亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版答案11
CHAPTER11CapitalBudgetin； 1.；Thepresentvalueis$480,00；
(a)$480,000=annualpaymen；annualpayment=$480,000÷1；annualpayment=$480,000÷9；annualpayment=$480,000÷8；annualpayment=$480,000÷8；an
CHAPTER 11 Capital Budgeting
1.
The present value is $480,000 and the annual payments are an annuity, requiring use of Table 2:
(a)$480,000 = annual payment × 11.2578
annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 11.2578 = $42,637 (b)$480,000 = annual payment × 9.4269
annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 9.4269 = $50,918 (c)$480,000 = annual payment × 8.0552
annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 8.0552 =$59,589 (a)$480,000 = annual payment × 8.5595
annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 8.5595 = $56,078 (b)$480,000 = annual payment × 7.6061
annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 7.6061 = $63,107 (c)$480,000 = annual payment × 6.8109
annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 6.8109 =$70,475 (a) Total payments= 30 × $50,918 = $1,527,540
Total interest paid= $1,527,540- $480,000 = $1,047,540
2.
3.
(b) Total payments= 15 × $63,107= $946,605 Total interest paid = $946,605 - $480,000 = $466,605
min.) Buy. The net present value is positive.
Initial outlay *
Present value of cash operating savings, from
12-year, 12% column of Table 2, 6.1944 × $5,000 Net present value
$(21,000) * The trade-in allowance really consists of a $5,000 adjustment of the selling price and a bona fide $10,000 cash allowance for the old equipment. The relevant amount is the incremental cash outlay, $21,000. The book value is irrelevant.
min.)
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1.
NPV @ 10% = 10,000 × 3.7908 = $37,908 - $36,048 = $1,860 NPV @ 12% = 10,000 × 3.6048 = $36,048 - $36,048 = $0
NPV @ 14% = 10,000 × 3.4331 = $34,331 - $36,048 = $(1,717)
The IRR is the interest rate at which NPV = $0; therefore, from requirement 1 we know that IRR = 12%.
The NPV at the company’s cost of capital, 10%, is positive, so the project should be accepted.
The IRR (12%) is greater than the company’s cost of capital (10%), so the project should be accepted. Note that the IRR and NPV models give the same decision.
2.
3.
4.
min.)
1.
Annual addition to profit = 40% × $25,000 = $10,000.
Payback period is $36,000 ÷ $10,000 = 3.6 years. It is not a good measure of profitability because it ignores returns beyond the payback period and it does not account for the time value of money.
NPV = $5,114. Accept the proposal because NPV is positive. Computation: NPV = ($10,000 × 4.1114) - $36,000
= $41,114 - $36,000 = $ 5,114
2.
3. ARR = (Increase in average cash flow – Increase in depreciation) ÷ Initial
investment
= ($10,000 - $6,000) ÷ $36,000 = 11.1%
min.)
Salaries $49,920(a) $41,600(b) $ 8,320 Overtime 1,728(c) -- 1,728 Repairs and maintenance 1,800 1,050 750
Toner, supplies, etc. Total annual cash outflows
(a) ($ 8 × 40 hrs.) × 52 weeks × 3 employees = $320 × 52 × 3 = $49,920 (b) ($10 × 40 hrs.) × 52 weeks × 2 employees = $400 × 52 × 2 = $41,600 (c) ($12 × 4 hrs.) × 12 months × 3 machines = $ 48 × 12 × 3 = $ 1,728
Purchase of Cannon machines $ -- $50,000 $50,000
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1.
Sale of Xerox machines Training and remodeling Total -- -3,000 -3,000 Copyright ?2011 Pearson Education 3
All numbers are expressed in Mexican pesos. 2. 18% Total Sketch of Relevant Cash Flows (in thousands) Cash operating savings:* .8475
83,902 99,000 108,900 119,790 131,769 .4371 144,946 Income tax savings from depreciation not changed by inflation, see 1 3.1272 33,600 33,600 33,600 33,600 33,600 Required outlay at time zero 1.0000 Net present value
*Amounts are computed by multiplying (150,000 × .6) = 90,000 by 1.10, 1.10 2, 1.10 3, etc.
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PV Present of $1.00 Value of
TOTAL PROJECT APPROACH: Cannon:
Init. cash outflow 1.0000 $ (51,000) Oper. cash flows (45,950) (45,950) (45,950) (45,950) (45,950) Total $(216,641)
Xerox:
Oper. cash flows 3.6048 (57,048) (57,048) (57,048) (57,048) (57,048) Difference in favor of retaining Xerox
INCREMENTAL APPROACH: Initial investment 1.0000 $(51,000) Annual operating cash savings 3.6048 11,098 11,098 11,098 11,098 11,098 Net present value of purchase 2. The Xerox machines should not be replaced by the Cannon equipment. Net savings = (Present value of expenditures to retain Xerox machines) less (Present value of expenditures to
convert to Cannon machines)
= $205,647 - $216,641 = $(10,994) 3. a. How flexible is the new machinery? Will it be useful only for the presently intended functions, or can it be easily
adapted for other tasks that may arise over the next 5 years?
b. What psychological effects will it have on various interested parties?
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亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版答案11 CHAPTER11CapitalBudgetin； 1.；Thepresentvalueis$480,00； (a)$480,000=annualpaymen；annualpayment=$480,000÷1；annualpayment=$480,000÷9；annualpayment=$480,000÷8；annualpayment=$480,000÷8；an CHAPTER 11 Capital Budgeting 1. The present value is $480,000 and the annual payments are an annuity, requiring use of Table 2: (a)$480,000 = annual payment × 11.2578 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 11.2578 = $42,637 (b)$480,000 = annual payment × 9.4269 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 9.4269 = $50,918 (c)$480,000 = annual payment × 8.0552 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 8.0552 =$59,589 (a)$480,000 = annual payment × 8.5595 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 8.5595 = $56,078 (b)$480,000 = annual payment × 7.6061 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 7.6061 = $63,107 (c)$480,000 = annual payment × 6.8109 annual payment = $480,000 ÷ 6.8109 =$70,475 (a) Total payments= 30 × $50,918 = $1,527,540 Total interest paid= $1,527,540- $480,000 = $1,047,540 2. 3. (b) Total payments= 15 × $63,107= $946,605 Total interest paid = $946,605 - $480,000 = $466,605
第一单元认识管理会计一、单项选择题 二、多项选择题 三、判断题
第二单元成本性态 二、单项选择题 三、多项选择题 四、判断题 四、计算题分析题 1.（1） ①高低点法 高点：5月份，销量2 180件，销售费用103 000元低点：1月份，销量1 750件，销售费用84 600元 b=（103 000-84 600）÷（2 180-1 750）=42.79 a=103 000-2 180×42.79=9 716.28 = 84 600-1 750×42.79=9 716.28 故，y=9 716.28+42.79x ②线性回归 资料整理表
b=（6×921 790 040-11 584×480 790）÷（6×22 495 976-11 584×11 584） =-49.27 a=[480 790-(-49.27×11 584)]÷6 =175 255.64 故，y=175 255.64-49.27x，不符合逻辑，不采纳 （2）当x=2 200时，代入公式 y=9 716.28+42.79×2 200 =103 854.28 故，预测7月份销售费用为103 854.28 2.（1）设方程为：y＝a＋bx 则：b＝（447 000－375 000）÷（3 500－2 800）＝102.86 将（3 500，447 000）或（2 800，375 000）带入方程，求得a＝87 000 该公司混合成本中包含的固定成本 a＝87 000－80 000＝7 000（元） 混合成本中单位变动成本 b＝（86 000－7 000）÷3 500＝22.75 故，混合成本模型为：y＝22.75x＋7 000 （2）由（1）可知： 总成本公式为：y＝102.86x＋87 000 当生产量为3 400件，即x=3 400时，代入公式有： y＝102.86×3 400＋87 000 =436 724
CHAPTER 5 COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 5 Relevant Information for Decision Making with a Focus on Pricing Decisions 5-A1 (40-50 min.) 1. INDEPENDENCE COMPANY Contribution Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2009 (in thousands of dollars) Sales $2,200 Less variable expenses Direct material $400 Direct labor 330 Variable manufacturing overhead (Schedule 1) 150 Total variable manufacturing cost of goods sold $880 Variable selling expenses 80 Variable administrative expenses 25 Total variable expenses 985 Contribution margin $ 1,215 Less fixed expenses: Fixed manufacturing overhead (Schedule 2) $345 Selling expenses 220 Administrative expenses 119 Total fixed expenses 684 Operating income $ 531
CHAPTER 3 COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 3 Measurement of Cost Behavior 3-A1 (20-25 min.) Some of these answers are controversial, and reasonable cases can be built for alternative classifications. Class discussion of these answers should lead to worthwhile disagreements about anticipated cost behavior with regard to alternative cost drivers. 1. (b) Discretionary fixed cost. 2. (e) Step cost. 3. (a) Purely variable cost with respect to revenue. 4. (a) Purely variable cost with respect to miles flown. 5. (d) Mixed cost with respect to miles driven. 6. (c) Committed fixed cost. 7. (b) Discretionary fixed cost. 8. (c) Committed fixed cost. 9. (a) Purely variable cost with respect to cases of 7-Up. 10. (b) Discretionary fixed cost. 11. (b) Discretionary fixed cost. 3-A2 (25-30 min.) 1. Support costs based on 60% of the cost of materials: Sign A Sign B Direct materials cost $400 $200 Support cost (60% of materials cost) $240 $120 Support costs based on $50 per power tool operation: Sign A Sign B Power tool operations 3 6 Support cost $150 $300 2. If the activity analysis is reliable, by using the current method, Evergreen Signs is predicting too much cost for signs that use few power tool operations and is predicting too little cost for signs that use many power tool operations. As a result the company could be losing jobs that require few power tool operations because its bids are too high -- it could afford to bid less on these jobs. Conversely, the company could be getting
CHAPTER 6 COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER 6 Relevant Information and Decision Making With a Focus on Operational Decisions 6-A1 (20 min) 1. The key to this question is what will happen to the fixed overhead costs if production of the boxes is discontinued. Assume that all $60,000 of fixed costs will continue. Then, Sunshine State will lose $20,000 by purchasing the boxes from Weyerhaeuser: Payment to Weyerhaeuser, 80,000 × $2.10 $168,000 Costs saved, variable costs 148,000 Additional costs $ 20,000 2. Some subjective factors are: •Might Weyerhaeuser raise prices if Sunshine State closed down its box-making facility? •Will sub-contracting the box production affect the quality of the boxes? •Is a timely supply of boxes assured, even if the number needed changes? •Does Sunshine State sacrifice proprietary information when disclosing the box specifications to Weyerhaeuser? 3. In this case the fixed costs are relevant. However, it is not the depreciation on the old equipment that is relevant. It is the cost of the new equipment. Annual cost savings by not producing the boxes now will be: Variable costs $148,000 Investment avoided (annualized) 80,000 Total saved $228,000 The payment to Weyerhaeuser is $228,000 - $168,000 = $60,000 less than the savings, so Sunshine State would be $60,000 better off subcontracting the production of the boxes.
成本与管理会计第15版净现值分析答案 1、产品成本计算的分类法适用于(c) A.品种、规格繁多的产品; B.可以按照一定标准分类的产品; C.品种、规格繁多，而且可以按照产品结构、所用原材料和工艺过程的不同划分为若干类别的产品: D.只适用大批大量生产的产品 2、定额法的主要缺点是(b)。 A.只适用于大批大量生产的机械制造企业; B.较其他成本计算方法核算工作量大; C.不能合理、简便地解决完工产品和月末在产品之间的费用分配问题; D.不便于成本分析工作。 3、在完工产品成本中,如果月初在产品定额变动差异是正数，说明(B) 。 A.定额提高了; B.定额降低了; C.本月定额管理和成本管理不利; D.本月定额管理和成本管理取得了成绩。 4、产品成本计算的定额法，在适用范围上(a)。 A.与生产的类型没有直接关系: B.与生产的类型有着直接的关系; C.只适用大批大量生产的机械制造业; D.只适用于小批单件生产的企业。 5、当企业利用剩余生产能力选择生产新产品而且每种新产品都没有专属固定成本时，应以(C)作为选择标准. A.销售价格; B.成本; C.贡献毛益; D.产销量。 6、完全成本法与变动成本法在计算产品生产成本时主要差异在(C) 。 A.变动制造费用; B.变动管理费用; C.固定制造费用; D.固定管理费用。 7、企业在进行经营决策时，根据不同备选方案计算出来的成本差异，称为 (A)。
A.差量成本; B.沉没成本; C.机会成本; D.边际成本。 8、下列各等式中成立的有(C)。 A.变动成本率+安全边际率=1; B.贡献边际率+安全边际率=1; C.贡献毛益率+变动成本率=1; D. 安全边际率+利润率=1。 9、下列成本属于无关成本的是(D)。 A.专属成本; B.可避免成本; C.差额成本;.联合成本. 10、在变动成本法下，计入产品成本的是(A) A.变动生产成本; B.全部变动成本; C.直接材料和直接人工; D.全部生产成本。 11、按照管理会计的解释，成本的相关范围是指()。 A.相关条件; B.相关因素; C.相关数量; D.不改变固定成本、变动成本性态的有关业务量和期间范围。 12、下列(D) 概念不是建立在成本性态可分的假设之上的. A.贡献毛益; B.完全成本; C.本-量- -利分析; D. 标准成本差异分析。 13、一般来说，直接材料价格差异应由(C)负责。 A.劳动人事部门: B.计划部门; C.采购部门; D.生产部门。 14、某企业在6年前购置一台机床，原价18000元，拟报废清理或修理后作价出售，假定报废后的残值1200元，进行修理则需花费4000元，修理后作价8000元。那么，(A) 是沉没成本. A.18000; B. 1200; C.4000; D. 8000. 15、某企业只生产-种产品,单价6元,单位变动生产成本4元,单位变动性销售和管理成本0.5元，销量500件，则该产品贡献边际为(B)元。 A.650; B. 750; C. 850; D. 950。 16、就短期决策而言，下列(B) 属于非相关成本. A.付现成本; B. 机会成本;
管理会计第15版习题答案 管理会计第15版习题答案 在学习管理会计的过程中，习题是非常重要的一部分。通过做习题，我们可以 巩固所学的知识，提高解决问题的能力。然而，有时候我们可能会遇到一些难题，不知道如何下手。在这篇文章中，我将为大家提供管理会计第15版习题的答案，希望能够帮助大家更好地理解和应用所学的知识。 第一章：管理会计的基本概念和方法 1. 管理会计的定义是什么？ 管理会计是指在组织内部为管理者提供决策支持和信息反馈的一种会计体系。 它通过收集、处理和分析各种与管理决策相关的信息，为管理者提供决策所需 的信息和分析报告。 2. 管理会计的目的是什么？ 管理会计的目的是帮助管理者做出明智的决策，实现组织的目标。它通过提供 成本、利润、投资回报率等信息，帮助管理者了解组织的经济状况和运营情况，从而做出合理的决策。 3. 管理会计的方法有哪些？ 管理会计的方法包括成本会计、预算管理、绩效评价等。成本会计主要用于计 算和控制成本，帮助管理者了解产品成本和服务成本。预算管理是指通过制定 预算，对组织的经济活动进行计划、控制和评价。绩效评价是通过对组织的绩 效进行评估，帮助管理者了解组织的运营情况和达成目标的程度。 第二章：成本行为与成本估计 1. 成本行为是什么？
成本行为是指成本与产量或其他活动之间的关系。根据成本与产量之间的变化 关系，成本可以分为固定成本、可变成本和半固定成本。 2. 成本估计的方法有哪些？ 成本估计的方法包括直接法、间接法和混合法。直接法是通过直接观察和测量 成本和产量之间的关系，估计成本的变化。间接法是通过间接观察和测量成本 和其他因素之间的关系，估计成本的变化。混合法是将直接法和间接法相结合，综合考虑各种因素对成本的影响。 第三章：成本-收益分析 1. 什么是成本-收益分析？ 成本-收益分析是指通过比较项目的成本和收益，评估项目的经济效益和可行性。它可以帮助管理者决策是否进行某项投资或项目，以及选择最佳的投资方案。2. 成本-收益分析的方法有哪些？ 成本-收益分析的方法包括净现值法、内部收益率法和投资回收期法。净现值法是将项目的现金流入和现金流出进行折现，计算项目的净现值，判断项目的经 济效益。内部收益率法是计算项目的内部收益率，判断项目的投资回报率。投 资回收期法是计算项目的投资回收期，判断项目的投资回收时间。 通过以上习题的答案，我们可以更好地理解和应用管理会计的知识。希望这些 答案能够帮助大家在学习管理会计的过程中取得更好的成绩。同时，也希望大 家在做习题的过程中注重思考和理解，而不仅仅是追求答案的正确性。只有真 正理解了知识，才能够在实际工作中灵活运用。祝愿大家在管理会计的学习中 取得好成绩！
管理会计英文试题及答案 Management Accounting English Exam Questions and Answers Question 1: The following information is available for XYZ Company: Sales Revenue: $500,000 Variable Costs: $150,000 Fixed Costs: $100,000 Total Assets: $800,000 Tax Rate: 30% Calculate the company's contribution margin ratio and net operating income. Answer 1: Contribution Margin Ratio = (Sales Revenue - Variable Costs) / Sales Revenue = ($500,000 - $150,000) / $500,000 = 70% Net Operating Income = Contribution Margin - Fixed Costs = ($500,000 - $150,000) - $100,000 = $250,000
Question 2: ABC Company produces and sells a product with the following data: Selling Price per Unit: $20 Variable Cost per Unit: $10 Fixed Costs: $50,000 Expected Sales Volume: 10,000 units Calculate the breakeven point in units and dollars. Answer 2: Breakeven Point in Units = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per Unit = $50,000 / ($20 - $10) = 5,000 units Breakeven Point in Dollars = Breakeven Point in Units * Selling Price per Unit = 5,000 units * $20 = $100,000 Question 3: Determine the total cost and average cost per unit for a company based on the following data: Fixed Costs: $30,000 Variable Costs per Unit: $5
管理会计第15版英文版答案02 1、He _______ getting up early. [单选题] * A. used to B. is used to(正确答案) C. is used D. is used for 2、85．You’d better? ? ? ? ? a taxi, or you’ll be late. [单选题] * A．take(正确答案) B．taking C．took D．to take 3、John is quite _______. He likes to attend activities in?his spare time. [单选题] * A. active(正确答案) B. quiet C. lazy D. honest
4、--Henry treats his secretary badly.--Yes. He seems to think that she is the _______ important person in the office. [单选题] * A. little B. least(正确答案) C. less D. most 5、The flowers _______ sweet. [单选题] * A. taste B. smell(正确答案) C. sound D. feel 6、The market economy is quickly changing people’s idea on_____is accepted. [单选题] * A.what(正确答案) B.which C.how D.that 7、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] * A. worthy
Cost and Management Accounting English Version 15th Edition Exercise Questions with Answers Cost and management accounting is a crucial aspect of any business organization. It is a process that involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting financial information to help companies make informed decisions. The 15th edition of Cost and Management Accounting focuses on the principles, techniques, and practices that are important in analyzing costs in a manufacturing and service environment. In this article, we will provide a series of exercise questions with answers from the 15th edition of Cost and Management Accounting. Exercise Questions 1.Expln the difference between actual and normal capacity. 2.Describe the different types of cost behavior: fixed, variable, and semi-variable. 3.What is cost-volume-profit analysis? How can this analysis be used to make decisions? 4.What are the different methods for allocating overhead costs? Which method is most appropriate in a particular situation? 5.Expln the difference between job-order costing and process costing. 6.What is activity-based costing? How can it be used to improve decision-making? 7.Define cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold.
亨格瑞管理会计英文第15版练习答案01 CHAPTER 1 COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES LEARNING OBJECTIVE LO1: Describe the major users and uses of accounting information. LO2: Describe the cost-benefit and behavioral issues involved in designing an accounting system. LO3: Explain the role of budgets and performance reports in planning and control. LO4: Discuss the role accountants play in the company’s value chain functions. LO5: Explain why accounting is important in a variety of career paths. LO6: Identify current trends in management accounting. LO7: Explain why ethics and standards of ethical conduct are important to accountants. FUNDA- CRITICAL CASES, MENTAL THINKING EXCEL, ASSIGN-EXERCISES COLLAB., & MENT AND INTERNET MATERIAL EXERCISES PROBLEMS EXERCISES A1, B1 28, 29, 33 39, 40, 42 55 41, 43 A2, B2 32 45 53 A1, B1 30, 31, 34, 35, 39, 42, 44 36 30, 31 52, 55 A3, B3 37, 38 47, 48, 49 54 51, 52, 55 1 Copyright ?2021 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Prentice Hall. CHAPTER 1 Managerial Accounting, the Business Organization, and Professional Ethics 1-A1 (10-15 min.) Information is often useful for more than one function, so the following classifications for each activity are not definitive but serve as a starting point for discussion: 1. Scorekeeping. A depreciation schedule is used in preparing financial statements to report the results of activities. 2. Problem solving. Helps a manager assess the impact of a purchase decision. 3. Scorekeeping. Reports on the results of an operation. Could also be attention directing if scrap is an area that might require management attention. 4. Attention directing. Focuses attention on areas that need attention. 5. Attention directing. Helps managers learn about the information contained in a
Problem 15-1 This report includes nonmonetary information (on jobs and number of employees), has future (“plarnied") information as well a s past ("actual"), is optional (not required as a basis for financial statements), focuses on a segment (service department), has less emphasis on precision (planned numbers are rounded), and is not an end in itself (useful only as manager uses it). Note: If the instructor wishes, he or she can ask students to discuss the figures in terms of how well the Service Department did, as a lead-in to later work in the course. Without technical background, students can discern such things as the low volume, failure to adjust labor to volume, and increased labor cost. Problem 15-2 a. (1) Differential accounting (2) Full-cost accounting (3) Responsibility accounting b. Nonquantitative, nonaccounting, operating, and financial accounting. (The instructor may want to expand on this, with more specifics.) Problem 15-3 b. Nonquantitative, nonaccounting, operating, and financial accounting. (4) Full-cost accounting (5) Differential accounting (6) Responsibility accounting a. (1) Full-cost accounting (2) Differential accounting (3) Full-cost accounting (4) Responsibility (5) Differential accounting (6) Responsibility accounting
CHAPTER 4 COVERAGE OF LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Cost Management Systems and Activity-Based Costing 4-A1 <20-30 min.> See Table 4-A1 on the following page. 4-A2 <25-30 min.> 1. Merchandise Inventories, 1,000 devices $97 $97,000 2. Direct materials inventory Work-in-process inventory 0 Finished goods inventory 97,000 Total inventories $137,000 3. NILE ELECTRONICS PRODUCTS Statement of Operating Income For the Year Ended December 31, 20X9 Sales <9,000 units at $170> $1,530,000 Cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory $ 0 Purchases 970,000 Cost of goods available for sale $ 970,000 Less ending inventory 97,000 Cost of goods sold
第二章产品本钱计算 Exercises 2–1〔指教材上的第2章练习第1题，下同〕 1. Part #72A Part #172C Steel* $ 12.00 $ 18.00 Setup cost** 6.00 6.00 Total $ 18.00 $ 24.00 *($1.00 ? 12; $1.00 ? 18) **($60,000/10,000) Steel cost is assigned by calculating a cost per ounce and then multiplying this by the ounces used by each part: Cost per ounce= $3,000,000/3,000,000 ounces = $1.00 per ounce Setup cost is assigned by calculating the cost per setup and then dividing this by the number of units in each batch (there are 20 setups per year): Cost per setup = $1,200,000/20 = $60,000 2. The cost of steel is assigned through the driver tracing using the number of ounces of steel, and the cost of the setups is assigned through driver tracing also using number of setups as the driver. 3. The assumption underlying number of setups as the driver is that each part uses an equal amount of setup time. Since Part #72A uses double the setup time of Part #172C, it makes sense to assign setup costs based on setup time instead of number of setups. This illustrates the importance of identifying drivers that reflect the true underlying consumption pattern. Using setup hours [(40 ? 10) + (20 ? 10)], we get the following rate per hour: Cost per setup hour = $1,200,000/600 = $2,000 per hour The cost per unit is obtained by dividing each part’s total setup costs by the number of units: Part #72A = ($2,000 ? 400)/100,000 = $8.00 Part #172C = ($2,000 ? 200)/100,000 = $4.00 Thus, Part #72A has its unit cost increased by $2.00, while Part #172C has its unit cost decreased by $2.00.
管理会计（高等教育出版社） 于增彪（清华大学）改编 余绪缨（厦门大学）审校 CHAPTER 8 FUNCTIONAL AND ACTIVITY-BASED BUDGETING QUESTIONS FOR WRITING AND DISCUSSION 1.Budgets are the quantitative expressions of plans. Budgets are used to translate the goals and strategies of an organization into operational terms. 2.Control is the process of setting standards, receiving feedback on actual performance, and taking corrective action whenever actual performance deviates from planned perfor-mance. Budgets are standards, and they are compared with actual costs and revenues to provide feedback. 3.The planning and control functions of budg- eting can benefit all organizations regardless of size. All organizations need to determine what their goals are and how best to obtain those goals. This is the planning function of budgeting. In addition, organizations can compare what actually happens with what was planned to see if the plans are unfolding as anticipated. This is the control function of budgeting. 4.Budgeting forces managers to plan, provides resource information for decision making, sets benchmarks for control and evaluation, and improves the functions of communica-tion and coordination. 5. A master budget is the collection of all indi- vidual area and activity budgets. Operating budgets are concerned with the income-generating activities of a firm. Financial budgets are concerned with the inflows and outflows of cash and with planned capital expenditures. 6.The sales forecast is a critical input for build- ing the sales budget. However, it is not nec- essarily equivalent to the sales budget. Upon receiving the sales forecast, management may decide that the firm can do better than the forecast indicates. Consequently, actions may be taken to increase the sales potential for the coming year (e.g., increasing adver-tising). This adjusted forecast then becomes the sales budget. 7.Yes. All budgets are founded on the sales budget. Before a production budget can be created, it must have the planned sales. The manufacturing budgets, in turn, depend on the production budget. The same is true for the financial budgets since sales is a critical input for budgets in that category. 8.For a merchandising firm, the production budget is replaced by a merchandise pur-chases budget. Merchandising firms also lack direct materials and direct labor budg-ets. All other budgets are essentially the same. For a service firm (for-profit), the sales budget doubles as the production budget, and there is no finished goods in-ventory budget. The rest of the budgets have counterparts. 9. A static budget is for a particular level of ac- tivity. A flexible budget is one that can be es-tablished for any level of activity. For perfor-mance reporting, it is necessary to compare the actual costs for the actual level of activity with the budgeted costs for the actual level of activity. A flexible budget provides the means to compute the budgeted costs for the actual level of activity, after the fact.