试题代码： 1001 2011年春季博士研究生英语入学考试（A）
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Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each):
Direction: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Passage One
The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.
A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choices. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.
1. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because______.
[A] personal health choices help cure most illnesses
[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge
[C] it is essential to personal freedom in American society
[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health
2. To“live a completely sedentary life-style”(Para.1) most probably means______.
[A] to“live an inactive life”
[B] to“live a decent life”
[C] to“live a life with complete freedom”
[D] to“live a life of vice”
3. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because______.
[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient
[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions
[C] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life
[D] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends
4. To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapo to
______.
[A] improving the quality of one's life
[B] limiting one's personal health choice
[C] deliberately ending one's life
[D] breaking the rules of social behavior
5. According to Fries and Crapo sound health choice should be based on______.
[A] personal decisions
[B] society' s laws
[C] statistical evidence ‘
[D] friend s’ opinions
Passage Two
Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the websites you've visited. Or perhaps someone will casually glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits.
In fact, it’s likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girlfriend, a marketing company, a boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen - the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked.
Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that it’s important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret. The key question is: Does that matter? For many Americans, the answer apparently is “no”.
When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it.
A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel their privacy is "slipping away, and that bothers me."
But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acquits has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their
hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon.
But privacy does matter—at least sometimes. It’s like health; when you have it, you don't notice it. Only when it's gone do you wish you'd done more to protect it.
6. What does the author mean by saying “the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked”
(Lines 3, Para .2)
[A] People's personal information is easily accessed without their knowledge.
[B] In the 21st century people try every means to look into others' secrets.
[C] People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.
[D] Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.
7. What would psychologists advise on the relationships between friends?
[A] Friends should open their hearts to each other.
[B] Friends should always be faithful to each other.
[C] There should be a distance even between friends.
[D] There should be fewer disputes between friends.
8. Why does the author say "we live in a world where you simply cannot keep a secret" (Line 5,
Para. 3)?
[A] Modern society has finally evolved into an open society.
[B] People leave traces around when using modern technology.
[C] There are always people who are curious about others' affairs.
[D] Many search engines profit by revealing people's identities.
9. What do most Americans do with regard to privacy protection?
[A] They change behaviors that might disclose their identity.
[B] They use various loyalty cards for business transactions.
[C] They rely more and more on electronic devices.
[D] They talk a lot but hardly do anything about it.
10. According to the passage, privacy is like health in that______.
[A] people will make every effort to keep it
[B] its importance is rarely understood
[C] it is something that can easily be lost
[D] people don’t cherish it until they lose it
Passage Three
Sociologists and anthropologists who study prejudice emphasize sociocultural factors, examining the impact of society on the individual’s prejudice. For instance, the sociocultural approach suggests that such factors as the increasing urbanization and complexity of society, increasing population density, and the competition for scarce jobs between members of various ethnic groups operate in various ways to increase prejudice toward minority groups.
Consider the specific example of increasing urbanization. Cities represent environments which are less than ideal in many respects; they are perceived by many as noisy, dirty, unsafe, and
impersonal. According to some sociologists, people can blame the difficulties of urban life on the presence of a particular minority group, which is seen as symbolizing the problems of urbanization. In some cities today, for example, blacks and Puerto Ricans are blamed for the ills of the city; in the past it was the Jews; and before them, the Irish and members of earlier immigrant groups.
Similar reasoning suggests that in times of high unemployment in which there is competition for few available jobs, prejudice will be directed toward members of minority groups whom majority group members believe are taking jobs away from them. This is particularly true in cases in which affirmative action goals require that certain minority groups be given extra consideration in hiring or in admission to educational programs. It would not be unreasonable to assume that societal factors such as these would ultimately increase prejudice on the part of people who feel they are being denied a resource that is "rightfully" theirs.
One difficulty with the historical and sociocultural approaches to prejudice is that they do not explain why certain groups are more discriminated against than others, when almost all minority groups have suffered from exploitation at some point in the past. Moreover, prejudice exists when there are few historical, cultural, or economic reasons that can be identified. Still, it is clear that historical and sociocultural considerations must be taken into account when studying prejudice, as they provide at least part of the explanation for prejudice.
11. We may infer that the author most probably discusses ______ in the previous paragraphs.
[A] specific targets of prejudice
[B] historical approaches to prejudice
[C] political approaches to prejudice
[D] racial discrimination
12. Which of the following respects has NOT been mentioned in discussing prejudice?
[A] Urban unemployment.
[B] Urban population density.
[C] Urban environmental protection.
[D] Urban competition for jobs.
13. According to the second paragraph, ______.
[A] certain minority groups have always been criticized by majorities in the cities
[B] Jews and Blacks are now often blamed as troublemakers in some cities
[C] the problem of urbanization is caused by minority groups
[D] urban life is noisy, dirty, and impersonal
14. It is implied that if two people of equal ability, one is white, another is a member of a certain
minority group, apply for a job, what most probably happen?
[A] The white is more likely to be hired.
[B] The white is more likely to be denied.
[C] The white will give up the application.
[D] The white will fly into fury.
15. Which of the following phenomena concerning prejudice does NOT belong to sociocultural
factor?
[A] The urbanization is on the fast track.
[B] The population increases at a fast rate.
[C] The competition for scarce job between members of various ethnic groups becomes
fierce.
[D] Some minority groups are more prejudiced than others.
Passage Four
Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They will soil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong thing. The key to preventing or treating behavior problems is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior to outlets that are acceptable in the domestic setting.
One of the best things you can do for your dog and yourself is to obedience train it. Obedience training doesn't solve all behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do.
Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple request of “come here, sit,” it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is not necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you to pleasantly accept that you are in charge.
Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and can more safely be allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal.
16. Behavior problems of dogs are believed to______.
[A] worsen in modem society [B] occur when they go wild
[C] be just part of their nature [D] present a threat to the community
17. The primary purpose of obedience training is to______.
[A] teach the dog to perform clever tricks
[B] enable the dog to regain its normal behavior
[C] make the dog aware of its owner's authority
[D] provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior
18. Effective communication between a dog and its owner is______.
[A] an extreme measure in obedience training
[B] a good way to teach the dog new tricks
[C] the foundation for dogs to perform tasks
[D] essential to solving the dog's behavior problems
19. Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters?
[A] To show their willingness to obey.
[B] To show their affection for their masters.
[C] To avoid being punished.
[D] To win leadership of the dog pack.
20. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner______.
[A] will enjoy a better family life
[B] can give the dog more freedom
[C] can give the dog more rewards
[D] will have more confidence in himself
Passage Five
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 percent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker sai d the project was initiated “because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of completing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduce by persuading the dropout to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.”
“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”
(1) Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
(2) Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of
ability or their specialties.
(3) Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly75 percent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for noncompletion of their Ph. D. program，lack of finances was marked by 19 percent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D.’s with that background reached this figure. The Ph.D.'s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50%
for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D.’s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25% of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
21. The author states that many educators feel that
[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.
[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.
[C] the Ph.D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout
[D] the high dropout rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of
faculty members.
22. Research has shown that
[A] dropouts arc substantially below Ph. D.’s in financial attainment.
[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.
[C] the Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.
[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the
degree.
23. Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.
[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.
[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.
[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.
[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.
24. After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that
[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D, dropouts to return to their pursuit of the
degree.
[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.
[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.
[D] Ph. D.’s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.
25. It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in
[A] salary for Ph. D. too low. [B] academic requirement too high.
[C] salary for dropouts too high. [D] 1,000 positions.
Passage Six
A folk culture is a small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family, and interpersonal relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expected to
perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade, and a subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the Unite States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo-American is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor-saving devices of the Industrial age. In Amish areas, horse-drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device, and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut, “humility”, clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social classes so typical of folk cultures, and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal, and a pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly different from “folk’’.
The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produce, is easier or time-saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
26. What does the passage mainly discuss?
[A] Two decades in modern society.
[B] The influence of industrial technology.
[C] The characteristics of "folk" and “popular" societies.
[D] The specialization of labor in Canada and the United
27. Which of the following is typical of folk cultures?
[A] There is a money-based economy.
[B] Social change occurs slowly.
[C] Contact with other cultures is encouraged.
[D] Each person develops one specialized skill.
28. What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
[A] They value folk cultures.
[B] They have popular cultures.
[C] They have no social classes.
[D] They do not value individualism.
29. What is the main source of order in Amish society?
[A] The government. [B] The clan structure.
[C] The economy. [D] The religion.
30. What of the following statements about Amish beliefs does the passage support?
[A] Various religious practices are tolerated.
[B] Individualism and competition are important.
[C] Pre-modem technology is preferred.
[D] People are defined according to their class.
Ⅱ. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)
31. They___ so tired if they___ for a whole day.
[A] wouldn't feel, didn't walk [B] wouldn't feel, weren’t walking
[C] wouldn't be feeling, weren't walking [D] wouldn't be feeling, hadn't been walking
32. Nobody came to see me while 1 was out,___？
[A] did they [B] didn't they
[C] did she [D] didn't she
33. We enjoyed the holiday___ the expense.
[A] except [B] except for
[C] besides [D] in addition to
34. I hope you___ all the material before you make the final decision.
[A] will have read [B] will be read
[C] will be reading [D] would have read
35. It would be wrong___that factor.
[A] to not consider [B] not to consider
[C] to consider not [D] to be considering
36. The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three
hours___last night
[A] at length [B] in full
[C] on end [D] in time
37. The detective story might not be___ interesting to keep the child awake,
[A] enough [B] adequately
[C] amply ? [D] sufficiently
38. The ____from the airport was really tiring because it was situated far from the city.
[A] flight [B] travel
[C] crossing [D] journey
39. Did you notice the____ on the doctor's face when he heard that Kino had found the pearl of
the world.
[A] appearance [B] expression
[C] description [D] look
40. Dr. Meek wrote: “As is true with most animals, the wolf is an opportunist whilst the deer is
one of the shyest___ animals in existence.”
[A] savage [B] tame
[C] wild [D] strange
41. The conference___ a full week by the time it ends.
[A] must have lasted [B] will have lasted
[C] would last [D] has lasted
42. Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at
regular___.
[A] gaps [B] rate
[C] length [D] intervals
43. The new appointment of our president___ from the very beginning of nest semester.
[A] takes effect [B] takes part
[C] takes place [D] takes turns
44. The president made a___ speech at the opening ceremony of the sports meeting, which
encouraged the sportsmen greatly.
[A] vigorous [B] tedious
[C] flat [D] harsh 、
45. It is not easy to learn English well but if you___, you will succeed in the end.
[A] hang up [B] hang about
[C]hang on [D] hang onto
46. The current general slackness of the market has prevented us from___ new orders with you.
[A] placing [B] putting
[C] arranging [D] providing
47. He pointed out that the living standard of urban and___ people continued to improve.
[A] remote [B] municipal
[C] rural [D] provincial
48. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women ___this field is
climbing.
[A] engaging [B] devoting
[C] registering [D] pursuing
49. It was felt that he lacked the___ to pursue a difficult task to the very end.
[A] petition [B] engagement
[C] commitment [D] qualification
50. If you know what the trouble, why don't you help them to___ the situation?
[A] simplify [B] modify
[C] verify [D] rectify
III. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)
One might predict that the easiest and fastest adjustment would be made by the flexible, tolerant person who had chosen to come to the new country and who had a job. Additionally, 5 1 , would be easier for someone whose culture and language are 5 2 to those of the new country. 5 3 , a person who has a lot of support 5 4 friends and family would probably adjust more quickly. Undoubtedly, in many 5 5 , these would be good predictors of a relatively smooth adjustment. However, sometimes there are surprises in peopl e’s cultural 5 6 to a new country.
Some newcomers 5 7 a society do well in their first year of cultural adjustment. 5 8 , they may have a more difficult time later. Perhaps they expected the second year to be 5 9 easy and successful as the first year, but are not prepared to deal with obstacles 6 0 arise during the second year. 6 1 who had problems from the beginning may 6 2 find the second year easier 6 3 they are used to solving problems. They expect difficulties and aren't surprised by them.
There is yet another unpredictable variable in cultural adjustment Sometimes people come to a second 6 4 speaking the new language very well, but still do not have an easy adjustment. The newcomers think 6 5 because they have a good 6 6 of the language, they will not have much difficulty. 6 7 , if people think that the new country is very similarto their country of origin 6 8 , in fact, it is not, they may actually adapt more slowly. This is because the newcomers only imagine the similarity between the two cultures. Therefore they may 6 9 that differences exist. Cultural differences do not 7 0 , of course, just because a person denies that they exist
51. [A] prediction [B] adjustment [C] adaptability [D] expectation
52. [A] similar [B] new [C] superior [D] inferior
53. [A] Particularly [B] Personally [C] Sometimes [D] Finally
54. [A] from [B] in [C] of [D] on
55. [A] occasions [B] cases [C] places [D] parts
56. [A]adoption [B]application [C] adaptation [D]subjection
57. [A] in [B]of [C]to [D] from
58. [A] Moreover [B] However [C] Hence [D] Actually
59. [A] so [B] as [C] more [D] very
60. [A] when [B] of which [C] what [D] that
61. [A] Those [B] Any [C] That [D]Some
62. [A] really [B] always [C] typically [D] actually
63. [A] when [B] what [C] because [D] due
64. [A] culture [B] school [C] location [D] city
65. [A] what [B] that [C] this [D]which
66. [A] seize [B] grasp [C] snatch [D] thinking
67. [A] However [B] In general [C] In fact [D] In addition
68. [A] which [B] where [C] when [D] that
69. [A] refuse [B] ignore [C] deny [D] neglect
70. [A] go away [B] go off [C] get away [D] get off
IV. Translation (30%):
Part A (20%):
Translate the following passage into Chinese:
Some old people are troubled by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear they will be killed in a battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows and has done whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat ignoble. The best way to overcome it — so at least it seems to me ----is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly part of the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river----small at first narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grow wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become part of the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.
Part B (10%):.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1) 凡事预则立，不预则废。
2) 我们可以让内燃机使用另一种污染程度较低的燃料，如天然气、燃料电池，液态氢等，
这些我们都可以考虑。
3) 我们必须考虑到这一点：我们的星球是从子孙后代那里借来的，而不是我们祖先馈赠的。
4) 可持续发展是指为了将来后代的利益，我们必须保留足够的生存空间，以使我们满足需
要，施展抱负。
5) 这门学科的重要性与其被了解的程度不成正比。
V. Writing (20%):
Directions: Write a composition in the title “Cyber Crimes (网上犯罪)”based on the following given outline. Your composition should be about 150 English words. Please write your composition on the Answer Sheet.
Outline:
1. There are various kinds of cyber crimes.
2. causes for cyber crimes.
3. We should take effective measures to crack down cyber criminals.
Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage: When Kathie Gifford ’s face was splashed across the newspapers in 1996 after her lucrative line of Wal mart clothing was exposed as the work of underpaid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown, the Department of Labor and the White House teamed up to condemn such practices. With much fanfare, President Clinton’s administration launched the “No Sweat” campaign, which pressured retailers and manufacturers to submit to periodic independent inspection of their workplace conditions.; This campaign urged manufacturers to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct, a promise to self regulate that has since been adopted by a handful of retailers and many of the nation ’s largest manufacturers, including Nike and L.L. Bean. However, the Department of Defense, which has a $ 1 billion garment business that would make it the country’s 14th largest retail apparel outlet, has not signed the Code of Conduct. In addition, it has not agreed to demand that its contractors submit to periodic inspections.; Because the Department of Defense has not agreed to adhere to the code, the job of stopping public sector sweatshops falls to the Department of Labor. Federal contractors that persist in violating wage laws or safety and health codes can lose their lucrative taxpayer financed contracts. But Suzanne Seiden, a deputy administrator at the Department of Labor, says that to her knowledge, the department has never applied that rule to government apparel manufacturers. “I just assume that they are adhering to safety and health requirements,” she says. According to records obtained by Mother Jones, through a Freedom of Information Act request, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has cited Lion 32 times for safety and health violations in the past 12 years. 21.What is this passgage mainly concerned with? A)The functions of the Department of Labor in America. B)A serious problem threatening American economy. C)The successful attempt of regulating sweatshops in America. D)The seriousness of the problem of sweatshops in America. 22.According to the passage, Kathie Gifford ____. A) was one of the underpaid laborers in New York City’s Chinatown B) was one of the well paid laborers in New York City ’s Chinatown C) made much money from cheap laborers in New York City’s Chinatown D) wrote a newspaper article exposing the practice of employing cheap laborers 23.The underlined p hrase “to submit to” is closest in meaning to ____. A) to accept unwillingly B) to refuse coldly C) to welcome warm heartedly D) to blame strongly 24.Which of the following statements about the Department of Defense is true? A) It will become the count ry’s 14th largest retail apparel manufacturer. B) It hasn’t acted according to the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) It has demanded its contractors to sign the Workplace Code of Conduct. D) It has teamed up with the Department of Labor to launch a campaign. 25.What was the purpose of President Clinton’s administration launching the “No Sweat” campaign? A) To urge manufacturers to obey the Workplace Code of Conduct. B) To remind the manufacturers of the Workplace Code of Conduct. C) To urge the Department of Labor to take its responsibility. D) To urge the Department of Defense to inspect manufacturers. Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: The term investment portfolio conjures up visions of the truly rich-the Rockefellers, the Wal Mart Waltons, Bill Gates. But today, everyone-from the Philadelphia firefighter, his part time receptionist wife and their three children, to the single Los Angeles lawyer starting out on his own-needs a portfolio.; A portfolio is simply a collection of financial assets. It may include real estate, rare stamps and coins, precious metals and even artworks. But those are for people with expertise. What most of us need to know about are stocks, bonds and cash (including such cash equivalents as money market funds).; How do you decide what part of your portfolio should go to each of the big three? Begin by understanding that stocks pay higher returns but are more risky; bonds and cash pay lower returns but are less risky.; Research by Ibbotson Associates, for example, shows that large company stocks, on average, have returned 11.2 percent annually since 1926. Over the same period, by comparison, bonds have returned an annual average of 5.3 percent and cash, 3.8 percent.; But short term risk is another matter. In 1974, a one year $1000 investment in the stock market would have declined to $735.; With bonds, there are two kinds of risk: that the borrower won’t pay you back and that the money you’ll get won’t be worth very much. The U.S. government stands behi nd treasury bonds, so the credit risk is almost nil. But the inflation risk remains. Say you buy a $1000 bond maturing in ten years. If inflation averages about seven percent over that time, then the $1000 you receive at maturity can only buy $500 worth of today’s goods.; With cash, the inflation risk is lower, since over a long period you can keep rolling over your CDs every year (or more often). If inflation rises, interest rates rise to compensate.; As a result, the single most imortant rule in building a portfolio is this: If you don’t need
2015年四川大学考博《英语》真题 (总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟) 一、ⅠReadingComprehension 二、Passage1 Speechissofamiliarafeatureofdailylifethatwerarelypausetodefineit.Itseemsasnatural tomanaswalkingandonlylesssothanbreathing.Yetitneedsbutamoment'sreflectiontoconvinceus thatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insob erfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatt erfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybrought intoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalh eredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,the veryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobe primarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,th enormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearnthear t,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirth,orevenfromthemomentofconception,totake onallthoseexpendituresofnervousenergyandallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalkin g.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman. Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk ,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisbornnotmerelyinnature,butinthelapofasoc ietythatiscertain,reasonablycertain,toleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthere iseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustasce rtainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsys temofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmenti ntowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyalienone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhi snewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelya tvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatva riesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabil ityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfr omsocialgrouptosocialgroup,becauseitisapurelyhistoricalheritage,theproductoflong-cont inuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries-notasconsciously,perhaps,butnoneth elessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walki ngisanorganic,instinctivefunction,speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,"cultural"functio n. (1).ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"Notsolanguage"istheclosestinmeaningto______. " A.thisisnotthecasewithlanguage " B.soislanguageandnotanythingelse " C.nosuchathingexistsinlanguage " D.notsomuchwithlanguage A.√ B. C. D. 解析：细节推理题。Notsolanguage承接首段的最后一句话，将language与walking进行对比，上文提及"行走是人类与生俱来的一种生物功能"，而语言则不是。选项A与文中的意思最接近。故答案为A。
四川大学2012考博英语真题及答案详解 阅读 1）Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born With, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D. C., the world’s only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the “hand talk” his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually: have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? I t was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing a s “substandard”. Stokoe’s idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a cafe near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. “What I said,” Stokoe explains, “is that language is not mouth stuff—it’s brain stuff.” 21. The study of sign language is thought to be _____C___. A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to tradi t ional, views on the nature of language C) an approach: to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language（C） 22. The, present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by ___C_____. A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language（C） 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is _____B___. A) a Substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language（B）
西南大学2015年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案 Part I: Grammar and V ocabulary (20%) 1-5CADDD 6-10AABCD 11-15 CABBA 16-20 CBAAC Part II: Reading Comprehension (30%) 1-5 DCACB 6-10 AACAD 11-15 DAACA Part Ⅲ：English to Chinese Translation(15%) 她看到了屋外广场上，充满新春气息的树梢是那么的兴奋。空气中弥漫着芬芳的雨的气息。窗户下面的街道上，小贩正在叫卖他的器皿。远处传来缥缈的歌声，数不清的麻雀也在屋檐下叽叽喳喳地唱个不停。 对着她窗户的西边天空上，层层叠叠的云朵之间，露着一绺一绺的蔚蓝蔚蓝色的天空。突出文章的主题：被压抑的个性和对自由的追求。她把头靠在椅背上，非常地平静。除了像个孩子自己哭着睡着了，还继续呜咽一样，她也偶尔地呜咽一下，这使她有点颤抖。 她很年青，她那白皙、安详的脸上线条，显示着一种压抑甚至说是一种力量。但是现在，她那凝望蓝天的双眸，目光茫然，甚或有点呆滞。这并不是匆匆沉思的一瞥，更不是一种长久的深思熟虑，而是精神世界一片空旷。 Part Ⅳ: Chinese to English Translation(15%) Primary and secondary school will impart to you only some rudiments of knowledge. Even what you learn during the four years of university will be something quite superficial too. A university has often been misleadingly referred to as "the highest seat of learning, which sounds as if there were no more learning to speak of beyond it. The research institute of a university, however, is the place for preliminary scholarship. But even there you get only the first taste of learning and the emphasis is on research methodology and practice. Art is long, life is short. That is why some of our ancients continued to study even when they were hoary-headed. They were, of course, motivated by an enormous interest in their studies. Part V: Essay Writing (10%) The Pleasure of Learning The Pleasure of Learning Almost everyone will be confused when they ask themselves, "why we learn. " In China, students answer this question, "to pass the College Entrance Examination". But after I read the article which entitled The Pleasure of Learning, I know the correct answer. It's the pleasure of learning. In this article, the author thinks learning is a natural, inborn and instinctive pleasure, and it's one of the innate pleasures of the human race. However, this pleasure is not confined to learning from textbooks. It is found in all kinds of the experience, practices, arts, crafts and explorations. He believes that the wholeness of
川大考博英语2014年真题 I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each) Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. Passage One In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small,well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “huma n-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness. Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanist industrialism in which man and full
2015河海大学考博英语历年真题 一、招考介绍 从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。 二、河海大学考博英语题型 初试的笔试科目为外国语(听力测试在复试中进行)、政治理论和两门业务课，其中英语试题构成一般为词汇结构10%，填空及改错10%，阅读40%，写作和翻译40%。 三、考博英语必备参考书 育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。 四、联系导师 在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。 大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。 通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种： （1）、欢迎报考。这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。 （2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。 (3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。不可否认，这是最好的情况，你可以放心的去考，一般不会出问题的。但不排除偶然，像出现直博和本
博士研究生入学考试英语试题 考试科目名称：英语 试题适用招生专业：全校 考生答题须知 1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。 2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。 3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。 4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。 Part I Listening Comprehension (15%) Section A Short dialogues Directions:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I). 1. A. He lost the calculator. B. He doesn’t know where the calculator is. C. He thinks he broke the calculator. D. He doesn’t know the answer to the problem. 2. A. He lost it. B. He used it last night. C. He was the last to use it. D. He finally brought it back. 3. A. The woman should buy some new trousers. B. The woman should buy some clothes for larger size. C. The woman should eat less. D. The woman should do exercises. 4. A. At a theater. B. At a booking office. C. At a railway station. D. At a restaurant. 5. A. The size of the room. B. Long working hours. C. The hot weather. D. The fan in the room. Section B Passages Directions:In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a