本剧主要是以哈姆雷特为父报仇为主线展开三个人的为父复仇的故事。从结构上来说，这个多线一体的结构方式在莎翁的许多戏剧中，屡见不鲜。戏中戏的安排虽说也是经典的设计之一，但远远不够作品本身的内涵来得精彩和耐人寻味。一个看似简单的为父报仇故事，背后肩负了历史和时代的责任。我们都知道，当哈姆雷特从国外回到丹麦王国，王国内外一片混乱。父亲被叔叔杀害了，霸占了本该属于自己的王位，还颠倒人伦道德，娶了自己的母亲，同时，挪威王子福丁布拉斯在边境之地虎视眈眈试图侵略。他那时是多么的痛苦，多么的绝望望。但无论是从家庭还是皇庭的角度来看，他都不能撒手不管。他是老国王的儿子，是王位的合法继承人，他必须要承担起为父报仇并夺回王位。他的复仇任务，是不容退缩。他只好去实施。于是他装疯，他卖傻。他寻找各种机会下手。然而，这个复仇计划本身所承担的使命，并非那么容易就能实现的。他作为人文主义的化身，他的复仇体现了为捍卫时代理想，超越个体，超越实利的精神追求，冲击着现实社会的既有的现实。于是就注定了任务的艰巨性和危险性。这也注定了这个故事本身的悲剧色彩。随着王子复仇计划的开展，哈姆雷特不断地思考这个复仇计划背后的意义，于是他不断地徘徊在行动和思考中，不断地剖析各种人性的弱点。于此来看主人公既是戏剧里的人物，也是现实中的我们，透过这个镜子，看到了我们自身。
再来看主人公哈姆雷特这个人，关于他个人的评论，历来都总说纷纭。有人说，他是一个人文主义者的化身，有人说他是一个复仇王子，也有人说他是一个勇敢与善良的化身……这些不断被挖掘出来的人物个性，都远远无法囊括住哈姆雷特这个感性丰富，思想复杂的人格个性。也许哈姆雷特之所以如此的耐人寻味，就在于他本身性格的复杂性和多重性。但有点可以肯定的是他是一个悲剧性的人物，一个为时代和历史所操纵的无辜者。
从故事的一开始，注定了哈姆雷特悲剧化的结局。他既是老国王的儿子，是王位的合法继承人。又是一个人文主义者。伦理道德的意识使他必须要肩负起时代的使命。但他自身的弱点，又在某种程度上阻止他去实现他伟大的使命。我们都知道，在老国王哈姆雷特没有遭遇厄运之前，年轻英俊的小哈姆雷特是生活在一个开明君主的宫廷，一个充满阳光、充满幻想的理想王国之中，接受西方的人文主义思想，在他的眼中，他所看到的一切是那样的美丽。他曾发出这样的一段为世人所倾心的议论：人是多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量，多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举止！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么象一个天神！宇宙的精华，万物的灵长！然而当父亲猝然逝世，叔父夺位，母亲改嫁，鬼魂的述说，这一连串的事情发生后。这个快乐的王子就忧郁起来了。他目之所及的现实充溢着罪恶与丑陋，过去那美好的世界万物在他的思想中消逝了。美与丑在他的心目中形成了对比，现实的丑恶显露出它原有的形态，理想和现实的反差如此之大，使哈姆雷特思想上受到了极大的震动，不得不对现实生活开始了重新认识。―人世间的一切在我看来是多么可厌、陈腐、乏味而无聊！哼！哼！那是一个荒芜不治的花园，长满了恶毒的莠草。‖ 忧郁与苦闷就萦绕着这个曾经快乐的王子哈姆雷特。当面临现实与理想不一致时，他痛苦，他忧郁。他百思不解，于是不断地徘徊在复仇的行动和思考人性的边缘上。冲击着复仇的欲望和对理想的回望，他迷失了方向，迷失了自我。意识到了自己身上所肩负的责任不仅仅是为父报仇，拿回王位，还是一个在―重整乾坤‖的过程。更是一个人文主义与现实丑陋的极端争锋。痛苦的彷徨、思想的游荡，使他逐步变得深沉、清醒、坚定和敏锐，也让他迟迟无法下手。虽然清楚地意识到：―决心的赤热的彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在一种考虑之下，也会
逆流而退，失去行动的意义。他又是一位忧思过多的人，比起唐吉柯德，他似乎是优柔寡断。缺乏果断性，在克劳狄斯―正把灵魂洗涤清静‖的时候，他大有机会报仇，却放弃了千载难逢的机遇。他对于克劳狄斯的忏悔想到的是：―可是照我们人世的想法看来，他的孽债该很重；我现在解决他，却是趁他灵魂洗涤清静、准备成熟的时候，这能算报仇吗？不。也许有人会说是他价值观的偏好，倒不如说他过于沉耽于思考。或者干脆说，哈姆雷特是一个性情多虑，缺乏果断行动的人。如此以来，现实与理想正面的冲击，思考与行动的反复惆怅。就导致了他最终的悲情收场。然而进一步分析这个客观的过时的角色——哈姆雷特，这个角色里都浓缩着我们每个人自己。也就是说，谁没有为自己的或别人的灾难而沉思，而忧郁；谁目睹邪恶如芒在背，身受忧郁如疽附骨；谁没有只有思想而无行动的时候。越精于思想，越疏于行动，以致一点行动的力量为思想吞噬殆尽；谁眼见白昼的日照为自己胸中升起的怀疑浓雾所遮蔽，前面只剩下白茫茫的一片；谁不痛感宇宙无垠而个人渺小空虚，谁宁愿自身向人世孤注一掷---究竟谁才是是真正的哈姆雷特？
最后，我们来看看这部著作中投射出来的永恒问题。在哈姆雷特复仇的过程中，曾一度的陷入生存与毁灭的思考中。对于这个问题的思考，在剧中有这样的一个经典片段：生存还是毁灭？那是一个值得考虑的问题。
究竟哪样更高贵，去忍受那狂暴的命运无情的摧残还是挺身去反抗那无边的烦恼，把它扫一个干净。对于像哈姆雷特这样，一个决定为理想而现身的坚定人文主义者。一个无神论者，在想到死亡后，堕落到一个无底深渊中。犹豫不决地反复于生与死之间。他的两难在于生死之间。活着，无论是留在丹麦还是继续出国留学，都表示着他将―默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭‖。挺身反抗，无畏斗争，则或者因为势单力薄而不幸丧生，或者就必须活下来承当杀死一个国王的责任。在哈姆雷特心中，即便不贪生怕死，也不一定意味着通过斗争，就可以解放解救人们心头的创痛。生命对于每一个人都只有一次，等待或者斗争，都是最表面最简单的抉择，关键是在死亡的背后，所有人都可能因为无法得知的死亡深渊，承受无尽的痛楚与折磨。这是人性的软弱，属于哈姆雷特，也属于我们每一个人。对于这个属于我们自身的特性，我们每一个都无法避免地存在，无法消逝。也许时代可以冲淡历史的痕迹，吹干时代的泪水。但是永远无法冲淡我们自身。当上帝把我们带到世界的时候，生死就像硬币上的正反面，无时无刻地就伴随着我们。活着的时候，我们不断地探究生存的意义，也希望洞悉死亡的世界。当绝望来临，我们总希望依靠死亡来解决心中的痛苦。但是也同时担心死亡后的世界。于是我们就这样地不断徘徊在这个生存与毁灭的圈子中。
透过《哈姆雷特》，映射出我们自身。也许，随着时代的发展，各种的新的思想潮流不断涌现，更新取代旧的思潮。但是《哈姆雷特》作为永远一种艺术和理性的思想，不会被取代，无论时代怎么变迁，只要有人类的地方，就永远无法避开人性这个问题，它就永远不可能拉下帷幕,因为它是一个收藏在文本里的我们.
从《哈姆雷特》解析莎翁戏剧的4个关键词
题目中所说的这4个关键词便是：复仇、爱情、悲剧、夸张。
关键词1．复仇
复仇往往是许多戏剧中所会运用的手段之一，比如《罗密欧与朱丽叶(Romeo and Juliet)》中，罗密欧就是为了替好友报仇而杀死了朱丽叶的堂兄。而《哈姆雷特(Hamlet)》的中心内容便是讲了丹麦王子哈姆雷特复仇的故事。自己的父王被杀，而凶手正是已经篡位的叔父，无知
的母亲更是成为了杀父仇人的妻子。这样的屈辱打乱了哈姆雷特原本平静的生活，复仇的种子过早的被埋在哈姆雷特的心中，为了死去的父亲，为了正义，他别无选择，即使他知道要复仇是多么不容易，而自己也可能会付出更为惨痛的代价。
于是，复仇的戏码上演。他的装疯卖傻，骗过了所有的人，然而结果呢？他成功地为父亲报了仇，但是他错手杀死了自己所爱的姑娘的父亲和哥哥，他所爱的姑娘奥菲利娅也死了，而他也最终赔上了自己的性命。没有人能告诉他这是否值得，而我们也只能看着原本善良的小王子哈姆雷特成为复仇这场悲剧下的牺牲品。
关键词2．爱情
复仇的同时，也葬送了哈姆雷特与奥菲利娅原本一帆风顺的爱情。一个王子，一个御前大臣的女儿，这样难得的门当户对，情投意合，却被哈姆雷特的仇恨给拆散了，尤其当他在无意间杀死了奥菲利娅的父亲——御前大臣波洛涅斯，这场爱情注定是以悲剧收场的。哈姆雷特不会为爱情而放弃复仇，在他看来，复仇充斥着血腥的味道，和求爱的罗曼蒂克很不相称，同时这种悠闲的感情和他背负的责任也是格格不入的。当他假装发疯的同时，使奥菲利娅为了他痛苦，也使自己伤心无奈。当他情不自禁地思念起可爱的奥菲利娅，他开始为自己的冷酷无情感到内疚和不解，来看看哈姆雷特给奥菲利娅的情书吧：
―给我灵魂的偶像，只应天上有的、绝顶美艳的奥菲利娅—愿此数行留在她皎洁的杯中：
你可以怀疑星辰的发光，你可以怀疑日月的运行；
你可以疑心真理会说谎，决不要怀疑我的爱情。‖
虽然言辞十分夸张，但从这里我们可以看到哈姆雷特对于奥菲利娅的一份纯真的爱情，也为这一部悲剧增添了一些柔和、浪漫的感觉。
关键词3．悲剧
莎士比亚的戏剧中，优秀的喜剧作品很多，如《皆大欢喜(All's Well That Ends Well)》、《仲夏夜之梦(A Midsummer Night's Dream)》等等，但是莎翁的悲剧往往更胜一筹。这可能与其写作时期有关，几部喜剧大多在其早期（1590~1600）所写。而之后，他的作品往往以悲剧为主，而同时期的几部喜剧如《一报还一报(Measure for Measure)》等也都带上了几许悲剧色彩。
莎翁的悲剧不用多说，四大悲剧以及《罗密欧与朱丽叶(Romeo and Juliet)》等都是人们耳熟能详的，而今天我们就从《哈姆雷特(Hamlet)》这部戏剧中来看一看。无疑，这是一部情节复杂的悲剧，谋杀、篡位、爱情、装疯、错杀、阴谋，直到最后有关人物的统统死亡，令人震惊且悲哀。权力和地位一直是人们追逐的对象，欲望之火一旦点燃，人类种种丑恶的本性便暴露无遗，为此，亲情、道德显得那么渺小，那么无力，而上演了一出出无奈的悲剧，帝
王之家便成了最合适的舞台。正如哈姆雷特的好友霍拉旭在最后一幕哈姆雷特死后所说的一段话：
―让我对至今还一无所知的外界讲一讲事情的底细。你们会听到荒淫、残杀、反常背理的行为、处于偶然的灾殃、意外的送命、迫不得已、将计就计的成功，以及，这一个收场里，谋害别人、反害自己的结局。‖
中国的戏剧往往以大团圆为结局，或者假手于上天来惩罚恶者。而西方戏剧中尤其是莎翁笔下，悲剧反而成为了最完美的结局。
关键词4．夸张
看过莎翁作品的人往往会对他笔下那华丽而夸张的对白印象深刻，可对于我们来说，用―夸张‖一词来形容这些对白可能更为恰当。认真读下来之后虽然感动不已但往往也已经鸡皮疙瘩掉一地了。《罗密欧与朱丽叶(Romeo and Juliet)》就不用说了，爱情嘛，夸张还是需要的，而《哈姆雷特(Hamlet)》中也不乏夸张的对白。
在最后一幕中哈姆雷特得知自己已经中毒时所说的一段话：―我死了，霍拉旭。苦命的王后，再见。你们做了这场变故的哑角，面色发白、浑身打抖的见证啊！要不是死神来拘捕，决不能通融、让我留一下，我可以告诉你们——可是就随他去吧。霍拉旭，我死了；你还在；把我的品行和道义好好对不明白真相的讲讲吧！‖还有霍拉旭的话：―一颗高贵的心现在是碎了。晚安，可爱的王子！成群的天使们唱歌来送你安息吧！‖
从这两段对白中不难看出，即使是让人最难以接受的死亡，在莎翁笔下此时的对白也变得柔和许多。当然，戏剧总是需要对白去表现的，否则台下的观众就难以看懂剧情，更不用说是欣赏了。但是听着一个人不断地重复着自己就要死了，是一种很奇怪的感觉，而―夸张‖也就是体现在这一点吧！
这部剧作描写王子哈姆雷特犹豫徬徨、忧伤苦闷的复仇过程，真挚纯洁、感伤无奈的爱情，到最后虽然复仇成功但也付出了一切甚至生命的悲剧结局。那夸张华丽的对白和引人入胜的情节，使得这部《哈姆雷特(Hamlet)》也成为了舞台上经久不衰的演出剧目之一。
以《哈姆雷特》为例分析莎士比亚戏剧艺术特色
威廉·莎士比亚是欧洲文艺复兴时期的巨人，世界戏剧史上的泰斗，被认为是古往今来少数最伟大的作家之一。《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚的代表作，在艺术上代表了莎士比亚戏剧的最高成就。
首先，莎士比亚善于刻画人物性格。
莎士比亚剧中的人物性格鲜明生动，具有多面性和复杂性的特点，同时人物性格随着清洁的发展、矛盾的计划发生变化，有个性化特点，剧中的主要人物都是一定阶层和时代思想的代表，如克劳狄斯象征着文艺复兴晚期以满足个人私欲为核心的―新信仰、新道德‖，他为
权势所诱惑杀死自己的亲哥哥老哈姆雷特；又为情欲所驱使，霸占其兄嫂，又为了保住自己的地位而想尽各种办法杀害王子哈姆雷特，克劳狄斯的种种行为正是文艺复兴时期私欲泛滥、社会混乱的真实写照；挪威王子福丁布拉斯代表了一种不顾一切的冒险和掠夺精神，他是一个丧失了理性的冒险家；而哈姆雷特是一个人文主义者的典型，他标榜平等互爱，打破传统等级观念，如霍拉旭对哈姆雷特说―我永远是您卑微的仆人。‖哈姆雷特却回答说：―不，你是我的好朋友，我愿意和你朋友相称。‖他把友谊和爱情看成是人间最美好的事情，是人文主义者的生活理想，同时哈姆雷特又是一个德才兼备的人，体现了文艺复兴时期对人的理想，我们借剧中人物奥菲利娅的话来形容最贴切不过了―朝臣的眼睛、学者的辩舌、军人的利剑、国家所瞩望的一朵娇花；时流的明镜、人伦的雅范、举世瞩目的中心……‖她给我们描述了一个看问题深刻、有洞察力；口才好、思维敏捷；有军事才能、武艺好；代表着民族和国家的希望；同时又很时尚，能正确处理各种关系；被世界关注着的哈姆雷特形象。寥寥几句话就精辟而且形象地道出了哈姆雷特的特点，莎士比亚的功力可见一斑。
莎士比亚刻画人物性格善于把人物放在内外两重冲突中，通过对人物内心矛盾冲突的描写来揭示人物的深度。在《哈姆雷特》中，哈姆雷特于以其叔父为代表的强大黑暗势力的冲突，以及老哈姆雷特被害死，其母乔特鲁德改嫁克劳狄斯等客观现实构成了外部冲突；哈姆雷特内心对理想的追求与残酷现实的冲突形成了内在冲突，在外在冲突与内在冲突此消彼涨的过程中，逐渐揭示出哈姆雷特由于延宕的本质特性。随着两重矛盾的发展变化，哈姆雷特的性格也随之变化，家庭遭遇变故后，他由―快乐的王子‖变为―忧郁王子‖，经历过一件件事和内心的挣扎后，他终于变成了―行动王子‖。在面对矛盾时不同的行动，也表现出人物不同的性格，如丹麦国易主后，原先哈姆雷特的朋友罗森格兰兹和吉尔登斯吞背叛了哈姆雷特的友情，而霍拉旭却仍旧是哈姆雷特的挚友，彼此能互相信任的人。
莎士比亚十分善用内心独白这一艺术手段来展示人物心灵世界和刻画人物性格．在剧中哈姆雷特的独白占六段，如＂人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！＂通过这段哈姆雷特充分肯定人的议论，我们可以看出哈姆雷特曾经是个怀抱理想的乐观的人文主义者。在国王对哈姆雷特表示假意的关心并说到―我的孩子——‖时，哈姆雷特的旁白―超乎寻常的亲族，漠不相干的路人'，一针见血地道出了他与克劳狄斯的关系和哈姆雷特对他的态度以及蕴含其中的各种情感纠葛。又如他―生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题……‖这段旁白，传神地表达了他内心的矛盾、苦闷、彷徨，既有哲理，又富艺术感染力，有效地刻画了哈姆雷特犹豫延宕的性格，推动了剧情的发展。它也向我们展示了哈姆雷特思索的问题：人为什么活着？生命的意义是什么？宿命的力量到底有多大？现实的出路在哪？……旁白的运用，能深入人内心，窥探人心内在的秘密，加深人物的深度和复杂性，是对人精神世界的深层关怀。这些独白使《哈姆雷特》具有深度，也使哈姆雷特有了思想家的特点。
莎士比亚把对比手法用于人物的塑造，使人物性格丰富、鲜明、突出。如剧中扣人心弦的一段情节：哈姆雷特与奥菲利娅的―疯‖，在他们同样都失去了父亲、都处在爱情逆境中，哈姆雷特是装疯，一方面有效地保护了自己，另一方面使自己有时间思索，在面对人生困境时如何把危机变成转机，最终成长为―行动王子‖，表现了哈姆雷特刚毅顽强的性格特征；而奥菲利娅是真疯，最终死去，酿成了悲剧，既表现了她的天真，又应了哈姆雷特那句话―脆弱啊，你的名字就是女人！‖的另一种解法。这是剧中同一类人的对比。另外，剧中还有很多正反人物之间的对比，如哈姆雷特对老哈姆雷特与克劳狄斯的对比评价：―高雅优美‖对―霉
烂的禾穗‖，―矫健的姿态‖―精神威凛‖对―庸奴‖，―完善卓越‖对―恶徒‖……莎士比亚在许多诸如此类的对比中将人物刻画得栩栩如生。
其次，《哈姆雷特》情节曲折生动，波澜起伏，具有生动性和丰富性。
戏剧的情节是由人物复杂的性格特征和人物所处的复杂情势所决定的。哈姆雷特是既忧郁又犹豫延宕的王子，在他美好的理想被现实击破后，作为一个人文主义者，他正视现实，寻找出路，最终担负起―扭转乾坤‖的重任，哈姆雷特的思考融在剧情的一步步激化中，他的犹豫也给敌人留下了喘息的时间。我想，如果哈姆雷特是果断冲动的，就像同是莎翁悲作的《奥瑟罗》中的奥瑟罗一样，那么这一悲凄的王子复仇记也许将会是个完美的大结局吧？
莎士比亚的句做往往有多重情节线，《哈姆雷特》也不例外。《哈姆雷特》有三条复仇线：第一条是丹麦王子即作品中的主人翁哈姆雷特为父报仇，这是主线；两条副线，第一条是挪威王子福丁布拉斯为父报仇，第二条副线是大臣拨洛涅斯之子雷欧提斯为父报仇。这三条情节线构成紧张尖锐的戏剧冲突，互成对比，激化矛盾，扣人心弦，共同表现全剧的主题。另外，《哈姆雷特》中还写了哈姆雷特与他母亲乔特鲁德的矛盾激化发展过程，通过描写哈姆雷特与奥菲利娅、霍拉旭的故事情节，表达了哈姆雷特所歌颂的爱和友谊的美好，同时也写了罗森格兰兹、吉尔登斯吞对友谊的背叛等情节，起到了辅助并推动主要情节的作用。
《哈姆雷特》表现了十分广阔的社会生活面。剧中既写了宫廷生活，又写了将士站岗、伶人演剧、掘墓人小丑的滑稽场景以及教士、侍从、仆人、水手队长等社会生活各个方面的人物，他们的形象栩栩如生，个性鲜明，有时代特色，通过他们的言行、心理，反映出了生活的本质和深度。再次，莎士比亚能综合运用戏剧的创作因素。在《哈姆雷特》中，莎士比亚以现实主义为主要创作原则，《哈姆雷特》取材于１２００年的丹麦史，出自撒克索·格拉马提库所著的《丹麦史》，但是故事却被注入了现实的内容和时代的精神，剧作通过丹麦王子哈姆雷特为父报仇的故事，真实描绘了文艺复兴晚期英国和欧洲社会的真实面貌。剧中的主人公哈姆雷特所具有的人文主义精神也是文艺复兴时期的基本思想，具有时代特色。正如剧中哈姆雷特所说：―自有戏剧以来，它的目的始终是反映自然，显示善恶的本来面目，给它的时代看一看自己演变发展的模型。‖《哈姆雷特》还运用了浪漫主义的表现手法，如莎士比亚运用大胆的想象，让鬼魂出来告诉哈姆雷特真相；―戏中戏‖巧设机关，达到预期效果等。另外，莎士比亚的悲剧一般不把悲喜剧截然分开，而是在不损害悲剧基调的原则下把它们结合起来，如《哈姆雷特》中掘墓人的戏谑表演，衬托了戏剧的悲剧气氛，在悲喜的对比中加深了悲的深度和感染力，使主题意蕴得到升华。莎士比亚还运用了意象手法，如《哈姆雷特》中的―疾病‖意象，除此之外，莎士比亚还运用了多种艺术手法，在此就不一一累述了。
第四，莎士比亚剧作语言生动形象，被喻为散文诗式的语言，它丰富、抒情、多样化又具有个性特色，如歌德所说的―是用生动的语言文字来感人的‖。如―清晨披着赤褐色的外衣，已经踏着那边东方高山上的露水走过来了。‖如此美丽的文字，能让我们不陶醉其中吗？莎士比亚还善于运用多种多样的修辞手法，最常用的是排喻，又被称为―莎士比亚式的比喻‖，如哈姆雷特在―抑郁的心境之下‖对世界的描述：―负载万物的大地，这一座美好的框架，只是一个不毛的荒岬；这个覆盖众生的苍穹，这一顶壮丽的帐幕，这个金黄色的火球点缀着的庄严的屋宇，只是一大堆污浊的瘴气的集合……‖这是莎士比亚的―真与美将偕汝其昌‖这句话的完美体现。
莎士比亚的悲剧既是社会的悲剧又是性格的悲剧。《哈姆雷特》中体现的很明显，造成哈姆雷特的社会原因是敌对势力过于强大，是一个封建集团，同时他还要面对资本主义原始积累时期为金钱、权力而不择手段的人们的阻碍，而哈姆雷特自己的力量又太单薄，作为一个人文主义者他远离人民，希望用自己的力量改变社会；性格原因是哈姆雷特的犹豫不决、行动延宕，考虑问题过于审慎，以致于让敌人有喘息准备的时间。哈姆雷特的悲剧是一代人文主义者的悲剧。哈姆雷特的形象最有概括性和典型性。《哈姆雷特》揭示了为何莎士比亚悲剧具有如此巨大而迷人的魅力。
莎士比亚的戏剧是文学史上不朽的存在。
CRITICAL APPRECIATION OF HAMLET
by: E.K. Chambers
The following article w as originally published in The Tragedy of Ham let Prince of D enm ark. Ed. E.K. Chambers.
Boston: D.C. Heath & Co., 1895.
The criticism of Hamlet is apt to centre round the question, "Was Hamlet mad?" The problem is not merely insoluble; it cannot even be propounded in an intelligible guise. Psychology knows no rigid dividing line between the sane and the insane. The pathologist, indeed, may distinguish certain abnormal conditions of brain-areas, and call them diseased; or the lawyer may apply practical tests to determine the point where restraint of the individual liberty becomes necessary in the public interest. But beyond this you cannot go; you cannot, from any wider point of view, lay your finger upon one element here or there in the infinite variety of human character and say, "that way madness lies." Of this, however, we may be sure. Shakespeare did not mean Hamlet to be mad in any sense which would put his actions in a quite different category from those of other men. That would have been to divest his work of humanity and leave it meaningless. For the tragedy of Hamlet does not lie in the fact that it begins with a murder and ends with a massacre; it is something deeper, more spiritual than that. The most tragic, the most affecting thing in the world is the ruin of a high soul. This is the theme of Hamlet; it is a tragedy of failure, of a great nature confronted with a low environment, and so, by the perversity of things, made ineffective and disastrous through its own greatness. Keeping, then, this central idea in mind, let us attempt an analysis of the play in which it is set forth.
Hamlet is presented to us as a man of sensitive temperament and high intellectual gifts. He is no ordinary prince; his spirit has been touched to finer issues; his wit is keen-edged and dipped in irony; his delicacy of moral insight is unusual among the ruder Danes. He is no longer in his first youth when the play opens, but up to that moment his life has been serene and undisturbed. His
father's unexpected death has called him back from the University of Wittenberg, where his time has been spent in an atmosphere of studious calm and philosophic speculation. His tastes are those of the scholar; he loves to read for hours together, and, like most literary men, he takes great delight in the stage, with whose theory and practice he is familiar. He is no recluse; he has the genius for friendship and for love; when at Elsinore he has been conspicuous in the gallant exercises of the age. He is the darling of the court and beloved by the people. But his real interest is all in speculation, in the play of the mind around a subject, in the contemplation of it on all sides and from every point of view. Such a training has not fitted him to act a kingly part in stirring times; the intellectual element in him has come to outweigh the practical; the vivid consciousness of many possible courses of conduct deters him from the strenuous pursuit of one; so that he has lost the power of deliberate purposeful action, and, by a strange paradox, if this thoughtful man acts at all, it must be from impulse.
Quite suddenly the dreamer finds himself face to face with a thing to be done. According to the ethics of the day it becomes his imperative duty to revenge his father's murder; a difficult task, and one whose success might well seem doubtful. But Hamlet does not shrink at first from recognizing the obligation; it is 'cursed spite' that the burden of setting the world straight should have fallen upon him, but he will not refuse to shoulder it. Only the habits of a lifetime are not to be thrown off so easily. As the excitement of the ghost's revelation passes away, the laws of character begin
to reassert themselves. The necessity of "thinking it over" is potent with Hamlet. Instead of revealing all to his friends and enlisting their assistance, he binds them to secrecy and forms the plan of pretending madness that he may gain time to consider his position. Let us consider it with him.
In the first place, he is absolutely alone. The court at Elsinore is filled with quite ordinary people, none of whom can understand him, to none of whom he can look for help. This note of contrast between Hamlet and his surroundings is struck again and again. They are of another world than his, limited, commonplace, incapable of ideals. His motives and feelings, his scruples and hesitations, are hopelessly beyond their comprehension. And therefore--this is the irony of it--most of them are far more fitted to deal with a practical crisis in life than this high-strung idealist of a prince. There are "the good king and queen"; Claudius, shrewd and ready for an emergency, one who has set foot in the paths of villany and will not turn back, for all the dim visitings of momentary remorse; Gertrude, a slave to the stronger nature, living in the present, unable to realize her own moral degradation. There is Horatio, a straightforward upright soldier, one whom Hamlet intensely respects, comes even to envy, but who is not subtle enough to be of much use to him. There is Polonius, a played-out state official, vain and slow-witted, pattering words of wisdom which he does not understand and cannot put into practice. There are his son and daughter, Laertes and Ophelia: Laertes, a shallow vigorous young noble, quick with a word, and quick with a blow, but demoralized by the esprit Gaulois; Ophelia, a timid conventional girl, too fragile a reed for a man to lean upon. Hamlet loves her, and she loves Hamlet, but it is not a love that will bear him through the deep waters of affliction. The rest of the court are typified by Osric the waterfly, and by Guildenstern and Rosencrantz, of whom if you say Rosencrantz and Guildenstern it makes no difference; echoes, nonentities. With Hamlet on one side and these on the other, the elements of a tragedy are complete; the problem can work out to no satisfactory conclusion.
Once Hamlet has shrunk from immediate action, the possibilities of delay exercise an irresistible fascination over him. The ingenuity of his intellect exhausts itself in the discovery of obstacles; he takes every turn and twist to avoid the fatal necessity for action. At first he turns to Ophelia, the well-beloved. She will give him strength to accomplish his mission; but the scene in her closet, and still more the lie which she tells when her father is behind the arras, confess her weakness and compel him to renunciation. In the meantime he continues the assumption of madness. It serves a double purpose: he is free from the intolerable burden of keeping on good terms with Claudius and the rest; he can fight out the battle with himself in peace, while he mocks them with the ironies congenial to his mood. And what is more, he can let himself go; the strain of his overwrought mind relieves itself in bursts of an extravagance only half affected. He plays the madman to prevent himself from becoming one. But all the while he is no nearer the end. He has turned the whole matter over and cannot decide. His thoughts slip away from the plain issue and lose themselves in a bitter criticism of all created things. In this the speculative temper infallibly betrays itself; the interest of the universal, not of the particular, is always dominant with Hamlet; not his mother's sin, but the frailty of women, is his natural theme. And so it is with a pang that he constantly recalls himself to the insistent actual life, from the world in which he is a past-master to that wherein he gropes ineffectively. Of course he is fully aware of his own weakness; a deficiency of self-analysis is not likely to be one of his failings; but this does not give him power to throw it off, nor help him from his maze of recurring dilemmas. More than once he is on the point of cutting the knot of death, but even for that he has not the resolution.
At last the crisis comes. Hamlet has resolved that the play-scene shall decide once for all the question of the king's guilt. That guilt is made most manifest, and the opportunity for revenge is offered him. He does not take it. Covering his weakness with unreal reasons, he passes into the queen's chamber. After that it is too late. The impetuous murder of Polonius is the first link in a chain of calamities. Moreover it gives Claudius his chance. The king has never been wholly deceived by Hamlet's madness; he is sent to England, and only escapes that trap to fall into another. True, in the end the king dies by one impulsive stroke; but that cannot repair the ruin which Hamlet's want of purpose has caused. The infinitely sad fate of Ophelia; the deaths of Polonius, Laertes, Gertrude, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern; for all their faults, all these are a sacrifice on the alter of his infirmity. Only for Hamlet himself was the fatal blow "a consummation devoutly to be wished."
The ineffectiveness of the speculative intellect in a world of action, that is the key-note of the play. In Hamlet, as in Brutus, the idealist gets the worse of it, and we are left to wonder at the irony of things by which it is so. And just as the figure of Brutus is set between the two triumphant Philistines, Caesar and Antony, so Shakespeare is careful to provide a similar contrast for Hamlet. Partly this is to be found in Horatio and Laertes, but still more in the Norwegian, Fortinbras. The very existence of Fortinbras and the danger with which he threatens the state show the need for an iron hand in Denmark; Hamlet's reflections on his meeting with the Norwegian soldiers emphasizes the same point, and the final appearance of Fortinbras and his selection by Hamlet as the true saviour of society is fully significant. It is the lesson of Henry V, the lesson of the "still strong man in a blatant land". Only in Hamlet it is the other side that is apparent; not the political
principle, but the human tragedy, the ruin of the great soul because it is not strong, practical.
It would be an interesting task to estimate how far the genius of Shakespeare has been impaired
for a modern reader by the change in sentiments which the lapse of three crowded centuries has brought about. An Elizabethan dramatist could appeal with confidence to sympathies which are evanescent today. The Merchant of Venice, for instance, in spite of all its beauty and all its wit, yet bears an air of unreality to us, because its leading motive, that of the Judenhetze, no longer finds an echo outside the limits of Whitechapel. Probably Mr. Irving's histrionic instinct was right when it led him to convert a villain into a hero, and to present the play as an apology for toleration, though this was an idea foreign to Shakespeare and impossible on the boards of the Theatre. It is remarkable, however, that there is one tragedy at least in which the normal law is reversed, and which is more vivid, more intelligible to us than it could have been to our Elizabethan ancestors. Modern civilization has indeed discarded the ethics of the vendetta; the moral sentiment which holds revenge for a father's murder to be a binding duty upon the son no longer appears obvious and natural. An effort of the historic imagination is required to grasp its importance as a leading idea in the drama of Hamlet. But with the dominant figure, with Hamlet himself, it is otherwise. A prolonged study of the character leaves one with the startling sense that one out of the plenitude of his genius Shakespeare has here depicted a type of humanity which belongs essentially not to his age but to our own. There was, we know, an older Hamlet, a popular revenge play, pulsating, no doubt, like Titus Andronicus, with blood and fire. Into the midst of such a story the poet has deliberately set this modern born out of due time, this high-strung dreamer, who moves through it to such tragic issues. The key-note of Hamlet's nature is the over-cultivation of the mind. He is the academic man, the philosopher brought suddenly into the world of strenuous action. The fatal habit of speculation, fatal at Elsinore, however proper and desirable at Wittenberg, is his undoing. Cursed with the
"craven scruple
Of thinking too precisely on the event",
He is predestined to practical failure, failure from which no delicacy of moral fibre, no truth and intensity of feeling, can save him. It is surely no mere accident that so many features in the portrait of Hamlet are reproduced in Mrs. Ward's Edward Langham. The worship of intellect, the absorbing interest in music and the theatre, the nervous excitability, the consciousness of ineffectiveness taking revenge in irony and sarcasm, these and countless other points stamp them as temperaments of kindred mould. And in both lives the tragic woof is the same; it is the tragedy of spiritual impotence, of deadened energies and paralysed will, the essential tragedy of modernity. Hamlet fascinates us, just as Langham fascinates us, because we see in him ourselves; we are all actual or potential Hamlets.
Was Shakespeare, then, a prophet, or how came he to hit upon a conception so alien to the "form and pressure" of the time? One thinks of Elizabethan England as vigorous and ardent, flushed with youth and hope, little vexed with intellectual subtleties. Laertes is its type, not Hamlet. Perhaps the Sonnets, with the personal insight they give us into the poet's temper, help to solve the problem. Shakespeare was not Hamlet, but he touched him on many sides. The maker, like the puppet, had
his moments of world-weariness, and breathed his sigh for "restful death". But there is another than Shakespeare himself in whom we would willingly recognize in some measure the original Hamlet. It is not needful to commit ourself to the growing modern theory that the dramas of Shakespeare, comedies and tragedies alike, are largely Aristophanic in their intent, filled with topical sketches and allusions, to which in many cases the clue is now lost. But it is difficult not to think it probable that in this particular the poet gathered some hints from the noticeable personality of Sir Philip Sidney. Sidney is curiously lacking in the characteristic of Elizabethan blitheness; he looks by preference on the gloomy side of things; the pessimistic note comes out no less in his letters than in the bitter mockery of the famous dirge. And, like Hamlet, he was a scholar and an idealist, set in an uncongenial environment and always striving ineffectually to escape from it into the life of action. The lingering and futility of his later years were due in great measure to the force of external circumstance, yet something in them may also be traced, clearly enough, to Hamlet's irresolution and impotence of will. Nor can one fail to be struck by the parallel between the language common to the wits and poets of Elizabeth's court in speaking of "the president of noblesse and of chivalry" and the lement of Ophelia over the unstrung nerves of her lover:--
"Oh, what a noble mind is here o'erthrown!
The courtier's, soldier's, scholar's, eye, tongue, sword,
The expectancy and rose of the fair state,
The glass of fashion and the mould of form,
The observed of all observers, quite, quite down!"
The raw material that Shakespeare appropriated in writing Hamlet is the story of a Danish prince whose uncle murders the prince’s father, marries his mother, and claims the throne. The prince pretends to be feeble-minded to throw his uncle off guard, then manages to kill his uncle in revenge. Shakespeare changed the emphasis of this story entirely, making his Hamlet a philosophically-minded prince who delays taking action because his knowledge of his uncle’s crime is so uncertain. Shakespeare went far beyond making uncertainty a personal quirk of Hamlet’s, introducing a number of important ambiguities into the play that even the audience cannot resolve with certainty. For instance, whether Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude, shares in Claudius’s guilt; whether Hamlet continues to love Ophelia even as he spurns her, in Act III; whether Ophelia’s death is suicide or accident; whether the ghost offers reliable knowledge, or seeks to deceive and tempt Hamlet; and, perhaps most importantly, whether Hamlet would be morally justified in taking revenge on his uncle. Shakespeare makes it clear that the stakes riding on some of these questions are enormous—the actions of these characters bring disaster upon an entire kingdom. At the play’s end it is not even clear whether justice has been achieved. By modifying his source materials in this way, Shakespeare was able to take an unremarkable revenge story and make it resonate with the most fundamental themes and problems of the Renaissance. The Renaissance is a vast cultural phenomenon that began in fifteenth-century Italy with the recovery of classical Greek and Latin texts that had been lost to the Middle Ages. The scholars who enthusiastically rediscovered these classical
texts were motivated by an educational and political ideal called (in Latin) humanitas—the idea that all of the capabilities and virtues peculiar to human beings should be studied and developed to their furthest extent. Renaissance humanism, as this movement is now called, generated a new interest in human experience, and also an enormous optimism about the potential scope of human understanding. Hamlet’s famous speech in Act II, ―What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason, how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god—the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals!‖ (II.ii.293–297) is directly based upon one of the major texts of the Italian humanists, Pico della Mirandola’s Oration on the Dignity of Man. For the humanists, the purpose of cultivating reason was to lead to a better understanding of how to act, and their fondest hope was that the coordination of action and understanding would lead to great benefits for society as a whole.
As the Renaissance spread to other countries in the sixteenth and seventeen th centuries, however, a more skeptical strain of humanism developed, stressing the limitations of human understanding. For example, the sixteenth-century French humanist, Michel de Montaigne, was no less interested in studying human experiences than the earlier humanists were, but he maintained that the world of experience was a world of appearances, and that human beings could never hope to see past those appearances into the ―realities‖ that lie behind them. This is the world in which Shakespeare places his characters. Hamlet is faced with the difficult task of correcting an injustice that he can never have sufficient knowledge of—a dilemma that is by no means unique, or even uncommon. And while Hamlet is fond of pointing out questions that cannot be answered because they concern supernatural and metaphysical matters, the play as a whole chiefly demonstrates the difficulty of knowing the truth about other people—their guilt or innocence, their motivations, their feelings, their relative states of sanity or insanity. The world of other people is a world of appearances, and Hamlet is, fundamentally, a play about the difficulty of living in that world.
在一种悲喜交集的情绪之下，让幸福和忧郁分据了我的两眼，殡葬的挽歌和结婚的笙乐同时并奏，用盛大的喜乐抵消沉重的不幸（克劳狄斯） 啊，但愿这一个太坚实的肉体会融解、消散，化成一片露水！或者那永生的真神不曾制定禁止自杀的律法！上帝啊！上帝啊！人世间的一切在我看来是多么可厌、陈腐、乏味而无聊！（哈姆雷特独白之一） 脆弱啊，你的名字就是女人！（哈姆雷特独白之一） 他有这样高的地位，他的意志并不属于他自己，因为他自己也要被他的血统所支配；他不能像一般庶民一样为自己选择，因为他的决定足以影响整个国本的安危，他是全身的首脑，他的选择必须得到各部分肢体的同意（雷欧提斯） 一个自爱的女郎不应该向月亮显露她的美貌；圣贤也不能逃避馋口的中伤；春天的草木往往还没有吐放它们的蓓蕾，就被蛀虫蠹蚀；朝露一样晶莹的青春，常常会受到罡风的吹打。所以留心吧，戒惧是最安全的方策；即使没有旁人的诱惑，少年的血气也要向他自己叛变。（雷欧提斯） 不要想到什么就说什么，凡事必须三思而行。对人要和气，可以不要过分狎昵。相知有素的朋友，应该用钢圈箍在你的灵魂上，可是不要对每一个泛泛的新知滥施你的交情。留心避免和人家争吵，可是万一争端已起，就应该让对方知道你不是可以轻侮的。倾听每一个人的意见，可是只对极少数人发表你自己的看法；接纳每一个人的批评，可是保留你自己的判断。尽你的财力购制贵重的衣服，可是不要炫新立异，必须富丽而不浮艳，因为服装往往可以可以表现人格……不要向人告贷，也不要借钱给人，因为贷款放了出去，往往不但丢了本钱，而且还失去了朋友；向人告贷的结果，是容易养成因循懒惰的习惯。有其要紧的，你必须对你自己忠实；正像有了白昼才有黑夜一样，对自己忠实，才不会对别人欺诈。（波洛涅斯） 在热情燃烧的时候，一个人无论什么盟誓都会说出口来……不要相信他的盟誓，因为它们都是诱人堕落的淫谋，用庄严神圣的的辞令，掩饰淫邪险恶的居心。（波洛涅斯） 在个人方面也常常是这样，有些人因为身体上长了丑陋的的黑痣——这本来是天生的缺陷，不是他们自己的过失——或者生就一种令人侧目的怪僻，虽然特每年此外还有很多纯洁优美的品性，可是为了这一个缺点，往往会受到世人的歧视。一点点恶癖往往遮盖了高贵的品性，败坏了一个人的声誉。（哈姆雷特） 最轻微的一句话，都可以使你魂飞魄散，使你年轻的血液凝冻成冰，使你的双眼像脱了轨道的星球一样向前突出，使你的纠结的鬈发根根分开，像愤怒的豪猪身上的刺毛一样森然耸立；可是这一种永恒的神秘，是不能向血肉的凡耳宣示的。（哈姆雷特父亲的鬼魂） 可是正像一个贞洁的女子，虽然淫欲罩上神圣的外表也不能把她煽动一样，一个淫妇虽然和光明的天使为偶，也会有一天厌倦于天上的唱随之乐，而宁愿搂抱人间的朽骨。（哈姆雷特父亲的鬼魂） 是的，我要从我的记忆的碑版上拭去一切琐碎愚蠢的记录、一切书本上的格言、一切陈言套语、一切过去的印象、我的少年的阅历所留下的痕迹，只让你的命令留在我的脑筋的书卷里，不搀杂一点下贱的废料；是的，上天为我作证！（哈姆雷特独白之二） 简洁是智慧的灵魂、冗长是肤浅的藻饰（波洛涅斯） “给那天仙化人的、我的灵魂的偶像，最美丽的奥菲利娅——”（波洛涅斯读哈姆雷特给奥菲利娅的信）“你可以疑心星星是火把；
The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, or more simply Hamlet, is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601. The play, set in the Kingdom of Denmark, recounts how Prince Hamlet exacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for murdering the old King Hamlet (Claudius's brother and Prince Hamlet's father) and then succeeding to the throne and marrying Gertrude (the King Hamlet's widow and mother of Prince Hamlet). The play vividly portrays real and feigned madness – from overwhelming grief to seething rage – and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. The play's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny, of which one example is the centuries-old debate about Hamlet's hesitation to kill his uncle. Some see it as a plot device to prolong the action, and others see it as the result of pressure exerted by the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold-blooded murder, calculated revenge and thwarted desire. More recently, psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet's unconscious desires, and feminist critics have re-evaluated and rehabilitated the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude. Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in the English language. It has a story capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others." During Shakespeare's lifetime, the play was one of his most popular works,and it still ranks high among his most-performed, topping, for example, what eventually became the Royal Shakespeare Company's list since 1879. It has inspired writers from Goethe and Dickens to Joyce and Murdoch, and has been described as "the world's most filmed story after Cinderella". The title role was almost certainly created for Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time. Critical history From the early 17th century, the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity, leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama。Though it remained popular with mass audiences, late 17th-century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum This view changed drastically in the 18th century, when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero—a pure, brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances. By the mid-18th century, however, the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings, returning madness and the Ghost to the forefront.] Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent. Before then, he was either mad, or not; either a hero, or not; with no in-betweens. These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism, which came to focus more on character and less on plot.] By the 19th century, Romantic critics
精品文档 精品文档 Hamlet (Act 3, Scene 1, lines 55-86) To be, or not to be: that is the question, Whether'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep; No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep. To sleep, perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause. There's the respect That makes calamity of so long life; For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law's delay, The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of th'unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear, To grunt and sweat under a weary life, But that the dread of something after death, The undiscovered country from whose bourn No traveller returns, puzzles the will, And makes us rather bear those ills we have Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolution Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought, And enterprises of great pith and moment With this regard their currents turn awry And lose the name of action. 生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世无涯的苦难，这两种行为，哪一种更加高尚？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛 苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。 ——《哈姆雷特》（英·William Shakespeare ）中的经典独白soliloquy [s ?'l ?l ?kw ?] This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and disadvantages of existence, and whether it is one ’s right to end his/her own life.
毕业设计（论文） Analysis of the Character of Hamlet 学院：外国语学院 专业：姓名：指导老师：英语 xx 学号： 职称：教授 中国·珠海 二○一○年五月
xx学院毕业设计（论文） 诚信承诺书 本人郑重承诺：我所呈交的毕业设计（论文）Analysis of the Character of Hamlet是在指导教师的指导下，独立开展研究取得的成果，文中引用他人的观点和材料，均在文后按顺序列出其参考文献，设计（论文）使用的数据真实可靠。 承诺人签名： 日期：年月日
Analysis of the Character of Hamlet ABSTRACT William Shakespeare, the most remarkable playwright and a poet of England in the period of the Renaissance in European, an outstanding representative of humanitarianism, is one of the founders of modern European literature. Being one of the world’s greatest writers, he was recognized as the pinnacle of English Renaissance. In his works, Hamlet, one of the four tragedies, is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. Many characters were created by Shakespeare with unique creative technique in writing. These characters were alive with the unique personality, particularly in Hamlet, the image of Hamlet; the Prince of Denmark is most well-known. Hamlet is a prince with humanistic ideas. He has “The courtier’s, soldier’s, scholar’s eye tongue, sword,”he is “Th’expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion and the mould of form,” However, he was dithery and delayed. His melancholy is the reason that makes the image has a monumental artistic charm. In this paper, the main target is to analyze the character of Hamlet. Through the overview of the plot of Hamlet, the main characters of Hamlet in Hamlet were shown---melancholy and delay have analyzed. As the representative of humanitarianism, how has Hamlet shown the psychology of hesitation in his revenge, and at the same time we should analyze how to realize his character of delay in the contradiction of his family and love. This thesis also analyzes the causes and the background of the formation of Hamlet’s character. In conclusion, in order to achieve a better understanding and excavation the literary value of Hamlet, the thesis summarizes Hamlet has melancholy, delay of the personality traits, and then expresses the view of the author in Hamlet, as well as the impact of this work. Deepening the analysis and understanding of the character in British and American literature, we can have a better understanding the social background at that time by analyzing Hamlet’s character. Key words: Hamlet Analysis of the character Melancholy Delay
哈姆雷特经典台词-哈姆雷特经典台 词 《哈姆雷特》，莎士比亚的著名的悲剧小说，尽管是悲剧，但是，里面有些台词还是值得思考的。下面的小编就给大家盘点一下《哈姆雷特》里的经典台词吧! 生存还是死亡，那是个问题。 嫉妒的手足是谎言! 放弃时间的人，时间也会放弃他。 黑暗无论怎样悠长，白昼总会到来。 简洁是智慧的灵魂，冗长是肤浅的藻钸。 一个骄傲的人，结果总是在骄傲里毁灭了自己。
勤劳一天，可得一日安眠;勤奋一生，可永远长眠。 不要只因一次挫败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的 脆弱啊，你的名字是女人! 留心，我亲爱的妹妹，不要放纵你的爱情，不要让欲望的利箭把你射中。 我知道一个人在热情燃烧的时候，一个人无论什么盟誓都会说出口来这些火焰，女儿，是光多于热的，刚刚说出可口就会光销焰灭，你不能把它们当做真火看待。 简洁是智慧的灵魂，冗长是肤浅的藻饰。 你可以疑心星星是火把;你可以疑心太阳会转移;你可以疑心真理是谎话;可是我的爱用没有改变。 人类是一件多么了不起的杰作!多么高贵的理性!多么伟大的力量!多么优美的仪表!多么文雅的举动!在行为上多么像一个天使!在智慧上多么像一个天神!宇宙的精华!万物的灵长!
一个老年人是第二次做婴孩 人们往往用至诚的外表和虔敬的行动，掩饰一颗魔鬼般的心。 生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题;默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把他们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵? 大人物的疯狂是不能听其自然的。 不，不要以为我在恭维你;你除了你的善良的精神以外，身无长物，我恭维了你又有什么好处呢?…自从我能够辨别是非，察择贤愚以后，你就是我灵魂里选中的一个人。 志愿不过是记忆的奴隶，总是有始无终，虎头蛇尾。 世界也会有毁灭的一天，何怪爱情要随境遇变迁?有谁能解答这一个哑谜，是境由爱造?是爱逐境移? 失财势的伟人举目无亲;走时运的穷酸仇敌逢迎。 要是言语来自呼吸，呼吸来自生命，
哈姆莱特的经典台词 1、人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么优雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！ 2、生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。死了；睡着了；睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要用一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生？谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。 3、谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。 4、这是一个颠倒混乱的时代，唉。。倒霉的我却要负起重整乾坤的责任！ 5、脆弱啊，你的名字就是女人！短短的一个月以前，她哭得像个泪人儿似的，送我那可怜的父亲下葬；她在送葬的时候所穿的那双鞋子还没有破旧，她就，她就——上帝啊！一头没有理性的畜生也要悲伤得长久一些——她就嫁给我的叔父，我的父亲的弟弟，可是他一点不像我的父亲，正像我一点不像赫剌克勒斯一样。只有一个月的时间，她那流着虚伪之泪的眼睛还没有消去红肿，她就嫁了人了。啊，罪恶的匆促，这样迫不及待地钻进了乱伦的衾被！ 6、葬礼中剩下来的残羹冷炙，正好宴请婚筵上的宾客。 7、让蜜糖一样的嘴唇区吮舐愚妄的荣华，在有利可图的所在弯下他们生财有道的膝盖来吧 8、波洛涅斯：还在这儿，雷欧提斯！上船去，上船去，真好意思！风息在帆顶
海头高级中学高二年级语文名著阅读复习资料 《哈姆雷特》 第一幕 1．哈姆雷特的名言：“软弱者, 你的名字就是女人!”是他在什么样的情况下说的？ 答：克劳狄斯与王后结婚大典上，哈姆雷特看不出王后有任何悲伤的表情，并请求他留在王宫后，他发出的感慨，认为他父亲对他母亲真是怜爱的无微不致, 甚至不肯让强风吹抚於她的脸颊。可是, 一月之内，她竟全忘记了，于是他发出这样的感叹。 2．先王的鬼魂出现的时候穿的是什么衣服？有什么样的表情？他为什么要以这样的形象显灵？ 答：他穿着他身披之盔甲，就是昔日他奋战那野心勃勃的挪威王时所穿的，他脸上蹙眉怒目，就和他当年在冰原上大破波兰雪车军时一样。 这个形象一方面表现了先王的威武与赫战功，另一方面表现他的愤怒之情。 3．霍拉旭他们为何竭力劝阻哈姆雷特不要跟鬼魂去？ 答：霍拉旭生怕鬼魂把他勾引至那汪洋大海或岸旁之峭壁边缘时, 再显露其恐怖原形, 令他丧失理智或发狂, 或是露出狞恶的面目吓坏了年轻的王子。表现了朋友之间的关心。 4．老国王在告诫哈姆雷特不要忘记复仇时，告诫他如何对待王后的呢？ 答：老国王说“无论你是怎样的去进行此事, 别让你的脑子萌起报复於你母之念。把她留给天堂裁判, 让她受自己良心的谴责及刺戳。” 第二幕 克劳狄斯虽然不知道老国王鬼魂出现的事，但他心中有鬼。哈姆莱特装疯后，克劳狄斯对此表示怀疑，他派大臣普隆涅斯去试探哈姆雷特。普隆涅斯被哈姆雷特骗过去了。克劳狄斯又派两个奸细---罗森格兰兹和吉尔登斯吞来试探哈姆雷特，奸细也被哈姆雷特当面戳穿。哈姆雷特一方面想复仇，一方面又碍于母亲的面子，同时他也不十分确定父亲鬼魂的话，非常苦恼。哈姆雷特决定要证实克劳狄斯的罪行，正好这时宫中来了一个戏班子，他命戏子排演“捕鼠机”，自己加编新台词，准备试探克劳狄斯。 1．分析“戏中戏”的作用。 2．哈姆莱特是否真的疯？历来解释各异。请谈谈你的看法。 3．分析《哈姆莱特》第二幕所表现的哈姆莱特性格的复杂性。 参考答案： 1．为了证实克劳狄斯的罪行。
英语翻译1301 2013011275 The specific analyzes of characters of Hamlet Hamlet is a humanist of which involved in the contradictory of ideal and reality, and a person who has some beautiful views on the world human and society . But the cruelty and hideous of the real world have destroyed his expectation and broke his faith of humanism. As a humanist ,his hesitation on the way of revenge indicated the great gap of power between the humanism and feudalism. The author is aim at pointing out his introspection of The Renaissance and preoccupation of fate of human and our society. Humlet is the model of humanism idealist in the period of Renaissance. Although he wears the black suits , been serious at the first time when he showing up as a melancholy prince. But before story begins he is a happy prince studied in the Wittenburg, the headquarter of humanism. He has a fully rational faith to human. The mankind ,how a amazing craft he is, how nobly his rational is, what a great power and glamorous character he has , behaves like an angle, be intelligent as a god, the essence of the world and universe. But the world changed so fast, the sudden death of his father ,the idealized king in his mind, broke his life. His
生命中令人悲伤的一件事是你遇到了一个对你来说很重要的人，但却最终发现你们有缘无份，因此你不得不放手。 ------ A sad thing in life is when you meet some one who means a lot to you，only to find out in the end that it was never meant to be and you just have to let go. 没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won’t make you cry. 别和意志坚定的人争辩，因为他们可以改变事实！ Don't argue with the people of strong determination，because they may change the fact! 我比昨天多爱你一点，又比明天少一点。 I love you more than yesterday and less than tommorow. You say that you love the rain, but you open your umbrella when it rains. You say that you love the sun, but you find a shadow spot when it shines. You say that you love the wind, but you close the windows when it blows. This is why I'm afraid, you said that you love me too. 为王者无安宁。 Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. 人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂旳人生就太长了。 The time of life is short ; to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long . 世间本无善恶，端看个人想法. There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so 豁达者长寿。 A light heart lives long . 再深的记忆也有淡忘的一天 And then there are unforgettable memories of the day 分手后不可以做朋友,因为彼此伤害过 Can not be friends after breaking up, because the two sides hurt 我只想现在认真过的精彩无所谓好与坏。 I would like now to seriously indifferent room of wonderful。 笑是一切罪恶的根源。 Laughter is the root of all evil. 爱情是叹息吹起的一阵烟；恋人的眼中有它净化了的火星；恋人的眼泪是它激起的波涛。它又是最智慧的疯狂，哽喉的苦味，吃不到嘴的蜜糖。 Love is the season Yizhenyin sigh; The eyes have it purified the lovers of Mars; Love it aroused waves of tears. It is the wisdom of madness, choking bitterness, it does not tip of honey. 谈一场恋爱学会了忍耐总有些意外会让人受伤害。 Love to talk about a bit of a surprise to people to learn the total patient injury。 爱，和炭相同，烧起来，得想办法叫它冷却。让它任意着，那就要把一颗心烧焦。
哈姆雷特梁实秋译本 《哈姆雷特》的中文译本中，比较受推崇的有卞之琳译本、梁实秋 译本、 朱生豪译本。那么梁实秋作家的大家了解? 《哈姆雷特》梁实秋的散文 体翻译 用散文体译莎剧的代表人物就是梁实秋先生。 梁实秋先生以近四十年的漫漫 人生完成煌煌四十卷《莎士比亚全集》的翻译，是中国文化史上的不朽盛事，海 内外能独自把莎剧全部译成汉语的， 迄今只有梁实秋先生一人。 并且他对待翻译 的态度与他的人生观一样，传统，十分严谨，一丝不苟。在翻译莎士比亚时，他 经过大量的“爬梳剖析”， 最终选定未经任何增删的牛津版本作为原 文材料，还广泛阅读了许多莎剧专家的大量注释，作细致的比较鉴别，尽量使译 作与原作保持一致。 梁实秋的译文：死后还是存在，还是不存在，——这是问题;究 竟要忍受这强暴的命运的矢石， 还是要拔剑和这滔天恨事拼命相斗， 才是英雄气 概呢?死， ——长眠， ——如此而已;梁实秋采用了散文体， 把原文中的“无韵体”一律译成散文，而“原文中押韵之处则 悉数译为韵语。”用散文体翻译莎剧，也在一定程度上推进了白话文运动 的进一步发展和完善。 关于译为散文的原因， 他在 30 年代出版的莎剧译本的 《例 言》中提出了自己的观点。他这样谈到，“莎翁的原文大部分是‘ 无韵诗’，凡原文为‘无韵诗’，则亦译为散文。因为‘ 无韵诗’中文根本无此体裁，莎翁之运用‘无韵诗’体亦甚自 由，实已接近散文，不过节奏稍微齐整;莎士比亚戏剧在舞台上演员并不咿呀吟 诵，亦读若散文一般。所以译文以散文为主。”“不过，所谓无韵诗 并不是等于把散文拿来分开排印，这是很重要的一点。 他的译文不是单纯的直译， 逐字直译会成为令人无法卒读的文字， 也不是完 全意译，因为意译能产生流畅的文字，但与原文的语气和节奏相差太远了。梁实 秋的散文译本通俗易懂，读起来不会那么枯燥，索然无味。“死后还是存 在， 还是不存在， ——这是问题;”一个踌躇满志又迷茫敏感的 王子形象跃然纸上。 三.卞之琳的诗体翻译用诗体翻译莎士比亚戏剧的有孙大雨， 方平，林同济等人，但最著名的代表人物是卞之琳先生。 卞之琳先生认为莎剧本
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《哈姆雷特》人物性格分析 1601年。剧作写的是丹麦王子哈姆雷特对谋杀他的父亲、骗娶他的母亲并篡夺了王位的叔父进行复仇的故事。哈姆雷特是体现作者人文主义理想的典型形象。剧作通过描写他与现实之间的不可调和的矛盾，和他在复仇过程中的犹豫彷徨、忧伤苦闷及其惨遭失败的悲剧结局，深刻地体现出人文主义者要求冲破封建势力束缚的强烈愿望，同时也揭示出英国早期资产阶级的局限性。而正是哈姆雷特的这种人文主义理想与现实的不可调和的矛盾导致了他人生悲剧的必然。 个月就改嫁丈夫的弟弟葛夫，而这个婚礼在当时引起全国人民的注意，。因为葛夫是个邪恶、性情卑劣之人，自然而然在人民的心里起了一个疑心，是葛夫谋杀了前任国王。他十分不明白为何母亲判作两人，在父亲去世未满两个月，就再婚了。他的母亲及新任国王让他快乐，但他依旧穿著丧服，不肯脱去，他怀疑叔父给他父亲致死的理由─被毒蛇咬死的真实性。他一直认为母亲和葛夫就是那毒蛇，共同谋害了他的父亲，这个疑虑使他心神不安。现在又有一个谣言满天飞，有一个十分像先王的鬼魂出现在午夜十二点时，他欲言又止，一下子就消失。于是哈姆雷特就前去观看，他看见了那鬼魂，于是追了去，来到一空地，鬼魂终于开口说道“儿啊！我是你的父王，我是被我的弟弟葛夫害死的，他趁着我睡着时，拿着毒草汁渗入我的耳里，使我悲苦的灵魂无法安睡。儿啊！你的母亲不能为我守节，证明她的虚伪，你可以为我报仇，但绝不能加害于你的母亲，就让她听天由命好了，让她受天良发现的责备好了。”就这样，鬼魂消失了，哈姆雷特答应为他父亲报仇。哈姆雷特要他的部属不准透露他遇见了鬼魂，但实际上他的精神已受到惊吓，他有点恍惚。一方面他害怕他报仇的计画引起叔父的疑心，另一方面又害怕叔父有加害于他的心态，于是他决定伪装于疯癫之下。他们认为他一定是太思念先王而如此的或是因为爱情的缘故。因为哈姆雷特爱慕一位名叫可莉的女孩，她是大臣的女儿，在他发疯之前，曾送过情书及戒指给她，在他发疯之后，更是有过之而不及，因此哈姆雷特的叔父及母亲都认为一定是爱情的缘故。可莉是个好女孩，并不因为哈姆雷特变成如此，而远离他，反而更加的怜悯他、关爱他。哈姆雷特心中有着疑惑，他开始怀疑他当日看见的鬼魂，以及他是否真要报仇，于是他找来一批伶人演戏，试探着叔父的反应。那些伶人照着哈姆雷特的指示上演了一出弟弟杀害哥哥的戏码，结果这出戏令叔父不悦，借故生病离席了，这举动更加让哈姆雷特信心大增，原来那鬼魂所言不假。当天夜里，王后将哈姆雷特唤去，告诉他，他的新父王是葛夫，不准在上演这令人不悦的戏码，哈姆雷特不悦，和母亲起了争吵，母亲害怕已疯癫的哈姆雷特，就在此时，躲在屏风后面的大臣喊了出来，反令哈姆雷特吃惊，拔了剑，刺了过去，杀死了可莉的父亲。这样一来，哈姆雷特被放逐了，但他已明确的把话说给母亲听，已引起她良心的谴责。葛夫将他送往英国，那时英国是丹麦的管辖之下，葛夫秘密的写了一封信要他们一到英国就杀了哈姆雷特。哈姆雷特早就发现事有蹊跷。于是偷了信将人名给改了，一到英国哈姆雷特就被释放了，不久后哈姆雷特搭船要回丹麦，结果那艘船被海盗船给攻打了，哈姆雷特刻意表现其英勇的行为，反被海盗们所佩服。海盗们要哈姆雷特将来在朝中可以酬谢他们的不杀之恩，于是他们带着哈姆雷特回到丹麦。一回到城内，哈姆雷特就听到可莉的丧礼，原来自从可莉的父亲被哈姆雷特刺死之后，她的神志就恍惚了，一日
《哈姆雷特经典台词》 哈姆雷特经典台词（一）： 莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》最经典对白 To be， or not to be- that is the question: whether it's nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune， or to take arms against a sea of troubles， and by opposing end them? To die:to sleep;no more; andby a sleep to say we end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to。 'tis a consummation devoutly to be wish'd。 To die: to sleep; To sleep: perchance to dream: ay， there's the rub: for in that sleep of death what dreams may e when we have shuffled off this mortal coil， must give us pause: there's the respect that makes calamity of so long life;For who would bear the whips and scorns of time， the oppressor's wrong， the proud man's contumely， the pangs of despis'd love， the law's delay， the insolence of office， and the spurns that patient merit of the unworthy takes，when he himself might his quietus make with a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear， to grunt and sweat under a weary life， but that the dread of something after death， the undiscover'd country， from whose bourn no traveller returns， puzzles the will and makes us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all; And thus the native hue of resolution is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought， and enterprises of great pith and moment with this regard their currents turn awry， and lose the name of action。 译文： 生存还是毁灭，这是个值得思考的问题: 默然忍受命运暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人 世无涯的苦难，透过斗争把他们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵? 死了，睡着了，什么都 完了。倘若在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都能够从此消失，这正是我们求之不得的结局。死了，睡着了，睡着了也许还会做梦。嗯， 阻碍就在这: 因为当我们摆脱了这一具腐朽的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什 么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故。谁愿意忍 受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的感情的惨痛、法律的迁延、 官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只用一柄小小的刀字，就能够清算他自 我的一生？谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘若不是因为惧怕不可 知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们 宁愿忍受目前的折磨，不敢向我们所不明白的痛苦飞去？这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的炽热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种思考下，也会 逆流而退，失去了行动的好处。 （出自《哈姆雷特》第三幕第一场） 哈姆雷特经典台词（二）：