《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(一)
I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets。（30％）
1. The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______。
A. roots B。morphs
C. stems
D. morphemes
（)
2。The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______.
A。stability . B。productivity
C. polysemy .
D. all national character
（)
3。Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian。
A. Celtic . B。Hellenic
C。Italic . D. Germanic 。
（)
4. In modern times，______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion。A。borrowing B. backformation
C。creation D. semantic change
（)
5。The words “motel” and “comsat” are called ______。
A. blends B。compounds
C. acronyms
D. initialisms .
（）
6. The word “teachers” contains three morphemes, but the word “shortenings” has
______ morphemes.
A. two B。three
C. four
D. five ( ）7。Reference is the relationship between language and the ______。
A. concept B。world
C. context . D。sense
（)
8. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______.
A. dorm for “dormitory”B。fond for “affectionate”
C. dish for “food"
D. TV for “television”( )
9. The word “mouth” in the phrase “the mouth of a river” is regarded as a ______ motivated word.
A。morphologically B. etymologically
C. onomatopoeically D。semantically
( )
10。Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the ______ of the word.
A. pronunciation
B. spelling
C。function D。meaning
( ）
11. Frogs croak，but elephants ______.
A. neigh B。squeak
C。bleat 。D。trumpet
( )
12。The antonyms “present” and “absent” are ______ terms.
A。relative B。contrary
C. contradictory
D. graded ( ) 13。The idiom “scream and shout” is a good example of ______。
A。reiteraton B。alliteration
C。repetition D. juxtaposition
（)
14. Ambiguity arises due to all the following except ______。
A。polysemy B. synonymy
C。homonymy D。structure
( )
15. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the ______ changes of words.
A. grammatical
B. morphological
C。semantic D. phonological
( ）
II。Complete the following sentences with the proper words or expressions given in the course book。（15%）
1. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given __________________ and meaning and syntactic function。
2. English has evolved from a ____________________ language (Old English) to the present analytic language.
3. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ___________________ morphemes.
4。A ________________ is known as the smallest functioning unit in the composition
of words.
5. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of _______________ it can refer to something specific。
6. The second major language known in England was the _________________ of the Roman Legions。
7。Conceptual meaning is also known as ____________________ meaning。
8。The relationship between sound and meaning is _________________ and arbitrary。
9. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of __________________ inclusion。
10. The same word may have different ___________________ meanings as shown in “do，does, did，done, doing."
11. Synonyms may differ in the ___________________ and intensity of meaning.
12。The word “famous” is ___________________, but the word “notorious” is derogatory。
13。Characterized by semantic unity and ______________________ stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule.
14. Linguistic context can be subdivided into ____________________ context and grammatical context.
15. So far as the language is concerned，LDCE and CCELD published in Britain are both _____________________ dictionaries。
III．Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F" if it is false. （15％）
1. Morphemes are abstract units，which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.
（)
2。English words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency。
( )
3。Danish，Icelandic，Flemish and Norwegian are generally known as Scandinavian languages.
（）
4. Nouns，verbs，adjectives，adverbs and pronouns are thought to be content words, which are also known as notional words.
（）
5. The word “miniskirt" is a semantically motivated word. ( ) 6。There is a reversative prefix in the word “unwrap”.
（)
7. The words “AIDS” and “UFO" are regarded as acronyms。
（)
8。There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “shorter”.
( )
9。Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but identical in sound and spelling。
（)
10。In the idiom “chop and change”，alliteration is used。
( ）
11. The word “disease” originally meant “discomfort”, but now it means “illness”，so it has undergone degradation of meaning. 。
（）
12. Context may prove very valuable in guessing the meanings of new words。( )
13. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech，only resulting in synonymous idioms。
( ）
14. One of the unique features of CCELD is language notes。( ) 15。Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs is a specialized dictionary。
（）
IV。。Answer the following questions. (20％）
1.What are the characteristics of Old English？
2.What are the differences between a root and a stem?
3.What is acronymy？What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?
4.What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning？
5.How is context classified?
V。Analyze and comment on the following.
1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words in terms of free morphemes and bound morphemes，and then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.
idealistic antecedent lighthouses
2. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.
a。Trees surround the water near our summer place。
b. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin。。
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（-)
参考答案
I。选择题
1。D 2。D 3. D 4。C 5。A 6。C 7. B 8. C 9. D
10。A 11. D 12. C 13。A 14. B 15。C
II。填空题
1. sound
2. synthetic
3. inflectional 4。morpheme
5, context 6。Latin 7. denotative 8。conventional 9. semantic 10. grammatical 11。range 12. appreciative 13。structural 14。lexical 15. monolingual
III. 是非题
1. T 2。T 3. F 4。F 5。F 6. T 7。F 8. T 9。F 1o。T 11, F 12。T 13. F 14. F 15. T
IV。问答题
1.Old English was mainly Anglo-Saxon spoken by the Germanic tribes called
Angles，Saxons, and Jutes。It had a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.
It was a highly inflected language just like modern German。It was a synthetic language。
2。 A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in “cat” and “teach” or a root morpheme plus one or more affixational
morphemes as in “foolish” and “unacceptable”. Therefore，a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added，but a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed。
3。Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and
technical terms, Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms,
depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms formed from initial letters are pronounced as normal words.
4。Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning）is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning。Associative
meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning。
Conceptual meaning, being constant and relatively stable，forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the
speakers of the same language，but associative meaning，being open—ended and indeterminate，is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion，and so on.
5。Context is used in different senses。In a narrow sense，it refers to the words，clauses，sentence，in which a word appears。This is known as
linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the
whole book. In a broad sense，it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra—linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place，and even the whole cultural background.
V．论述题
1. 1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes：idealistic （ideal + ist
+ ic）, antecedent (ante + ced + ent），lighthouses （light + house + s)。
2）Of the nine morphemes, “ideal”，“light” and “house” are free morphemes, but all the rest –ist，—ic, ante-, —ced—，—ent and –s are bound morphemes.
Of the six bound morphemes，-ist，-ic，ante- and –ent are derivational
morphemes and –s is an inflectional morpheme，while –ced- is a bound root.
3）Free morphemes which are independent of other morphemes have
complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences，but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound to others to form new words。
2. 1) The relationship between some words used in the two given sentences is
hyponymy。
2）In the first sentence, “trees”, “water" and “place" are all superordinates while “old elms”, “lake" and “cabin” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence。
3) The second sentence is clearer than the first one because subordinates are
vivid，precise and concrete。
英语词汇学》期末考试试卷附答案 I.Each of the statements below is followed by four XXX．(45％) 1．There are two approaches to the study of polysemy．They are_____.XXX XXX．Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of XXX major groups，that is：_____.A．absolute and XXX C．relative and nearD．Complete and identical 4．In the early d of Middle English，English，____XXX C．XXX 5．XXX word is a word that consists of a single_______XXX 6．Which of the following groups of words is NOT XXX?A，croak，drumB．squeak，bleat C．buzz，XXX．bang，XXX 7．LDCE is distinctive for its____. A．Clear grammar codesB．usage notes C．language notesD．all of the above 8．From the historical point of view。English is more XXX 9．Which of the following is NOT an acronym?
Test 1 I. Stylistics is the study of style. It is concerned with the user‘s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 2. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of: [ ] A. humour B. sarcasm C. ridicule D. all the above 3. The four major modes of semantic change are _____. [ ] A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradation B. extension, generalization, elevation and degradation C. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradation D. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation 4. The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called _____. [ ] A. synecdoche B. metonymy C. substitution D. metaphor 5. Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 6. Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ] A. vocabulary B. grammar
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(一) I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%) 1. The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______. A. roots B. morphs C. stems D. morphemes ( ) 2. The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______. A. stability . B. productivity C. polysemy . D. all national character ( ) 3. Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. A. Celtic . B. Hellenic C. Italic . D. Germanic . ( ) 4. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. A. borrowing B. backformation C. creation D. semantic change ( ) 5. The words “motel” and “comsat” are called ______. A. blends B. compounds C. acronyms D. initialisms . ( ) 6. The word “teachers” contains three morphemes, but the word “shortenings” has ______ morphemes. A. two B. three C. four D. five ( ) 7. Reference is the relationship between language and the ______. A. concept B. world C. context . D. sense ( ) 8. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______. A. dorm for “dormitory” B. fond for “affectionate” C. dish for “food” D. TV for “television”( ) 9. The word “mouth” in the phrase “the mouth of a river” is regarded as a ______ motivated word. A. morphologically B. etymologically C. onomatopoeically D. semantically ( ) 10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the ______ of the word. A. pronunciation B. spelling C. function D. meaning ( ) 11. Frogs croak, but elephants ______. A. neigh B. squeak C. bleat . D. trumpet ( ) 12. The antonyms “present” and “absent” are ______ terms. A. relative B. contrary C. contradictory D. graded ( )
词汇学试题及答案 【篇一：词汇学试题】 ss=txt>i choose the best answer from the four choices. (30‘) 1. the M sll in —drumsll is ___ . a. a free morpheme b.a stem c. a root d.an inflectional affix 2. a word is the combi nation of form and _______ ・ a. spelling b. writing c. meaning d. denoting 3. trumpet is a(n) _____ motivated word・ a. morphologically b semantically c. phonetically d. etymologicall 4. ____ i s a pair of emotive synonyms・ a. —dadll and —fatherll b.—flatll and —apartmentll b. c.—meanil and —frugallld.—chargell and —accusell 5. the word —Ianguagell is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person's language.this is called _______ ・ a. scientific Ianguage b.idiolect b. c.colloquial language d.formal language 6. the meaning of the word fond changed from foolish to affectionate by mode of ______ . a. extension b. narrowing c. elevation d. degradation 7. degradation can be illustrated by the following example ____ . b. a. lewd —> ignorant b. silly —> foolish c. c・ Iast —> pleasured・ knave —> boy 8. english lexicology embraces morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics and _____ ・ a. linguisticsb・ pragmaticsc・ Iexicographyd・ phonology 9. which of the following is incorrect? a —airmailll means —mail by airll b. —reading-lampll means —lamp for readingll c. —green hornil is the horn green in color d. —hopelessll is —without hopeII lO.which group of the following are perfect homonyms? a. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal) b. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for
模拟试卷（1） I . Each of the statements below is followed by four choices. Please choose the one that best completes each statement.（10 %） 1. In the word internationalists, nation is ________. A. root B. stem C. base D. root, stem, base 2. ________is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. A. Productivity B. Stability C. Collocability D. All national character 3. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except________. A. slang B. Anglo-Saxon words C. argots D. neologisms 4. It is assumed that the world has 3 000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly _ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 200 B. 300 C. 400 D. 500 5. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except________. A. Balto-Slavic B. Indo-Iranian C. Armenian D. Italic 6. In the Eastern set, Armenian and________are the sole modern languages in the two respective families. A. Albanian B. Russian C. Slovenian D. Lithuanian 7.The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as __________ . A. words B. allomorphs C. morphemes D. morphs 8. The ________ are "actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning". A. morphs B. allomorphs
《英语词汇学》复习资料1 Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks. Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words. 1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. 3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach. 4.“Mal-” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5 prefix. 5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings. 6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. 7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning. 8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or 12 . 9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation. 10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. 11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it. 12.“Pretty” and “handsome” share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17 meaning. 13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components which are also known as semantic features.. 14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of word meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy. 15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”. 1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. 2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, so they have strong productivity. 3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”. 4.Native words are neutral in style. 5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Far East, and India.
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷（二） I.Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%) 1. The prehistorical Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______ language. A. advanced B. developed C. analytic D. inflected ( ) 2. The word “prediction” contains no ______. A. free morpheme B. stem C. bund morpheme D. root ( ) 3. The most important of all features of words of the basic word stock is ______. A. productivity B. all national character C. polysemy D. collocability ( ) 4. The word “port” from “portus” is regarded as a ______. A. semantic-loan B. neologism C. translation-loan D. denizen ( ) 5. Words created by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems are called ______. A. acronyms B. blends C. derivatives D. compounds ( ) 6. The word ______ is regarded as a deverbal noun. A. popularity B. persistence C. productivity D. priestess ( ) 7. The word “disunite” contains a ______ prefix. A. reversative B. pejorative C. negative D. locative ( ) 8. Reference refers to the relationship between language and the ______. A. sense B. concept C. world D. context ( ) 9. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______. A. scope for “telescope” B. TV for “television” C. purse for “money” D. dorm for “dormitory”( ) 10. The words “same” and “different” are regarded as ______ terms. A. contradictory B. relative C. contrary D. graded ( ) 11. The word “copperhead” was used to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South because of the ______ reason. A. class B. historical C. social D. psychological ( ) 12. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure where it occurs, which is called ______ context. A. lexical B. grammatical C. linguistic D. non-linguistic ( )
英语词汇学练习及答案 Mid-term Exam 1. Please illustrate the logical relationships of the following terms: free morphemes, bound root, derivational affixes, affixes, morphemes, inflectional affixes, bound morphemes. 2. Prefixation and suffixation are two subclasses of affixation. Please define prefixation and suffixation and explain the difference between them. Use “polite—impolite”, “happy—happiness” to illustrate your point. 3. Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate types of meaning of words and their relationship. Group 1: “took, taught, became” Group 2: “have, has, had, had, having” 4. Analyze and comment on three adjectives used in the following sentences based on synonym difference in
华中师范大学网络教育学院 《词汇学》练习测试题及答案本科 I. Decide whether the statements are true or false and write T (true) or F (false) in the corresponding brackets. （每题一分） ( ) 1. “All national character” is the most important of all the five characteristics of the basic word stock. ( ) 2. By origin, English words can be classified as “native words” and “loan words”. ( ) 3. The languages (Norwegian, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish) all belong to Germanic Family except Norwegian. ( ) 4. Old English vocabulary is full of endings. ( ) 5. Allomorphs are phonological variants which realize morphemes. ( ) 6. Inflectional morphemes are added to the end of words to show grammatical concepts. ( ) 7. The most productive means of word-formation is affixation. ( ) 8. Acronyms are words of initial letters, which are pronounced letter by letter. ( ) 9. Reference refers to the relationship between different languages. ( ) 10. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of the word-meaning which indicates grammatical concepts. ( ) 11. In the process of “Radiation” the derived meanings of words are not directly related to the primary meaning. ( ) 12. The diachronic approach to polysemy is to find how a word gradually acquires its meanings in the process of development. ( ) 13. When a word changes from a specific to a general meaning, it goes through extension of meaning. ( ) 14. “meat” is an example of narrowing of meaning. ( ) 15. “teacher” and “student” are converses. ( ) 16. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym. ( ) 17. Meaning is a relatively stable element in a language compared with spelling. ( ) 18. The changes of meaning are caused by both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. ( ) 19. Extra-linguistic context refers to factors beyond language. ( ) 20. Linguistic context provides clues for guessing meanings of new words. ( ) 21. Idioms are phrases and short sentences the meanings of which are not easy to infer from the constituents in most cases. ( ) 22. Idioms can be classified in different ways but the classification according to grammatical function is the most helpful way. ( ) 23. Commonization involves proper nouns used as common words. ( ) 24. In some pairs of antonyms, the marked terms cover the meaning of the unmarked. ( ) 25. V ariations of idioms are the idioms whose forms are modified. ( ) 26. Non-basic vocabulary includes terminology, Anglo-Saxon words, argot and neologisms. ( ) 27. Aliens, semantic loans, translation-loans and denizens are all borrowings. ( ) 28. The three sources of new words are creation, semantic change and borrowing. ( ) 29. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language. ( ) 30. The minimal free form of a language is a morpheme. ( ) 31. Derivational morphemes are used to form new words. ( ) 32. Compounding involves the combination of affixes and bases. ( ) 33. Partial conversion is a process of using adjectives as ordinary nouns.
《英语词汇学教程》（2004 年版）练习答案 Chapter 1 7. Choose the standard meaning from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left. a. tart: loose woman b. bloke: fellow c. gat: pistol d. swell: great e. chicken: coward f. blue: fight g. smoky: police h. full: drunk i. dame: woman j. beaver: girl 8. Give the modern equivalents for the following archaic words. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave / the sea bade = bid 12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens, aliens, translation loans, and semantic loans. Denizens: kettle, die, wall, skirt, husband Aliens: confrere, pro patria, Wunderkind, mikado, parvenu Translation loans: chopstick, typhoon, black humour, long time no see Semantic loans: dream Chapter 2 1. Why should students of English lexicology study the Indo-European Language Family? The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. Knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately. 2. Make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern languages given below.
《英语词汇学》模拟试卷(一) I。Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets。（30%) 1. The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______。 A. roots B. morphs C。stems D。morphemes （） 2。The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______。 A。stability . B. productivity C. polysemy 。 D. all national character （） 3。Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. A. Celtic 。 B. Hellenic C. Italic . D。Germanic 。 （） 4. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion。 A。borrowing B. backformation C。creation D. semantic change ( ） 5。The words “motel" and “comsat” are called ______。 A。blends B。compounds C。acronyms D。initialisms 。( ） 6。The word “teachers” contains three morphemes，but the word “shortenings” has ______ morphemes. A. two B。three C. four D。five （) 7. Reference is the relationship between language and the ______. A. concept B. world C. context 。 D. sense ( ) 8。Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example： ______. A. dorm for “dormitory”B。fond for “affectionate" C. dish for “food” D. TV for “television”( ） 9. The word “mouth" in the phrase “the mouth of a river” is regarded as a ______ motivated word。 A. morphologically B. etymologically C。onomatopoeically D. semantically （） 10。Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms
1、___ of the following statements is NOT true. A、Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. B、Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned. C、Affective meaning is universal to all men alike. D、Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary. 2、The idiom “Jack of all trades” results from ___ A.addition B.position-shifting C.dismembering D.shortening 3、___ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes. A.Free roots B.Free morphemes C.Bound morphemes D.Meaningful units 4、The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ___ A.the growth of science and technology B.economic and political changes C.the influence of other cultures and languages D.all the above 5、Since the beginning of this century, ___ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. A.word-formation B.borrowing C.semantic change D.both B and C 6、An idiom consists of at least two words. Each has a single meaning and often functions as one word. This is called ___. A.semantic unity B.structural stability C.rhetorical function D.none of the above 7、Linguistic context is also known as ___ context. A.social B.verbal C.lexical D.physical 8、Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is, ___ A.absolute and relative B.absolute and complete C.relative and near https://www.doczj.com/doc/9119154536.html,plete and identical 9、A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ___ morpheme. A.formal B.concrete