博士研究生英语教学
一．教学目的及目标
以感受语言，认识语言，应用语言为主导，以提高学生的实际应用能力为目标。在反思语言习得的过程中，探索一种全新的教学模式（源于且高于单一语言层面的教学，即基于语篇层面的文本结构，在语篇层面上对文本进行三位一体的诠释，了解英美族人的思维方式），增强论文和学术研究中的批判性思维的意识，培养批判性思维的习惯（通过洞察力达到更深层次的知识和理解），强化创造性技能（区别于侧重于以听力和阅读为主导的接受性技能），即提高学生交际和写作的能力，使之符合清晰性、准确性、精确性、相关性、深度、广度、逻辑和意义的评价标准（限于课时，故侧重于理念教学，本源教学，形态教学，方法论教学，从认识论的角度培养学生的解构能力）。
二．教学理念
从传统的侧重于语言层面的教学观念转移到以思维层面为主导，兼顾语言层面的全新的教学观念，即了解英美族人怎么想、怎么组织思想、怎么表达的思维层面，从而实现正确的交际目的（怎么用），完善学习的对象（学以致用），而不只停留在单一的体现语法与词汇的语句即语言层面。语言是表达思想的物质载体, 是逻辑思维的工具, 是思维过程的再现；而思维对世界的反映是借助于语言来实现的。
三．教学定位
以思维模式为切入点（显著区别于本科生，即通过纯粹的联想或死记硬背以及练习来完成的低阶段的学习；硕士生，即大量的知识积累却缺乏知识自身的相关逻辑，偏感性的、无意识的、非系统化的分析讨论；以及其他兄弟院校的英语教学，具有武汉大学特色的博士研究生英语教学），提高学生的综合分析能力，倡导英语学习的方法论，以期突破英语学习的瓶颈问题。
知其然更力求知其所以然，强化实践过程中的批判性思维能力（分析性、逻辑性、系统化）。
四．教学手段/方法
以三位一体（角度的界定，文献的摘录，功能的区分）的训练方法完成对文本的解构，运用批判性思维的分析能力，以期了解英美族人的思维方式即what to write，组织布局即how to write和结构功能即why to write。如下所示：
五．教学内容及计划
在一学期的课堂教学实践中，重点比较，解析不同文章（分别为不同风格的书籍、评论及演讲的体裁，以及兼顾文理学科的
有关计算机、经济与哲学的不同题材），通过异同点的比较，了解英美族人的共性的思维模式，透视写作和口头交际的实质。同时辅以涉及文化背景的口语表达训练及写作能力练习，帮助学生重新审视并总结自己的英语学习进程。
六．教学测试，评估及成绩管理
课堂教学强调应用能力的提高，因此，在测试评估环节秉承这一要求，体现为强调主观能动性的写作项和口语实践项（缺一不可），而非客观性的选项。口语实践项为学生自选，或为教学中期的演讲，或为教学后期的小组讨论/辩论。写作项即笔试为课程测试（内容及方法为课堂所授），而非入学式的水平测试，以适应不同层次不同年龄不同水平的博士研究生学习。
见下表：
博士研究生英语笔试模式
特点：及格容易，高分体现高水平，即保障与选拔
原则：尊重试卷，尊重考生，公平，公正，经得起检查。
说明：突出“解构—产出”功能，彰显应用（思维-布局-表达）能力。
成绩构成：总成绩= 考试成绩（70%）包括口语Oral（10%）和笔试Written（60% ）+ 随堂及课外实践活动Assignment & Activity （30％），其中Assignments & Activity 选择性包括千字文章一篇，论文摘要一篇, 若干篇批判性思维写作比较及课上讨论）。
成绩记载为十级制即A+（96-100）A（90-95）A-（85-89）B+（80-84）B（75-79）B-（70-74）C+（67-69）C（63-66）C-（60-62）D（0-59）成绩为Ｄ者需重修课程。
七．教学要求
在博士研究生英语的教学实践中，需要教师和学生更新传统的教学观念，倡导教与学两方面的互动。
教师方面：认真负责，不断创新，具有前沿意识，善于启发学
生，培养并强化学生的综合分析能力，提高学生的
交际运用能力。
学生方面：勤于思考，勇于挑战，大胆实践，避免传统而机械
地死记硬背，更非被动地一味接受。充分运用批判
性思维的分析能力，在更高层次上完善自我，即说
出英美族人能听懂的话，写出英美报刊能接受的文
章。
八．教学辅助
与相关部门配合，提供课外第二课堂的辅助学习，如：在研究生院网站（https://www.doczj.com/doc/9215129636.html,）下载中心上提供可供下载的相关学习资料（教学计划，部分课外练习，参考译文等）。
博士研究生英语教研室
2013年9月
附：
武汉大学
Part I Documental Analysis 20%
Attention: Analyze the following paragraph according to the requirements of topic, perspective(aspect), method , skill, and questions.
But as the Grand Narrative of Progress came to dominate other values and views, it cast a malignant shadow. The invention of the automobile was the quintessence of progress, but it left overcrowded highways, air pollution, and deforestation in its wake. Fertilizers increased crop production but also increased the growth of algae in lakes and canals. The discovery of powerful insecticides--first greeted with enthusiasm and a Nobel Prize--was followed by the unintentional poisoning of fish, birds, and animals. Nuclear power plants increased available energy but led to storage problems, life-threatening contamination, and at least one accident with worldwide repercussions. The waste products of technological living began to choke great cities and foul once-pristine lands. Although Western housing, clothing, and religion were brought to aboriginal people, and the rate of infectious disease went down, the rate of alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, and spouse and child abuse went up.
Part II Article Analysis 15%
Attention:Fill the chart according to the requirements based on your understanding of the following article.
1. We live in times that are harsh but exciting, where everyone agrees that we are moving to a new level of civilization. Principles, values, ways of life, will no longer be the same; but as yet we are not really ready for these changes; we are faced with inventing the future and also bringing it into operation, progressively; we make experiments and we frequently make mistakes; but we are beginning to know what we want when we talk of justice, freedom and
democracy. The scientific and technological community is directly involved in the questions that arise. Following those of our generation, the demands of your generation will continue until these aims have been at least partially achieved.
2. The closeness of scientific problems to political problems is such that scientific workers are not, far from it, protected from socio-economic vicissitudes. So much so that they sometimes express the same needs as all other workers and join them in this context; but they also call for specific measures. Like everyone else we need freedom but we especially need freedom of expression for our scientific and technological ideas; we need this even if it is only to put them forward for criticism. We don't ask for any particular privilege but we would like the efforts made to be evaluated at their actual worth, in the interests of society.
3. If our federation is so active in working for a statement of the rights and responsibilities of scientific workers, it is because we wish to resolve this problem in a way appropriate to most countries.
4. So you will certainly play an important part in society, even if this is not always readily recognized by society, because scientific and technological knowledge and expertise are the context in which future economic, social and political changes will take place. Whatever you do, you cannot ignore them and, whatever is said, society will not be able to ignore you. You will also have a decisive part to play, and perhaps an even more difficult one, in the scientific and technological community itself. The whole extension of this community and its interaction with society as a whole leads scientific workers to get involved in all political debates, crises and decisions. You will have to note the essential demands of science as such; it is not simply a matter of protecting society from unacceptable consequences; one must also protect scientific activity from political and financial meddling.
5. It is vital to safeguard the basic honesty of science, the honesty that is basic to its method. Whenever, in the history of science, this honesty has been set aside, the consequences have been serious. I am not speaking merely of the suicide or disgrace of an individual but of the social and economic damage arising from such lapses. There are worse possibilities: at a time when problems are increasingly complex, with ever widening political implications, we need science to be technically dependable and socially credible. In a world of turbulence, science's saving grace is not simply material but lies in its rationality.
Part III Writing 25%
Attention:Write an essay on the following topic with substantial evidence and good reasoning (e.g. in a linear way) in more than 300 words.
How to Write English Well as a PhD Candidate
---- On My Class Experience
Achievement Test For PhD. Candidate Answer Sheet Part I. Documental Analysis 20% Topic: ______________________________ ______________________________ Perspective(s): __________________________ __________________________ (Aspect(s)): ___________________________ ___________________________ Method(s): ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Skill(s): _______________________________ _______________________________ Questions: ____________________________ ____________________________
院系： 学号： 姓名： 任课教师： 座位号：
------------------------------------------------- 密 ---------------------------------- 封 ----------------------------- 线 ----------------------------------------------- Score:________
Part II. Article Analysis 15%
Part III. Writing 25%
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END
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
Unit one Stumbling block in intercultural communication 1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。 The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings. 8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象
Keys to Paper A (1---65 题每题一分，客观题共65分) 1-10 B D A C B C C D A B 11-20 A B D A C A D C B D 21-30 B D C A B D C A C B 31-45 D A D A B D C A C B C D C A B 46-55 A D C A B A C C D D 56-65 A C D B D A B C C D Part IV 汉译英（评分给正分，每小题都需打分，精确到0.5分） 1. China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. (2分) 2. An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have double risk of developing lung cancer. （2分） 3. In our times, anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education. With the development of science, more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools. Compared with the education in the past, modern education places more stress on practicality. (3 分) 英译汉（评分给正分，每小题都需打分，精确到0.5分） 4. 程式化思维是人们交流的绊脚石，因为它有碍于人们对事物的客观观察。客观观察指人 们敏感地搜寻线索，引导自己的想象更接近他人的现实。（2分） 5. 当经济学家最初探讨经济发展的原因时，他们发现：人们一直认为无法解释的剩余因素是人力资本。人力资本，即人口的技能，是造成各国生产力差距以及地位不平等的一个重要因素。（3分） 6. 下文从解决妇女贫困问题的角度出发，探讨两性平等、减轻贫困和环境的可持续性诸目的之间的协同作用，涉及能源短缺、水资源缺乏、健康、气候变化、自然灾害，以及授予妇女在农业、林业、生态多元化管理领域中的权力使之创造可持续的生存方式等问题。（3分） Part V Summary （20分） 评分标准：主要看考生是否了解概要写作的方法以及能否用恰当的语言来表达。概要一定要客观简洁地表达原文的主要内容，不需要评论，不能照抄原文。具体给分标准为：（1）内容和形式都达标，仅有一二处小错：18-19分。（2）内容缺少一到三点，形式错误不过三处：16-17分。（3）内容欠缺较多，形式错误有五六处：14-15分。（4）内容欠缺较多，形式错误有十来处：12-13分。 Science and Humanity The twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a
非英语专业博士研究生英语读写 非英语专业博士研究生英语读写课课程大纲制定的目的是规范非英语专业博士研究生英语读写课教学。课程大纲中的要求是该课程教学的基本规范，是组织教学、编写讲义、检查与评估教学质量的主要依据。课程大纲适用于任何承担该课程的教师，包括外籍教师。 一、基本信息 课程编号：PUF500 课程类别：外语必修 授课对象：非英语专业博士研究生（学生按专业大类分类，分专业授课） 开课学期：第1/第2学期 开课学分：1.5学分(非英语专业博士研究生英语听说课和读写课同属于一门英语课，英语课共有3学分，听说课和读写课各占50%。博士生英语课每个学生只 上一个学期，听说课和读写课在同一个学期同步进行。每个学院或者第1 学期或者第2学期开课，课程共1个学期。) 指定教材：《英语学术期刊论文写作原理与实务》 参考教材：New Concise Handbook；MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers； Rhetoric: The Wit of Persuasion；Eleven Essentials of Effective Writing；Form and Style: Research Papers, Reports and Theses 二、培养目标 非英语专业博士研究生英语读写课是按照中国高等院校非英语专业研究生（硕士研究生和博士研究生）英语教学大纲的要求根据中国人民大学非英语专业博士研究生的具体英语背景对非英语专业博士研究生开设的课程。此课程是中国人民大学非英语专业博士研究生英语课的一个部分，在整个博士研究生英语课中占50%的比例。 课程的具体目标是使学生通过对学术性文章的阅读和分析，学会用英语撰写自己研究领域的学术性文章。教学的基本定位是以提高学生学术性书面沟通能力为主。课程中读与写的基本关系是以写引导读，以读促进写，在写中发现问题，在读中找到解决问题的答案。 三、教学要求 非英语专业博士研究生英语读写课在教学上以使学生获得学术沟通能力为主，教学中所使用的语言材料（教学中师生进行分析的学术文章）是与人文社科领域中世界一流期刊中的文章。这些文章既是学生撰写英语学术论文所依从的典范，又是学生在自己研究领域中用英语表达自己的学术思想所需要的语言材料（专业性词汇的英文版、专业思想的习惯性英语表达）的重要源泉。 对教师的要求：根据课程的设置和具体的教学内容，非英语专业博士研究生英语读写课要求授课教师具有双重的知识储备和技能，既具有英语专业科班出身的硕士或硕士以上的英语语言知识水平和英语语言能力，又要有与授课内容相关的知识储备和相关专业（经济管理类、文史哲类、法学类等）学术性沟通能力，能够用英语讲述与学生自己专业相关的知识，能够用英语写作与学生自己专业相关的知识和思想。 对学生的要求：根据课程的设置和具体的教学内容，非英语专业博士研究生英语读写
Intercultural Communication In recent years, it is widely acknowledged that interculturalcommunication has been becoming an increasingly common phenomenon. From my point of view, a number of factors could account for this trend. First and foremost, the development of transportation.Now jet planes fly everywhere. It used to take months to travel from Shanghai to Los Angeles, but now it takes only 12 hours. It is now much easier for people to move from one country to another. People of different countries and races get together much oftener than before. What’s more, the advancementof communication means. Nowadays people get in touch with each other in various ways, through internet, telephone, mobile phone and so on. These efficient means sharply promote intercultural communication to a large extent. Besides, the ongoingof economicglobalization.Since economic globalization lead to the production and market globalization, more and more multinational corporations now operate in quite a few countries. Theiremployees are of different ethnic groups and from different countries. Last but not the list, the increasing of https://www.doczj.com/doc/9215129636.html,lions of people now move across national borders every year. Therefore, all these causes contribute to the fact that intercultural communication is now a daily occurrence. Its importance now is being recognized by a growing number of people.
博士研究生英语教学 一．教学目的及目标 以感受语言，认识语言，应用语言为主导，以提高学生的实际应用能力为目标。在反思语言习得的过程中，探索一种全新的教学模式（源于且高于单一语言层面的教学，即基于语篇层面的文本结构，在语篇层面上对文本进行三位一体的诠释，了解英美族人的思维方式），增强论文和学术研究中的批判性思维的意识，培养批判性思维的习惯（通过洞察力达到更深层次的知识和理解），强化创造性技能（区别于侧重于以听力和阅读为主导的接受性技能），即提高学生交际和写作的能力，使之符合清晰性、准确性、精确性、相关性、深度、广度、逻辑和意义的评价标准（限于课时，故侧重于理念教学，本源教学，形态教学，方法论教学，从认识论的角度培养学生的解构能力）。 二．教学理念 从传统的侧重于语言层面的教学观念转移到以思维层面为主导，兼顾语言层面的全新的教学观念，即了解英美族人怎么想、怎么组织思想、怎么表达的思维层面，从而实现正确的交际目的（怎么用），完善学习的对象（学以致用），而不只停留在单一的体现语法与词汇的语句即语言层面。语言是表达思想的物质载体, 是逻辑思维的工具, 是思维过程的再现；而思维对世界的反映是借助于语言来实现的。 三．教学定位
以思维模式为切入点（显著区别于本科生，即通过纯粹的联想或死记硬背以及练习来完成的低阶段的学习；硕士生，即大量的知识积累却缺乏知识自身的相关逻辑；以及其他兄弟院校的英语教学，具有武汉大学特色的博士研究生英语教学），提高学生的综合分析能力，倡导英语学习的方法论，以期突破英语学习的瓶颈问题。知其然更力求知其所以然，强化实践过程中的批判性思维能力（分析性、逻辑性、系统化）。 四．教学手段/方法 以三位一体（角度的界定，文献的摘录，功能的区分）的训练方法完成对文本的解构，运用批判性思维的分析能力，以期了解英美族人的思维方式即what to write，组织布局即how to write和结构功能即why to write。如下所示： 五．教学内容及计划 在一学期的课堂教学实践中，重点比较，解析不同文章（分别为不同风格的书籍、评论及演讲的体裁，以及兼顾文理学科的有关计算机、经济与哲学的不同题材），通过异同点的比较，
东华大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲 发布时间：2016-10-18浏览次数：3770 东华大学博士研究生入学英语考试是为招收博士研究生而设置，属选拔考试。根据国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士学位研究生英语教学大纲》的规定：博士生入学时英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生毕业时应达到的水平，本考试以《大学英语教学大纲（文理科用）》中对大学英语六级水平的具体要求为主要依据，兼顾其他同等程度的教材和硕士毕业生应达到的英语水平要求，测试考生在英语语法、词汇、阅读、写作及翻译等方面的语言应用能力，择优选拔，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平和应用能力。 一、评价目标 要求考生掌握下列语言知识和技能： 1．语言知识 2．语言技能
考试形式为笔试，时间为180分钟。满分为100分。 整份试卷包括试题集和答题纸两部份。考生应将试题集Paper One 部分的1 –80题的答案按要求用2B铅笔做在答题卡上，将Paper Two 部分的翻译和写作用蓝、黑色钢笔或水笔字迹工整地写在相应的答题纸上。 三、试卷结构和内容 试题集有两部分构成：Paper One 为客观题，共四大项80题（占总分75%），包括词汇和句子结构（10%），辨错（10%），阅读（45%）和完形填空（10%）；Paper Two 为主观题，共二大项，（占总分25%），包括翻译（汉译英10%）和写作（15%）。 第一部分词汇（10%） 由20题组成（20题 x 0.5分）。词汇题主要测试考生所掌握的词汇水平和运用词汇的能力。按原国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士英语教学大纲》明确的定性和定量要求的规定，硕士生毕业时应理解性地掌握大约6000个英语常用词（组）。 第二部分辨错并改错（10%） 由10题组成（10题 x 1分)。主要测试考生掌握并正确运用语言的能力。考查的重点语法项目是：制约句子逻辑关系的连词和关系词；体现句子行为者主语其情感、意图、行为、判断的动词的时态、语态、情态动词和虚拟语气；使句子变得多姿多彩的非谓语动词、省略和倒装。 第三部分完形填空（10%） 该部分为一篇240-280的文章，题材包括科技，经济，文化，教育，社会生活，人物传记等。文章有20 个空档，共20题。考试形式为多项选择，即要求考生从每题给出的四选项中选出一个最佳答案，填入文章空白处，使补足后的文章意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。 第四部分阅读（45%） 由六篇阅读文章和30个理解选择题组成（30题x1.5分）。要求考生在70分钟内完成六篇文章阅读，所选文章体裁包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等；题材涉及到科普、社会生活、人文学科、小说、教育、经济等。测试考生的阅读速度、获取信息的能力、阅读技巧、以及记忆性理解程度和信息处理、分析综合等多方面的能力。要求考生能快速阅读各类题材的文章；准确理解并归纳其要义以及作者的基本观点和态度；把握各层次段落与主题的逻辑关系；通过合理的判断、推理来理解文章的深层含义；根据语境的暗示来猜测词义。 第五部分翻译（10%）
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2×20=40分) Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. T o make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract
2019武汉大学博士学位英语考试重点复习 一、段落分析 第一课的第三段： Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale. Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training, first in specific and established ways and later through breakthroughs that are confidently awaited. Human organizatio ns from tiny companies to entire 第一课的第十二段： The wise eye will also see that the Information Marketplace is much influential than its parts—the interfaces, middleware and pipes that make up the three-story building on which we stand. Once they are integrated, they present a much greater power—the power to prevent an asthmatic from dying in a remote town in Alaska, to enable an unemployed bank loan officer to find and succeed at a new form of work, to allow a husband and wife to revel in the accomplishments of a distant daughter while also providing emotional and financial support. These powers are far greater than 第八课的第一段： Countless cultures around the world have disappeared, along with their mythologies. In Mesoamerica, dozens of ornate Mayan temples lie mute, as do an untold number of Incan
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题 及详解
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解 Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points) Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage: Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. （definition）→ what The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（history）→ how Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous. （goods/items）→ how An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. I f the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods
J 基础词汇 n.夹克衫；外罩，保护罩 【例句】He never washed, and always wore a filthy old jacket. 他总是穿着一件从来不洗的脏兮兮的旧夹克。 n.翡翠，玉 【例句】①Bait a piece of jade with a brick. 抛砖引玉。 ②Stones from other hills may serve to polish the jade of this one. 他山之石， 可以攻玉。 n.颗；(pl)(动物的)嘴，(钳子等工具)夹住东西的部分 【例句】His jaw dropped in surprise. 他惊讶地张大了嘴。 jealous [adj.嫉妒的 【例句】The old man is jealous of his wealth. 这老人妒忌他的财富。 【词组】jealous of 妒忌 【派生】jealously adv. 妒忌地；猜疑地 jealousy n. 嫉妒；猜忌；戒备 n.果冻；果酱；果冻状物 【例句】Can I have some more jelly, please?请再给我点果冻，行吗？ 【词组】royal jelly 蜂王浆，王浆 fruit jelly 果冻；水果冻；果子冻
n.宝石；贵重物品 【例句】She wore beautiful jewels round her neck. 她脖子上戴着漂亮的宝石（项链）。 n.叮当声；广告短歌，押韵字句 v. (使)发出叮当声 【例句】After a time he kept repeating a jingle to himself. 走了一段时间，他嘴里就已经暗暗念叨个没完了。 【词组】advertising jingle广告顺口溜 jog [v.慢跑，缓步跑；轻撞，轻推 【例句】Don’t jog me，or you’ll make me spoil something! 别碰我，不然我会把东西弄洒了。 【派生】jogging n. 慢跑 jolly [adj.快乐的，令人愉快的 v.使高兴，使愉快 【例句】She’s not a person that you can jolly with. 她不是那种你可以与之开玩笑的人。 n.少量，些微 v.匆匆写下 【例句】There’s not a jot of truth in what he said. 他说的没有一点是真的。 【词组】jot down 草草记下 jot or tittle [常用于否定句]丝毫，最少量 n.新闻工作者，新闻记者 【例句】John Smith is a journalist；he helps to write newspapers. 约翰·史密斯是个新
2010年选择题 21. We have a certain stereotypical ______ of a person from a culture and we interpret his/her behaviour according to this preconception, whether or not the reason for the behaviour is what we think it. A.connotation B. preconception C. recuperation D. ambiguity 22. Gap in educational investment across regions will ______ the national economic development as a whole. A. warrant B. ration C. thwart D. retard 23. Opening the labor market might risk some increase in inequality in wages at least in the short run, as the wages of skilled workers are ________. A. bid for B. bid on C. bid up D. bid to 24. The market will goods that yield social benefits in excess of private benefits and will consequently produce too few of these goods. A. undervalue B. devalue C. underweight D. value 25. You have taken a ______ hatred to Peter; and you are unreasonably angry with me because I won’t hate him. A. persevering B. perverse C. perfect D. previous 26. One of the conditions of ______ is that you must keep the land under cultivation. A. tenant B. terminal C. temperament D. tenure 27. Even the increase proposed will put pressure on Congress to hold down other spending or dip into funds for Social Security. A. marked B. commissioned C. earmarked D. commanded 28. Unfortunately, what the farmers had gained in the autumn harvest was ______by the heavy losses caused by a snowstorm in the winter. A. offset B. optimized C. subsidized D. unleashed 29. The Arabs, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm, may be feeling that the Americans are being _______. A. friendly B. warm C. standoffish D. selfish 30. Most little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually ______ their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the sweet little thing has been brought home that the parents realize how much time and money must be spent on “Tom” or “B ill”.