宾语补足语
举例：I going to paint it pink.
我打算把它涂成粉红色（选自《新概念英语第一册》）句子中的“it显”然是宾语。但是主语将要做的并不是it，而是“paint it pink。“p”ink 是句子中的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是pink 呈现了it 的状态，让句子意思更加完整。这里的宾语it 与宾补pink 的关系是主语与表语的关系（即主系表结构），如大家所知，主系表结构是为了呈现主语的特点特征、状态、身份等信息。本质意思是it is pink ，形式表现是it pink。
句子中的“pink是”形容词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补的大致还有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，副词，介宾短语。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。
比如：
I find learning English difficult. （difficult 是形容词做宾补）
I saw the kite up and down.（up and down是副词做宾补）
Tom made the girl cry.（cry 是省略不定式符号to 的动词不定式）
常跟复合宾语的动词有：call（叫），named（叫做），make（做），think （思考），find（找），leave（离开），keep（保持），nominate（任命），choose，elect（选举），define（定义），regard（认为），see（看），recognize（认出），treat，take，conside（r 考虑），look up，refer to（提到），accep（t 接受），acknowledge （承认），describe，depict（描述），represent（表现出），declare （宣称），denounce（指责），employ（雇佣），use（使用），show（展示），organize，express（表达）等。
注意
☆当感觉动词和使役动词，如：
see，hear，notice，watch，feel，observe（感觉动词）make，have，let，（使役动词）接宾语补足语时，不定式的符号to 必须省略。不定式作get的宾语补足语时不省略to
在help后，不定式可以带to，也可不带。
补充：简单句常见结构有：
主语+谓语”结构：句子由主语和谓语两部分构成，谓语动词是不及物动词“主语+谓
语+宾语”结构：谓语动词是及物动词，后面接有宾语。
“主语+系动词+表语”结构：表语通常是名词或形容词。
“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构：谓语动词是及物动词。
“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构：有一些句子有了前3 个成分后，还需要有一个宾语补足语对宾语做出补充说明，表明宾语的身份，特征等，使句意完整。宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。
如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的被动关系，则宾补须用过去分词形式。如：
Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.
珍妮希望史密斯先生建议一个好办法，让她在短期内提高英语写作。
如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的主动关系，则宾补须用过现在分词形式，如：
He could hear his heart beating fas．t
他可以听见自己的心脏跳得很快。
Do you smell something burning?(burning 可以理解为现在分词，也可理解为形容词)
你闻到烧焦的气味了吗？
适用
1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
这类动词有：consider，think，believe，discover，find ，imagine，judge，suppose，prove 等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“ to be形+ 容词或名词”结构，think ，consider，find 后的to be 常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher.
我们认为他是一个好老师。
2. 在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
这类动词有：love，like，prefer，hate，want，wish，expect等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone.
我希望你不要打扰他。
3. 注意：hope，demand，suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。
I hope you can give me a hand.
我希望你能帮我一把。
说明
在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有1 个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补，在英语中极为重要。比如说：I heard Jean singing this morning. 句子中的“Jean显”然是宾语。但是主语I 听到的并不是“Jean，”而是“Jean singing ”.“si是ng句ing子中”的宾语补足语。它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，也就是说从逻辑上来讲，是“Jean执”行了“ singing 的”动作。句子中的“ singing是现”在分词做宾语补足语。能够充当宾补即宾语补足语的大致有：不定式，现在分词，过去分词，形容词，副词，介宾短语等。一般情况下，宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。例：I find learning English difficult. “ diffi是cu形lt 容词”作宾补。
位置变异的用法
复合宾语的两个组成部分在意义上是一种逻辑上的“主谓关系”，宾语补足语（简称为宾补）说明宾语所表示的人或物的属类、性质、状态等。宾补在句中的位置是相对固定的，单个跟在名词前，多个放在句尾
但由于种种原因，宾补的这种相对固定的位置有时也会发生变异。一般说来，宾补的位置变异有四种句型：
句型一
宾补+主语+谓语+宾语在这种句型中，宾补前移到句首（或从句的句首）。这主要有以下几种情况。
1. 为了强调而前移当我们要突出强调宾补时，就把它移至句首。置于句首的宾补可以是名词、形容词（短语）、分词短语、介词短语等。
如：Chairman of the committee they have elected Eleanor.
他们选举埃利诺担任这个委员会的主席
2. 为了句子的连贯而前移在并列句中，有时为了与前面的分句更好地衔接，使分句之间的意思连接得更加紧密，意思表达得更加清楚有力，就将后面分句的宾补提到句首。
如：Traitor he has become,andtr aitor we shall call him.
他已经成了叛徒，我们就得叫他叛徒。
3. 为了对照而前移在并列句中，宾补的前移有助于鲜明地对照相邻的两个分句间提到的意义有差异的两件事情。如：
I knew you were careless,butd ishonest never thought you.
我知道你粗心大意，但从不认为你不诚实。
4. 在感叹句中宾补的前移用感叹词what或how 开头的对宾补进行强调的感叹句，宾补必须紧跟在what或how 之后。如：What a villain he must have thought.
他一定会认为我是个大坏蛋！
5. 在疑问句中宾补的前移用疑问词作宾补或对“疑问词+宾补”进行提问，这时疑问词或“疑问词+宾补”须前移至句首。如：
What do you call this kind of flower?
这种花你们叫什么？
6. 让步状语从句中宾补的前移：中学英语在as，however 等引导的让步状语从句中，有时也须把宾补提到从句的开头，其后采用正常语序。如：
Charming as he found her,she had struckhim as rather presumptuous.
尽管他觉得她很美，他仍然认为她相当高傲。
句型二
主语+谓语+宾补+宾语产生这种结构的原因主要有两个：
1. 宾语（或连带它的修饰语）较长，而宾补较短时，为了平衡句子结构，就把宾补提到宾语之前。我们常见的一些动词词组如cut open，cut short，lay bare，let slip，let go，make certain，make clear，make good，make possible，set free等都属于这种情况。如：
Don' t leftl y away this little strange bird.
不要放走这只奇怪的小鸟。
2. 宾语本身带有一个较长的定语或同位语时,就把宾补放在宾语前。如：They proved
wrong the news brought by the newly-arrived visitors. 他们证明新到的客人们带来的消息是不确实的。
句型三
宾语+主语+谓语+宾补有时为了强调宾语，就将其提到句首，宾补就跟在谓语之后了。如：This substance we call water and comes next only to oxygen.
(=We call this substance wate，r and this substance comes next only to oxyge．n )
这种物质我们称之为水，其重要性仅次于氧。
句型四
主语+谓语+宾语+其他成分+宾补有时在宾语和宾补之间插入了定语、同位语、状语或插入语，从而造成了宾语与宾补的分隔。
1.插入定语或同位语因宾语后面带有一个无法分割的定语或同位语，因而只好把宾补放在宾语的定语或同位语之后。如：He found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors.
他看到他要寻找的人名模模糊糊地写在一扇门上。
2.插入状语
I once saw a jewel fish,during such aevening transport of straying children,perform deed which absolutely astonished me.
我有一次看到宝石鱼在转运迷路的小鱼的过程中做出了一个使我大吃一惊的动作。
3. 插入插入语
Let us not,I beseech you,sir,deceive ourselves any longer.
先生，我恳求你们再不要继续自己欺骗自己了。
我们上述宾语补足语位置变异的种种情况在语言实践相关论文中是屡见不鲜的
只有对其熟悉才能进行顺利的阅读和正确的理解。
高中英语语法定语从句总复习 郴州资兴三中李俊才 定义：用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫 作定语从句。 一、关系带词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词 句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句 代替人代替物代替人或物主语Who which 主语Whom which that 宾语Whose (=of whom) Whose (=of which) that 例１：This is the detective who came from London. 例２：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. ２．关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are burst into tears.（所有人都迸出眼泪。） (2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。 (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。 There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated. (4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分 概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如： He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. (5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that
初中英语语法宾语从句讲解，专项练习及答案注意！宾语从句小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词； 主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时； 陈述句转化that引，一般疑问句用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一、基本讲解 1 概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语。eg, He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) He asks him how long Mike has been down . (动词宾语) Miss Zhang is angry at what you said. (介词宾语) 2.连接词 (1) .陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that,口语中常常省略。 e.g, She told me (that) she would like to go with us. (2)以whether 或if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序 eg, I wonder if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei . 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 a. 当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if eg, We are talking about whether we'll go on the pinic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或not 连用时，只用whether. eg, Please let me know what to do next. Could you tell me whether u go or not? c. if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether. (3).特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用特殊疑问词；引导词后要用陈述句语序。 E.g. Could you tell me what's the matter\wrong with you? 特殊情况：：当do you think后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，句式结构应为引导词＋do you think＋陈述句语序。 3.宾语从句时态
高中英语语法系列：定语从句 知识要点 1.关系代词和关系副词的选用 2.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别 3.几组的关系词特殊用法 一、定义：在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。 The happy man who lives next to me sells vegetables. You must do everything that I do. 被定语从句修饰的词，叫先行词。比如上面两句中的man和everything. 引导定语从句的词，叫关系代词和关系副词。比如who,whom,that,which,wh ere,when,why等 关系词三重作用：①连接主从句；②指代先行词；③在定语从句中担任句子成分。 The man who lives next to me sells vegetables. 该句中，who lives next to me是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。 二、关系词 引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,which,that,whose,as等和关系副词w here,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。
1.用关系代词that,which,who,whom引导的定语从句 who指人，用作主语 whom指人，用作宾语 which指物，用作主语、宾语皆可 that指人和物，用作主语、宾语皆可 The teacher who visits our school today is from Guangzhou. Mrs Read is the person whom you should write to. They planted some trees which didn’t need much water. The fish(which)we bought this morning were not fresh. A plane is a machine that can fly. The noodles(that)I cooked were delicious. 2.用关系代词whose引导的定语从句： 先行词既可指人，也可指物，一般译为“谁的”“什么东西的”，请看例子 The room whose window faces south is mine. 3.用关系副词when、where、why引导的定语从句 (1)when在从句中作时间状语 October lst,1949is the day when(=on which)the People’s Republic of Chin a was founded. (2)where在从句中作地点状语 I recently went to the town where(=in which)I was born. (3)why在从句中作原因状语 The reason why(=for which)he was late was that he missed the train.
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
宾语从句基本讲解与练习 宾语从句小口诀 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词； 主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时； if/whether,引，一般疑问句陈述句转that 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一、概念宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。在句子中起到二、连接词 在从句中不。that在非正式场合that可以省略)1. 陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that ( 充当任何成分，也没有实在意思，只起到连接作用。没有人告诉杰克第二天有班No one told Jack (that) there would be a class meeting the next day. 会。Little Tom was afraid (that) he couldn't pass the exam. 小汤姆担心这次考试不及格。say, think, wish, hope, imagine, wonder, know, believe, 从句做宾语的动词有：that1】可跟【拓展等。agree, explain, feel, suggest, hear, mean, notice等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定expect think, believe, suppose, 【拓展2】当主句谓语动词是
时，常把否定转移至主句表示。我认为他不会在会上发言的。I don't think (that) he can give a speech at the meeting.so等后，可用等动词以及I'm afraid 【拓展3】在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope 代替一个否定的宾语从句。代替一个肯定的宾语从句，用not eg: --- Do you believe he will come? 你相信他会来吗？ --- I believe so. 我相信会。 我相信不会。I don't believe so. (或I believe not.) --- 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语引导的宾语从句, whether或if 2. 以。或whetherif在从句中不充当任何成分，意为“是否”从句，从句是陈述句语序。He asked me if he might use my knife. →He asked me. ？eg: “May I use your knife” 】从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人1【注意1 称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。 eg: “Do you know her telephone number？”He asked me. →He asked me whether I know her telephone number. 【注意2】：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 ①当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if。 eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the picnic. 我们在讨论是否去野餐。 ②引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether。 eg: Please let me know whether to do next step. 请让我知道是否开展下一步行
三大从句 定语从句 1.The meeting that you have missed yesterday was very important. 2. The girl who is making a speech right now is our monitor. 3. The vase that I broke yesterday was very expensive. 4. The boy who helped you yesterday is my neighbour. 5. That's just the topic that I'm very interested in. 6. He is just the boss who gave me that valuable opportunity. 7. I like the cake which you bought yesterday. 8. He is the teacher who helped me. 9. We all like that speaker who is very humorous. 10. The old lady whose two daughters are both teachers is our neighbour. 11. She is the girl whom I met at the party. 12. There are occasions when one must yield. 13.Beijing is the place where I was born. 14.Is this the reason why he refused our offer? 15. His father died the year when he was born. 16.He is unlikely to find the place in which he lived forty years ago. 17. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 18.This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 19. He has finished the difficult exercise, which is easy for you. 20.None of us know the reason for which Tom was absent from the meeting. (why = for which ). 只用that不用which的情况 ①先行词指物且含有不定代词(all, little, few, much, everything, anything等) Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? All that Lily told me seems untrue. ②先行词被the only, the very, the right, any, every, some, no, just等修饰 This is the very bus that I am waiting for. The only thing that we can do is to lend you some money. ③先行词含有最高级或含有序数词时，如： This train is the last that will go to Suzhou. This is the first two-story bus that runs in our city. What is the most interesting film that you have ever seen? ④先行词既有人又有物
宾语从句 1，that 引导的宾语从句 I want to know that you are right 我想要知道你是对的。 2，if he whether 引导时 I want to know whether you are right =I want to know if you are right 我想要知道你是否是对的 3，其他连接词： I want to know how I can do it 我想要知道我如何做到。 4，动词后的宾语从句： I hope that you can be better 我希望你能更好 5，介词后的宾语从句 I worry about what you are doing 我担心你正在做什么 6，在有except，but ，besides 等词汇时，可以不做介词的宾语 I know nothing about him except that he is Chinese 除了他是一个老师，我一无所知7，形容词后的宾语从句，在表示态度，情感的词汇后面的宾语从句， ,We are satisfied that he can speak English 我们很满意他能说英语 宾语从句的几个小诀窍 1，陈述语气：I don’t what his name is 我不知道他叫什么名字 2，时态一致，事实，真理等句子只用一般现在时 I didn’t know where he was 我不知道他在哪里 He didn’t know one and one is two 他不知道一加一等于二
3，语气，在建议，要求，建议，命令等词汇后面要用虚拟语气 He suggested that I should do my homework 他建议我应该做我的作业。 4，宾语从句中的否定转移 I don’t think he is right 我认为他是错的 5，宾语从句that 不能省略的情况 1，有插入语的时候 It appears here ，on the blackboard，that it can change your life 黑板上显现着，它能改变你的生活 2，多重复合句出现时，that 在连接词之前 He said if you could be on time ，you could learn more 他说如果你能准时，你就能学到更多3，当it做形式宾语的时候， You may find it interesting that you can speak a lot of English 你也许会发现你能说很多英语是很有趣的 4，that 或者this在从句中做主语时 He said that this was important 他说这个很重要 He said that was important 他说那个很重要 5，由多个that引导的从句，第一个省略，后面的不省略 He said he was in America and that he could speak English 他说他在美国，并且他能说英语 6，当疑问连接词和that连用的时候 I know where he lives and that he has a good life 我知道他住在哪里并且他有一个很好的生活。7，that在句首引导从句时 That you can give me a lot of money I never imagine 我从没有想象过你能给我这么多的钱
人教版高中英语必修二 知识点梳理 重点题型（常考知识点）巩固练习 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 概念引入： He is a person who never gives up. 他是个永远不服输的人。 I found him in the woods, where has a well-known tree. (我是在树林里找到他的，那里有一棵很有名的树。) Our guide,(who was a Frenchman, ) was an excellent cook. 我们的导游是个很优秀的厨师，他是个法国人 She was not on the train which arrived just now。 她没在刚刚到达的那辆车上 语法点拨 什么是定语从句？ 修饰主语、宾语、表语的句子就叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词有： 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that 关系副词：when, where, why 我们把下面两个句子组合成一个复合句： 1. This is our school. It is beautiful. →This is our school which is beautiful. 2. This is our school. We study in our school. →This is our school which we study in. →This is our school in which we study. →This is our school where we study. 3. Do you know the room? It is made of amber. →Do you know the room which is made of amber? 4. I have read the newspaper. It carries the important news. →I have read the newspaper which carries the important news. 从上述定语从句的组合我们可以看出： 先行词和关系词的关系：关系代词实际上是先行词的复指；关系词whose 实际上是先行词的所有格。 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. the machine = that 2. The boy who broke the window is called Wangkai. the boy =who 3. The boy whose parents are working outside was brought up by his grandfather. the boy’s =whose 【高一英语语法（二）定语从句（二）356521限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句】
初中英语语法宾语从句讲解 小口诀： 宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词；主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制； 主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时；陈述转化that引，一般疑问用if/whether, 特殊问句疑问词，引导词后陈述式。 一．基本讲解来源：直接引语变间接引语 概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 Eg: He said,“I am good at drawing”. He said he was good at drawing. (动词宾语) 1.引导词 (1) that引导宾语从句时，通常用陈述句充当, that可省略。 Eg: She said,“I want to go there ”She said (that) she wanted to go there. (2) whether 或if 引导的宾语从句,由一般疑问句/选择疑问句充当，陈述语序。 Eg: “Are you interested in geography?” she said. She asked if/whether I was interested in geography. I wonder if /whether she has told the new to Li Lei . I’m not sure whether he will come or not. 注意：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外 a. 介词短语后只用whether 不用if eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the panic. b. 引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether. eg:I can?t say whether or not he will come on time c. if当如果讲时,引导的是条件状语从句，表示‘如果’，不能用whether. Eg: If you want to be a good teacher, it will take times. Whether you can succeed depends on how much effort you pay. (3).特殊疑问词引导宾语从句时，不可省略，陈述句语序。 特殊疑问词为：how , when, where, why ,which whose. E.g. …What do you want?? He asked. He asked me what I wanted. I have no idea where he is now. I don?t know how to deal with it. He asked whose handwriting is the best in the class. 2.宾语从句时态 a.主句为一般现在时，从句不受主句的限制 eg: Do you know if/whether he has seen the film? I?m sorry to hear that your father is ill. She says she is going to go to Beijing next week. He tells me that his sister came back yesterday. b.当主句是一般过去时，从句用过去的相应某种时态 She didn?t know why the boy was late again. (过去一般) I didn't know if/whether he had seen the film.（过去完成） I wondered when she was going to America.（过去将来） 注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理，格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如： Eg: He said （that the earth moves round the sun. / that light travels much faster than sound.）The teacher told us （seeing is believing.）
定义 表语从句定义：在一个复合句中，从句作的是主语的表语成分。 A The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑 主语,连系动词,形容词作表语 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪. 主语连系动词一个句子作表语---表语从句 B 连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why,whether,how.whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等 He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。 He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。 She has remained there for an hour. 她曾在那里停留了一个小时。 She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. 她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。 His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。 His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。 The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。 Who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.谁与我明天将前往北京。 Why he cried yesterday. 昨天他为什么哭。 How I can persuade her to join us in the party. 我怎么能说服她加入我们的派对。 Whether the enemy is marching towards us. 是否敌人正向我们行进. 注意 A 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. B 不可以用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外）。 引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether
巧记跟不定式和动名词做宾语的动词用法 语法体现语言的规律,学好英语离不开语法学习。其中，动词的用法是重点，也是难点。对于谓语动词和非谓语动词的用法，学生普遍感到困难。学生感到50多个动词，用法难以掌握，但调整了单词的排列顺序，根据汉意编写顺口溜会方便记忆： （一）跟不定时作宾语的动词有： 打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect/desire) 假装(pretend)喜欢(would like/love/prefer)表祝愿(wish) 决定(decide)同意(agree)来帮助(help) 设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse) 好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt) 选择(choose)询问(ask)多学习(learn) 告诉(tell)失败(fail)也付得起(afford) 不定式宾语要牢记！ （二）跟动名词作宾语的动词有： 考虑（consider）完成（finish）多练习（practise） 避免（avoid）冒险（risk）求建议（suggest/recoomend） 面对（face）喜欢（enjoy/appreciate）和介意(mind) 允许（allow）承认（admit/permit）或放弃(give up/abandon) 推迟（put off/delay/postphone）逃避（escape）不原谅（excuse/pardon）提及（mention）坚持(keep/insist on）要想象（imagine/fancy） 还有词组feel like 和can’t stand！ 瞧！，我们就这样快快乐乐地记住了吧！ （三）在动词remember, try, regret, forget, need/want/require， stop, mean等后跟动名词V-和不定式意义不同，巧记一句话（记住努力；后悔忘记；需要停止；很有意义），学习采用对比法： remember to do something记着去做某事（现在还没有做） remember doing something记着曾做过某事（以前做过某事） try to do something努力、尽力做某事 try doing something试着做某事（看能否达到预期的结果） stop to do something开始做某事（停下正在做的事，开始做另一事） stop doing something停止做某事（停止正在做的事） regret to do something对将来做的事感到遗憾、惋惜 regret doing something对已经做过的事感到后悔
第一模块 A.动词：将来动作的表达法（be+ing） be going to和will+动词的形式表示将来意义，现在进行时有时也用来表示按计划或按安排即将发生的动作。这种结构的只适用与一部分动词：go arrive come leave start stay return play do have work wear spend see meet等 B.直接引语与间接引语 1.陈述句 1>.人称的变化 2>.时态的变化：除过去完成时不变外，所有时态均变为对应的过去时 3>.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化： this-that these-those now-then ago-before today-that day yesterday-the day before tomorrow-the following day the day after tomorrow-in two days’ time come-go here-there the day before yesterday-two days earlier 直接引语如果是客观真理，变间接引语时时态不变；如果在当天转述的动词的变格也取消2.祈使句：要将其诗句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在前面根据句意加上tell aks order 等动词。如果是否定句则在前面加上not 3.疑问句：把疑问与需变成陈述句语序，人称、时态和状语也要作出相应变化： 1>.一般疑问句：谓语动词是say时要改为ask。原文句变成由连词if引导的宾语从句。没有间接引语时可依照情况添加。 2>.特殊疑问句：仍沿用原来疑问句的引导词 C.定语从句 1.that、which：在从句中做主语或宾语，who和whom则分别作主语和宾语 2.whose用作名词的限定语，既可以是限定性的也可以是非限定性的。它修饰的名词作主语和动词或介词的宾语 3.when在从句中做时间状语where做地点状语why做原因状语；每个状语连接词的前面都可以依照情况添加介词 第二模块 A.定语从句 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，写时不用逗号分开，当作宾语时关系代词常常省略；而非限定性从句是先行词在意义上关系并不密切，写时用逗号分开，不用that引导。关系代词不可省略 *>.在口语中，限定性从句的时间地点词后，关系副词可以省略 关系副词why引导的定语从句的先行词只有reason，why可以转换for which，在口语中可用that或省略 how不能用作关系副词，不用来引导定语从句，修饰表示方法的定语从句可用in which引导 B.被动语态（一般将来时现在完成时现在进行时句式构成略） 只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词加上介词或副词的短语动词相当于及物动词。变成被动语态时，短语介词不能丢掉。 带有双宾语的句子变格时可将一个变成主语，另一个仍保留在谓语后面。
初中英语语法：宾语从句 考察的三个要点：语序，时态，关联词。 1.定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 2.构成：关联词+简单句。 3宾语从句的语序一定是陈述句语序。（who 作主语的从句本身就是陈述句语序） 4宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，连接宾语从句的连词有 that（that在口语中常省略）。 whether，if，和连接代词what，which， who， whom及连接副词when， where， how， why。 He knew（that） he should study hard. 他知道他应该努力学习。 Can you tell me which class you are in？ 您能告诉我，您在哪一班吗？ He asked me if he could come in， 他问我他是否能进来。 5.引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： （1）从属连词that.如：一般那情况下能够省略。 He told us that he felt ill. I know he has returned. 注： that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都能够省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。
1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. （and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。） 2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south. （that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。） 3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。） 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 （2）从属连词if/whether.如： I doubt whether he will succeed. I don’t know if you can help me. （3）连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever， whichever 连接副词 where，when，how，why. Who or what he was，Martin never learned. I wonder what he’s writing to me about. I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.