案中选择一个最适合的答案。 1．关于一般均衡分析的新古典模型，说法不正确的是（）。 A.国际贸易理论的标准模型 B.采用2 2 1模型进行阐述 C.将技术、要素禀赋、需求偏好集于一体 D.由哈伯勒、勒纳、里昂惕夫和米德等人提出 2．国际金融理论的发展一直是围绕着（）这一十分重要的问题而展开的。 A.外部平衡 B.内部平衡 C.外部平衡与内部平衡 D.规模经济 3．生产可能性曲线的假设条件有（）。 A.两种生产要素的总供给都是可变的 B.生产要素可在两个部门间自由流动 C.两种生产要素没有充分利用 D.两种商品的生产技术条件是可变的 4．要素密集度可借助于（）来说明。 A.社会无差异曲线 B.需求曲线 C.等产量曲线 D.供给曲线 5．国际贸易会（）贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入。 A.提高 B.降低 C.不影响 D.可能影响 6．在产品生命周期的产品成熟阶段，产品属于（）。 A.研究与开发密集型 B.资本密集型 C.劳动密集型 D.土地密集型
7．属于国际收支账户中服务项目的有（）。 A.证券投资 B.商品修理 C.计算机和信息服务 D.非货币黄金 8．购买力平价论（the theory of purchasing power parity），简称PPP理论，是（）在其1922年出版的《1914年以后的货币与外汇》（money and foreign exchange after 1914）中第一次系统阐述的。 A.勒纳 B.卡塞尔 C.凯恩斯 D.多恩布什 9．假设某国的边际消费倾向为0.80，边际进口倾向为0.30，试问该国的对外贸易乘数是（）。 A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 10．假设即期汇率l英镑=2美元，在欧洲市场美元一年期的利率为15%，英镑为10%，求一年后的远期汇率1英镑等于（）美元。 A.2.091 B.2 C.1.913 D.3 二、判断题（10小题，每小题1分，共10分）：若判断正确，在小题后的括号内填上“√”号；若判断不正确，则在小题后的括号内填上“×”号。 1．相对国内经济而言，在国际经济中市场机制不容易得到贯彻。（） 2．在机会成本不变条件下，两国生产中存在着不完全分工（incomplete specialization）。 （） 3．李嘉图的比较优势学说比斯密的绝对优势学说更具有普遍的意义。（） 4．要素禀赋是一个相对的概念，与一国所拥有的生产要素绝对数量无关。（） 5．劳动在短期内是属于一种特定要素。（） 6．产业内贸易反映比较优势。（） 7．费雪模型证明，资本是从利率较低的国家流向利率较高的国家，即资本的流动是单向的，结果是各国的利率差消失。这种分析是以不存在风险为前提的。（） 8．汇率超调模型在长期强调商品市场的价格粘性。（） 9．国际收支的弹性分析法是一种一般均衡分析。（） 10．在浮动汇率制度下，如果资本具有完全的流动性，通过财政政策刺激总需求不会实现影响均衡产量或均衡收入的目的。（）
《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案 K135班 一、名词解释 1、国际经济学：是研究经济资源或稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。 2、倾销：海外的货物以低于同样货物的销售价格在同一时候在国内市场类似条件下的出售。 3、国际收支（广义）：在特定的时期（一般为一年）内，一个经济体与世界其他地方的各项经济交易。 4、提供曲线：就是相互需求曲线，表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品的交换比率。 5、关税同盟：它是指两个或两个以上的国家通过签订条约或协定取消区域内关税或其他进口限制，并对非同盟国家实行统一的关税率而缔结的同盟。 6、贸易条件：即商品的国际交换比率。也就是单位出口能够换回的进口，用出口价格指数比进口价格指数。 7、外汇管制：一国政府通过法令对本国对外的国际结算和外汇买卖实行管制，用以实现国际收支平衡与本国货币汇率稳定的一种制度。 8、汇率：又称为汇价。是不同货币在外汇买卖过程中形成的交换比率。 9、开放经济：一个经济与其外部存在着经济往来关系，如对外贸易、资金流动、劳动力流动等对外经济关系。 10、资本国际流动：指资本从一个国家、地区或经济体，转移到另一个国家、地区和经济体的过程。 二、判断题 1、如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失小于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。× 如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失大于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。 2、李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，即使其中一个国家在所有产品上郡具有绝对成本优势，各国也可以根据比较优势进行专业化生产，然后通过贸易获益。√ 3、贫穷化增长适用于长期以来人口增长快于国内生产总值增长的国家。× 贫穷化增长适用于经济是典型的单一经济，离开单一产品的的生产和出口，该国就会陷入困境的发展中国家。 4、社会无差异曲线用来表示能够为社会成员提供相同满意感的商品消费组合。√ 5、产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品将在该国经历整个生命周期。× 产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品不会在该国经历整个生命周期。 6、幼稚产业是指那些处于成长阶段尚未成熟，但具有潜在优势的产业。√ 7、跨国企业是指向六个以上不同国家出口的企业。× 跨国企业是指在数个国家设有生产工厂的企业。 8、在实施布雷顿森林体系时期，美元是关键货币。√ 9、区分发展中国家和发达国家的最常用但并不完善的指标是人均GDP。√ 10、若美国经济增长速度高于英国，美元相对于英磅升值。× 若美国的通货膨胀速度低于英国，则美元相对于英磅升值。 11、斯密的绝对优势理论指出在贸易中两个国家均能通过出口其比另一国劳动生产率更高的产品获益。√ 12、共同市场是经济一体化的最高阶段。× 完全的经济一体化是经济一体化的最高阶段。 13、战略性贸易政策常常用来支持处于竞争激烈产业中的企业。× 战略性贸易政策常常包括对高技术企业的补贴和其他支持。 14、布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取浮动汇率制度。× 布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取以美元为中心的固定汇率制度。 15、货币分析法认为，国际收支赤字的根本原因是国内货币供给大于国内货币需求。√ 16、在金本位制下，一国的高利率和资本流入将有助于该国自动调整国际收支赤字。√ 17、一价定律认为关税不能影响进口产品价格。× 一价定律认为关税能影响进口产品价格。 18、如果德国的利率高于美国，则马克将在远期市场上贴水卖出。√ 19、从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的贷方。× 从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的借方。 20、若美国通货膨胀高于英国，美元相对于英磅贬值。√ 三、选择题 1、设一年前美元对人民币的汇率是1美元等于8.2345元人民币，假设美国的物价比前一年上升8%，而中国的物价水平上升10%，则美元与人民币之间理论上的汇率为( A ) A.8.3870 B.8.085 C.10.2931 D.6.5876 2、列昂惕夫反论包括以下解释，除了( B )。 A美国对劳动密集型进口产品征收高额关税 B美国实际上比其贸易伙伴拥有更多的劳动力 C美国的出口产品密集使用了熟练劳动力 D美国倾向于出口需要大量科学和工程技术投入的高技术产品 3．根据相对购买力平价理论，如果英国的通货膨胀率为10％，美国为4%，那么（ C ） A 美元相对于英镑升值4％ B美元相对于英镑贬值4％ C美元相对于英镑升值6％ D美元相对于英镑贬值6％ 4、不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（ C ） A. 垄断竞争理论 B. 规模经济理论
1.林德重叠需求论的假设条件和主要观点。 重叠需求理论是由瑞典经济学家林德提出，其理论核心是：两国之间贸易关系的密切程度是由两国的需求结构与收入水平决定的。 重叠需求理论有两个假设条件： 1、消费者行为假设：假设在一国之内，需求受消费者的收入水平决定。不同收入阶层的消费者偏好不同，收入越高的消费者就越偏好奢侈品，收入越低的消费者就越偏好必需品，但如果消费者收入水平相同，则其偏好也相同。2、两国需求重叠的假定：厂商根据消费者的收入水平与需求结构来决定其生产方向与内容，而生产的必要条件是对其产品有效需求的存在；如果两国的平均收入水平相近，则两国的需求结构也必定相似。反之，如果两国的收入水平相差很大，则他们的需求结构也必存在显著的差异。 重叠需求理论的基本观点是，重叠需求是国际贸易产生的一个独立条件。两国之间的需求结构若是越接近，则两国之间进行贸易的基础就越雄厚。当两国的人均收入水平越接近时，则重叠需求的范围也就越大，两国重复需要的商品都有可能成为贸易品。如果各国的国民收入不断提高，则由于收入水平的提高，新的重复需要的商品便不断地出现，贸易也相应地不断扩大，贸易中的新品种就会不断地出现。所以，收入水平相似的国家，互相间的贸易关系就可能越密切；反之，如果收入水平相差悬殊，则两国之间重复需要的商品就可能很少，贸易的密切程度也就很小。 2.国际贸易比较优势理论 比较优势可以表述为：在两国之间，劳动生产率的差距并不是在任何产品上都是相等的。每个国家都应集中生产并出口具有比较优势的产品，进口具有比较劣势的产品（即“两优相权取其重，两劣相衡取其轻”），双方均可节省劳动力，获得专业化分工提高劳动生产率的好处。假设条（1）假定贸易中只有两个国家和两种商品（X与Y商品），这一个假设的目的是为了用一个二维的平面图来说明这一理论。（2）两国在生产中使用不同的技术。技术的不同导致劳动生产率的不同进而导致成本的不同。（3）模型只假定在物物交换条件下进行，没有考虑复杂的商品流通，而且假定1个单位的X产品和一个单位的Y产品等价（不过他们的生产成本不等）。（4）在两个国家中，商品与要素市场都是完全竞争的。（5）在一国内要素可以自由流动，但是在国际间不流动。（6）分工前后生产成本不变。（7）不考虑交易费用和运输费用，没有关税或影响国际贸易自由进行的其他壁垒。但是，在贸易存在的条件下，当两国的相对商品价格完全相等时，两国的生产分工才会停止比较优势理论。如果存在运输成本和关税，当两国的相对价格差小于每单位贸易商品的关税和运输成本时，两国的生产分工才会停止。（8）价值规律在市场上得到完全贯彻，自由竞争，自由贸易。（9）假定国际经济处于静态之中，不发生其他影响分工和经济变化。（10）两国资源都得到了充分利用，均不存在未被利用的资源和要素。（11）两国的贸易是平衡的，即总的进口额等于总的出口额。
国际经济学期末试题 一、选择题（每题3分，共12分） 1. 根据费雪效应，若一国的通货膨胀率上升，则该国的名义利率和货币的对外价值分别如何变化？ A. 提高/降低 B. 均提高 C. 降低/提高 D. 均降低 2. 进口配额制在国际贸易政策中属于： A. 关税壁垒 B. 非关税壁垒 C. 自由贸易措施 D. 幼稚产业保护措施 3. 构成倾销的条件不包括： A. 产品以低于正常价值或公平价值的价格销售 B. 对进口国产业造成了损害 C. 损害与低价之间存在因果关系 D. 销售数量超过国家间约定的标准 4. 对于征收关税的大国来说，关税将： A. 降低消费者和生产者剩余，增加政府收入 B. 增加消费者剩余和降低生产者剩余，增加政府收入 C. 降低消费者剩余和增加生产者剩余，增加政府收入 D. 以上都不正确 二、名词解释（每题5分，共20分） 1. 汇率的直接标价法 2. 一价定律
3. 外汇管制 4. 进口配额 三、简答题（每题10分，共20分） 1. 请分析本币贬值对进出口的影响机制 2. 请简述国际贸易产品生命周期学说的主要内容并予以评价
四、综合分析题（共48分） 改革开放初期，我国凭借自身的劳动力成本优势，从“三来一补”（来料加工、来样加工、来件装配、补偿贸易）起步，在“大进大出”的发展模式下将中国制造推向全球，并积累了一定的资本和技术基础。 但正如李克强总理所指出的： “目前，我国的劳动力成本持续攀升、资源约束日益加重，‘大进大出’的模式已经难以为继，必须促成‘优进优出’的开放型经济新格局”。 试回答： （1）“三来一补”企业当前遇到了怎样的发展瓶颈？（15分） （2）在我国外资利用和外贸发展的进程中，对“三来一补”企业主要给予了那些扶持措施？（15分） （2）根据你的理解，什么是“优进优出”的开放型经济新格局？（可从贸易、投资等方面作答）（18分）