1、继续扩大国内需求，是当前应对亚洲金融危机和国际市场变化的正确选择，也是我国经济发展的基本立足点和长期战略方针。
In light of [Given] the Asian finiancial crisis and the changes in the international markets, it is proper/fitting for us to continue boosting/promoting domestic demand. This constitutes the basic foundation for China’s economic development as well as being part of our long-term strategy.
2、中国各民族相互依存的政治、经济、文化联系，使其在长期的历史发展中有着共同的命运和共同的利益，产生了强固的亲合力、凝聚力。
Due to/Because of their interdependent political, economic and cultural ties, all Chinese nationalities have shared a common destiny and a common interest throughout their long historical development, creating a strong force for affinity and cohesion.
3、当前正在进行以课程教材改革为核心的教育改革，改革的中心目标是变应试教育为素质教育。
An education reform centering on curriculum and teaching materials is under way. As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of students’ abilities instead of training them merely to pass exams.
4、中国的事情能不能办好，社会主义和改革开放能不能坚持，经济能不能快一点发展起来，国家能不能长治久安，从一定意义上说，关键在于人。
In a sense, people are the key to whether we Chinese perform well domestically, whether socialism, the reform and opening are adhered to, whether the economy will grow quickly and the country enjoy long-term peace and stability.
5、为了保证人们起码的生活条件，使公民富裕起来，中国唯一正确的选择就是努力发展经济，调整人口增长以适应国家社会和经济的发展。
To guarantee a minimum standard of living and to improve the citizens’welfare, Chinese only choice is to strive for the economic growth and see to it that(一定注意到，务必) the population growth conforms to the country’s social and economic development.
2001年
1、在世界各地，今天比任何时候都更加感觉到中国的存在，它在世界政治形势中占有历史性的重要位置。
The presence of China is felt, more than ever, all over the world, assuming(承担，担任) historic dimensions in the world political situation.
2、我们的社会主义实践，与其说是出于社会主义理论的理解和运用，还不如说是为了适应现实的需要。
Our socialist practice has been the result much more of responding to a felt need than to any understanding and application of socialist theory.
3、我们现在面临的所有重大世界性问题中最重要的问题就是人口对土地和土地资源的压力正在迅速增长。
The most important of all the great world problems which face us at the present time is the rapidly increasing pressure of population on land and on land resources.
4、在科学技术迅猛发展的今天，振兴经济的希望在教育，老师队伍的数量和质量对教育发展具有决定性的影响。
Nowadays in the condition of the science and technology being developed swift and violent, the hope of vitalizing economy is education, and the quantity and quality of the teachers-group has a
desicive effect on the education development.
5、必须引导人们正确处理竞争和协作、自主和监督、效率和公平、先富和共富、经济效率和社会效率的关系。
It is imperative to guide people to correctly handle relations between competition and cooperation, between the exercise of decision-making power and supervision, between efficiency and fairness, between achieving prosperity sooner and achieving common prosperity, and between economic returns and social effects.
2002年
1、为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐；Reform of state-owned interprises must be accelerated to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.
2、孝道是儒家教育的基石，它宣扬不仅要孝敬父母，而且要臣服于各级各类的权威；
The doctrine of filial piety(duty), which was the keystone of Confucian education, advocated not only devotion to one’s parents but submission to all types of authority at all levels.
3、目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。这个伟大的改革使封闭的计划经济变成了以市场为基础的开放经济；
At present, a sweeping(有广泛影响的，深远的) social and econimic reform is being carried out in China. This remarkble transformation has turned a closed command econimic system to a driving market-based economy.
4、一个母亲如果没有文化，很难担负教育好下一代的责任。占中国人口半数的妇女的文化素质不高，全民族的文化素质也难提高；
A mother in a family, who is illeterate, can hardly shouder the responsibility for a good education of the younger generation. If we fail to improve the cultural quality of women who hold half of the population in China, we can by no means improve the cultural quality of the whole nation.
5、我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过分消费，比如使用过多的空调，私人汽车，以及随意处理的产品。
We are trying to educate citizens to avoid the unsustainable consuption like western counties, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars and diposable products.
2003年
1、实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了我国经济水平。
Since China started to implement the policy of opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has beed changed and the level of its economy and technology has beed raised.
2、文化是某一特定人群传统、习俗、信仰和各种生活方式的总和。
Culture is the sum tota l of all the traditions, costoms, beliefs and ways of life of a given group of human beings.
3、一个国家的妇女通过她们的生活方式塑造了这个国家的道德、宗教和政治。
The women of a nation mold its morals, its religion, and its politics by the lives they live.
4、帮助真正的穷人，要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来，符合所有人的利益。
Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities.And helping the underclass rejoin society is in the interests of all.
5、推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民在新世纪
的三大历史任务。
To continue to propel the modernization dreive, to achieve the reunifacation of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.
2004年
1、观察和评价一个国家的人权状况，应考虑到该国的历史、社会、经济、文化等条件，不能割断该国的历史、脱离该国的国情，更不能按一个模式或某个国家或区域的情况来简单套用。各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决，世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。
A country’s history, culture, social situation and econimic development should be taken into condideration when reviewing and evaluating its human rights situation.
Human rights problems should be addressed mainly by the government and people of the country concerned, while solving human rights problems needs the joint efforts of governments and peoples of all counties.
Each country should promote the development of human rights by addressing the problems in its own coutry in line with its own situation.
2、当前，国际形势正经历着冷战结束以来最复杂、最深刻的变化。和平与发展依然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。和平是发展的前提，发展是和平的保障，在和平的环境中谋求发展已成为国际社会的共同愿望。
Currently, the international situation is undergoing the most complex and most profound changes since the end of Cold War. Peace and development remain the two main themes for the people across the world. Peace is the prerequisite to development whereas development the guarantee for peace.
3、获得更多知识唯一途径是通过教育和培训。知识如同资本，物质资源和汗水一样，已经变成了生产的一个必要因素——也许是最基本的因素。因此，一个社会的教育体系应该是能够向以知识为基础的工作迅速转变，否则这个社会就将不可避免地落在后面。
The only way to acquire more knowledge is through education and training. Knowledge, like capital, resouces and sweats, has become an essential factor of production or a most fundamental one. Therefore, the education system of one society shuld be geared quickly to the work based on knowledge, otherwise, this society will be inevitably left behind.
2005年
1、台湾问题是关系到中国主权、领土完整和祖国统一大业的重大原则问题。结束两岸的分离局面，实现台湾和祖国大陆的统一，是海内外中国人的共同愿望，也是中华民族的根本利益所在。
The Taiwan question is an important question of principle that has a bearing on China’s sovereignty, territorial integrity and the great cause of natinal reunification. To put an end to the separation between the two sides of the Straits and realize the reunification of Taiwan and the Motherland is the common aspiration of all Chinese both in China and overseas. It is also where the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation lie.
2、和平与发展，是世界各国人民的共同愿望和当今世界的主题。和平是发展的基础,发展促进和平。以“平等、诚信、合作、发展”为基本准则，推进世界经济发展，维护世界和平，
是我们共同的职责。
Peace and development are the common aspiration of the people of all counties and are the main themes of today’s world. Peace is the basis for development, and development promotes peace. It is our common duty to promote world economic development and safeguard world peace with “equality, credibility, cooperation and development”as the basic criteria.
3、信息技术的发展和传播正在对教育产生重大的影响，给现代教育带来前所未有的挑战和机遇。这主要表现为网络教育对“国家教育”的挑战，对传统教育思想和理论的挑战，使制度化教育向非制度化教育转变。
The development and spread of the IT(information technology) is having a significant influence on education and bringing unprecedented challenge and opportunity to modern education. This is mainly shown in Internet education, where a strong challenge is posed to “national education”, to tradional educational ideology and theories. This challenge cause the shift from systematized education to non-systematized education.
2006年
1、书籍引导我们进入优秀的社会群体，将我们带到伟大的思想家面前。读书中我们耳闻目睹他们的言行举止，仿佛见到了他们活生生的身影，我们同情他们的遭遇，与他们有东共享、有难同当。他们的遭遇似乎也成为了我们的经历，使我们感到我们自己有点像在他们所描绘的情景中扮演角色。
Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that ever lived. We hear they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience become ours, and we feel as if we were in the scenes which they describ.
2、名声、财产和权利等都是身外之物，人人都可求而得之，但没有人能够代替你感受人生。如果你真正意识到这一点，你就会明白，人生在世最重要的事就是活出你自己的特色和滋味来。你的人生是否有意义，衡量的标准不是外在的成功，而是对人生意义的独特领悟和追求。Fame, wealth and power are merely worldly possessions within the reach of anybody striving for them. But your experience of life and feelings about life are your own and they could not be shared. A full aweareness of this will point out you that the most important thing in your existence is your distinctive individuality or something special of yours. What really counts is not your worldly success but your peculiar insight into the meaning of life and your commitment to it.
3、中国坚持以人为本的科学发展观，着力构建和谐社会，改革开放和现代化建设取得了新的进展。经济持续发展，政治更加民主，社会全面进步，人民生活进一步提高，并呈现出不断改善和全面发展的良好局面。
China adheared to the scientific view of development by putting people first, and made every effort to build a harmonious society. New progress was achieved in its reform, opening up and modernization drive. Along with continuous economic growth, more democratic practices were seen in the political arena, and the society progressed in a comprehensive way. Further improvement were made in people’s living standards, and everything in China were continuously improved and developed in all fields.
词汇（无） 完型（网络上找到的原文，试题没有这么长，压缩了。划线部分为虫友考后忆起的待选空及答案） In the last post, we discussed why fabrication and falsification are harmful to scientific knowledge-building. The short version is that if you’re trying to build a body of reliable knowledge about the world, making stuff up (rather than, say, making careful observations of that world and reporting those observations accurately) tends not to get you closer to that goal. Along with fabrication and falsification, plagiarism is widely recognized as a high crime against the project of science, but the explanations for why it’s harmful generally make it look like a different kind of crime than fabrication and falsification. For example, Donald E. Buzzelli (1999) writes: [P]lagiarism is an instance of robbing a scientific worker of the credit for his or her work, not a matter of corrupting the record. (p. 278) Kenneth D, Pimple (2002) writes: One ideal of science, identified by Robert Merton as ―disinterestedness,‖ holds that what matters is the finding, not who makes the finding. Under this norm, scientists do not judge each other’s work by reference to the race, religion, gender, prestige, or any other incidental characteristic of the researcher; the work is judged by the work, not the worker. No harm would be done to the Theory of Relativity if we discovered Einstein had plagiarized it… [P]lagiarism … is an offense against the community of scientists, rather than against science itself. Who makes a particular finding will not matter to science in one hundred years, but today it matters deeply to the community of scientists. Plagiarism is a way of stealing credit, of gaining credit where credit is not due, and credit, typically in the form of authorship, is the coin of the realm in science. An offense against scientists qua scientists is an offense against science, and in its way plagiarism is as deep an offense against scientists as falsification and fabrication are offenses against science. (p. 196) Pimple is claiming that plagiarism is not an offense that undermines(zqc2849) the knowledge-building project of science per se. Rather, the crime is in depriving other scientists of the reward they are due for participating in this knowledge-building project. In other words, Pimple says that plagiarism is problematic not because it is dishonest, but rather because it is unfair. While I think Pimple is right to identify an additional component of responsible conduct of science besides honesty, namely, a certain kind of fairness to one’s fellow scientists, I also think this analysis of plagiarism misses an important way(whj19890715) in which misrepresenting the source of words, ideas, methods, or results can undermine the knowledge-building project of science. On the surface, plagiarism, while potentially nasty to the person whose report is being stolen, might seem not to undermine the scientific community’s evaluation(zqc2849) of the phenomena. We are still, after all, bringing together and comparing a number of different observation reports to determine the stable features of our experience of the phenomenon. But this comparison often involves a dialogue as well. As part of the
2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】 导读：本文2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 【第一篇：健康的乐观主义】大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有的结果。Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。参考译文Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things
2010考研翻译笔记（主讲：唐静） 一、考研翻译的三大基本问题 （一）考研翻译的解题“奥秘” 做真题，而不是看翻译 做翻译＝写汉字 （二）考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试容 1、题型 ①大的方面：主观题——汉字书写工整 ②小的方面：阅读题 没有必要通读全文 有些情况下，需要阅读划线句子的上下文 划线句子有代词，需要读上下文 2、命题原则 ①体裁偏向学术文献，比较抽象 ②题材偏向文科领域（1998年理科的） ③划线的句子长30个字左右，为长难句 3、考试容=考点 1）考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释 （1）专有名词 人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称（2）专业术语 Big Bang大爆炸理论 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论（3）学科术语 anthropoloist人类学家 anthropological人类学的 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论 SARS非典 （4）词组 as……as by means of home appliances家用电器die out灭绝 （5）多义词： school 学派before以前serve起作用 life 生命、生活 （6）熟词生义 set （成套）设备；集、集合 offend 冒犯；排污超标；污染超标particle 粒子（7）生词：超纲词 2）考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词序调整、词义选择 A、词序调整：即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序 46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。 例如：I studied very hard in the classroom at 6 every morning. 我每天早晨六点钟在教室认真学习。 B、词义选择：即选择一个单词的意思来翻译，解决单词问题（单词不认识怎么办） 词义选择的方法： a、分析词根、词缀 multimedia 多媒体，传媒determinism 决定论methodology 方法论anthropological 人类学的 b、分析上下文来翻译： ①借生词的上下文来造句 人类有能力______环境（改造/征服/适应）Television is one of the meas.（电视是一种工具/方式/媒介）②借助上下文或根据汉语习惯做同义替换 aspect方面 P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. deal with 处理，解决aspect在这里为“问题” P10-50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” 处理挑战？deal with在这里为“应对/解决” 在应对（面对/解决）如此大规模的挑战的时候，… P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 优雅的系统？elegant“完善的、完美的、优良的”3）考察具体句型的翻译 包括定语从句、状语从句、被动结构 （三）考研翻译的方法 直译为主，适当意译直译不等于死译 考研翻译的标准和步骤： 1、标准：准确、通顺、完整；严复：信、达、雅 傅雷：神似；钱钟书：化境 2、衡量的方式：读 3、翻译步骤： 第一步：通读全句、查找连接 第二步：分析成分、划分意群 第三步：选择词义、表达贴切 第四步：适当调整、书写译文 考研翻译步骤例题：P7 61）One difficulty is that / almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to / states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature ,and so on. 第一步：通读全句、查找连接 第二步：分析全句，划分译群 主语：one difficulty 谓语：is that引导的表语从句从句的主语：almost all of what is called behavioral science（被动）谓语：continues 第一个to：不定式的符号第二个to：介词的符号，后接名词4个名词：states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语 第三步：选择词义表达 1、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为behavioral science 行为科学continue 继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到states of mind 心理状态feelings感觉、感情、情感character 性格train 特征human 人类nature大自然；本性and so on 等等 第四步：适当调整、书写译文 2、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是→在于that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为→所谓的behavioral science 行为科学……（不通顺） 3、one 一个 is 是→在于that almost 几乎what is called 被称之为→所谓的行为科学……（不通顺） 4、将all放在behavioral science 后：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都（加上）continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到……（不对劲） 5、第二个to 到换为根据：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 根据……（还不对劲） 6、第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据心理状态情感性
中科院考博英语培训资料阅读技巧
阅读技巧 主题句的位置 ?主题句出现的位置有以下四种情况： ?1）段首主题句经常居于段首，以便读者浏览主题句就可掌握文章的概要。这个位置适用于提供信息或解释观点的段落。 ?2）段末用推理方法展开段落时，主题句往往位于句末。 ?3）段中（有时为了使段落多样化，主题句也可以居于段中。 ?4）隐含有时候，尤其在叙述性或描写性段落中，当所有的细节都围绕着一个显而易见的主题时主题句有时不出现。 各类题型解题思路 ?1．细节事实题： ⑴标志：题干中明确提到的时间、地点、人物等细节信息 ⑵做题的关键在于：返回原文 细节事实题 ?迷惑人的手段： ①单词替换 ②颠倒因果 ③扩大范围
④常识判断 常见试题 ??1 What do we know about ．．．? ??2 How many (much)．．．in this article? ??3 The real cause is . ??4 According to the author ，the techniques can be used to . ??5 The author states that . ??6 The experiment shows that . ??7 Mr. X expects (hopes ，wishes ）——. 2．例证题 ⑴ 标志：case example illustration demonstration exempl ify demonstrate illustrate ⑵ 做题的关键在于：是否能找到例子支持的论点，而不在于能否看懂例子 ? 划清“事实”与“观点”之间的界限 3．词汇题 常见试题（The phrase “…”in the context means…. The word “…” is closest in meaning to_____. As the context shows, a placebo is ________.） ⑴ 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思 ⑵ 做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要
考博英语翻译笔记 倒装和分割结构 为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。 1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。 译文：例如，它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。 2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's “baby boom ” generation reached its child-bearing years. 分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。 译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的 一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。 3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析：该句的Much as I have traveled 是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much ，但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。 译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职业 4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是，如果only 修饰的不是状语，则不用倒装。 译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正确。 5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West . 分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒装。 译文：1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。 6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 分析：hardly…when的结构表示“冈U…就…”。含有这种结构的句子常将hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外，hardly分句中一般采用过去完成时，而when (或before )分句中使用过去时。还有，与hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有barely (scarcely)…whe n … 译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。 7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
2012年考博考试英语翻译策略 无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。 汉英翻译三步策略之一：定主语 1．翻译的单位 在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。 什么是句子？或者具体说来，在汉英翻译中，要把汉语翻译成英语，究竟什么是英语的句子？ 柯林斯词典对英语句子的定义是这样的：A sentence is a group of words which，when they are written down，begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop，question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具体说来，英语的句子可以这样来定义：一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。 根据英语句子的定义，我们可以清楚的知道，英语的句子中，大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译，只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。而英语本身语法非常严谨，逻辑非常严密的特点，所以，在汉英翻译中，主语的确定和谓语的选择就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。 2．确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语 1）把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语，这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法，也是我们做汉英翻译“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。如： 例1．当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。（中国
中科院博士考试心得之一：词汇记忆 来源：互联网划词：关闭划词收藏 众所周知，英语考试中，词汇是关键，是所有考察题目的前提。没有足够的词汇量，或者对词汇的记忆、理解不够好，直接决定了英语水平的高低，想考个好成绩更是无法谈取。所以，词汇是万里长征的第一步。 如果不幸你又选择了中科院作为博士考试的目标，嘿嘿，情况可以用“雪上加霜”来形容了。记得当年考硕士的时候，国家规定的词汇量大约是5700个（现在可能有变化，但不会很大吧），英语六级的词汇量也差不多就这些（稍有出入，但变化不大）。而中科院的英语博士入学考试词汇大纲（以北京理工大学出版社的大纲为准），包括的词汇量达到了近12000。这个数字达到了硕士英语大纲的两倍。虽然不能否认很多词汇之间有内在联系，可当我第一次拿到这个大纲的时候，我从来没见过的单词多的是。 废话少说吧 第一，要有个权威的英语词汇大纲。 我选择的是北理出版社的版本，其特点是综合了历年中科院英语博士入学考试试卷中出现过的词汇，比较全面，而且有一定的针对性。在看这本书之间，建议大家可以先把六级字汇大纲，或者一些学者编写的硕士研究生入学考试字汇大纲上的所有词汇都记完。这个应该不难，大家都是过来人嘛，而且量也没那么大。 第二，第一次如何看北理版本的大纲。 这本书上会有很多字汇以前没有见过，如何把这些词汇搞明白，相当有难度。在大学时期，大家都习惯拿着词汇表，从头背到尾，也有人喜欢把词汇分成几个大块，一块一块的往下记。这是个好方法，而且也比较有效果。但对大多数的博士考生来说，缺乏基本条件。因为我们这些人要么是已经工作了，日常杂事繁多，要么正在准备硕士毕业论文，不可能拿出一上午，或者一下午的时间。我比较推荐的方法是“分而食之”。 拿出大约一周的时间，对大纲中的词汇进行甄别。自己已经知道的词汇放过，不会的词汇用红笔做个记号。然后把这些做了记号的词汇分别抄写到窄纸条上，并附上其中文意思（如果不知道怎么读，还要注明音标），最好每个词一个小条。对于有派生的词汇，可以只抄下根词，余下的可以放在以后解决。把这些小条按照字母顺序分成多个包，比如a开头的放在一起，有些词汇不多的，可以合并（大纲中，真正没有见过的词也就2000左右吧，因人而异，而派生、词组占了不少）。 在自己口袋里一次放一个包，大约会有30~60个单词吧。当你在忙于工作的间隙，或
司法考试票据法要点详解 备注： 1.有因性存在于直接前后手之间，有因可抗辩；无因性存在于间接前后手间，无因不能抗辩，这保证了票据的流通性，后手不受前手的抗辩影响。 2.追索是反向的，连带的，单向的。 二、背书 （一）回头背书： （二）禁止转让背书 （三）背书的涂消：票据权利人故意将背书中背书人的签名或其他记载事项等记载文句的一部或全部涂去或消除。 三、承兑和保证 承兑：是指远期汇票的付款人在汇票上签名，同意按出票人指示到期付款的行为。 保证：是指汇票的债务人以外的第三人以担保特定的汇票债务人承担汇票付款为目的，在汇票上签章及记载必要事项的票据行为。 四、票据的伪造：指假冒或虚构他人名义为票据行为并在票据上签章。 五、票据变造：指无合法变更权限的人，对除签章外的票据记载事项加以变更。 票据权利的种类 1.付款请求权 票据法规定持票人最基本的权利是请求付款人按票据金额支付款项。付款请求权是票据的第一次权利，实践中人们常称此权利为主票据权利。 付款请求权须符合以下条件： （1）持票人持有处在有效期内的票据，其中汇票和本票的有效期自票据到期日起2年以内；见票即付的汇票和本票，自出票日起2年以内；支票自出票起6个月以内。 （2）持票人须将原票据向付款人提示付款，如果不能提供票据原件的，不能请求付款，付款人也不得付款； （3）持票人只能请求付款人支付票据上确定的金额，付款人须一次性将债务履行完毕，因此，持票人也不得向付款人请求少于票据确定的金额付款。 （4）持票人得到付款后，必须将票据移交给付款人，原票据上的权利可能由付款人承受，向其他债务人请求付款，从而使付款请求权呈持续状态。 （5）付款人支付票据金额后，如果发现该票据有伪造、变造情况的，有权向持票人请求返还所给付的金额。这是对票据权利不确切的处置。 2.追索权
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，
华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
北京协和医学院考博英语翻译模拟及备考方法 计算机、网络和健康计算机、网络给人们生活带来便利，但他们同时又影响人们的健康。计算机、网络所带来的影响： 一、电磁辐射可带来多种疾病，可损害眼部，如引起青光眼等，长时间可造成手部、腕部等关节和肌肉损害，甚至可引起精神疾病，如失眠、烦躁、激动等等。 二、引起网络综合征。 三、如何减少计算机、网络所带来的影响 四、应用电脑室内光线要适当，多注意通风，保持室内空气清新。 五、多注意适当休息，并自我调整，如锻炼身体，自我身体检查，健康保证。 （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)六、多进食富含维生素A和蛋白质的食物，如胡萝卜、橘子、肝、牛奶、鸡蛋等。多饮茶也有好处。 对于大多数人讲，医学考博英语关键在于听力和作文。听力可快速提高，我当时每天早起上网下载一段或两段新闻。反复听，一遍就5-6分钟.逐步回听懂。另外听力要从难的听起，哪怕刚开始只能懂几个单词，这个很重要。切记。若速度太快，可先看一下相关的新闻了解一下背景。再听，完全听懂为止，贵在坚持，一天2次，各半小时。很管用。 作文，应该在平时的积累。临时复习技巧：一是背一些万能作文的框架，到时套用，主要使你的作文有良好的“骨架和关节”。二是到相关英文报纸的网站，开阔视野，还有就是注意相关的重点单词。三是阅读中注
意一些写作中的好的例句，积累些，很精华的，到时来几句，很长分数的。 我认为此书最大的优点在于把医学词汇进行了汇编，这一部分也最有用。至于书中的其他部分，我认为借鉴即可，切勿陷入题海战术，那样太费脑子了。应明确仅有这一本书是远远不够的，必须结合自己的实际情况弥补，本人在复习时甚至重新学习了实用英语语法，我建议各位一切从实际出发，有针对性的补自己的不足，决不可以靠着一本书，必须广开思路。最好能搞到真题若干套，进行题海战术复习。 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
中科院博士英语入学考试作文模板三篇 本文针对没有思路，不知如何展开论述自己观点的问题，笔者用三篇简单的例子像大家展示如何写好一篇行文流畅的英语作文！（作文不是高级词汇和复杂句的堆砌，而是如行云流水般的smooth~） Sample1：您是否赞成限制北京人口？本文赞成 第一部分：（开篇背景介绍，引入简单的从句，增加篇幅，体现英语水准，给考官留下良好印象，但错误的，拿不准的从句不要乱用），运用连接词承上启下，进入主题。摆出大众态度，引出自己的观点。 第二部分：提出合理解释，支撑自己的观点。建议大家在提出自己解释的时候，不要太多，提出三个相关的大方面，再用连接词将其连接起来即可。三个方面可以是逐层递进，也可前两个递进，而后一个从反方面支持你的观点。建议大家不要总是用firstly，secondly and thirdly；可用一些比较高级的连接词，如The foremost，moreover，furthermore，therefore，thus，hence，however，besides，in addition等 第三部分：重申自己的观点，但不要重复利用已经用过的句子，可以用其他的词组进行重新组合，进一步阐述你的观点。 接下来就用这种思路尝试一下吧： Sample1：您是否赞成限制北京人口？本文赞成 With the rapid development of cities, more and more people are pouring into the metropolis, for example (for instance) Beijing. However, the government has made a limitation to prevent too many people flooding into Beijing for a proper growth of population. It has caused very radical argument about the reasonability of the limitation. Although numerous people hold that it is improper to do like this, I still think that it is time to
gain . Furthermore federal regulations designed to promote the New Town idea do not consider social need s as the European New Town plans do. In fact, our regulations specify virtual y all the ingredients of the typical suburban community, with a bit of political rhetoric thrown in. A workable American New Town formula should be established as firmly here as the national formula was in Britain. All possible social and governme ntal innovations as well as financial fac tors s hould be thoroughly considered and accommodated in this policy. Its objectives should be clearly stated, and both incentives and penalties should be provided to ensure that the objectives are pursued. If s uch a poli cy is developed, then the New Town approach can pla y an important role in alleviating American's urban problems. 36. As revealed in Para 1, the author considers the American New Town approach_____ A. atypical B. irrelevant C. impractical D.unprecedented 37. According to the author, the present New Town plan will _____ A. fail t o bring about the i ntended re sults B. produce genuinely needed New Towns C. bridge the gap between the poor and the rich – D. help resolve the spreading urban problems 38. The author believes that the New Town projects will lead to _____ A. m ore brisk co mmercial activities in th e cities B. more l ow-income people living in the s uburbs C. higher incidence of tax avoidance by industries D. heavier tax burdens on the remaining citi zens 39. In the author's o pinion. the European New Town plans are superior to the America's in their concern for A. the typical suburban community B. the interests of the promoters C . the welfare of the general public D. the government's political achievement
考博英语练习题 1. Daily nutrition, weight, and physical activities in the family will largely determine whether your children are _____ to children diabetes. A. likely B. susceptible C. influential D. Sustainable 2. The accusations we bring against others should be ____ ourselves; they should not ____ complacency and easy judgments on our part concerning our own moral conduct. A. denigration of.., exclude B. instructions to... equate C. parodies of... satirize D. warnings to... justify 【翻译练习】 1、英译汉参考译文 The researchers, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, say when people are living together they share behaviors, such as eating meals together and watching TV. The scientists also note that marriage provides a number of health benefits, including decreased cigarette smoking and lower mortality. 2、汉译英 举行的峰会可以促进六国之间的友好合作关系。 【参考答案】 1.B 【句子大意】每日汲取的营养成分，体重和在家锻炼很大程度上决定您的孩子是否容易患上儿童糖尿病。 【精析】likely“很可能的，合适的”；susceptible“易受影响的”；influential“有影响的，有势力的”；sustainable“可以忍受的，足可支撑的”；故选B项。 2.D 【句子大意】那些对他人的控告应该视为对我们自己的一个警告；我们不能够仅凭自身道德行径就有理由去妄下定论并且骄傲自满。 【精析】denigration of 诋毁，贬损；exclude排除，排斥；instructions教导，说明；equate使相等，视为平等；parodies of模仿，效仿；satirize讽刺，挖苦；Warnings to 警告；justify证明合法。根据原文，可根据第一句话，首先排除AC选项，对他人的控告不能是对自身的一种诋毁，或效仿。故选D项。 【翻译参考答案】 1、英译汉参考译文 北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)的研究人员说，两个人生活在一起就会一同行动，比如说一块儿吃饭看电视。科学家们还强调，婚姻会带来许多健康方面的好处，比如说少抽烟，死亡率也会降低。 2、汉译英参考答案 The Summit Sessions held in Shanghai could foster better relations and cooperation between the six counties. ===============================================================================