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Cognitive Grammar认知语法

Cognitive Grammar认知语法
Cognitive Grammar认知语法

A Brief Analysis on Cognitive Grammar

In recent years, the concept of “fictivity” has caught our attention more often and become a popular research topic in each study areas. And “Fictive motion” has been a common research topic of both cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistics. Talmy first noticed the interesting and essential linguistic phenomenon and he thought that the language and the perception system have close relationship. According to Talmy, fictive motion verbs whose basic reference is to motion, but which actually describe stationary situations. One same object in sight has two different images, namely the actual one and the fictive and virtual one which is associated with cognitive ability. Other scholars also gave definitions to fictive motion. Langacker believes that fictive motion is a semantic transformation caused by human’s subjective construal on objective scene and a grammaticalization. In terms of our life experiences, the motion in fictive motion cannot take place. Let’s take these three sentences for example:

(a)The balloon rose quickly.

(b)The path rose quickly as we climbed.

(c)The path rises quickly near the top.

The first sentence is actual motion. The balloon can actually produce the movements “rise”. The second one is perfective virtual motion. The path makes a static scene and the object’s motion is realized by the sentence’s language forms virtually. As we know the path can’t motion itself. On account of the verb “rise”, the whole sentence could have the psychological fictive motion. The third sentence is inperfective virtual motion because the tense is the present tense and the motion didn’t finish.

One of the first scholars who have dealt with fictive motion within the framework of cognitive linguistics is Leonard Talmy, who coined the term fictive motion in 1996. In order to account for this phenomenon, he proposed the pattern of general fictivity, a framework dealing with cognitive representation of nonveridical phenomena, especially form of motion. From his point of view, there exists a major

cognitive pattern: a discrepancy within the conceptualization of a single object. This discrepancy is between two different cognitive representations of the same entity, of which one representation is assessed to be more veridical than the other based on our general knowledge. On the other hand it’s important to note that these two discrepant representations of the same object are just alternative perspectives. Therefore, the conceptualizer needn’t have to experience any sense of contradiction or clash.

Fictive motion constructions, in the view of conceptual metaphor theory, are licensed by the motion metaphor. They are regarded as particular linguistic instances of the conceptual metaphor whereby our understanding and verbalization of certain spacial scenes rest upon particular ways of moving. In other words, the locational use of motion patterns is explained as motivated by a conceptual metaphor where motion is mapped onto form or shape.

There are lots of discussions about the interesting linguistic phenomenon. Talmy may have given the most elaborated discussion of it, in which he proposes a unified account of the cognitive representation of the nonveridical phenomenon. He points out that our cognitive systems (like language, reasoning and perception) share some fundamental properties. He proposes that there is a discrepancy between two different cognitive representations of a same entity, and the two representations are the products of the two different cognitive subsystems. He then characterized the two representations as the factive and fictive. The cognitive pattern of veridically unequal discrepant representations of the same entity in general, is called “general fictivity”. Under this pattern,there are several dimensions, one of which is the state of motion, in which the more veridical representation includes stationariness while the less veridical representation includes motion. The sentence like “The fence goes from the Plateau to the Valley” has two representations. The factive representation assumes that the fence is static, while the fictive representation assumes that the fence can move. Fictive here is adopted for its references to the imaginary capacity of human cognition, and fictive motion is to be considered as a linguistic phenomenon in which “the less palpable visual representation is generally of stationariness.”In other words, fiction motions verbs are those whose basic reference is to motion, but which actually describe

stationary things.

Generally speaking, most studies are aiming at discussing the similarity between fictive motion and actual motion. Lakoff thinks that the metaphorical ability of thinking is a creative ability of thinking with human’s cognition processing. A man’s thinking is metaphorical essentially. The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing or experience in terms of another. In the sentence “The path rose quickly as we climbed.”, the word “rise”should be used to express the meaning of upward movement. In fact it the verb’s real subject is humans. Humans can move upward instead of the static path. The study of metaphor can help explore the relationship between the objective external world and the brain thinking, therefore reveal the essential relationship between the external manifestation and inner sense.

Talmy (2000) reckons the fictive motion as a special reflect of “overlapping systems”in cognitive system. One object has different authenticity in cognitive system. The higher one is called factive cognitive performance and the lower one is called fictive cognitive performance. We can often find fictive motion in our language. In fictive motion sentences, the real static scene virtualizes the object’s motion due to the use of motion verb. Let’s take another sentence for instance. “The road runs along the coast.” As the common sense, the road and the coast are both static but the the verb “Run” leads to a movement in cognition.

Another important linguist who has devoted herself to the study of fictive motion in cognitive linguistics is Matlock. According to her studies, she argued that we construct mental models that resemble physical space and simulate movement of objects in this model in order to understand and process fictive motion expressions. She also argued that our ability to simulate motion motivate the use and behavior of fictive motion constructions, including what is generally seen as being linguistically acceptable. Matlock’s typology of fictive motion has been controversial. Some linguists argued that the distinction between bare motion verbs and manner motion verbs is not a determinant factor in the establishment of such a typology, since both types of verbs can appear in both types fictive motion constructions.

Matlock has noted that the purpose of fictive motion is functional. Simulating the

motion allows the language user to infer or convey the information about the physical layout of a scene. A fictive motion construction has the following constituents:subject noun phrase, motion verb, and either a prepositional phrase or a direct object. The subject noun phrase represents the trajector and the motion verb specifies a change in location. The prepositional object or direct object corresponds to a landmark or set of landmarks.

Talmy’s account of fictive motion considers similarities between two cognitive systems:language and visual perception. The two discrepant representations of the same entity reveal a correspondence between the two systems, which implies that it cannot be too bold to say any linguistic example can have an analogue in a visual system. Talmy’s explanation is based on his general fictivity pattern, while other scholars analyze fictive motion from a different dimension, which brings dynamicity and subjectivity as fundamental elements in linguistic representation.

Lakoff’s view though offering a seemingly sound account of the phenomenon in terms of metaphorical mappings, can not explain why fictive motion expressions generate certain inferences. For example, from The road runs along the coast, we can infer information about the spacial layout of the depicted layout: the road is near and parallel to the coastline. From The road winds through the mountain, we automatically conjure up a road that is long, narrow and winding. We don’t imagine a short and straight road. However, these inferences cannot arise only from the mappings between two domains.

Matsumoto adopts the term “subjective motion”to refer to the phenomenon on discussion. He categorizes subjective motion expressions into two semantic types in the light of specificity of the motion involved. His classification aims to clarify the distinctions between English and Japanese fictive motion expressions rather than to pose a comprehensive framework of different categories of fictive motion in one particular language. As a result, it seems that the two-type classification ignores some specific values of the fictive motion expressions.

Langacker’s view couldn’t account for these inferences either. Moreover, though accounting for fictive motion by mental scanning is reasonable, it’s very likely that

this is only part of the story. The mental scanning may be parasitic on some other basic mental processes and serves as the final state of these processes which might be involved in processing fictive motion.

The establishment of the cognitive grammar theory mainly gives a analysis and description to the relationship between semantics and symbols. This cognitive theory is much different from the linguistic theories in the past. The emergence of cognitive grammar signifies that the focus of the grammar study changes from form-focus to sense focus. Language is not a separate cognitive system and one’s linguistic competence has inseparable relationship with his general cognitive ability. The cognitive grammar offers an systematic and strict explanation of linguistic structure rather than a scrappy and arbitrary one, which makes great contribution in this respect.

【英语】 中考英语语法填空易错题经典

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语义学

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认知语法理论对英语语法教学的启示

龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7018202962.html, 认知语法理论对英语语法教学的启示 作者:邓斌石文君 来源:《读写算》2014年第08期 【摘要】 Langacker的认知语法理论为建构语法提供了认知模型,将语法看作是象征性的层面,其表达的具体形式和句法行为是由语义结构推动的,与意象和图式不可分割,这为英语名词复数形式等方面提供了很强的解释力及教学价值。 【关键词】语法教学认知语法教学启示 一、引言 语法教学是外语教学中的重要环节之一,但二语教学中一直是争论的要点。传统的语法翻译法认为语言学习实质上就是学习一套外语语法规则,但它忽视了学习者的自主性和创造性,过于追求语法的准确性。直接法、听说法等教学法对于语法概念过于狭窄,语法教学过于抽象,脱离实际,语言交际能力不足。在交际教学法中,语法教学服从于交际教学,语法项目的安排也随交际教学的要求安排,有些语法项目甚至被完全忽略,缺少系统性和阶段性。但不可否认的是语法教学能够使语言材料输入更易接受,能促进学习者的语言习得。而认知语法的奠基人Ronald Langacker提出的认知语法理论为当前英语语法教学开辟了新道路,为解释许多语法问题及教学实践,例如英语名词复数形式等提供了新的视点。 二、认知语法 Langacker的认知语法是从识解和构式的角度研究语言结构,重视人的认知模式来构建语言规则,研究人类语言系统的心智表征。语法涉及形式和意义两个方面。与形式语法相反,认知语言学不认为语法是纯粹的形式问题,也不认为意义是基于真值和参照的。 1. 象征单位和构造 语言在本质上具有象征性。Langacker将语言单位分为三类:音位单位,语义单位,象征单位。而语言则是由象征单位建构而成,这些象征单位小至词素,大至语篇。由于受索绪尔语言观的影响,Langacker 将象征单位称为音位单位与语义单位的结合体,用公式表示为:象征单位=音位单位+语义单位。但Langacker 则认为语言符号是具有理据性的,并非任意的。而构造则是形和义的结合体。这里的构造与传统语言学所说的构造不同。认知语法中所说的构造范围更为宽泛,是形式结构与概念结构的结合体,以特定的方式组织存储于说话者的语言系统中[1]。 2. Langacker的认知语法理论

【英语】 中考英语语法填空易错大盘点

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认知语法学与汉语语法研究

认知语法学与汉语语法研究 本文从网络收集而来,上传到平台为了帮到更多的人,如果您需要使用本文档,请点击下载按钮下载本文档(有偿下载),另外祝您生活愉快,工作顺利,万事如意! 一、什么是认知语言学 认知语言学有广义和狭义两种理解。凡是将人的语言能力当做一种认知能力加以研究的,或专门研究语言和认知之间关系的,都叫认知语言学。这是广义的认知语言学。狭义的认知语言学是:坚持体验哲学观,以身体经验和认知为出发点,以概念结构和意义研究为中心,着力寻求语言事实背后的认知方式,并通过认知方式和知识结构等对语言做出统一解释的、新兴的、跨领域的学科。我们一般所讲的认知语言学,都是指狭义的认知语言学。 二、认知语言学的产生 语言的认知研究从乔姆斯基就开始,生成语法主张研究人的认知能力和认知过程,但他认为认知是天赋的、先验的,句法是一个自足的系统,由此后来引起一场对乔姆斯基革命的反动。二十世纪八十年代末,在吸收语用学、生成语义学和认知科学诸多成果的基础上形成认知语言学,其代表人物是:Langacker,Lakoff,和Haiman等。

三、认知语言学的哲学基础 认知语言学有它及哲学、心理学、语言学基础,其哲学基础是经验主义(即体验哲学)。认知语言学家所主张的经验主义不同于哲学史上早期的经验主义,也不是指被动地印在”白板”上的感知印象,而是指由人的身体构造及与外部世界互动的基本感觉——运动经验和在此基础上形成的有意义的范畴结构和意象图式。经验主义哲学观的主要观点是:(1)思维是不能脱离形体的。(2)思维具有想象性。(3)语言符号不是对应于客观的外部世界,而是与认知参与下形成的概念结构相一致。(4)概念结构与认知模式具有完形特性。 四、认知语法 认知语法是认知语言学的主要组成部分。 认知语法源于美国加州大学(圣地亚哥)语言学教授创建的一种崭新的语言学理论——空间语法(space grammer)。认知语法认为,认知和语义是语言形成其句法构造的内在动因,句法构造的外在形式是受认知和语义因素促动的。因此,认知语法以体验哲学为理论基础,主要阐述人们对世界的感知体验,以及在此基础上形成的种种认知方式是如何形成和约束语法构造的,并深入解释语法规则背后的认知方式

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