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The Tragedy of Tess in Tess of the D’ Urberville Abstract:Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the famous British novelist and poet Thomas hardy’s masterpiece. It is known as the treasure of English literature and world literature. The novel describes a pure gir l’s tragic fate. This thesis tries to probe the inevitable factors and significance of her tragedy from the aspects of social environment, religion, moral, family, nature and so on. Key Words:tragedy; factor; Tess; Alec; Angel. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the time of the 19th century. In his whole life he published fourteen accomplished novel, forty-seven short stories, more than nine hundred poems. In his youth, Hardy had been greatly influenced by some liberal thinkers such as Darwin and John Stuart Mill. In his novels, Hardy incorporated many of these themes in order to portray a real world. Darwin’s challenge led Hardy to lose faith in Christianity, and this lack of faith gave his novels their tragic, bleak element. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, is a tragic story of a beautiful country girl, Tess Durbeyfield, who is the daughter of a poor villager. She is a pure and loyal young woman. In order to support the poor family, she has to follow her parents’ advice and visit the so-called distant relative—D’Urbervilles. Later, she is seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, the son of a rich merchant. From then on her destiny changes greatly. At last, Tess manages to elude Alec and gives birth to her baby, but she loses the baby finally. After the death of her baby, she leaves home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Clare, a pastor’s son. They fall in love and get married. On their wedding night Angel confesses to her the sins of his past, Tess forgives him and tells him her story with Alec, b ut Angel can’t accept the truth, he deserts her and leaves her to Brazil. After Angel’s leaving, Tess lives a very hard life. She meets Alec again and is pursued by him once more. Without hope for Angel’s back, Tess has no choice but go to Alec again. Unfortunately, Angel comes to find Tess and tell her he still loves her. Now, Tess hates Alec deeply. With deep sad she kills Alec and runs away with Angel. They live a
浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源的论文 摘要：《德伯家的苔丝》是英国文学巨匠托马斯?哈代的代表作。女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因造成的。本文以女性主义的角度为出发点，从两个方面分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源，即：教育和苔丝自身因素。 关键词：哈代；苔丝；悲剧命运；女性主义 一、引言 19世纪末出现妇女解放运动第一次高潮。而“哈代的作品中反映了与时代相吻合的女性解放的思想,而且在作品中,女性对传统道德观念和社会的反抗是非常激烈的”。托马斯?哈代大胆地将创作的目光投向农村，深入的关注普通农家的悲剧命运。他十分擅长刻画女性人物悲剧命运,旨在揭露男权社会给女性造成的伤害,批判男性中心主义。 二、托马斯?哈代及苔丝简介 托马斯?哈代是横跨19世纪和20世纪的著名小说家和诗人，英国批判现实主义文学的代表人物，被沃尔夫誉为“英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧大师”。其作品即承接英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现二十世纪的文学创新,气势磅礴。以辽阔深远的背景与渺小的人物形象之间的巨大反差和动人的对比描写，给读者以深刻的印象和心灵的震撼。 《德伯家的苔丝》刻画了一个善良、坚强、自尊、宽容而美丽的女性形象——苔丝。由于天真无知而受到富家浪子的侮辱，身心饱受摧残。但“她并没有自暴自弃，怨天尤人，而是勇敢地面对挫折；为减轻家里的负担，应付虚荣的父母，她勇于承受重担，奔走于不同农场，养家糊口；对待爱情，她自尊又执着”。她被“认为是唯一的一位逃脱了决定主义的人”，颠覆了传统的伦理道德。哈代极力要摧毁的正是这种道德观念，让女性摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制。他对“堕落女性”的处境给予了极大的关注，对苔丝给予了深切的同情和宽容，带给读者对妇女生存状态的反思。 三、从女性主义角度分析苔丝悲剧命运的根源 苔丝从一位天使般的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯,是何种邪恶力量在逼迫、摧残、毁灭着这“有自我意志，完整个性的女性？”，把这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?苔丝悲剧的根源何在?以下从女性主义的角度审视《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝被压迫的血泪史,剥下男权中心主义这张丑陋的外皮。 （一）教育。 英国女权主义思想家朱丽叶?米切尔在《妇女:最漫长的革命》中指出“歧视存在的基础是教育,而不是经济。在英国要求同工,首先要求接受同等教育,因为这一原因致使妇女从事社会地位较低的工作”。从这一理论出发,剖析苔丝走向悲剧的一个主要因素:教育的贫乏。 “她最早的职业梦想是成为一名教师,但天不遂人愿”。由于家庭贫穷,苔丝很早就步入社会，她做过很多体力活，而且是同工不同酬。因所受教育贫乏,她无法获取较高社会地位与收入的工作,个人与娘家均陷入极度贫困,最终不得不接受亚雷克庇护。“接受庇护”是当克莱尔归来,苔丝杀死亚雷克,走向毁灭的直接导火线。另一方面教育对于女性的重要影响,表现在提高女性心智与觉悟上。苔丝受骗失身带着委屈,饱含心酸地控诉“名门小姐们都了解该防备什么,怎样去防备,因为她们都读小说,小说中会谈到这些男人们的诡计,可我从没机会读小说，哪能知道呢”。中国有句古话“女子无才便是德”,同样说明男权控制下的整个社会对女性受教育的排斥。压迫女性的邪恶力量让女性心智处于不开化状态,使女性沦为其奴隶。在这传统观念笼罩下,苔丝的梦想只能是幻想。教育问题不解决,苔丝式的妇女悲剧将不可逆转,女性终为男权社会的牺牲品。正如西蒙?波伏娃所说:“女人在父兄所支配的家庭中,处于奴隶或仆人的地位,她始终是由男性做主而嫁给另外的男性。” （二）苔丝自身的因素。
德伯家的苔丝英文简介 As is known to all, Tess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy. Focusing on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, the plot of story begins. Tess comes from a farmer’s family, the Durbeyfields. She has lived a poor bu t peaceful life. However, God, “The President of the Immoral” begins to play a cruel joke on this innocent girl. One day her father, John Durbeyfied learns that they are descended from the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England. Tess’s p arents are in an ecstasy of delight over the news. Her mother urges Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman. Unwillingly, the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, D’Urbervilles. There she meets Alec D’U rbervilles, who shows off the estate and always seduces her. Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stays in the D’Urbervilles. Her tragic life has just begun. Before long the rich and guileful Alec manages to seduce the girl and make her pregnant. Being humiliated and resolute, Tess returns home. Despite the rumors all around, she gives birth to a child, who is called Sorrow but dies soon because of grave illness. For several weeks, Tess is overwhelmed by grief and sorrow. Nevertheless, without financial support, Tess has to leave home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Angel Claire. They have met each other before, and Tess has made a favorable impression on Angel. After Angel persistent pursuit of Tess, the two fall in love and become engaged. Then comes the wedding night, too honest to keep any secret, Tess admits about Alec D’Urbervilles and the child. She begs for forgiveness, but Angel leaves her in disgust. Tess again returns home alone, only find that her family remains impoverished and she even has no place to stay. In the meantime, Alec D’Urbervilles, the evil person appears again. He takes advantage of the Durbeyfields’ poverty and continues to tempt Tess. He promises to support her family, only as a means to make Tess dependent. At the end of hope, the girl jumps into the trap of the shameless man. However, the tragedy has not finished yet. Angel Claire, who is remorseful for his mercilessness, comes back, but to find the cruel reality. And his arrival makes Tess even more desperate. After Angel leaves, she stabs Alec in the heart and kills him. Then she follows Angel and escape with him. They manage to hide for a while in a wood before they come to Stonehenge, where she is arrested. She is hanged later. The turn of events and the moment of catharsis prove that the novel is a classic Aristotelian tragedy
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源 姓名：杨锐 学号：201330280219 班级：1332802 专业：汉语国际教育 指导老师：熊进萍
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源 摘要： 《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名小说家托马斯?哈代进入晚期小说创作的代表作。小说反映的时代背景是传统的威塞克斯农村社会已大体上被资产阶级社会所占领，社会秩序发生了根本性的变化，农民为了生存不得不去寻找一条同过去完全不同的生活道路。于是哈代将创作的重心放到了浓厚的人道主义色彩，在主题上更加广泛和深刻地表现了维多利亚时代资产阶级的伦理道德、宗教法律、婚姻爱情、教育制度、人际关系等等重大社会问题，从对资产阶级社会的一般性描写转入整个社会的揭露、控诉和批判。 故事内容： 在小说中女主角苔丝?德北是一个美丽善良的农家姑娘，但由于家境贫寒，她不得不听从母亲的劝说，跑到地主的庄园去做工，后被地主的大儿子亚雷奸污。怀着身孕的她回到了家乡。孩子夭折后，她又到一家牛奶厂当挤奶工，在那里遇到了牧师的儿子安琪?克莱尔，两人产生了爱情。新婚之夜，苔丝出于一片忠诚，向克莱尔坦白了自己失身的遭遇，想不到丈夫不仅没有原谅她，反而翻脸无情，独自到了巴西。苔丝被遗弃后，又跑到一家农场做苦工。恰在这时亚雷又突然出现，一再跑来纠缠苔丝。后来家庭发生变故，使得苔丝一家人沦落街头,而克莱尔又杳无音讯的情况下，苔丝只好舍身救家，答应与亚雷同居。谁知克莱尔经过一场磨难，终于回心转意，从巴西回来寻找苔丝。苔丝悔恨交加，怒不可遏的刺死了亚历克。她在逃亡中与丈夫度过了几天幸福生活，最后被捕，并被判处绞刑使悲剧达到了项峰。 关键字： 苔丝、悲剧、社会、命运、性格
Tess of the D’Urbervilles（德伯家的苔丝） By Thomas Hardy 1891 Main character: 苔丝Tess 亚历克Alec，其父原名Simon Stokes，后冠以贵族姓氏D’Urbervilles 安吉尔·克莱尔Angel Clare Tess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy (托马斯·哈代). Tess comes from a farmer’s family. She has lived a poor but peaceful life. One day her parents learn that they are descended from(来源于) the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England. They urges Tess to claim kinship with(攀亲戚) the D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman. Unwillingly, the girl comes to their house to seek help. There she meets Alec D’Urbervilles who manages to seduce (引诱) the girl and make her pregnant(怀孕的). Being humiliated(羞辱), Tess returns home. Nevertheless(但是), without financial support, Tess has to leave home and goes to work at a farm, where she meets Angel Claire. They fall in love and become engaged. Then comes the wedding night, too honest to keep any secret, Tess tells her husband the truth. She begs for forgiveness (原谅), but Angel chooses to leave for Brazil. Several years later, Tess and her family remains poor and she even has no place to stay. At that time, Alec D’Urbervilles appears again. He takes advantage of the poverty of Tess and promises to support her family. Tess has to live with her foe(仇人). However, Angel Claire regrets(后悔) and comes back. Tess thinks Alec is the person who makes her lose Angel Claire again. She kills Alec angrily. In the end, She is hanged(处以绞刑).
龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/7618045020.html, 论《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧的根源 作者：贾红王雨容 来源：《智富时代》2017年第02期 【摘要】《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名作家托马斯·哈代描写女性形象的典型代表作品。本文从社会环境、家庭条件及自身性格三个方面解读苔丝的悲剧根源；其悲剧的产生与资本主义的发展有必然联系，也与她的自身性格息息相关。 【关键词】苔丝；悲剧；根源 诺贝尔文学奖得主克洛德·西蒙曾说：“《德伯家的苔丝》是19世纪英国文学的一颗明 珠，奠定了哈代在英国乃至世界文学的地位。在美丽的苔丝身上人们至始至终看到的是她纯洁的本性对逼迫她的恶势力的苦苦挣扎。”[1]哈代塑造了众多的悲剧人物形象，苔丝形象的塑造格外鲜明，她的悲剧命运不仅引起了广大读者共鸣；也在激励着一代又一代与不幸命运抗争的人们。 苔丝的不幸，不仅有来自社会的因素，也有个人因素。聂珍钊先生曾明确指出：“直接决定这个女子悲惨命运的是她的贫穷、社会上虚伪的伦理道德和不公道的法理制度。” [2]苔丝生活的社会环境是其悲剧的前提条件，贫穷的家庭时其间接因素，双重的个人性格是其悲剧的直接因素。 一、前提因素：社会环境 19世纪后期的英国，资本主义得到空前发展，资产阶级力量日益强盛；给贫苦农民带来 了深重灾难，给工业文明和社会市场经济带来了巨大冲击；使得社会两极分化严重，也让自给自足的个体农民陷入失业、贫困的悲惨境遇。然人的发展离不开社会，社会属性是人的根本属性。故苔丝命运悲剧，是社会进步的悲剧，也是那个时代社会生活的必然。[3] （一）社会制度：给予身体打击 资本主义制度和法律对其不公正待遇是重要因素。她的悲剧是由所处的社会制度造成的，当时正处男权主义社会，虽然富家子弟亚雷侮辱苔丝，将苔丝一步步推向苦难；但当时的社会并未保护弱势群体。世俗不仅没有给予苔丝应有同情，其反而却遭到人们的讥讽和嘲笑；亚雷不仅没有受到法律制裁，反而逍遥法外，继续过着骄奢淫逸的生活。至此，我们不得不感慨，其悲剧是时代的悲剧，是社会的必然。 （二）社会道德：给予精神摧毁 资产阶级道德的败坏、宗教信仰的腐朽是另一重要因素。“当时英国的社会，是以男权主义思想的社会；男人不仅是社会的中心，也是家庭的主宰。女人只是社会和男人的附属品，无
浅析苔丝悲剧成因——《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运分析
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浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源
姓名：杨锐 学号：201330280219 班级：1332802 专业：汉语国际教育指导老师：熊进萍
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源 摘要： 《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名小说家托马斯?哈代进入晚期小说创作的代表作。小说反映的时代背景是传统的威塞克斯农村社会已大体上被资产阶级社会所占领，社会秩序发生了根本性的变化，农民为了生存不得不去寻找一条同过去完全不同的生活道路。于是哈代将创作的重心放到了浓厚的人道主义色彩，在主题上更加广泛和深刻地表现了维多利亚时代资产阶级的伦理道德、宗教法律、婚姻爱情、教育制度、人际关系等等重大社会问题，从对资产阶级社会的一般性描写转入整个社会的揭露、控诉和批判。 故事内容： 在小说中女主角苔丝?德北是一个美丽善良的农家姑娘，但由于家境贫寒，她不得不听从母亲的劝说，跑到地主的庄园去做工，后被地主的大儿子亚雷奸污。怀着身孕的她回到了家乡。孩子夭折后，她又到一家牛奶厂当挤奶工，在那里遇到了牧师的儿子安琪?克莱尔，两人产生了爱情。新婚之夜，苔丝出于一片忠诚，向克莱尔坦白了自己失身的遭遇，想不到丈夫不仅没有原谅她，反而翻脸无情，独自到了巴西。苔丝被遗弃后，又跑到一家农场做苦工。恰在这时亚雷又突然出现，一再跑来纠缠苔丝。后来家庭发生变故，使得苔丝一家人沦落街头,而克莱尔又杳无音讯的情况下，苔丝只好舍身救家，答应与亚雷同居。谁知克莱尔经过一场磨难，终于回心转意，从巴西回来寻找苔丝。苔丝悔恨交加，怒不可遏的刺死了亚历克。她在逃亡中与丈夫度过了几天幸福生活，最后被捕，并被判处绞刑使悲剧达到了项峰。 关键字： 苔丝、悲剧、社会、命运、性格
[摘要] 托马斯·哈代是19世纪末英国杰出的小说家,诗人。他的巨著《德伯家的苔丝》讲述了一个贫穷纯洁的农村姑娘被“诱奸,抛弃,最后由于谋杀罪而被绞死”的凄惨故事。本文以《苔丝》的故事梗概为源头,从作者的创作思想、当时的社会环境、女性主义视角、家庭背景、苔丝的性格特征等多角度探讨造成苔丝悲剧命运的种种原因。具体分析了小说中造成苔丝悲剧的两个主要人物安琪·克莱尔和亚雷·德伯的形象特征,这两个人物形象包含了哈代的哲学和社会思想,具有深远意义。 [关键词] 马斯·哈代苔丝悲剧宿命论 托马斯·哈代(1840—1928)是英国杰出的批判现实主义小说家,诗人。他的名作《德伯家的苔丝》以批判社会和悲观主义为主要特征,真实地再现了19世纪末期英国下层农民的悲惨生活,以及女主人公苔丝的悲剧命运。在小说中,苔丝经常被比喻成“一只陷入囹圄的小鸟”,在当时社会里,她就是“一只不幸的孤鸟”,鸟的意象突显了她的孤独与无助。本文主要从作者的创作思想、当时的社会环境、女性主义视角、家庭背景、苔丝的性格特征等多角度探讨酿成苔丝悲剧命运的各种原因。 苔丝是一个美丽善良的农村姑娘,由于家境贫寒,不得不到富人家攀亲,不幸被亚雷·德伯诱奸而蒙羞回家。 由于不堪忍受乡里邻居的风言风语,苔丝到远离家乡的奶牛场打工,在那里她与牧师的儿子安琪·克莱尔相遇、相恋,并决定结婚。在新婚之夜,苔丝坦白了自己过去的不幸遭遇,然而克莱尔无法忍受这个现实,抛弃她远走巴西。 为了贫困的家庭,苔丝被迫再次沦为亚雷的情妇。经过一番痛苦的挣扎,克莱尔从巴西回来请求苔丝的谅解。在愤怒和绝望中苔丝杀死了亚雷,和克莱尔一起度过了短暂的幸福时光,最后由于谋杀罪而被绞死。在小说的结尾,哈代带着嘲讽的口吻写道:“‘典刑’明正了,埃斯库罗斯所说的那个众神的主宰,对于苔丝的戏弄也完结了。”苔丝的悲剧结束了,是什么逼迫她一步步走向毁灭的深渊呢?笔者从以下几方面分析造成苔丝悲剧的原因: 受德国哲学家叔本华的悲观主义思想的影响,哈代认为人世间充满了忧患和痛苦,“没有一条通向幸福的路,甚至也没有一条避免不幸的路”,“人在现实社会中的生存,本身就是极大的悲哀”。人类悲剧的原因不是人类本身的行为造成的,而是一种超自然的力量主宰着人类的命运。 “人们在情势以及支配情势的命运面前是软弱无力的”。 正是这种宿命论和悲观主义思想为小说女主人公的命运奠定了悲剧基调,苔丝的悲剧人生在作者的笔下是不可避免的,也是命中注定的,无论她如何与命运抗争都无法彻底摆脱这种悲惨的结局。 造成苔丝悲剧的根源就在于当时英国不合理的社会制度、资产阶级的虚伪道德和不公正的法律。19世纪后期,资本主义生产方式逐渐侵入落后的农村地区,造成小农经济的迅速瓦解,给广大农民阶级带来了空前灾难,苔丝正是这一剧烈冲击下的可怜的牺牲品。在当时社会,只要她处于被压迫被剥削的地位,就无法彻底摆脱被毁灭的命运。在某种意义上,哈代指出:“纯洁的姑娘苔丝悲剧正是古老的威塞克斯广大农民的悲剧,二者都被现代文明的资本主义所侵袭,抛弃。” 从女姓主义视角分析造成苔丝悲剧的原因,苔丝是“男权社会不平等婚姻制度的牺牲品”,同时也是命运的牺牲品。在以男性为中心的社会里,男性作为“第一性”,是社会的主体,拥有绝对的权力;而女性则被视为“第二性”,是男性的附属品,“被排除在男性视野之外”,夫妻之间根本无法实现真正的平等,苔丝的悲剧也正因为她是父权制社会的一名女性,而且温柔善良,楚楚可人,这正是资产阶级流氓恶少竭力捕捉的“猎物”。按照传统婚姻制度妻子的贞操就是丈夫的特权,如果女人在婚前失去贞操就是“不纯洁”,就会遭到社会的唾弃。苔丝婚前失身是被迫的,却受到世谷社会百般指责;亚雷·德伯是一个行为放荡的公子哥,见到漂亮姑娘就要想方设法勾引到手,当时社会却没有谴责他的“不洁”行为;安琪·克莱尔婚前也曾“跟一个成年妇女有过四十八小时的放荡历史”,他从来没有为自己的“不忠”感到内疚,甚至在新婚之夜要求苔丝原谅自己过去的荒唐行为,而且,他刚刚遗弃了新婚妻子,就打算带伊兹·休爱特到巴西去,当时的社会也没有谴责他的这种行为,这就是“男尊女卑”
Summary： In the Victorian period, a rural clergyman in England tells Durbeyfield, a simple farmer, that he is descended from the illustrious d'Urberville family, now extinct; or maybe not. Durbeyfield sends his daughter Tess to check on a family named d'Urberville living in a manor house less than a day's carriage ride away. Alec d'Urberville is delighted to meet his beautiful cousin, and he seduces her with strawberries and roses. But Alec is no relation to Tess; he has gotten his illustrious name and coat of arms by purchasing them. Alec falls in love with Tess, seduces/rapes her, and she leaves, pregnant; back at home, the baby dies. Some time later, Tess begins work as a milkmaid, and there she meets her true love Angel Clare. Angel believes her completely innocent. They fall in love, but Angel does not learn of her previous relationship with Alec until their wedding night, and rejects her. Deserted by her husband, Tess meets Alec again, and poverty forces her to resume their relationship. Angel returns from travelling abroad, remorseful at his treatment of Tess, but finds her with Alec. Tess murders Alec in order to run away with Angel. They spend one night of happiness together, before she is arrested.
Social Factors 1.Hypocritical Religion In the history of moral development in the west, the influence of religion is quite profound and extensive. In the novel of Tess, people regard Sunday as the most important day during a week. People often equate religion with morality. Religion ascribes the morality of human society to god, and preaches that god created human beings "in his own mode and likeness" and made moral precepts for people. Religion restrains people's thoughts and behaviors with strict moral discipline and governs people spiritually. Christian doctrine has become the standard for judging people's moral behaviors. When Tess told her mother she had been seduced, her mother believed it was right. Not only did she endure the pain of being raped, but she faced an even greater disaster. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie so that they safeguard the interests of its own class, tends to integrate religious morality with its own ethics. Angel’s father insists that a wife who agrees is more important rather than who can manage a farm well. It is under the judgment of religious morality that Tess becomes the model of moral depravity and the embodiment of evil. Tess's destruction relates to religion. 2. Legal System The hypocritical religion destroyed Tess, just like the unjust legal system. In capitalist society, morality, religion and law are closely linked. The bourgeoisie protects its own interests by law and punishes those who violate bourgeois morality and religious morality. Tess was sentenced to death for violating the so-called "law" of the bourgeoisie. Tess is not an adulterous slut, a victim instead. The essence of this religious morality is reactionary and serves for the ruling class. Under the pretext of the slogan of god, the bourgeoisie cheats and fools the laboring people, and religion becomes the opium that paralyzes the people's spirit and a ruling tool that oppresses the people.
浅谈《德伯家的苔丝》的悲剧性 ——从亚里士多德理论看苔丝的悲剧 《德伯家的苔丝》是英国巨匠托马斯·哈代的代表作。女主人公苔丝的悲剧和不幸是由多种原因构成的。本文以亚里士多德悲剧理论为背景，将时代、个人、命运三个角度为出发点，分析导致苔丝悲剧命运的根源。 1、社会环境背景引发了苔丝的悲剧 亚里士多德认为，悲剧是对某种严肃、完美和宏大行为的摹仿，它借助于富有艺术润色功能的各种语言形式，并把这些语言形式分别用于剧中每个部分。从时代悲剧上看，《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映出在资本主义的压迫和剥削下，个体农民贫困破产的悲惨状况，愤怒的控诉资本主义制度，揭露资产阶级的压迫和剥削，资产阶级道德和宗教的伪善以及法律的不公。作者通过对苔丝遇见亚雷、克莱发生的一系列故事行为摹仿来营造一种悲剧氛围。 2、苔丝性格是悲剧产生的内在因素 亚里士多德还提到，悲剧的主人公之所以不幸，是因为他们性格上的缺陷造成的。从性格悲剧上看，苔丝性格中最主要的特征是真诚、勤劳、坚强，富于牺牲精神和反抗性，她很早就承担家庭生计，对家庭的责任感，人的尊严感和对生活的热爱，使她在困难和不幸面前表现出坚强的性格。苔丝的形象有农村妇女的美德。她淳朴、善良、真诚、热爱劳动，她生活的原则是自食其力，不羡慕荣华富贵，没有虚荣心，她对贵族家世并不稀罕，对克莱德爱是真诚纯洁的，丝毫没有参杂贪图财富与地位的想法。她一直憎恶痛恨亚雷，当她明确的意识到自己的一生是被亚雷毁掉时，便毅然刺死他，这一行动虽表现出她对社会恶势力强烈的反抗精神，但最终她逃脱不了死亡的悲剧。 3、哈代的宿命论思想为苔丝命运抹上浓重的悲剧色彩 从命运悲剧上看，苔丝的一生都带有偶然性和命中注定的色彩，它们相互扭结在一起，形成一股巨大的力量，制约着苔丝的一生，这些看似偶然的因素，却形成了一种必然的趋势，将她推向悲剧的结局。在她为了一家人的生存而被迫按照父母的意愿到所谓的本家那里找活干，成为一个雇佣劳动者开始，她不断遭受到资本家的残酷剥削。同时，传统观念也强烈的压迫着她，使她难以逃脱。苔丝虽然能够反抗亚雷的肉体压迫，却无法避免克莱在精神上的打击迫害。小说通过对苔丝无辜受害的描绘，对资产阶级社会及其法律、道德和虚伪的宗教，作了有力的揭露，进行了愤怒的控诉。 鲁迅先生对悲剧有一句精辟的概括：悲剧是把人生有价值的东西毁灭给人看。小说中的苔丝，在亚雷面前是刚烈的，而在克莱面前又是温柔的；在困难面前表现出难以想象的承受力，而在强大的命运面前，却脆弱无助；在克莱的心目中，她是天使；当真实地袒露于他面前时，她却仿佛变成了魔鬼；她的外表被男人视为欲望的源头，而她的内心又是无比的纯洁。
Tess of the d’Urbervilles In Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of lower classes’ destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England’s lower classes, particularly for women. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it. In the novel, Thomas Hardy succeeded in portraying an artistic image- Tess. There were sensitivity and beauty to her that have nothing to do with looks. Her beauty is not kind of stunning beauty, but the more you approach to her, you will be more likely to indulge in her beauty. Although she is not an orthodox believer, she has her own pure pursuits of life and living criteria. Her integrated image of kindness and tenderness, tough-minded and plainness should own her a happy life. But it seems that God leaves her out. Alec in the novel is the son of a Manor owner, being dissolute and flirtatious in conduct; however, generally, he is not essentially a bad man. His strong desire to Tess is out of a sort of inherently desire and desire for possession.It’s very normal for such a young man.But he adopts a wrong way-he abducts Tess. He would like to take a part of responsibility of his behavior but Tess turn down his suggestion without hesitation. Tess’s self-respect can’t allow herself bend down to harm. Such a pure girl, should be so strong-mind to bear neighbor’s discrimination and secular pressure and to take the consequences by herself. She has never asked Alec for help even when she is driven to the last ditch. Finally, Tess chooses to leave for another village where her past is not known and secures a job as a milkmaid at Talbothays Dairy. She escapes from the old environment, meanwhile, prepares to make a new start. She fears a romantic love, at the same time, strongly looks forward to it. Anyway, she is only 21years old, she has the right to enjoy the pleasure that love can bring to her.There, she re-encounters Angel Clare who is eager for nature and full of dreams, is Tess’s Prince Charming, one of unfinished dreams in her girlhood. As for Angel Clare, Tess is part of his persistent vision. What he wants is a pure girl