写作题型
一、单一类：
1.价值判断—利弊类
Should，better，important, necessary etc
【e.g.1】challenging plans rather than practical plans
Pros：challenging plan
（1）、个人：improve skills；fulfill potential；persistence\perseverance\tenacity; strong will; （2）、他人、朋友: win more support from friends
（3）、社会、国家:development
Cons:
（1）、个人：greater chance of success
Confidence；less pressure—sense of security；
（2）、朋友：win support from friends（朋友认为是一个可靠负责的人）朋友是万能角度
（3）、社会国家：development；accumulated efforts lead to great revolution.
【e.g.2】选课类话题（history, basic science, art, economy, foreign languages, foreign culture etc.）
此类题目统一说不选，不选的理由唯一：压力大（high pressure）；花钱多（expensive tuition）Firstly，the extra history courses put too much academic pressure on students. 【解释：majors，GPA，job competition，social activity，love relationship，sleeplessness，insomnia】【例子：medicine，lab，internship，https://www.doczj.com/doc/6e1069912.html,w: cases, memorize rules, research, debating skills, social......】
Secondly, the compulsory history courses lead to skyrocketing tuition fees.
【e.g.3】高薪类话题
统一选高薪：
（1）、衣食住行：Money meets basic needs… luxury goods
（2）、满足兴趣爱好
（3）、帮助他人
（4）、赢得尊重
A low-paid job secure job is better than a job with a high salary but easy to lose.
Money meets basic needs.衣With enough money, we can buy ourselves clothes of top quality and fashion, which make us a smarter and more successful look.食Eggs, meat and milk can be added to our daily diet, keeping us away from malnourishment.住: Spacious and bright houses will be available to us if we have a high-paid job. Instead, we will no longer need to suffer crowds in dark and small shelters.行:We can enjoy the rapidity and safety brought by the most modern and brand transportation rather than worry about missing the last bus all day long.奢侈品：In addition, some luxury goods, like Dior，LV，Chanel and Gucci will be affordable to us, helping us lead a more decent life.
Money allows us to pursue individual interests like golf…
Money enables us to help others in need.
A high-paid job receives more respect. Roll out red carpet…
二、复合类
2、现象证明类－事实类
复合类：条件、转折、因果
【e.g.1】Challenging plans are better than practical plans.
First，persistence，strong-willed.
解释：difficulties，problems，troubles，
例子：Edison，light bulbs，lamp
Carbonized paper
Bamboo
（1）为什么challenging：laugh at，failures，discourage，
（2）如何Persistence：
Second, propel move forward.
解释：greater contribution，profound
例子：Wright Brothers；
（1）发明飞机很challenging：limitation，.......
（2）如何发展：
Firstly, the challenging plans teach us the value of perseverance. It is because there are always more difficulties and troubles waiting for the challenging planners on their way to success. They must be strong-willed enough to conquer the troubles and achieve the goal. Edison, the world-famous inventor who brings light to us, serves as a good example. He decided to improve the lighting efficiency of lamps by seeking for the most suitable materials. However, he was misunderstood by his peers and suffered the mockery. Even his friends and family tried to persuaded him out of his plan. When failures repeated, Edison just clinged to his ambition and hope with a strong will. Finally, he successfully found the most material, bamboo, which greatly improve the efficiency of the lamp. His experience made him realize the importance of a strong will and perseverance. He was able to view every failure as a step towards success, which made him the greatest inventor of the time.
Second, challenging plans propel the society to move forward. It is because ambitious planners usually bring greater contribution to society, which profoundly change our way of life. Take Wright Brothers, the inventor of the first plane, as an example. Flying like a bird in the sky had been the widest dream for people for thousands of years. But most of them just considered it as a joke. Wright Brothers took it seriously. Despite the material and technology limitations, they persisted in the experiments. No matter how many people misunderstood and laughed at them, they just kept on trying and never gave up. Thanks to their efforts, the distance between people has been largely shortened. It only took a couple of hours to have a transcontinental trip today instead of suffering fatigue and seasickness in a ship for several months.
【e.g.2】Ads make the products seem better than they really are.
找原因：
(1)To attract consumers, make money
(2)Art effect, technique, graphic processing software beautify the figures, instant noodles
(3)Celebrities endorsement account for the exaggeration
拆分：
（1）Food ads: instant noodles, McDonald’s
（2）Daily consuming: tooth paste, shampoo
（3）Durable consuming goods: HP, Toyota (brake)
（4）Drug: weight-losing, cold-fighting
（5）Real estate
开头结尾：
In this day and age, we are bombarded by all kinds of advertisements. Some people argue that ads present objective information about products. I disagree. According to my observation, most ads exaggerate the products for following reasons.
In conclusion, ads do make the products much better than they really are in order to attract consumers, achieve are effects, or through celebrities endorsement. As a result, consumers should be rational enough to prevent being lured by the exaggerated ads.
【e.g.2】T echnology makes people’s lives simpler in turn to make people’s lives more complicated.
拆分：transportation, Internet, nuclear, drug
【e.g.3】Movies and TVs have more negative effects than positive effects on young people.
Neg.:
（1）Physical：eyesight, overweight
（2）Mental: violence, pornographic information
（3）Social: harm social ties
（4）Distracted: study efficiency
Pos.:
（1）Relax
（2）Make friends
（3）Intellectual stimulation, broaden horizon, exercise imagination
3、今昔对比＋预测类
可找原因的方面：
（1）科技发展：scientific and technological development
（2）环境污染：environmental pollution
（3）观念扭转：opinion、thought、idea、ideology
（4）社会福利发展：social welfare
【e.g.1】In twenty years, there will be few er cares in use than in today.
同意：
（1）New means of transportation
（2）Protect the environment
（3）No longer consider cars as the symbol of wealth and social status
（4）Free public transportation
反对：
（1）Advanced economic cars
（2）New source of energy
（3）Consider the cars of the symbol of wealth
（4）People have spare money to buy cars
【e.g.2】People are now easier to become educated than in the past.
（1）科技：Internet & distant learning, study efficiency: computer-based teaching system, smart board, projector—concentrated and focused
（2）观念：平等Girls who are not knowledgeable are considered as with great virtues;
serve husband and children;
（3）社会福利：tuition fees，Nine-year compulsory education system in China，Hope elementary school
开头结尾：
Education plays an increasing important role in national prosperity and individual development. Some people argue that it is more difficult for us to receive education nowadays than in the past due to higher tuition fees and lower admission rate. I disagree. According to my observation, people nowadays are much easier to be educated for following reasons.
In conclusion, receiving education has become much easier for people in modern society 【because of the progresses in technology, traditional concepts and social welfare. It is foreseeable that in the future people all around the word will be able to access the best education freely.】
中间段落：
Firstly，the rapid development of science and technology greatly facilitates the education.【supporting】The reasons are twofold. For one thing, the popularity of Internet diversifies the way of learning. Children in distant places and adults who passed the school age are able to attend classes through Internet. For example, Harvard and Yale Universities recently promoted open courses online. With a click of mouse, people can enjoy the wonderful lectures given by professors in top universities at home. For another thing, advanced teaching and learning facility improves studying efficiency. In the past, most classrooms were only equipped with blackboards and chalks. Students had to suffer the nagging dust and tedious lectures which easily distracted them from their task. Nowadays, the smart boards, projectors and computer-based teaching system provide both audio and visual stimulation to students, greatly arousing their interests and enlightening them with higher efficiency. 【例子】… …
Secondly, the progresses in traditional ideas make it possible for easier education. In ancient time, girls were prohibited to go to schools because of the traditional prejudice that girls who are not knowledgeable are considered as with great virtues. As a result, women were limited to their roles in serving husband and children and doing the housework. As the development of feminist movement, females have been gradually liberated from the heavy workload. They are entitled with the equal right to attend classes as boys. Nowadays it is not uncommon to see that so many girls are encouraged to study hard and apply for the world-renowned universities in pursuit of their own dreams.
Finally, more people are able to receive education thanks to the development of social welfare. According to a survey conducted by China Education Research Center (CERC), poling illiterate people aged from 30 to 70, 85% respondents confessed that it is poverty that deprived them of the opportunity to receive education. Nevertheless, poor students and schools can receive more government subsidies nowadays. For example, Beijing started a program called “Never lose a student” recently, announcing that students whose family annual revenue is below the average can be exempted from paying tuition fees. My brother, xx benefited a lot from the policy. After leaving schools for more than 3 years, he was able to return to his classes.
4、政府投资类
Government should
误区：which one is more important?
支持段写法：
角度一：A更符合民众的需求（需要A的人更多，其好处更显著），是政府职责所在（serve the public）
角度二：A花费巨大，只能由政府承担
角度三：承认B也需要钱也被人们需要，但是B的钱可以不由政府出（企业、个人、团体……）
【e.g.1】The government should spend more money on environment protection than on economic growth.
（1）Public health
Firstly，environmental protection is closely related to public health.
Global warming——Carbon dioxide——the emission of wasted car gases——melting ice cap；
Desertification——deforestation——sand storm\drought\flood
Eco-balance\ecological balance
Sustainable development
Chemical industry; pour exhaust;
Sewage disposable system
It is the responsibility\obligation to provide healthy living environment for people.
Secondly, both the government and public will benefit enormously from environmental protection. 【sustainable development；reputation；】
（2）环保事业花费大
Trees, labor force, technology, research fund, publicizing, nationwide issue
（3）让步段可以由如alumni等人出钱
【e.g.2】The Gov. should focus its budget more on art museums and concert halls than on recreational facilities such as swimming pools and playground.
艺术的作用：Character education\mold and shape our character\teach us values and virtues Enhance\benefit\promote cultural environment
艺术相关词汇：
Vienna--Austria; concert hall;
The enigmatic smile of Mona Lisa
Starry Night; Vincent V an Gogh
Picasso
Mozart——Magic Flute
Beethoven
Bach
The 5th symphony：Immersed in beautiful melody of the 5th symphony written by Beethoven; The Louvre Palace, Paris
5、幸福类
Maslow需求金字塔：Basic needs->sense of security->emotional
needs->respect/approval->self-actualization
【e.g.1】People who do not work because they have enough money are rarely happy.
【背景扯淡】The sense of happiness has become a luxury for people in modern society.【对方观点】Some people argue that it is the heavy workload and fiscal burden deprive them of their happiness, considering rich men who are free from the work as the happiest group in the world.
【我方观点】I disagree.【给快乐下定义】In my opinion, happiness is highly related to basic needs, sense of security and emotional needs. (respect from others\self-actualization). We cannot achieve satisfaction in all three facts with money.
Admittedly，money does meet basic needs. A large amount of money exempts us from worrying about mortgage, rent and tuition fees. W e can dress ourselves in clothes of top quality and fashion, eat organic food, drive brand cars and live in spacious and bright houses. Moreover, some luxury goods, such as Dior, Chanel and Gucci will also be available to us. However, happiness means much more than the satisfaction of basic needs. It is superficial to equate wealth to happiness…
In conclusion, 【总结主论点】people who do not work because they have enough money can hardly happy ( 【总结分论点】due to a lack of security and love.)【提出建议】As a result, people, especially the young, are strongly suggested to engage themselves in hardworking in pursuit of true happiness.
【e.g.2】People today will be happier if they have few er possessions.
Firstly，money cannot bring us sense of security. 【supporting sentence】安全感是什么？钱如何破坏安全感？We have a desire to feel safe at home, in the workplace, and in society. We want to know we are secure now and will continue to be in the future. However, sometimes such desires may be frustrated because of the uncertainty brought by money. It is not uncommon to see that so many millionaires suffer anxiety because they have to be alert to everyone, even their family and friends, to prevent greedy eyes on their assets.【例子】According to survey conducted by China Social Psychology Research Institute (CSPRI), polling entrepreneurs aged from 35 to 75, 63% respondents confessed that they suffered some psychological diseases, such as melancholia and mania, caused by a lack of security.
Secondly，love cannot be bought directly with money. Love has nothing to do with wealth. Sometimes money even taint\rein\destroy\defile our love. Nowadays some girls tend to follow the rich men, which casts doubt on their seemingly genuine love that whether the hidden motive is actually money.【举例子】My friend, xx, serves as a good example. He used to have a gorgeous girlfriend who claimed to love him wholeheartedly. Everyone admired the couple until the bankruptcy of xx’s family. Ironically, instead of helping and comforting xx, the girl left him without a single word. xx desperately found out that what he lost was not only money, but also love. The incident struck him tremendously and made him realize that money may obstruct his way to true love.
We cannot obtain respect and approval from society through money. 【解释句】In modern society, those accomplished people who work hard with strong determination are admired by the public. In contrast, rich people who do not work are considered as parasites and despised for they reap a lot without sowing.【举例】Take concubines in China as a good example. In this day and age, the compulsion of rich businessmen and jumped-up officials to prove their wealth and power by the number and gorgeousness of their mistresses is a major
factor in the growth of corruption in China. Though the life of these mistresses is decorated with luxury goods, brand cars and luxurious villa. They can rarely receive any respect. In contrast, they are looked down upon by the public and criticized for breaking families and misleading young girls.
Self-actualization cannot be achieved with money. According to Abraham Maslow, we all have the inborn desire to become whatever we are capable of becoming. People need to fulfill their potential and be recognized by the society. People who are free from work are deprived of the opportunity to explore their capabilities and make a difference. For example, Rich Second Generation is Chinese man born into rich families after the 1980s. These men tend to be eligible to inherit lots of money and assets from their parents. Nevertheless, few of them feel really happy for each step of their life has been well designed and arranged by their parents. They cannot be independent from their parents and choose their own life. In this way, the desire for self-actualization is seriously suppressed. Some of them are forced to give up personal interests and take the place of their parents, ending up with insomnia, melancholia or even suicide.
6、成功类
（1）、找原因
影响成功因素：persistence, tolerance, team spirit, ability to focus on details, knowledge, friends, opportunities, experience
（2）、拆分举例
Businessman: Bill Gates, Henry Ford (assembly line of mass production)
Politician: Obama, Lincoln
Artist: Beethoven, Picasso
Scientists: Wright Brothers, Edison
Sportsman: Yao
7、包含绝对词（best, most important, only, all, every, never）
写法：坚决反对，程度让步（承认题设的合理性，批驳绝对性）
Best：（1）指出该事物有弊端（2）指出别的事物更好
Only：指出别的符合条件选项
Important：找到equal的
Never，every：找例外
【e.g.1】The best way to improve the quality of education is to increase teachers’ salary.
Admittedl y, increasing teachers’ salary is an effective way to improve the quality of education…(Attract more qualified teachers to join the group, encourage, devote) However, it is an overstatement to claim that a higher salary will guarantee the improvement in education.
Firstly, tuition fees↑, drop out
Secondly, provide more training to teachers, hire highly qualified teachers, and update the teaching and learning equipment.
【e.g.2】Advertising is the only cause of unhealthy eating habits.
Admittedly, advertisements influence our eating habits more or less (responsible to,
partly explain).
(Junk food: McDonald’s, KFC, alluring, tempting, you can get a 50%discount on the second piece.)
However, it is an overstatement to claim that advertising is the only cause of the unhealthy eating habits.
Firstly, it is the delicious taste of junk food that attracts people, rather than advertisements.
Secondly, the living pace in modern society…
Others: lower price, eating tradition (The traditional...snack, may contain too much fat and oil from frying.)
【e.g.3】Only movies that can teach people something about real lif e are w orth watching.
Admittedly, movies recording real life are worth watching. 【It is because we can always learn important lessons about real life from such movies.】【T ake Homeless to Harvard as an example. The movie tells us the true story of a girl named Liz, who lived in homelessness and clinged to hope and determination, finally fought her way up to Harvard. I was so moved by Liz’s experience and realized that the final success will come just after the last try and we should persist in our dreams.】However, it is an overstatement to claim that only such movies deserve the attention of audience.
Firstly, fictional movies are also worth watching.【Fictions provide the audience with intellectual stimulation, help them exercise their imagination and expand understanding of the world.】【The world-renowned fiction Up is a good example. The film centers on an elderly widower named Carl and an earnest young Wilderness Explorer named Russell. By tying thousands of balloons to his home, 78-year-old Carl sets out to fulfill his lifelong dream to see the wilds of South America and to complete a promise made to his lifelong love. The vivid scenarios and unexpected plots impressed me a lot, serving me with a fantastic visual banquet. It greatly challenged the limits of my imagination, aroused my interests in exploring the wilds and imaginative world. Besides, I also learned lessons about love and friendship from the moving story. 】
Secondly，we should not ignore the values of comedy.【People watch movies for entertainment rather than education. Comedies relax audience, which in turn contribute to their working efficiency.】【For example, Mr Bean is a story centers on the weird experience of an English Gentleman which always makes me feel relaxed. His exaggerated facial expression, awkward body movements and quirky experience always amused me. The Big Bang Theory is another example. The movie centers on life story of four scientists in America. Their wisdom, funny conversations and social awkward always make me laugh out loudly. Whenever I felt tired, I immerse myself in these comedies and forget the troubles in real life temporarily, after which I can feel relieved and refreshed to deal with all the real challenges. 】
(animation; romance; seek for comfort : love has been tainted by money and power, the innocent story in the animation will help us rebuild our faith towards love and life....................... )
开头：背景（关键词）In modern society, many people would like to spend their leisure time in movie theatre by watching a comedy or fiction. 对方观点:Some people argue that only movies related to real life are worth watching. 个人观点I disagree. I consider it unwise to ignore the values of comedies and fictions.
结尾：总结主论点In conclusion, to say that only movies about real life are worth watching is too exaggerated. 简要总结分论点Comedies and fictions are also valuable and should not be ignored.
提出建议、畅想未来Therefore, the publishers, directors and audience are suggested to pay equal importance to all categories of films to ensure the diversity of art forms.
8、包含因果／条件关系
写法：
因果关系：
（1）反对：反驳原因；承认原因成立，反驳因果关系；
（2）支持：证明原因成立；证明因果关系成立
条件关系：
无需论述条件部分是否成立，直接论述条件关系是否成立
如果A，那么B
（1）从A的角度：A无法达成B，而是达成-B
（2）从B的角度：B和A无关，而是由C、D、E 导致的
【e.g.1】People today can solve many important problems so they don’t need help from the government.
反驳原因：
Firstly，people cannot solve so many problems. Military issues
Environmental pollution
Economic development
Medical care
反驳因果关系
Even if sometimes civilians can deal with important problems by themselves, the involvement of government is necessary.
It is the governments’ responsibility to eliminate problems and anxieties for the people......... Sometimes the interference of government will contribute to the efficiency of solving problems.
托福综合写作0-5分评分标准托福写作评分标准一共分为六个等级，从0分到5分满分。托福综合写作部分有独立的评分标准。今天文都国际教育小编就给大家介绍下托福综合写作0-5分评分标准。 综合写作，以阅读和听力材料为基础的写作试题，写作时间为20分钟。考生首先需要阅读一篇学术篇章，阅读的时间是3分钟。然后文章隐去，考生需要听一段大约为2分钟左右的与阅读主题相关的演讲。之后考生需要针对阅读和演讲中的观点作文，总结并说明演讲的内容与阅读中观点的关系，在20分钟的时间内完成一篇150~225字的文章。 托福综合写作5分作文： 综合写作：能够成功地选择讲座中的重要信息，并连贯准确地结合阅读中的相关信息进行表达;结构清晰，偶尔出现的语言错误并不影响内容和观点的准确表达。 托福综合写作4分作文： 综合写作：总体上能够很好地选择讲座中的重要信息，并连贯准确地结合阅读中的相关信息进行表达。但是在从讲座中选择材料和联系阅读中的论点时存在次要的信息遗漏、不准确或是意思含混不清。得此分数的另一种情况是，作文中存在较频繁或者明显的次要语言错误，但是这些错误用法和语法结构只停留在表达清晰度或是论点联系方面的偶尔错误。 托福综合写作3分作文： 综合写作：包括了讲座中的重要信息并表达了和阅读文章的相关联系，但是却存在以下问题：尽管总体上按照任务要求写，但是在联系讲座和阅读的论点方面表达模糊、笼统，缺乏细节，不是很准确;遗漏了讲座中的关键论点;没有完整、清晰、准确地论述一些讲座或是
阅读中的关键论点或是表达讲座和阅读的联系;用词和/或语法错误较频繁，导致较明显的意思表达不清或是在表达论点和联系时意思模糊。 托福综合写作2分作文： 综合写作：包括了讲座中的相关信息，但是却存在严重的语言表达困难，或在表达讲座内容以及阐述讲座和阅读内容联系方面存在重要论点的表达不准确或遗漏。具体问题有：严重曲解了或是完全遗漏了讲座和阅读的联系;严重遗漏或曲解演讲中的重要信息;语言和表 达错误严重影响了讲座和阅读的联系或是关键信息的意思。如果读者对阅读和讲座内容不熟悉，读此文章时可能对关键论点理解不清。 托福综合写作1分作文： 综合写作：此得分的作文存在以下问题：几乎没有提供有意义的或是相对连贯的讲座内容;语言水平很低，词不达意。 新托福综合写作0分作文： 综合写作：仅仅是从阅读中抄句子，拒绝针对话题写作，或所写和话题根本无关系，或用其他语言写作，或文中只包括无意义的键盘符号，或是什么也不写。 以上就是小编分享的关于托福综合写作0-5分评分标准的内容，希望大家了解。最后，预祝大家考出理想的成绩。 文章来源于文都国际教育：https://www.doczj.com/doc/6e1069912.html,/kaopei/toefl/news/11467.shtml
新托福独立写作21类题目 1.体育类： 2008.11.14—Children should only play sports for fun rather than play sports in competitions or contests. (Education) 孩子们应该为了乐趣而去参加体育活动而不是为了竞争或者比赛。 体育在现代生活的重要性有： 1.体育可以在身体得到锻炼，使身体素质得到提高； 2.体育活动让朋友和家人聚集一起参加锻炼，有社会意义，是一种积极的休闲和团体活动； 3.体育可以调节生活，让人们获得心理上的健康和快乐，更好的缓解压力； 4.体育可以提高人的意志和韧性； 5.体育是一个大的产业，给国家带来收入； 6.体育体现了人类社会的精神，可以促进世界和平。 体育运动的优点： 1.增加体质(increase physical strength)，有益于身心健康； 2.加快脂肪燃烧(accelerate fat burning)，有助于减肥(lose weight)； 3.有助于保持体形(stay in shape)，提高自我的形象(improve self image)； 4.有助于缓解压力(relieve stress)，调节心情(improve mood)，减少失落的情绪(reduce the chance of depression)； 5.有助于保持旺盛的精力(keep energetic)，从而提高工作效率(increase productivity)。 孩子参加体育项目是为了获得快乐：因为体育活动可以让他们得到精神上的放松，可以是他们和朋友交流的一种方式； 而获得乐趣并不是体育活动的唯一目的，参加比赛也是一种目的，因为比赛获胜可以让他们获得一种成就感，输了可以学会逆境成长的精神。 2008.12.5—Sports teaches us lessons about life. 运动教会我们一些生活道理 运动教会我们要养成健康的生活方式和积极的人生态度； 体育比赛告诉我们竞争是生活的一部分，但友谊同样重要； 团队运动教给人们要合作，在生活中和工作中也要学会合作，这样做事情才会能有效率，比如，在足球篮球比赛中，你不能时时都争着进球，要注意合作才能获得更高的分数，一个全都是优秀球员的球队并不一定能给打败一个球员很平庸但是合作的很好的球队，在生活上也是如此，我们不必事事争第一，和别人合作往往能达到共赢的目的。 棋类运动教给我们许多生活道理，比如我们下棋的时候必须瞻前顾后，考虑很多步，生活上也是，凡事三思而后行 2.专业知识类： 2006.11.19—It is more important to choose a subject of your interest than to choose subjects which prepare you for a job or a career.(Education) 选自己感兴趣的学科比选有前途的学科更重要（支持该观点） 中间段写作思路： （一）Reason 1: 因果链接：资源有限—竞争激烈—压力大—就业压力—就业竞争中脱颖而出—有前途的专业（举例） 首先：学习对于未来的职业有用的学科之后才能更容易找到工作。当代社会每个人都渴望取得成功，但是资源是有限的，所以竞争激烈，每个人承受的压力都很大，其中大学生面临的最现实的问题就是就业问题。
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO48独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望 对大家备考有所帮助。 托福TPO48独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because modern life is very complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and https://www.doczj.com/doc/6e1069912.html,e specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO48独立写作满分范文1： Increasingly sophisticated technology, explosive information and intricate international relationships all work together to complicate the modern life, which makes our modern people somewhat overwhelmed. Individuals whoever want to have a better control of one’s life must equip themselves with some essential skills or abilities. Planning and organizing, which embodies the skill of anticipating, influencing, and controlling, in my view, is becoming gradually important in coping with today’s complication especially for the young who are always the most passionate but also with less self-control. First of all, planning helps keep one on course in achieving goals and crystallize objectives. Young people always possess some grand dreams which may take years to accomplish. Planning ahead, on the one hand, could effectively put one on the right track thus prevent energy from being scattered or wasted. A survey conducted by experts from Oxford University shows that over 90% of elites and enterprisers had precise objects and made plans for decades later at very young age. Like Bill Gates, one of the most prominent persons I have ever seen, discontinued their studies since he was definite aware of what he should do in order to become the leader of IT field. On the other hand, plans, which are organized step by step, could turn the ultimate goals into several achievable ones. With achievable objective achieved one by one, the ultimate goal will finally be attained. Besides, planning and organizing help to promise one’s best performance in most occasions. Panning means trying to anticipate all the possibilities and arrange things in a scientific order. It clearly tells people what to do currently and what should do the next, which prevents disorder or chaos. Thus, people may feel assured and will be with less stress. For example, a student who sticks to a study plan is less likely to be nervous thus will be more likely to have better performance than those who crams for tests. Today youngsters are exposed with fierce competitions but also abundant opportunities. Good performance is key to hold these opportunities in hand. It is undeniable that our society changes at such a quick pace that we cannot plan everything in previous. But this by no means implies that the ability is not important. Without a plan, complex things will only get more complicated. Abraham Lincoln reportedly once said, “If I had 60 minutes to cut down a tree, I would spend 40 minutes sharpening the ax and 20 minutes cutting it down.” Planning is just like “sharpening the ax”, which will no doubt facilitate a task easy done. All in all, though the ability of planning and organizing may not be omnipotent for people
2012年11月2日托福考试写作范文综合写作： Passage: ocean life extinction. 原因有三：气候变冷导致海平面下降；小行星撞击地球；太阳紫外线加强由于臭氧层消失，给了个例子，一种海洋生物那时候在海洋表面绝迹了。 Lecture: 反驳 1 气候变冷很缓慢而且海平面下降晚于extinction 2 没发现那个时期的crater。 3 那种海洋生物具体在哪生活我们不知道，可能在海底生活。 独立写作： 三选一，你愿意作出下列那种改变improve your health Out of the following three things, which one would you prefer to regulate in order to improve your health? 1. The kind of food you eat 2. The amount of exercise 3. The amount of stress in your life Modern society has turned humans into curious creatures. Our ancestors were highly active thanks to their hunter-gatherer lifestyle; they ate fairly balanced diets due to the limited availability of fats and simple carbohydrates; and they relied on stress as a survival mechanism that kept them alert during intermittent periods of danger. Now, many of us spend upwards of 8 hours a day sedentary at our jobs; we eat unbalance diets of pre-prepared foods in order to save time; and we are constantly stressed due to a never-ending bombardment of stressors coming from our contemporary lifestyle. Managing all three things--diet, exercise, and stress--would be a daunting task for anyone, so if I had to pick one thing to improve my health, it would probably be exercise.
托福综合写作0到5分评分标准中文详解 托福综合写作的评分标准对考生练习作文有很重要的参考价值。毕竟托福考试写作部分的评分还是比较主观的，能够把握住评分标准大家才有可能实现提分目标。下面就和大家分享托福综合写作0到5分评分标准中文详解，希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 托福综合写作5分作文标准 托福综合写作4分作文标准 托福综合写作3分作文标准 包括了讲座中的重要信息并表达了和阅读文章的相关联系，但是却存在以下问题：尽管总体上按照任务要求写，但是在联系讲座和阅读的论点方面表达模糊、笼统，缺乏细节，不是很准确;遗漏了讲座中的关键论点;没有完整、清晰、准确地论述一些讲座或是阅读中的关键论点或是表达讲座和阅读的联系;用词和/或语法错误较频繁，导致较明显的意思表达不清或是在表达论点和联系时意思模糊。 托福综合写作2分作文标准 托福综合写作1分作文标准
此得分的作文存在以下问题：几乎没有提供有意义的或是相对连贯的讲座内容;语言水平很低，词不达意。 托福综合写作0分作文标准 仅仅是从阅读中抄句子，拒绝针对话题写作，或所写和话题根本无关系，或用其他语言写作，或文中只包括无意义的键盘符号，或是什么也不写。 “粗粮” “粗粮”即一类人、物或事、抑或是一个公认事实的例子，说白了就是多数人都能认可的信息。学生在寻找这类例子的时候比较轻松，在观点中找出可以继续细化的重点信息，进行”narrow down”的工作。请看以下两个例子： 观点1：Employers are willing to pay a premium for highly qualified applicants. 例1：For example, international panies desire bilingual employees and offer higher salaries to attract them.
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福TPO45独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In the past, young people depended too much on their parents to make decisions for them; today young people are better able to make decisions about their own https://www.doczj.com/doc/6e1069912.html,e specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO45独立写作满分范文： With the development of society, our living habits have been changed greatly. One of the most significant changes is the issue of whom we young people depend on when making a decision. In the past, young people usually depended on their older family members, especially their parents. However, in contemporary society, we young adults tend to make choice on our own. Here are the reasons. Admittedly, in the past, the ways they acquired information, most of which come from experience, were limited. It was parents who are much more experienced than their children. In this case, they tended to listen to parents’ advice and let them to control determination. As we all know, over the several decades, parents made the decision for their children who they would marry with in China. At that time, girls had no chance to meet the young men with the same age. However, their parents had the permission to know their children’s future partners through various ways. Without doubt, it was a right choice to depend on their parents when making a decision in the past. However, we can get access to a great amount of information, which do good to decision making nowadays. Surfing on the internet, clicking on the mouse, news will display on your computer screen within seconds. What’s more, after educating, we have learnt knowledge in a systematic way, which enable us to understand ourselves and the world better. All of these create a good atmosphere for us young people to make decision on ourselves. According to a survey conducted by Peking University aiming to find out how students choose their majors, 80 percent of students depend on their own while less than 20% decided by their parents or teachers instead. Most students are independent nowadays. They would listen to their parents, but it is themselves who determine the final choice. Another important reason is that some of adults’ experience work less effectively on our generation because conditions change rapidly in the information age. In the past, it was less likely for youngsters to move out of their hometowns while we usually move from one place to another nowadays. So parents’ idea might not fit our situation any more. Consequently, we prefer to make a decision depend on our own experience. In sum, for the reasons I mentioned above, I totally agree that in contemporary society, we young adults are better able to make choice on our own. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!
托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏（１） Which one do you prefer, to solve problems on your own experience and knowledge, or to ask others for advice? As knowledge and experience serve as twim towers in problem-solving, one is often presented with two major paths that pave the way for final fulfillment, eitther to wrack his brain, just like what happened to Neuton, siiting for many years under an apple tree and eventually figuring out ond of the greatest universal rules that govern the whole globe, or to seek for others’ widsom through their advice, just as in the case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others’ advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone’s mind is, more often than not, far less shining compared with group’s wisdom. That explains the famous old saying that one sees further when standing upon the shoulders’ of past great giants; that explains why a great leader is always with greater minds; that also explains why teamwork in corperation is highly emphasized in the 21st century. Brainstorm and exchange of ideas between different thoughts never fail to enhance capabilities of each individula involved, a team, a company, an institution, a country, or even the entire global village. Asking others’ advice instead of getting everything done on one’s own promotes democracy and communication too. In terms of democracy, it is necessary to give others rights and chances to speak since the problem may concern them in different ways, and their saying in turn reflects our respect toward freedom of speech as well as their wisdom. In terms of communication, idea exchange sometimes focuses more than solutions, and hereby better mutual understanding about perspectives, principles, praticalities and personalities of each other. Admittely turning to others for help and suggestion by no means refers to absolute and irresponsible dependence. Consideration upon different thoughts and ideas broadens our mind, enlarges our vision, furthers understanding, enhances more effective and efficient brainstorm, and stresses mutual respect in groups and communities, which undoubtedly gives rise to better, if not the best solutions. As is paraphrased from John F Kenedy, brainstormed, there is little we cannot do while divided, there is little we can do. 托福写作辅导：托福考试满分作文欣赏(2) Case of Benjinin Franklin, gathering great minds under one roof and then establishing a most world-renown libray. Both ways work. When a practical goal is involved, however, Benjimin Franklin may best be regareded as a role model in this respect and asking people for advice often turn out to be the prime alternative. Experience and knowledge borrowed or learned from others' advice contribute greatly to effectiveness and effeciency for a goal-accomplishment. Not all experience and knowledge related to problem-solving can be obtained by personal effort alone due to limitations of mind and capabilities of each individual. A single thought in someone's mind is, more often than not, far less
托福写作评分标准公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
托福写作评分标准托福写作评分包括机器评分以及人工评分两部分: 机器评分E-rater- 语法是否正确、用词是否得当、以及单词拼写及大小写是否准确等方面, 一篇考生的文章会经过两台机器评分。 人工评分通过ETS阅卷人评分，综合写作和独立写作分别有两位阅卷人给出分数。 托福写作原始分数为0-5分，考生得分分为三个level GOOD，FAIR，LIMITED 最终成绩通过两个科目的分数取平均分，再换算为30分制的分数。 详解托福综合写作的评分细则
综合写作是托福写作板块中的其中一项。托福考试的写作部分分为综合(Integrated writing)和独立(Independent writing)两块，这两块分别独立评分，取平均值后得到最终的分数。也就是说，这两个部分各占一半权重，因此应给予相同程度的重视。关于这两部分的了解，强烈建议同学们自己去看看ETS出版的托福考试官方指南(OG)，OG里面对于考试形式和评分标准有非常详尽的介绍，有些同学在准备输出端考试(写作或者口语)的时候，居然连评分细则都不看，仅凭自己的主观臆测和对于老师讲解的依稀记忆去打造自己的文章，考不好真的不奇怪。下面，我们就来分析一下托福考试的评分细则。 综合写作的满分要求是： A response at this level successfully selects the important information from the lectu 5分：文章切题，阐说充分，文章有说服力;段落组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有很强的逻辑性;段落内句与句连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活，娴熟;用词确切，得体。文章中有个别语法拼写错误，但不影响内容表达。 4分：文章切题，阐说基本充分，在某些细节上有缺陷。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，逻辑性强;句间连接顺畅，句式使用恰当，灵活;用词基本得体。文章中有少量用词不当和语法拼写错误。 3分：文章切题，阐说尚可，展开不够。段落层次组织有序，衔接紧密，过渡自然，有逻辑性;句间连接基本顺畅;有部分句法错误;用词一般，有时不得体。词性区分和拼写等有若干错误
托福独立写作的审题原则和布局（上） 新托福写作考试的第2部分为独立写作，要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇字数在300字左右的议论文。而朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们根据对ETS最新的评分标准的解读，发现阅卷者评判考生的文章遵循的原则是：“Readers should focus on what the examinee does well”。这就意味着整个评分过程是考察考生表现出优点的过程，而并非对考生的文章吹毛求疵的过程。因此，即使是一篇满分的文章，也是允许考生有少量错误的。在本文中，笔者将就独立写作部分的审题原则以及如何进行观点筛选作一简单说明。 一、字数 对于独立写作的字数要求，官方的说法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”。可见，若想得到高分，考生最好能将文章写到300字以上，虽然有些文章字数不足但仍可得到满分，但是毕竟这种情况比较罕见，要充分对于考题展开论述，从而有利地支持文章观点，充足的字数是必须的。 二、题目的解读 独立写作最近几年在中国大陆地区的考题基本上是以支持/反对型为主的，理论上来说考生同意或者反对题目的表述，然后展开进一步论证都是可以的，但是朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们发现有些考题并非考生可以“随心所欲”的“自由发挥”，比如当题目中包括了一些“绝对”含义的词，如only, must, fully以及形容词或者副词最高级的时候，考生在答卷时就不能采用“完全同意”的立场。比如2008年9月28日考题： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The only effective way for government to encourage energy conservation is increasing the price of gasoline and electricity. 考生可以部分同意，即提高能源价格是一种有效措施之一，但同时还有其他办法；也可以完全反对，即不能光靠提高能源使用价格来节能，还要靠别的方法措施等。所以在审题时，我们还是建议考生要多花点时间把题目的意思读透，最好在心里把题目的中文含义反复地翻译给自己听几遍，从意思出发，再决定自己的立场，这样就可以避免由于审题的不全面而导致很大的失分。
托福考试写作流程及题型介绍 托福考试时间长，题目量大。很多同学听“托”丧胆，托福考试成为众多同学出国路上的拦路虎。那么托福考试考察哪些内容?具体设置如何呢?下面我们就来看一下托福听、说、读、写每一项的考试内容、题目数量、时间要求、考察重点等，做到知己知彼，才能百战不殆。 》》》点击查看：详细的托福考试流程 考试程序 8点开始排队准备入场，8：30左右签诚信单，9：00开始考试，整个考试时间差不多4小时，差不多下午1点考完。 考试时间及题目数量如下： 1. 阅读部分 阅读无加试是3篇文章，共计60分钟。如果加试，将加考2篇文章，计时40分钟。其中加试题目不计入成绩，但是考试时考生并不知道哪篇是加试，因此应当一律认真对待。 2. 听力部分 正常考试分为两组题目，每组题目由一篇校园情景对话和2篇学术讲座组成。每篇对话5个问题，每篇学术讲座6个问题，正常考试34个题目，60分钟。如果加试，加试一组题目：即一篇对话和两篇学术讲座，加试17个题目，加试时间30分钟。 3. 10分钟的休息 休息时间可以上厕所，吃点东西。 4. 口语部分 考试时间大约20分钟，分为6个task. 5. 写作部分 一篇综合写作，一篇独立作文，共计50分钟。 写作题型 写作分为综合写作和独立写作。 4.1 综合写作： 出题形式：3分钟时间阅读一篇学术类文章，文章从屏幕消失后，播放一段与阅读内容相关的听力，然后总结听力与文章的要点内容，并说明听力为什么总结反驳的文章的观点
时间及字数：写作时间20分钟，字数150-225 e.g. Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading. 4.2 独立写作 出题形式：独立写作通常要求就某个开放性话题表达观点，并说明自己的理由。话题通常为日常常见话题，涉及工作、教育、环保等话题 e.g. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement??Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 字数及时间：300字以上 30分钟 托福考试写作流程及题型介绍
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO40独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福TPO40独立写作题目原文： Some parents offer their school-age children money for each high grade (mark) they get in school. Do you think this is a good idea? 托福TPO40独立写作满分范文1： Never before in the history has the problem of education been such salient than today. Since people treat education much more important, parents are likely to create some new methods to encourage their children to become more passionate about study. Recently, the phenomenon that parents give their children money as a reward for getting high mark in school has caused wide public concern. Some people indicate that it will change children’s opinion on study, making them believe only money is the purpose of study. However, I contend that giving some money to children as a reward is a good choice, a choice that its merits weigh out its drawbacks. To start with, giving money to the children as a reward can stimulate children to study harder. When children get feedback of their hard work, the study will become a happy job instead of just a boring duty. We cannot refute that sometimes study could be really boring, doing a lot of exercises, reading passages, working out math problems. So setting a goal for children is necessary for the children to keep their interests. If they could use the money to buy what they want as a gift, children will pursue the good mark harder. Another reason drives me to indicate is that, financial thinking as an important ability which is useful to the modern people, meaning that we need to teach our children how to manage their own money. During the method that giving money as a reward, children will have a chance to manage their own money. Parents will benefit children not only to their current life but also to their future. For instance, my mother used to give me some money as a reward when I was young. And I used that money to start my own account in the bank. After that, I would periodically save some money, which has already become a large amount of money nowadays. Admittedly, it is unwise to give much money once a time when children get a good mark, since that the children will seek only for money during their study. The goal we expect is to encourage our children and tell them to pursue more success. However, if we make sure that children will not misunderstand the meaning of the reward and keep a health attitude to the money. It will be fine to do so. Judging from what I’ve mentioned above, I should reinforce my perspective that it is good for parents to give their children money as a reward for getting high mark in school. 托福TPO40独立写作满分范文2：