毕业论文（设计）
外文翻译
题目：特种车辆制动系统改进设计
控制系统稳定性是针对提高驾驶安全性提出的一系列措施中最新的一个。这个系统能够在40毫秒内实现从制动开始到制动恢复的过程，这个时间是人的反应时间得七倍。他们通过调整汽车扭矩或者通过应用汽车左侧或右侧制动，如果需要甚至两者兼用，来实现准确的行车路线。这个系统已被应用于奔驰S600汽车了。
稳定的机械自动系统能够在制动时发现肇端，并且在驾驶人员发现能够反应以前实现车辆的减速。
安全玻璃，安全带，撞击缓冲区，安全气囊，ABS系统，牵引力控制系统还有现在的稳定调节系统。汽车安全系统的连续升级，已经产生了一种为保护汽车所有者安全的设计模式。稳定调节系统帮助驾驶员从不可控制的曲线制动中解脱出来，从而避免了汽车的摆动滑行和交通事故。
利用计算机和一系列传感器，稳定调节系统能够检测到制动轮的打滑并且比人更快的恢复对汽车的方向控制。系统每百万分之一秒作出一次快速捕捉，以及断断汽车是否在按照驾驶员的路线行驶。如果检测到汽车行驶路线和驾驶员驾驶路线存在一个微小的偏差，系统会在瞬间纠正发动机扭矩或者应用汽车左右制动。过程的标准反应时间是40毫秒----人的平均反应时间的七分之一。
罗伯特博世工程系统负责人安东·范·桑特解释说：“一个稳定的控制系统能够‘感觉到”驾驶员想要运动的方向，通过控制转向角度，油门踏板的位置，制动板的状态来确定汽车实际运动路线的偏航比率（汽车偏离方向轴的角度）和横向加速度”。项目负责人阿明·马勒领导着范桑特的工作小组和奔驰汽车公司的工程师发明了第一个完全有效的稳定调节系统，该系统由发动机扭矩控制系统，制动系统，牵引控制系统组成以实现理想与现实运动之间的最小差距。
汽车安全专家相信稳定调节系统能够减少交通事故的发生，至少是在伤亡严重的事故方面。安全统计表明，多数的单车撞击事故伤亡（占伤亡事故发生的4%），事故能够通过应用这项新技术避免。这项新系统的额外费用主要用于一系列目前汽车日益普遍应用的制动/牵引控制锁组件。
稳定调节系统技术首次应用于欧洲的奔驰S600汽车，是由德国斯图加特市的罗伯特博世公司和奔驰公司在过去几年共同研制的。该系统在博世公司被称为汽车动力控制（VDC），而默西迪称它为稳定电控系统（ESP），作用就是在任何状况下维持车辆的稳定性。博世公司开发了这项系统，奔驰公司把它应用于车辆。工程师默西迪丝在柏林应用戴姆勒奔驰汽车虚拟驾驶模拟器在极限情况下对系统进行评估，例如极强的侧风。然
后他们在瑞典的安杰普劳附近的后娜瓦安湖的冰面上进行性能测试。工作通常是在公路上进行以适用于公共汽车和大卡车，例如避免的折合问题。
稳定调节系统将在1995年中应用于欧洲S系列产品上，随后会在1996年进入美国市场（1995年11月产品）。用户可以选择750美元的系统，就像应用于默西迪丝的试验用的V8发动机上的，也可以选择价格为2400美元的应用于六缸发动机汽车的系统。后者的系统中差不多有1650美元是用于牵引控制系统，该系统是稳定性系统的先决条件。
并不是只有博世公司一家在开发这样的安全系统，美国密歇根州的ITT（美国国际电信公司）汽车公司的奥伯恩·希尔，在1995年1月底特律北美国际汽车展览会上展示了了 悇管理系统（ASMS），“车辆控制器应该像空对地导弹的控制器那样，比较而言，事实上那已经实现了，不同的是两者的费用不同”，美国国际电信公司驻欧洲空对地导弹控制工程负责人约翰尼斯·格雷得说。北美ITT公司“汽车制动和底盘工程”主管汤姆·麦兹指出，在未来十年美国国际电信公司的系统要首先出现在车辆上。很多工程师正在六辆特殊制造的精密车辆模型上调试这种系统。
一个比较简单和较低效率的博世的稳定调节系统也在1995年出现在慕尼黑宝马公司的AG系列750iL和850Ci V-12两款车上。宝马公司的稳定调节系统（DSC）运用的车轮速度传感器同牵引控制系统和标准ABS防抱死系统一样能够识别外部情况，使车辆更容易实现曲线行驶和转弯。为了检测出车辆转弯时潜在的危险，DSC系统检测的是两前轮在转弯时的速度差，DSC系统添加了一个更高级的角度传感器利用现有的一个车辆速度，并且引入了它自身带有的关于完全抱死系统，牵引控制系统，稳定调节系统软件控制原理。
新的博世和ITT自动稳定调节系统得益于航空工业高级技术的发展，就像超音速发动机，汽车的稳定调节单元运用一个基于计算机系统的传感器来调和人与系统之间的，还有轮胎与地面之间差异。另外，系统采用了用于导弹制导系统的回旋传感器。
优于ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统之处
根据范·桑特和博世公司的瑞娜·伊哈德，杰瑞·帕夫在《汽车工程师》杂志所提到的，稳定调节系统是ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统的合理扩展。但是ABS系统的作用发生在制动时车轮转向将被锁死时，牵引控制是预防加速时的车轮滑动，稳定系统是当汽车自由转向时能独立于驾驶员作出操作。依靠不同的驾驶状况系统可以使每个车轮制动或者迅速使四个轮转速适合于发动机的扭矩，从而使车辆稳定和减少由于制动失控带来的危险。新系统不仅仅控制完全制动还可以作用与部分制动，行车路线，加速度，车轮与发动机动作的滞后等，这些是ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统所远远不能达到的。
三种主动的安全系统的作用时刻是一致的，那就是一个车轮被锁死或者车轮渐渐失去方向稳定性或者车轮使得行驶更加困难。如果一辆车必须在较低摩擦系数的路面制动，必须避免车轮抱死以保持行驶稳定性和可驾驶性。
ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统能够预防侧滑，而稳定性系统采取减少侧面受力的稳定措施。如果行驶车辆的侧力不再适当的分配在一个或者更多轮上，车辆就会失稳，尤其是车辆沿曲线行驶时。驾驶员感觉到的“摇摆”起初是转弯或者与车的轴线形成一个纺锤形时。一个独立的传感器必须能够识别这个“纺锤”，而 ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统通过车轮的转速不能检测车辆的横向运动。
转向操作
新系统通过对微小的汽车不足转向（当车辆对于方向盘操作反应迟缓）和方向盘的“过敏”反应（后轮发生来回摆动）。当车辆在转向时如果发生不足转向和过度转向运动时，稳定调节系统能够通过后轮进行内部制动（针对曲线）纠正错误。这种情况是驾驶员不能感觉类似于ABS防抱死系统接近于抱死极限，而使车辆不失去控制。稳定调节系统能够通过发动机降速或者单轮制动来减小推动力。
博世公司的研究员解释说：“侧面偏离角度表明此时车辆的偏航灵敏性，并反映为转向角度，转向角度随着车辆偏离角度的增大而减小。一旦偏离角度超过某一限度，驾驶员就很难重新进行操作。在干燥的路面偏离角度不能够超过10度，而在积雪路面上极限偏离角度为4度。
多数司机没有从制动中恢复的经验。他们不知道轮胎和地面之间的摩擦系数，更不知道他们的车的侧缘稳定边界。当极限被冲破时，驾驶员通常会很紧张以至于做出错误的反应。ITT的格雷柏解释说：“过度转向引起车辆摆尾，使汽车更快的失控。ASMS传感器能够快速的检测到制动开始时各个车轮的活动，从而使车辆恢复到稳定行驶轨道。
对于稳定调节系统界面的可操作性是很重要的，这样可以预示带有稳定系统的驾驶和普通驾驶给人的感觉没有什么区别。
稳定系统最大的优点在于速度，它不仅可以对制动作出快速反应，还可以对车辆状况（例如车重变化，轮胎磨损），路面质量作出快速反应统就能够通过改变侧面受力平横处理，达到最好的驾驶稳定性。
稳定系统识别驾驶员想达到的（理想路线）和车辆实际行驶路线（实际路线）的不同，目前的汽车需要一套高效的传感器和一台高效处理信息的处理器。
博世公司的VDC/ESP电子控制单元是一个由两个48兆的ROM组成的传统实验电路板。范桑特说：“48KB的内存容量是大量用以完成设计任务的‘智能’的代表”。他在SAE 中指出。ABS防抱死系统是独立的，只提供四分之一的这样的容量，而ABS和牵引控制系统组合在一起的容量只有这个软件容量的一半。
除了ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统所具有的关系传感器外，VDC/ESP运用了偏航比率传感器，横向加速度传感器，转向角传感器，制动压力传感器来获取汽车方向盘上的传感器由一组安装在方向盘上的发光二极管和光敏二极管上组成。一只硅压力传感器通过控制前轮刹车内压力油的压力控制制动压力（因为制车压力来源于驾驶员）。
确定车辆实际的行驶路线是一项非常复杂的工作。通过必须的纵向滑动车轮速度传感器提供给反向制动或者牵引控制系统的车轮转速信号，以对可能发生的动作作出精确的分析，无论如何侧向难预料的运动分析是必须的，所以系统必须再拓展两个额外的传感器---偏航比率传感器和侧向加速度传感器。
横向加速度表检测沿曲线行驶时所带来的受力状况。这种类似的传感器通过一台直线霍尔发电机把弹簧的直线运动转变成电信号来实现对弹簧机构的控制。这种传感器必须很灵敏，它的控制角为±1.4g。
最新的稳定调节系统的核心在于类似于陀螺仪的偏航比率回转仪。传感器测量车辆对竖直轴的旋转。这个测量原理来源于航空工业，并且被博施公司大规模的应用于汽车工业。现有的回转仪市场提供两种选择，一种是应用与航空航天业的价值6000美元（由位于英国罗彻斯特的美国通用电器公司航空股份有限公司提供），另一种是用于照相机的价值160美元。由SAE报得知博施公司采取一种圆柱形设计方案以实现低成本下的高性能。这种传感器需要一项更大的投资以应对汽车所处的极端环境状态。同时偏航比率回转仪的价格必须降低，这样才能充分应用与汽车。
偏航比率回转仪有一个复杂的内部结构，其内部是有一个很小的圆柱形钢管伺服测量元件。圆柱的薄壁上有压电元件能够在15千赫兹的频率下震动。四对这样的感应器安放在圆柱体的周围，一对元件的位置与另一对的位置相对。其中的一对通过应用正弦电压引起柱体在其固有频率下产生共振，并将振动传送给变频器。在每一对传感器之间，振颤节点绕着汽车的垂直轴作细微的运动。这时如果没有偏航输入，震动曲线就是一条稳定的曲线。如果有信号输入，节点的位置和曲线的波谷就会在相对的防线绕着圆筒壁做旋转运动（科里奥利加速度）。这个轻微的位移就会成为汽车偏航比率的度量标准。
许多司机都相互宣传他们的车辆在光滑转弯处，车尾部将要被甩出去的时候，新系
统会把车辆“推”回到正确的轨迹上方面的经验。
许多观察员指出，稳定调节系统可能会使司机在较低摩擦力的路面上过分自信，尽
管他们占少数。或许需要指导司机怎样来恰当的使用车辆稳定调节系统。就像当初让司
机学习不能向防抱死制动系统里泵油一样。
虽然只介绍了很少的关于为未来汽车研制的新一代主动安全系统（远远超过了雷达扫描仪类似的系统），但避免交通事故仍然是汽车安全工程的主题。美国国际电信公司负责人指出“当稳定调节技术伴随着汽车结构全面性能稳步提高的时候，多数可避免的事故将不再发生了”。新一代的安全系统也会起到同样的效果。
本文摘自：《Automobile Application Engineering》
Spin control for cars
Stability control systems are the latest in a string of technologies focusing on improved dirving safety. Such systems detect the initial phases of a skid and restore directional control in 40 milliseconds, seven times faster than the reaction time of the average human. They correct vehicle paths by adjusting engine torque or applying the left- or-right-side brakes, or both, as needed. The technology has already been applied to the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe.
Automatic stability systems can detect the onset of a skid and bring a fishtailing vehicle back on course even before its driver can react.
Safety glass, seat belts, crumple zones, air bags, antilock brakes, traction control, and now stability control. The continuing progression of safety systems for cars has yielded yet another device designed to keep occupants from injury. Stability control systems help drivers recover from uncontrolled skids in curves, thus avoiding spinouts and accidents.
Using computers and an array of sensors, a stability control system detects the onset of a skid and restores directional control more quickly than a human driver can. Every microsecond, the system takes a "snapshot," calculating whether a car is going exactly in the direction it is being steered. If there is the slightest difference between where the driver is steering and where the vehicle is going, the system corrects its path in a split-second by adjusting engine torque and/or applying the cat's left- or right-side brakes as needed. Typical reaction time is 40 milliseconds - seven times faster than that of the average human.
A stability control system senses the driver's desired motion from the steering angle, the accelerator pedal position, and the brake pressure while determining the vehicle's actual motion from the yaw rate (vehicle rotation about its vertical axis) and lateral acceleration, explained Anton project leader of the Robert Bosch engineering team. Van group and a team of
engineers from Mercedes-Benz, led by project manager Armin Muller, developed the first fully effective stability control system, which regulates engine torque and wheel brake pressures using traction control components to minimize the difference between the desired and actual motion.
Automotive safety experts believe that stability control systems will reduce the number of accidents, or at least the severity of damage. Safety statistics say that most of the deadly accidents in which a single car spins out (accounting for four percent of all deadly collisions) could be avoided using the new technology. The additional cost of the ne systems are on the order of the increasingly popular antilock brake/traction control units now available for cars.
The debut of stability control technology took place in Europe on the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe this spring. Developed jointly during the past few years by Rober Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz AG, both of Stuttgart, Germany, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC). in Bosch terminology, or the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), as Mercedes calls it, maintains vehicle stability in most driving situations. Bosch developed the system, and Mercedes-Benz integrated it into the vehicle. Mercedes engineers used the state-of-the-art Daimler-Benz virtual-reality driving simulator in Berlin to evaluate the system under extreme conditions, such as strong crosswinds. They then put the system through its paces on the slick ice of Lake Hornavan near Arjeplog, Sweden. Work is currently under way to adapt the technology to buses and large trucks, to avoid jack-knifing, for example.
Stability control systems will first appear in mid-1995 on some European S-Class models and will reach the U.S. market during the 1996 model year (November 1995 introduction). It will be available as a $750 option on Mercedes models with V8 engines, and the following year it will be a $2400 option on six-cylinder $1650 of the latter price is for the traction control system, a prerequisite for stability control.
Bosch is not alone in developing such a safety system. ITT Automotive of Auburn Hills, Mich., introduced its Automotive Stability Management System (ASMS) in January at the 1995 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. "ASMS is a quantum leap in the evolution of antilock brake systems, combining the best attributes of ABS and traction control into a total vehicle dynamics management system," said Timothy D. Leuliette, ITT Automotive's president and chief executive officer.
"ASMS monitors what the vehicle controls indicate should be happening, compares that to what is actually happening, then works to compensate for the difference," said Johannes Graber, ASMS program manager at ITT Automotive Europe. ITT's system should begin appearing on vehicles worldwide near the end of the decade, according to Tom Mathues, director of
engineering of Brake & Chassis Systems at ITT Automotive North America. Company engineers are now adapting the system to specific car models from six original equipment manufacturers.
A less-sophisticated and less-effective Bosch stability control system already appears on the 1995 750iL and 850Ci V-12 models from Munich-based BMW AG. The BMW Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system uses the same wheel-speed sensors as traction control and standard anti-lock brake (ABS) systems to recognize conditions that can destabilize a vehicle in curves and corners. To detect such potentially dangerous cornering situations, DSC measures differences in rotational speed between the two front wheels. The DSC system also adds a sensor for steering angle, Utilizes an existing one for vehicle velocity, and introduces its ownsoftwarecontrolelementsintheoverallantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-control system.
The new Bosch and ITT Automotive stability control systems benefit from advanced technology developed for the aerospace industry. Just as in a supersonic fighter, the automotive stability control units use a sensor-based computer system to mediate between the human controller and the environment - in this case, the interface between tire and road. In addition, the system is built around a gyroscopelike sensor design used for missile guidance.
BEYOND ABS AND TRACTION CONTROL
Stability control is the logical extension of ABS and traction control, according to a Society of Automotive Engineers paper written by van Zanten and Bosch colleagues Rainer Erhardt and Georg Pfaff. Whereas ABS intervenes when wheel lock is imminent during braking, and traction control prevents wheel slippage when accelerating, stability control operates independently of the driver's actions even when the car is free-rolling. Depending on the particular driving situation, the system may activate an individual wheel brake or any combination of the four and adjust engine torque, stabilizing the car and severely reducing the danger of an uncontrolled skid. The new systems control the motion not only during full braking but also during partial braking, coasting, acceleration, and engine drag on the driven wheels, circumstances well beyond what ABS and traction control can handle.
The idea behind the three active safety systems is the same: One wheel locking or slipping significantly decreases directional stability or makes steering a vehicle more difficult. If a car must brake on a low-friction surface, locking its wheels should be avoided to maintain stability and steerability.
Whereas ABS and traction control prevent undesired longitudinal slip, stability control reduces loss of lateral stability. If the lateral forces of a moving vehicle are no longer adequate at one or more wheels, the vehicle may lose stability, particularly in curves. What the drive "fishtailing" is primarily a turning or spinning around the vehicle's axis. A separate sensor must recognize this spinning, because unlike ABS and traction control, a car's lateral movement cannot be calculated from its wheel speeds.
SPIN HANDLERS
The new systems measure any tendency toward understeer (when a car responds slowly to steering changes), or over-steer (when the rear wheels try to swing around). If a car understeers and swerves off course when driven in a curve, the stability control system will correct the error by braking the inner (with respect to the curve) rear wheel. This enables the driver, as in the case of ABS, to approach the locking limit of the road-tire interface without losing control of the vehicle. The stability control system may reduce the vehicle's drive momentum by throttling back the engine and/or by braking on individual wheels. Conversely, if the hteral stabilizing force on the rear axle is insufficient, the danger of oversteering may result in rear-end breakaway or spin-out. Here, the system acts as a stabilizer by applying the outer-front wheel brake.
The influence of side slip angle on maneuverability, the Bosch researchers explained, shows that the sensitivity of the yaw moment on the vehicle, with respect to changes in the steering angle, decreases rapidly as the slip angle of the vehicle increases. Once the slip angle grows beyond a certain limit, the driver has a much harder time recovering by steering. On dry surfaces, maneuverability is lost at slip-angle values larger than approximately 10 degrees, and on packed snow at approximately 4 degrees.
Most drivers have little experience recovering from skids. They aren't aware of the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road and have no idea of their vehicle's lateral stability margin. When the limit of adhesion is reached, the driver is usually caught by surprise and very often reacts in the wrong way, steering too much. Oversteering, ITT's Graber explained, causes the car to fishtail, throwing the vehicle even further out of control. ASMS sensors, he said, can quickly detect the beginning of a skid and momentarily activate the brakes at individual wheels to help return the vehicle to a stable line.
It is important that stability control systems be user-friendly at the limit of adhesion - that is, to act predictably in a way similar to normal driving.
The biggest advantage of stability control is its speed - it can respond immediately not only to skids but also to shifting vehicle conditions (such as changes in weight or tire wear) and road quality. Thus, the systems achieve optimum driving stability by changing the lateral stabilizing forces.
For a stability control system to recognize the difference between what the driver wants (desired course) and the actual movement of the vehicle (actual course), current cars require an efficient set of sensors and a greater computer capacity for processing information.
The Bosch VDC/ESP electronic control unit contains a conventional circuit board with two partly redundant microcontrollers using 48 kilobytes of ROM each. The 48-kB memory capacity is representative of the large amount of "intelligence" required to perform the design task, van Zanten said. ABS alone, he wrote in the SAE paper, would require one-quarter of this capacity, while ABS and traction control together require only one half of this software capacity.
In addition to ABS and traction control systems and related sensors, VDC/ESP uses sensors for yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle, and braking pressure as well as information on whether the car is accelerating, freely rolling, or braking. It obtains the necessary information on the current load condition of the engine from the engine controller. The steering-wheel angle sensor is based on a set of LED and photodiodes mounted in the steering wheel. A silicon-micromachine pressure sensor indicates the master cylinder's braking pressure by measuring the brake fluid pressure in the brake circuit of the front wheels (and, therefore, the brake pressure induced by the driver).
Determining the actual course of the vehicle is a more complicated task. Wheel speed signals, which are provided for antilock brakes/traction control by inductive wheel speed sensors, are required to derive longitudinal slip. For an exact analysis of possible movement, however, variables describing lateral motion are needed, so the system must be expanded with two additional sensors - yaw rate sensors and lateral acceleration sensors.
A lateral accelerometer monitors the forces occurring in curves. This analog sensor operates according to a damped spring-mass mechanism, by which a linear Hall generator transforms the spring displacement into an electrical signal. The sensor must be very sensitive, with an operating range of plus or minus 1.4 g.
YAW RATE GYRO
At the heart of the latest stability control system type is the yaw rate sensor, which is similar in function to a gyroscope. The sensor measures the speed at which the car rotates
about its vertical axis. This measuring principle originated in the aviation industry and was further developed by Bosch for large-scale vehicle production. The existing gyro market offers two widely different categories of devices: $6000 units for aerospace and navigation systems (supplied by firms such as GEC Marconi Avionics Ltd., of Rochester, Kent, U.K.) and $160 units for videocameras. Bosch chose a vibrating cylinder design that provides the highest performance at the lowest cost, according to the SAE paper. A large investment was necessary to develop this sensor so that it could withstand the extreme environmental conditions of automotive use. At the same time, the cost for the yaw rate sensor had to be reduced so that it would be sufficiently affordable for vehicle use.
The yaw rate sensor has a complex internal structure centered around a small hollow steel cylinder that serves as the measuring element. The thin wall of the cylinder is excited with piezoelectric elements that vibrate at a frequency of 15 kilohertz. Four pairs of these piezo elements are arranged on the circumference of the cylinder, with paired elements positioned opposite each other. One of these pairs brings the open cylinder into resonance vibration by applying a sinusoidal voltage at its natural frequency to the transducers; another pair, which is displaced by 90 degrees, stabilizes the vibration. At both element pairs in between, so-called vibration nodes shift slightly depending on the rotation of the car about its vertical axis. If there is no yaw input, the vibration forms a standing wave. With a rate input, the positions of the nodes and antinodes move around the cylinder wall in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation (Coriolis acceleration). This slight shift serves as a measure for the yaw rate (angular velocity) of the car.
Several drivers who have had hands-on experience with the new systems in slippery cornering conditions speak of their cars being suddenly nudged back onto the right track just before it seems that their back ends might break away.
Some observers warn that stability controls might lure some drivers into overconfidence in low-friction driving situations, though they are in the minority. It may, however, be necessary to instruct drivers as to how to use the new capability properly. Recall that drivers had to learn not to "pump" antilock brake systems.
Although little detail has been reported regarding next-generation active safety systems for future cars (beyond various types of costly radar proximity scanners and other similar systems), it is clear that accident-avoidance is the theme for automotive safety engineers. "The most survivable accident is the one that never happens," said ITT's Graber. "Stability control technology dovetails nicely with the tremendous strides that have been made to the physical structure and overall capabilities of the automobile." The next such safety system is expected to do the same.
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前言 在目前激烈的市场竞争中，产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具，模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短，不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置，然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺，已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库，为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据，对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程，将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中，不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率，降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。 1.冲压的概念、特点及应用 冲压是利用安装在冲压设备（主要是压力机）上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件）的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一，隶属于材料成型工程术。 冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具，简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模，先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素，只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。 与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点，主要表现如下； (1) 冲压加工的生产效率高，且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是
An Automatic MechanotronicsHorizontal Cutter 机电一体化全自动横切机 1.Say after70's in20centuries the our country sun float the method glass technique invention,our country of float method glass,the industry develops quickly.Currently,the our country is the world is the biggest to float the method glass production country,2006our country of float method glass,the production line has more than160s totally,adopting among them our country the sun float method glass to float method glass technically,the production line has more than130s totally, floating the method glass total yield already more than454,000,000,and yield annually all significant increment.But our country the洛sun float the method glass technique material and other nations to compare automation degree still very low,has been being placed in the half auto half artificial appearance,raise completely our country the洛sun float method glass a technique a material level,developing whole lineses allied lock follow produce the technique have already forced in the eyebrow.Currently,our country the sun float method glass a technique a material to mainly be placed in a single machine dispersion control stage(or part of llied lock control),rush through super nations float method glass a technique a material level, have to raise first our country the automation function of the single machine equipments.Horizontal slice machine conduct and actions to float method glass cold carry to produce one of the on-line important equipmentses,its automation degree and incise accuracy will influence the finished product rate that the glass produces,we introduce a kind of machine electricity integral whole to turn here full-automatic horizontal slice machine 1、述自20世纪70年代我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术发明之后,我国的浮法玻璃工业迅速发展。目 前,我国是世界最大浮法玻璃生产国,2006年我国的浮法玻璃生产线共有160多条,其中采用我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术的浮法玻璃生产线共有130多条,浮法玻璃总产量已超过4.54亿重量箱,而且产量每年都大幅度增加。但我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术装备与其它国家相比自动化程度还很低,一直处在半自动半人工状态,全面提高我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术装备水平,开发全线联锁跟踪生产技术已迫在眉捷。目前,我国洛阳浮法玻璃技术装备主要处于单机分散控制阶段(或部分联锁控制),要赶超国际浮法玻璃技术装备水平,首先必须提高我国单机设备的自动化功能。横切机作为浮法玻璃冷端生产线上的重要设备之一,其自动化程度及切割精度将影响玻璃生产的成品率,在此我们介绍一种机电一体化全自动横切机(见图1)。
控制系统基础论文中英文资料外文翻译文献 文献翻译 原文： Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: 1.Electrical discharge machining. https://www.doczj.com/doc/902927761.html,ser cutting. 3.Electron beam welding.
附录 附录A Braking system function is to make the car driving in accordance with the requirements of the pilot required even slow down park; They offend car has in various road conditions (including in the slope stability) in car; Make the downhill cars speed to be stable. For car up the role of brake is only in the car and role with the direction of the car driving direction opposite forces, and the size of these forces are random, do not control, so cars must be installed on a series of special equipment to achieve the function. Automobile brake system is to point to to ensure that the car in technology, improve the safe driving car average speed, etc., and the admiration installed in the car brake special brake institutions. In general automobile brake system including crane brake system and parking brake two sets of independent device. One crane brake device is a driver with feet to manipulate, and it said the foot brake. Parking brake device is a pilot with the hand, so it says of the manipulation of the hand brake. The function of the crane brake system is to make the car slow down or running in the shortest distance parking within. And parking brake function is to make had stopped the car on the road all keep still. But, sometimes, in an emergency, two braking device can be used at the same time and increase the effect of auto brake. Some special purpose of cars and often in the mountains cars, long and frequently brake will lead to crane brake system overheating, so in these cars often add all sorts of different types of auxiliary braking equipment, so as to speed up the hill stability. According to the braking energy situation, brake system can also be divided into human brake system, power brake system, and servo brake system, three. Human brake system to the driver's physical strength as braking energy; Power brake system engine power to the transformation of the air pressure or hydraulic braking energy as; And servo brake system is the most human and engine power as a brake energy. In addition, according to the braking energy transfer mode, brake system and can be divided into mechanical and hydraulic, pneumatic type and assolenoid style wait until a few kinds.
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
英文原文出自《Advanced Technology Libraries》2008年第5期 Robot Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal，The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration,
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：机械工程学院 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名： 学号：XXXXXXXXXX 外文出处：《Computational Intelligence and (用外文写)Design》 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于微型计算机的步进电机控制系统设计 孟天星余兰兰 山东理工大学电子与电气工程学院 山东省淄博市 摘要 本文详细地介绍了一种以AT89C51为核心的步进电机控制系统。该系统设计包括硬件设计、软件设计和电路设计。电路设计模块包括键盘输入模块、LED显示模块、发光二极管状态显示和报警模块。按键可以输入设定步进电机的启停、转速、转向,改变转速、转向等的状态参数。通过键盘输入的状态参数来控制步进电机的步进位置和步进速度进而驱动负载执行预订的工作。运用显示电路来显示步进电机的输入数据和运行状态。AT89C51单片机通过指令系统和编译程序来执行软件部分。通过反馈检测模块，该系统可以很好地完成上述功能。 关键词：步进电机，AT89C51单片机，驱动器，速度控制 1概述 步进电机因为具有较高的精度而被广泛地应用于运动控制系统，例如机器人、打印机、软盘驱动机、绘图仪、机械式阀体等等。过去传统的步进电机控制电路和驱动电路设计方法通常都极为复杂，由成本很高而且实用性很差的电器元件组成。结合微型计算机技术和软件编程技术的设计方法成功地避免了设计大量复杂的电路，降低了使用元件的成本，使步进电机的应用更广泛更灵活。本文步进电机控制系统是基于AT89C51单片机进行设计的，它具有电路简单、结构紧凑的特点，能进行加减速，转向和角度控制。它仅仅需要修改控制程序就可以对各种不同型号的步进电机进行控制而不需要改变硬件电路，所以它具有很广泛的应用领域。 2设计方案 该系统以AT89C51单片机为核心来控制步进电机。电路设计包括键盘输入电路、LED显示电路、发光二极管显示电路和报警电路，系统原理框图如图1所示。 At89c51单片机的P2口输出控制步进电机速度的时钟脉冲信号和控制步进电机运转方向的高低电平。通过定时程序和延时程序可以控制步进电机的速度和在某一
Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic c omponents: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).
机械类外文翻译 塑料注塑模具浇口优化 摘要:用单注塑模具浇口位置的优化方法，本文论述。该闸门优化设计的目的是最大限度地减少注塑件翘曲变形，翘曲，是因为对大多数注塑成型质量问题的关键，而这是受了很大的部分浇口位置。特征翘曲定义为最大位移的功能表面到表面的特征描述零件翘曲预测长度比。结合的优化与数值模拟技术，以找出最佳浇口位置，其中模拟armealing算法用于搜索最优。最后，通过实例讨论的文件，它可以得出结论，该方法是有效的。 注塑模具、浇口位臵、优化、特征翘曲变形关键词: 简介 塑料注射成型是一种广泛使用的，但非常复杂的生产的塑料产品，尤其是具有高生产的要求，严密性，以及大量的各种复杂形状的有效方法。质量ofinjection 成型零件是塑料材料，零件几何形状，模具结构和工艺条件的函数。注塑模具的一个最重要的部分主要是以下三个组件集:蛀牙，盖茨和亚军，和冷却系统。拉米夫定、Seow(2000)、金和拉米夫定(2002) 通过改变部分的尼斯达到平衡的腔壁厚度。在平衡型腔充填过程提供了一种均匀分布压力和透射电镜,可以极大地减少高温的翘曲变形的部分～但仅仅是腔平衡的一个重要影响因素的一部分。cially Espe,部分有其功能上的要求,其厚度通常不应该变化。 pointview注塑模具设计的重点是一门的大小和位臵,以及流道系统的大小和布局。大门的大小和转轮布局通常被认定为常量。相对而言,浇口位臵与水口大小布局也更加灵活,可以根据不同的零件的质量。 李和吉姆(姚开屏,1996a)称利用优化流道和尺寸来平衡多流道系统为multiple 注射系统。转轮平衡被形容为入口压力的差异为一多型腔模具用相同的蛀牙,也存
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) By integration of machinery development The modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation, in mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. First, the integration of machinery outline Integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing functio n and the control function introduces the electronic technology, u nifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call.
译文 流体传动及控制技术已经成为工业自动化的重要技术，是机电一体化技术的核心组成之一。而电液比例控制是该门技术中最具生命力的一个分支。比例元件对介质清洁度要求不高，价廉，所提供的静、动态响应能够满足大部分工业领域的使用要求，在某些方面已经毫不逊色于伺服阀。比例控制技术具有广阔的工业应用前景。但目前在实际工程应用中使用电液比例阀构建闭环控制系统的还不多，其设计理论不够完善，有待进一步的探索，因此，对这种比例闭环控制系统的研究有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本论文以铜电解自动生产线中的主要设备——铣耳机作为研究对象，在分析铣耳机组各构成部件的基础上，首先重点分析了铣耳机的关键零件——铣刀的几何参数、结构及切削性能，并进行了实验。用电液比例方向节流阀、减压阀、直流直线测速传感器等元件设计了电液比例闭环速度控制系统，对铣耳机纵向进给装置的速度进行控制。论文对多个液压阀的复合作用作了理论上的深入分析，着重建立了带压差补偿型的电液比例闭环速度控制系统的数学模型，利用计算机工程软件，研究分析了系统及各个组成环节的静、动态性能，设计了合理的校正器，使设计系统性能更好地满足实际生产需要 水池拖车是做船舶性能试验的基本设备,其作用是拖曳船模或其他模型在试验水池中作匀速运动,以测量速度稳定后的船舶性能相关参数,达到预报和验证船型设计优劣的目的。由于拖车稳速精度直接影响到模型运动速度和试验结果的精度,因而必须配有高精度和抗扰性能良好的车速控制系统,以保证拖车运动的稳速精度。本文完成了对试验水池拖车全数字直流调速控制系统的设计和实现。本文对试验水池拖车工作原理进行了详细的介绍和分析,结合该控制系统性能指标要求,确定采用四台直流电机作为四台车轮的驱动电机。设计了电流环、转速环双闭环的直流调速控制方案,并且采用转矩主从控制模式有效的解决了拖车上四台直流驱动电机理论上的速度同步和负载平衡等问题。由于拖车要经常在轨道上做反复运动,拖动系统必须要采用可逆调速系统,论文中重点研究了逻辑无环流可逆调速系统。大型直流电机调速系统一般采用晶闸管整流技术来实现,本文给出了晶闸管整流装置和直流电机的数学模型,根据此模型分别完成了电流坏和转速环的设计和分析验证。针对该系统中的非线性、时变性和外界扰动等因素,本文将模糊控制和PI控制相结合,设计了模糊自整定PI控制器,并给出了模糊控制的查询表。本文在系统基本构成及工程实现中,介绍了西门子公司生产的SIMOREGDC Master 6RA70全数字直流调速装置,并设计了该调速装置的启动操作步骤及参数设置。完成了该系统的远程监控功能设计,大大方便和简化了对试验水池拖车的控制。对全数字直流调速控制系统进行了EMC设计,提高了系统的抗干扰能力。本文最后通过数字仿真得到了该系统在常规PI控制器和模糊自整定PI控制器下的控制效果,并给出了系统在现场调试运行时的试验结果波形。经过一段时间的试运行工作证明该系统工作良好,达到了预期的设计目的。 提升装置在工业中应用极为普遍,其动力机构多采用电液比例阀或电液伺服阀控制液压马达或液压缸,以阀控马达或阀控缸来实现上升、下降以及速度控制。电液比例控制和电液伺服控制投资成本较高,维护要求高,且提升过程中存在速度误差及抖动现象,影响了正常生产。为满足生产要求,提高生产效率,需要研究一种新的控制方法来解决这些不足。随着科学技术的飞速发展,计算机技术在液压领域中的应用促进了电液数字控制技术的产生和发展,也使液压元件的数字化成为液压技术发展的必然趋势。本文以铅电解残阳极洗涤生产线中的提升装置为研究
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：汽车制动系统 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：汽车检测与维修 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cy linders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）