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复印机维修简明学习教程.doc

复印机维修简明学习教程.doc
复印机维修简明学习教程.doc

第一章复印机的工作原理

复印机的工作原理主要包括以下三个基本的原理:

静电原理

电荷有正负两种极性,所谓静电原理是指同性电荷相互排斥;异性电荷相互吸引。即所谓的同性相斥、异性相吸。图-1所示

光学成像原理

光学成像的基本知识:物体通过光学镜头成像为图像。图2所示

半导体原理

半导体原理就是在静态、或加反向电压时为绝缘体;而在加正向电压时为导体。

复印机用的感光鼓材料则是感光型半导体:即在暗态时(不受光)为绝缘体;而在亮态(受光)时为导体。图3所示。

总结:复印机的工作原理是利用光导体的电位特性,在光导体没有受光照的状态下进行充电,使其表面带上均匀的电荷,然后通过光学成像原理,使原稿图像成像在光导

体上。有图像部分因没有受到光照(相当于暗态),所以光导体表面仍带有电荷,而无图像区域则受到光照(相当于亮态),所以光导体表面的电荷通过基体的接地,使表面的电荷消失,从而形成了静电潜像。再后是通过静电原理,使用带有极性相反电荷的墨粉,使光导体表面的静电潜像转化成为光导体表面的墨粉图像。最后,仍然通过静电原理,将光导体表面的墨粉图像转印到复印纸表面,完成复印的基本过程。

第二章复印机的工作过程

复印机的工作过程及各部件如下图所示:

复印机的工作过程主要包括以下几个部分:(按照复印顺序)

充电部件(高压发生器、电极架、电机丝)

使感光鼓表面均匀地带上电荷。

曝光部件(扫描曝光灯、反光镜、镜头)

使感光鼓表面按照原稿图像,形成图像的反转电位潜像。(前章已经讲解)

显影部件(显影器、高压发生器)

将感光鼓表面的电位潜像转化为墨粉图像。(前章已经讲解)

送纸部件(马达、搓纸轮)

马达带动搓纸轮将复印纸送入机内,为下一步将鼓表面的墨粉图像转印到纸上做准备。

转印部件(高压发生器、电极架、电机丝)

通过转印电极使复印纸表面带上均匀的与墨粉电荷相反的电荷,将感光鼓上的墨粉图像转印到复印纸上。

分离部件(高压发生器、电极架、电机丝)

由于复印纸和感光鼓表面均带有电荷,而且极性相反,所以复印纸在复印过程中不易从感光鼓上分开。因此要将完成复印的复印纸顺利从鼓上分开,需要采取分离的措施。早前的复印机采用机械分离,但易卡纸;当前的复印机均采用电流分离。其中分离电流含有高频交流和固定直流成分。

清洁部件(清洁器)

将感光鼓表面的残留墨粉清洁干净,为下一复印做好准备工作。所有复印机都不可能通过转印将感光鼓表面的墨粉完全转印到复印纸上。所以,鼓表面均有残留墨粉,不进行清洁,则影响以后复印品质量。

定影部件(定影热棍、压力棍、加热器)

复印纸上的墨粉图像通过定影固定在复印纸上,以便于保存。若不经过定影,复印纸上的图像一碰就掉落。(所以定影需要一定的温度和压力)

复印机的过程同时还包括许多辅助过程,主要有:

消电部件(全面曝光灯)

将感光鼓表面的残留电位清除,为以后的复印做准备。否则复印品会有残留图像或底灰。

删边部件(像间像边消电灯)

复印品均有前端、前后侧、后端或缩小部分的空白,所以需要通过像间像边消电灯将不需要的感光鼓表面电位清除。

第三章复印机的机械结构

复印机的机械结构通过其工作过程如下图所示:

复印机机械结构主要包括以下几个部分:

光学成像系统

主要由曝光灯、反光镜(1~6或1~4块)、光学镜头组成。其作用就是将原稿成像到感光鼓上,所以,光学系统的成像质量直接影响复印品的质量。光学系统的清洁保养和注意事项将在后面的章节详细讲解。

感光鼓及成像系统

主要由感光鼓、充电电极、转印电极、分离电极以及像间像边消电灯和全面消电灯组成。其作用就是将光学成像系统在感光鼓表面成像的光学图像转化为电位潜像;再将感光鼓上的墨粉图像转印到复印纸上;然后将复印纸从感光鼓上顺利剥离下来完成原稿到复印品的过程。

显影系统

主要由加粉马达、墨粉盒、显影磁棍、磁棍刮片、墨粉搅拌器、墨粉输送螺旋杆、传动齿轮组成。其作用是加粉马达将墨粉盒内的墨粉通过墨粉输送螺旋杆送入显影器内,然后墨粉搅拌器将墨粉进行充分搅拌使墨粉带上电荷后吸附在显影磁棍上,磁棍上墨粉的厚度由磁棍刮片控制。最后通过感光鼓表面的电荷将磁棍表面的墨粉吸附到感光鼓上形成感光鼓墨粉图像。

送纸系统

主要由送纸马达、搓纸轮、纸盒、传动齿轮组成。其作用就是将复印纸送入机内,为下一步将鼓表面的墨粉图像转印到纸上做准备。

清洁系统

主要由清洁刮片、回收棍、废粉传动螺旋杆、废粉盒、传动齿轮组成。其作用是

清洁刮片将感光鼓表面的残留墨粉刮下来,然后通过回收棍、废粉传动螺旋杆将废粉收集到废粉盒。因为所有复印机都不可能通过转印将感光鼓表面的墨粉完全转印到复印纸上。所以,鼓表面均有残留墨粉,不进行清洁,则影响以后复印品质量。

定影系统

主要由定影热棍、压力棍、加热灯管、热敏电阻、过热保护开关、传动齿轮组成。其作用就是通过加热灯管将热棍加热到一定的温度,此温度值由热敏电阻控制。然后利用热棍和压力棍之间的压力将复印纸上的墨粉熔化后固定在复印纸上。

传动系统

主要由主马达、扫描灯架马达、镜头马达、送纸马达和显影马达(后两种一些复印机没有)、传动齿轮、传动链条(皮带或钢丝绳)组成。主马达驱动感光鼓、输纸机构、清洁器、定影器、显影器和送纸机构(一些机型由独立马达驱动);镜头马达控制镜头按不同的比例前后移动,保证复印品效果;灯架马达驱动灯架的前进和后退,同时也要保证灯架的移动与感光鼓的转动同步(具体如何实行后面章节详细讲解);送纸马达则驱动搓纸轮将纸送入机内;显影马达则驱动显影器的转动,将墨粉同步输送到磁棍上(如何、为何实行同步后章节详述)。

输纸系统

主要由输纸导棍、输纸轮、输纸皮带、树枝风扇、输纸导板组成。复印纸被搓纸轮送入复印机到定影后出复印机完成,除了送纸、转印、定影过程外,需要其他的辅助过程,而输纸系统就是实行复印纸在复印机内正常传输必不可少的部分。当然,这里也涉及复印纸的定位、同步问题,同样在后面的电气章节进行论述。

第四章复印机的电气结构

复印机的电气系统主要包括以下几个部分:

电源部分

主要由电源线、开关、交流到直流转换开关电源组成。开关电源的作用是将通过电源线提供的外部交流电源,转换为复印机控制部分需要的直流电源,直流电源一般均采用多组不同电位的输出(常见为24V、12V、5V)。

24V ——提供传感器、马达、电磁离合器等输出部件的电源;

12V ——提供控制板等部件的电源;

5V ——二极管、控制板内芯片、传感器等的电源。

控制部分

主要由主控制板、曝光灯控制板、马达控制板等组成

主控制板

控制复印机的整个复印过程。

曝光灯控制板

根据原稿的不同浓度控制曝光灯的发光强度。

马达控制板

根据不同的复印倍率控制扫描灯架、镜头的位置和前进后退速度(一些机型此控制部分集成在主控制板内)。

高压部分

高压发生器根据主控制板的指令,提供复印过程所需的充电、转印、分离、显影偏压、栅极偏压、消电和预转印(一些机型没有)的高压。

显示部分

主要部件为操作面板。

自动测试部分

主要由自动浓度传感器、原稿尺寸传感器组成。

自动曝光

自动浓度传感器探测不同的原稿浓度获得不同的电位传输给主控制板,然后主控制板给曝光灯控制板不同的指令,控制曝光灯的发光强度,达到最佳的复印效果。

自动选纸和倍率

原稿尺寸传感器探测不同的原稿尺寸大小获得不同的组合传输给主控制板,然后主控制板根据不同的组合:1、根据已选择的倍率选择与原稿尺寸相同的纸路;2、根据已选择的复印纸尺寸选择合适的倍率。

传感器部分

主要由扫描灯架原始位置传感器、镜头原始位置传感器、纸路传感器、对位传感器、出纸传感器、无纸传感器、纸尺寸传感器等组成。

第五章复印机的调整

复印机的调整分机械调整和图像、电气调整两大部分

一、机械调整:

光学系统调整

光学系统的调整主要是:全程扫描灯架和半程扫描灯架之间距离的调整(其它诸如反光镜的倾仰角本教程强烈建议不能调整)。此调整一般在下列情况下需调整:更换扫描灯架钢丝绳;

复印品与原稿间存在倍率差异;

复印品模糊。

不同型号复印机调整的标准位置不同,具体机型的调整以该机型的维修手册为准!

显影器磁穗高度调整

显影器磁穗高度会随着磁棍的老化、磁棍刮片的磨损而改变,磁穗高度的高和低均影响复印品质量。

不同型号复印机调整的标准位置不同,具体机型的调整以该机型的维修手册为准!

定影器压力调整

定影压力需要在一定范围内复印品的质量才有保证,过大则容易引起复印纸皱褶;过小则容易定影不老。定影器压力调整在以下情况需调整:

复印品定影不老,内容一擦就掉;

复印纸出现皱褶,复印品不平整。

定影器压力的测试如下:复印机正常工作中复印一张A3全黑版,待复印品一出定影器口立即关机,让复印纸在机内停留15秒钟左右取出复印纸,其效果如下图所示:

尺寸宽度

b 4.0±0.5mm

调整标准如上表

二、图像、电气调整:

光学图像调整

光学图像调整主要是:图像前端空白、图像对位、图像删边、图像倍率、曝光灯亮度的调整。

图像前端空白调整:复印品的前端空白目的为防止卡纸,所以前端空白必须但有一定的范围,一般复印机的空白为1.5±0.5mm。

图像对位调整:复印机的对位是指复印纸与感光鼓的同步情况,可以通过调整使复印纸提前或滞后,从而满足复印品的前端空白在范围内。

图像的删边调整:此调整主要使复印品的两侧图像完整;若是套色复印机,则为了两种或以上的几种颜色在复印中保持一致,不产生套印的漏印或重叠。

图像倍率调整:微调镜头或反光镜位置,使复印品的倍率达到标准(部分机型没有此项调整)。

曝光灯亮度调整:在曝光灯和感光鼓老化的情况,可以通过调整曝光灯的亮度获得满意的复印效果。

电气调整

电气调整主要是:电极丝高度、充电电位高低、显影偏压的调整。

电极丝高度调整:更换电极丝后应进行高度调整,虽然每种机型的标准不一,但是要求都是不能离感光鼓太近,否则感光鼓容易老化或被强电击穿。

充电电位的调整:除非更换的主控制板或高压发生器,否则尽量不要调整。或在一定的基础后,小范围微调(若是在高压发生器上的电位器,则强烈建议不做任何调整)。

显影偏压的调整:显影偏压的高低直接影响复印品浓度的深浅,具体的调整应参照特定机型的维修手册进行!

不同型号复印机调整的标准和方法不同,具体机型的调整以该机型的维修手册为准!

第六章复印机的自诊断功能

复印机的自诊断主要有两大功能:即元器件输入、输出诊断和故障代码自诊断。

一、输入输出自诊断:

复印机的自诊断需要先进入维修调试状态。如何进入维修状态各维修手册均有详细介绍。

输入诊断则是在复印机进入维修状态的基础上,输入相应的代码,然后改变各传感部件(光电遮断传感器、微触开关、热敏电阻等)的通断状态达到检测它们的工作是否正常。不同机型的代码不同,同一品牌不同型号的代码相近但略有不同,所以应参考各自的维修手册进行测试。

输出诊断则是在复印机进入维修状态的基础上,输入相应的代码,判断各输出零部件(马达、电磁离合器、继电离合器、)是否有相应的动作,从而判断它们的工作是否正常。

不同机型的代码不同,同一品牌不同型号的代码相近但略有不同,所以应参考各自的维修手册进行测试。具体的代码指令维修手册都有具体说明。

二、故障代码自诊断:

复印机在运行中都会对不同的零部件的运转进行实时监控,如果某一零部件的输入、输出异常,则在复印机的操作面板上显示相应的代码,较常见的故障代码一般有卡纸、门开关、缺墨粉、废粉满等用户可以自行解决的故障。其它一些涉及元器件损坏的代码诸如:曝光异常(灯断、温度保险熔断丝断、曝光灯控制器不良等)、定影异常(定影灯断、热敏电阻不良、固态继电器不良、定影温度保险开关不良、控制板不良等);扫描灯架移动异常(电机不良、钢丝绳不良、灯架传感器不良、马达控制板不良等);传动异常(主马达不良、马达驱动板不良、电源板不良、控制板不良等)等等,则需要维修人员检查获更换零部件后才能解决。

具体的故障排除则将在后面的章节举例分析。

第七章复印机的常见故障及排除

复印机的常见故障主要分零部件及控制故障和图像质量故障二大类。

没有一定电路知识基础的读者,请勿采用开机状态下测量各输出端子电压的方法,防止万用表表棒短路引起线路板烧坏!

一、零部件及控制故障

零部件及控制故障主要包括:马达运转不良、控制线路板指令有误、传感器信号不良、电磁离合器工作失常、电源供给不良、操作指令失效、面板显示异常以及安装不良或机械零部件的正常磨损等等。

马达运转不良

故障表现:马达的运转不良就是主机、灯架、镜头、显影、加粉、搓纸等马达(某些型号不包含以上所有马达)不能启动或虽然启动但扭力不足或转速不均匀。

故障原因:启动电容不良(仅限交流马达);马达线圈断路;某一组线圈断路;马达内磁性锭子磁力不足;线路或接插件接触不良;马达控制板不正常(后面讨论)。

故障排除:用万用表电阻档检测马达线圈的通断情况(在关机状态下),排除线圈的故障可能;在开机状态下,用万用表的直流电压档检测线圈端子的电压变化,判断控制信号是否正常;若是交流马达则应检测启动电容有否损坏。最后若是有备件更换后即可解决。

控制线路板指令有误

故障表现:主机、马达、曝光灯、继电器等控制线路板给相对应的输出部件动作的驱动信号没有或不正常。

故障原因:控制板中元器件损坏或不良;电源供电没有或异常;线路或接插件接触不良等

故障排除:用万用表直流电压档检测电源部件输出是否正常,排除电源供电的故障可能;按照故障代码显示判断可能出现故障的控制线路板,然后判断其输出是否正常(根据具体的线路用万用表直流电压档检测相应输出端子的电压变化)。若属于控制板问题,一般情况仅作零件更换。

传感器信号不良

故障表现:光电遮断型传感器的输出为常开或常闭;光电池型、热敏电阻型的输出为高于或低于阈值;微触开关型的接触为常通或常断。

故障原因:电源供电异常;元器件不良;线路或接插件接触不良。

故障排除:判断供电情况参照第2条,元器件的判断主要判断其输出情况。光电遮断型为非高即低电平输出(一般为5V或0V);光电池型、热敏电阻型为高至低电平范围输出(一般为0~5V,但有一定的高低阈值);微触开关型为非断即通输出(开关闭合与断开)。所以了解以上特性,即可用万用表针对性测量解决。

复印机的常见故障及排除(续一)

电磁离合器工作失常

故障表现:电磁离合器不工作;工作但吸合不正常。

故障原因:电源供给异常;电磁离合器线圈断路;离合器内有油污影响吸合力;

吸合后不能按时断开。

故障排除:检测电源供电在前面已经讲解;检查电磁离合器线圈的通断在前面马达一条也已讲解;离合器有油污则将离合器从复印机中拆下,然后将其分解用酒精进行清洁,如何分解请仔细观察后进行,恢复则是分解的逆步骤。

电源供给不良

故障表现:复印机不工作;无显示;显示但不正常;多处零部件不能正常工作。

故障原因:外部电源没有;电源线不良;电源部件内元器件损坏或焊点不良;线路及接插件接触不良。

故障排除:用万用表交流电压250V档检测电源插座是否有220V供电;检测机内电源部件是否有220V供电;用直流50V档检测电源部件是否有直流输出 24V、5V(不同机型有12V或-12V等的直流输出);检测各部件的直流供电是否正常;检查电源部件印刷线路板的焊点是否良好,否则用电烙铁将焊点重焊。

操作指令失效

故障表现:操作面板的所有按键动作无效。

故障原因:机器出现过热、过压、漏电、负荷过重等非常规故障情况下的自动保护;面板内按键常通。

故障排除:根据故障代码显示,先解决故障然后解除保护功能;检查面板内按键是否有常通。

面板显示异常

故障表现:面板显示发光二极管常亮、不停闪烁或不亮。

故障原因:电源供电;面板按键;闪烁指示灯相应部件。

故障排除:电源供电是否正常(5V);面板按键接触是否正常;指示灯闪烁的部件工作是否正常。

安装不良或机械零部件的正常磨损

故障表现:机器运转声音异常;复印品质量有疵病;走纸不顺畅或经常卡纸。

故障原因:安装不到位;零部件有磨损;易损件寿命;传动部件的润滑。

故障排除:检查各部件安装是否到位;检查各传动零部件的润滑和磨损情况;检查易损零部件寿命情况。

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