Section 1 Introduction 第一节介绍
The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.现代社会比以往任何时候对电力供应的依赖更多。It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. 如果中断了世界各地的电力供应，无法想像世界会变成什么样子Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. 电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为产业界的不可缺少的组成部分。
The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison –the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. 托马斯爱迪生建立了世界上第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）它就是位于纽约市具有历史意义的珍珠街的发电厂始于1882年9月运作。This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system. 这是一个直流系统，由一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机其供电面积约1.5公里至59范围内的客户。负载，完全由白炽灯组成，通过地下电缆系统用110v电压供电。Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.随后几年内，类似的电力系统在世界各地陆续的开始运作，由于法兰克，史博格在1884年研制出电动机，电动机负荷开始接入这类系统This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.
由此开始电力系统逐渐发展成为世界上最大的工业体系之一，尽管直流系统开始广泛使用但后来它们几乎被交流系统取代，到1886年，直流系统的缺点日益明显。直流系统只能在发电机的短距离范围内输送电力，对于长距离输送电力而言To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity. 为了将输电损耗（12r）和电压降落控制在可接受的水平，必须采用高的电压，如此高的电压对于发电还是用电都是不可接受的，因此必须有一个方便的电压变换方法
The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. 法国巴黎的西安·戈拉尔和约翰吉布斯发明了变压器和交流输电方式，交流系统后得到了广泛的应用In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. 1889年，第一条交流输电线路在北美澳洲投入运行，它位于这俩地方之间
It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.这是一个单相线路，输电电压4,000V，输电距离21km。尼古拉特斯拉发明了多项输电系统后，交流输电系统变得更有优势，到1888年，拥有了交流电动机，发电机，变压器和输电系统等多项技术专利。威斯丁豪斯公司购买了这些早期的发明专利，这些专利为当今的交流电力系统奠定了基础
In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世纪90年代，有很大的争议或交流电力行业是否应该统一于直流。到了世纪之交的，在交流系统赢得了原因出在下面的直流系统为：
（1）V oltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.在交流系统中可以方便的实现了电压等级的交换从而实现了在不同电压的水平发电输电用电的灵活性
（2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators. （2）交流发电机比直流发电机简单得多
（3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors. （三）交流电机和电机便宜简单便宜的多。
The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern
California. 南加州第一条三相交流输电线路投产于1893年开始运行。它位于南家福尼亚2300v电线长度12km In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. 在交流输电的早期阶段，频率没有实现标准化。Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz. 有许多不同频率曾被使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫兹。This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.这给系统之间相互连接带来了问题，最终北美将60赫兹定为标准频率‘50赫兹在许多其他国家使用。
The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels. 日益增长的对远距离大容量电能输送的需求促进了输电电压等级的逐渐提高To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . 为了避免电压等级无限制的扩散，电压行业对电压等级行业实现了标准化。在美国，高电压标准是115，138，161，和230千伏的（高压），345，500和765千伏级的特高电压（超高压）。在中国，各级使用电压为10，35，110级高压，220，中国330（仅在西北）和500千伏超高压类。
The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. 第一个750 kVtransmission线将建在不久的将来在中国西北地区。
With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. 随着交流的发展/直流转换设备，高压直流高压直流（HVDC）传输系统已经成为更具吸引力的经济和优势。The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different. HVDC可用于远距离大容量输电，也可用于交流输电系统之间的异步联网。因为交流系统之间可能由于稳定问题或额定频率不同而不能实现交流联网
The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency. 对于电力系统的基本要求是以可接受的电压和频率给用户提供一个不间断的能源供应（，以客户可接受的电压和频率）
。Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers. 由于电力无法大量储存在一个简单的方法和经济，电力的生产和消费必须同时进行。系统的故障或误操作的权力在任何阶段可能导致电力供应中断给客户。Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. 因此，一个正常的电力系统连续运行的，提供可靠的电力供应给客户的重要性是至关重要的。
Section2
Modern power systems are usually large-sare,geographically distributed, and with hundreds to thousands of generators operating in parallel and synchronously. 现代电力系统通常规模大，地域分布广，有成百上千的发电机组并列同步运行。They may vary in size and strncture from one to another,but they all have the same basic characteristics 电力系统之间的大小和结构可能有所不同，但它们的基本特征相同
（1）Are comprised of three-phase AC systems operating essentially at constant voltage.由在恒定电压下运行的三相交流系统组成。Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment . 发电和输电设施使用三相设备。Industrial loads are invariablythree-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system. 工业负荷采用三相式，为了组成一个平衡的三相系统单相的居民和商业负荷平均的分配在三相系统的各项上
(2)Use synchronous machines for generation of electricity. 采用同步发电机发电Prime movers convert the primary energy (fossil, nuclear, and hydraulic) to mechanical energy that is, in turn, converted to electrical energy by synchronous generators.原动机将一次能源转化为机械能，然后由同步发电机将机械能转化为电能
（3）Transmit power over significant distances to consumers spread over a wide area. This requires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels.在广阔的区域上通过长距离给用户送电，这就要求输电系
统必须由运行在不同电压等级上的子系统组成
The basic elements of a modern power system in USA are shown in Fig.6-1. Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS) and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices.在美国，现代电力系统的基本组成部分由图6-1显示，电能由发电厂生产出来，并通过一个由独立元件组成的复杂网络送给用户，这些元件包括：输电线路，变压器和开关设备等It is common practice to classify the transmission network into the following subsystems: Transmission system; Subtransmission system; Distribution system. 通常的做法是把输电网络分类为下列的子系统：输电系统；次级输电系统和配电系统。
The transmission system interconnects all major generating stations and main load centers in the system. 输电系统highest voltage levels (typically, 230 kV and above in USA).输电系统组成了整个电力系统骨架，并运行在最高的电压等级（在美国典型电压为230kv及以上）The generator voltages are usually in the range of 11 to 35 kV. 发电机的电压范围通常在11至35千伏。These are stepped up to the transmission voltage level, and power is transmitted to transmission substations where the voltages are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 to 138 kV).将发电机电压升到输电系统电压水平，电能由输电系统送到输电变压器在输电变电站内电压被降到二次输电系统的电压水平（典型电压为69- 138kv）。The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system. 发电和传输子系统通常被叫做主干电力系统。
The transmission system transmits power in small quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations.二次输电系统将较小容量的电能由输电变电站送到配电变电站large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the subtransmission system.大的工业用户通常在二次输电系统直接供电In some systems,there is no clear demarcation between subtransmission and transmission ciruits在某些系统中，二次输电系统和输电系统之间没有明确的界限. As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission ,由于系统的扩展和更输电压的采用the order transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission funcition.老的输电线路通常降级使用来担负二次输电功能
The distribution system represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV. V.配电系统将电能传输到用户的最后一级，典型的配电电压在4。0-34·5kv之间，Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240小的工业用户由这个电压等级上的一次馈线来供电，二次配电馈线在120/240v电压上给居民和商业用户来供电
Small generating plants located near the load are also connected to the subtransmission or distribution system directly靠近负荷的小型发电厂也可能直接接入二次输电系统或配电系统，. Interconnections to neighboring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level. 相邻系统之间的互馈通常在输电系统层次上进行，整个系统从而由多个电源和多层输电网络组成。The overall system thus consists of multiple generating sources and several layers of transmission networks. This provides a high degree of structural redundancy that enables the system to withstand unusual contingencies without service disruption to the customers.这种组成方案提供了一个结构上的冗余度，使系统能够抵抗一些异常的事故而不至于中断对用户的供电
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
第二章第一篇 To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society— whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing. 谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。 In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing“tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term 一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。 A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。这种信息或许像无线电广播的演讲和音乐，或许是像室内温度的物理量，或许像股市交易记录的数字数据。在电气系统中能够载有信息的物理变量是电压和电流。因此当我们谈到“信号”，我们不言而喻指的是电压和电流，然而，我们要讨论的大多数概念是可以被直接应用于载有不同信息的变量的系统，因此，一个机械系统（在这个系统中力和速度是其变量）或者液压系统（在这个系统中压力和流速是其变量）的性能通常可以用一个等效的电气系统来模拟或表示。因此，我们对于电气系统性能的理解为理解更宽领域的现象打下了一个基础。 A signal can carry information in two different forms. In an analog signal the continuous variation of the voltage or current with time carries the information. An example, in Fig.2-l, is the voltage produced by a thermocouple pair when the two junctions are at different temperatures. As the temperature difference between the two junctions varies, the magnitude of the voltage across the thermocouple pair also varies. The voltage thus provides an analog representation of the temperature difference. 一个信号可以以两种形式来承载信息。在一个模拟信号中电压或电流随时间而产生的连续变化载有信息。在图2-1中，当一对热电偶的接头处于不同的温度时由热电偶所产生的电压就是一个例子。当两个接头之间的温度差改变时，一对热电偶两端的电压也将改变。于是电压就提供了温度差的模拟表现形式 The other kind of signal is a digital signal. A digital signal is one that can take on values within two discrete ranges. Such signals are used to represent ON-OFF or YES-NO information. An ordinary household thermostat delivers a digital signal tocontrol the furnace. When the
Most people can formulate a mental picture of a computer, but computers do so many things and come in such a variety of shapes and sizes that it might seem difficult to distill their common characteristics into an all-purpose definition. At its core, a computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions. Computer input is whatever is put into a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer. Examples of the kinds of input that a computer can accept include the words and symbols in a document, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures from a thermostat, audio signals from a microphone, and instructions from a computer program. An input device, such as a keyboard or mouse, gathers input and transforms it into a series of electronic signals for the computer. In the context of computing, data refers to the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and we call this manipulation processing. The series of instructions that tell a computer how to carry out processing tasks is referred to as a computer program, or simply a "program." These programs form the software that sets up a computer to do a specific task. In a computer, most processing takes place in a component called the central processing unit (CPU), which is sometimes described as the"brain" of the computer. A computer stores data so that it will be available for processing. Most computers have more than one location for storing data, depending on how the data is being used. Memory is an area of a computer that temporarily holds data that is waiting to be processed, stored, or output. Storage is the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing. Output is the results produced by a computer. Some examples of computer output include reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures. An output device displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing. Computers are versatile machines, which are able to perform a truly amazing assortment of tasks, but some types of computer are better suited to certain tasks than other types of computers. Computers can be categorized as personal computer, handheld computers, workstations, mainframes, supercomputers , and servers. 大多数人可以制订一个电脑精神的图片，但电脑做很多事情，出现这样的形状和大小不同，它似乎难以提炼成一个全能的定义，它们的共同特点。在其核心，一台计算机是一种装置，它接受输入，处理数据，存储数据，并产生输出，根据对所有存储一系列指示。 什么是计算机输入到计算机系统的压力。输入可提供的一人，由环境，或由另一台计算机。对输入的各种例子，一个计算机可以接受包括文字和符号的文件，规定计算，图片，从恒温器的温度数字，音频信号从一个麦克风，从电脑程序指令。一个输入设备，如键盘或鼠标，集输和转换成一个电子信号的计算机的一系列。 在计算中，数据是指以符号代表的事实，对象和想法。计算机操作在很多方面的数据，我们称之为操作处理。一系列的指令，告诉计算机如何进行处理任务，被称为一个计算机程序，或只是一个“程序”。这些方案形成了软件，建立了计算机做特定的任务。在计算机中，大部分处理发生在一个组件的地方称为中央处理单元（CPU），有时为“大脑的计算机”来形容。 计算机存储数据，以便它会被用作处理可用。大多数计算机有多个用于存储数据的位置，这取决于数据如何被使用。内存是计算机的一个领域，数据是暂时持有等待处理，存储或输出。在数据存储，是可以在一个地区长期离开时，没有立即处理所需。 输出是由电脑产生的结果。电脑输出的一些例子包括报告，文件，音乐，图形，图片。输出设备显示，打印，或传送的处理结果。 电脑是多功能机，它能够执行各种各样的任务十分惊人，但某些类型的计算机更适合比其他类型的计算机的某些任务。计算机可以被归类为个人电脑，掌上电脑，工作站，大型机，超级计算机和服务器。
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay attention to the translation of the blackened parts (if any). 1.He made sincere apologies to each of the teachers. 译文：他向每个老师致以诚挚的歉意。 2.“Impossible” is a word to be found only in the dictionary of fools. 译文：只有在傻子的字典里才有“不可能”这个词。 3.We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it. 译文：我们不创造幸福就无权享受幸福，就像不创造财富就无权享用财富一样。 4.Children begin by loving their parents. After a time they judge them. Rarely, if ever, do they forgive them. 译文：孩子们都是开始时爱父母，后来开始评价父母，但几乎不会原谅父母。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/781892376.html,ter, Churchill told me that such hesitations were really rare. 译文：后来，丘吉尔告诉我，这种犹豫确实是很少见的。 6.Then I thanked my host and walked down the broad lawn, back to the meadow and the sparkling brook, where I lay on the grass and fell into a sweet sleep. 译文：接着我向主人道了谢径直走向宽阔的草坪，回到了水波闪闪的小溪边，我躺在溪边的草地上进入了甜美的梦乡。 7.Lenin stressed that it is precisely the people who create history. 译文：列宁强调说正是人民创造了历史。 8.It was for your benefit that we decided to return. 译文：是为了你的利益我们才决定返回的。 9.She was sweet and amiable and kindly again. 译文：她是那样的甜美和和蔼可亲。 10.Such news was no joke. 译文：这种消息并没有开玩笑。 11.Her sighs made it clear she was unhappy. 译文：她的唉声叹气清楚的表明了她是不高兴的。 12.Every man is a fool sometimes, and none at all times. 译文：人人都会有糊涂的时候，但不会总是糊涂的。 13.Trust not a new friend nor an old enemy. 译文：不轻信新知，也不轻信宿敌。 14.He stood watching her go down the street with a slow, self-satisfied sway of her body. 译文：他站着看着她慢慢的而又自满的摇摆着身子走向了街道。
第一章第一篇sectiong Two variables u(t) and i(t) are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuitu(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。 Charge and Current The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). 电荷和电流电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。也即，电路中最基本的量是电荷。电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性，它是以库仑为单位来度量的。 We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons. We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10-19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged. 我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造
unit1 body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节dynamo发电机horn喇叭swived 旋转steering box转向器timing gear 正时齿轮bevel gear 锥齿轮mesh with与啮合leaf spring 钢板弹簧stub axle 转向节 unit2 longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比lifter挺柱rocker摇臂retainer弹簧座seal密封件tappet 推杆lobe凸起gasket垫圈valve train配气机构cam follower气门挺柱rocker arm摇臂combustion chamber燃烧室intake valve进气阀exhaust valve排气阀valve stem气门杆valve cover气门室盖valve port阀口valve guide气门导管 unit3
汉译英 一、P91 ~当今社会，选择的观念无孔不入，种种选择会导致人们越发感到焦虑不安和力不从心。总有人向我们灌输这样的理念：我们可以选择自己的生活方式，可以选择自己的身材，甚至可以选择子女的未来。我们因为这种无所不能的虚假承诺而洋洋得意，同时却忘记了自己做出的选择往往并不理智——要么受到社会认同的影响，要么受到自己内心无意识动机的影响。 The ideology of choice is all-pervasive in today's society, and has contributed to growing feelings of anxiety and inadequacy among consumers. We’re told that we can choose the type of life we live, the type of body we have, even the way our kids will turn out. But while we bask in the false promise of mastery, we forget that the choices we make are often irrational –either linked to socially acceptable, or our own unconscious motives. 二、(P102:4)鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息，包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权：鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品的目的，希望获得使用上述协助的许可证权利；鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下属商标：双方兹就下列内容达成一致： Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information includi-ng designs, techniques, process,formulas, skills and other data useful in the contract products’ production and sales; and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products; and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A. Now Therefore, the parties hereby agree as follows:
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.