本文供考研英国文学复习第二遍和第三遍的时候使用，第一遍要把教材细读一遍。
很多人觉的文学学的乱七八糟，主要是因为脑子里没有一个清晰的纲领，在临考前脑子里要对文学有很清晰的纲领，这样就算复习的差不多了。有人又问？什么是纲领？比如说英国文学吧，你要知道英国文学大致分为多少个时期，每一个时期有什么总体特点，有什么总体的literary trend，然后这个时期有那些重要的作家，每一个重要的作家都写过什么重要的作品，这些重要的作品大致内容是什么，有什么意义，有什么写作特色，除了这些之外，再对基本的文学术语有所了解就差不多了。当然如果要求选读的，选读作品得另看。
Part One: Early and Medieval En glish Literature
1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliterati on, metaphors and un derstateme nts （此处可能会有填空，选
择等小题）
2. Roma nee （名词解释）
3. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ”：a famous roman about King Arthur 'story
4. Ballad （名词解释）
5. Character of Robin Hood
6. Geoffrey Chaucer: foun der of En glish poetry; The Can terbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in
英国文学简史完全版 A Concise History of British Literature Chapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period I. Introduction 1. The historical background （1）Before the Germanic invasion （2）During the Germanic invasion a. immigration; b. Christianity; c. heptarchy. d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）; e. social organization: clan or tribes. f. military Organization; g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education; h. economy: coins, trade, slavery; i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system. 2. The Overview of the culture （1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit. （2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures. II. Beowulf.
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年
1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social
刘炳善《英国文学简史》（第3版）模拟试题及详解（二） I.Fill in the blanks 1.Two English poets,_____and_____published a book of poems Lyrical Ballads.【答案】William Wordsworth;Samuel Taylor Coleridge 【解析】1798年，华兹华斯和柯勒律治联合出版了《抒情歌谣集》，标志着英国浪漫主义的诞生。 2.Samson Agonistes was written by_____. 【答案】John Milton 【解析】《力士参孙》是英国作家John Milton的一部悲剧。 3.Of the four novels that Charlotte Bront?wrote,_____has achieved lasting fame.【答案】Jane Eyre 【解析】在夏洛特·勃朗特所写的四部小说中，《简·爱》获得了持久的名声。 4.Through the military life experience of Guy,and disillusionment of his dream of elimination of the evils through just wars,Evelyn Waugh explores in his work, _____,the nature of war. 【答案】Unconditional Surrender 【解析】伊夫林·沃在小说《无条件投降》（Unconditional Surrender）写到，盖伊希望通过战争消除罪恶的梦想最终破灭，从而以此来探索自己对战争本质的认识。
英美文学欣赏知识点100句 1.The work that presented,for the first time in English literature,a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales. 首次在英国文学，中世纪英国社会的全面逼真的画面，创造了从各行各业生动的人物整体画廊是杰弗里·乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集。 2. Geoffrey Chaucer is regarded as the father of English poetry. 乔叟被看作是英国诗歌之父。 3. The verse form of heroic couplet was introduced into English poetry and employed in the poem with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer. 3.英雄对联的诗体被引入英国诗歌和诗与真正的轻松和魅力，第一次在英国文学的杰弗里·乔叟的历史就业。 4. The Canterbury Tales presents a whole gallery of vivid characters,the team of pilgrims,people from all walks of life,including 31 members altogether. 4.坎特伯雷故事呈现生动的人物整体画廊，朝圣者的队伍，来自各行各业，其中包括31名成员共有人。 5. Generally,Renaissance refers to the intellectual movement during the period between 14th and mid-17th centuries,its essence was humanism. 5.一般来说，文艺复兴是指智力运动在14和中17世纪之间的时期，它的本质是人文精神。 6. English Renaissance Period was an age of poetry and drama.
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
基础英语考研（英美文学简史）考研复习考点归纳 一、《英国文学简史》考点笔记 1.1 复习笔记 早期英国文学 Early English Literature Ⅰ.Background Knowledge—The Making of England（背景知识——英国的形成） 1．The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年） A. Brief Introduction（简介） Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。
Three conquests（时间+意义）: 1)The Roman conquest, 55 BC, civilized, Christianized 2)The English conquest,5th century, old English, starting point of English literature 3)The Norman conquest, 1066, Mid-English, establishment of feudalism. 2.P3选择，填空，判断 Beowulf, the national epic of English people. 3.P4 诗歌翻译 “ThusmadetheirmourningthemenofGeatland,坟墓周围，勇士们骑着战马， Fortheirhero’spassing,hishearth-companions为逝去的国王唱起挽歌， Quoththatofallthekingsofearth,高赞你的懿德，分享你的恩泽，哀叹你的陨落， Ofmenhewasthemildestandmostbeloved,人们称你为最可亲最可敬的国王， Tohiskinthekindest,keenesttopraise.” 你对人们总是最仁爱最热心， 你最渴望的就是人们对你的赞扬。 4.P5 名词解释，问答 Features of Beowulf: 1)The use of alliteration. (头韵) (定义：in alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound.) 2)The use of metaphors and of understatements（隐喻） (Grendel represents forest, she-monster represents water, fire-dragon represents sky) 5.P8 选择填空判断 英国Romance代表作:adventures ofKing Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》，同时也是骑士文学代表作）
Part 1. Old and medieval Beowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements. 1.William Langland 威廉。兰格伦: Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯 1.Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟1340-1400: 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂; Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribution to English poetry: introduced from France the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. Part 2. The English renaissance 1.Thomas More托马斯。莫尔：Utopia乌托帮 1.Philip Sidney菲力普。锡德尼：Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩3.Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。斯宾塞: The Faerie Queen仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历 4.Francis Bacon培根1561-1626: Advancement of Learning学术的进展; Novum Organum新工具; New Atlantic新大西岛; Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self） The founder of English materialist philosophy 5.Christopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。马洛: Tamburlaine铁木耳大帝Dr.Faustus 浮士德的悲剧The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人The Passionate Shepherd多情的牧羊人致情人 6.William Shakespeare莎士比亚1564-1616: The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Julet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗 The Great Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;;Twelfth Night第十二夜;
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释) Part Two: The English Renaissance 8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance（填空选择） 9. Renaissance（名词解释） 10.Thomas More——Utopia 11. Sonnet（名词解释） 12. Blank verse（名词解释） 13. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (col lection of his sonnets) Spenserian Stanza（名词解释） 14. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements) 16. William Shakespeare可以说是英国文学史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。四大喜剧，四大悲剧比 较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的喜剧作品是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 17. Ben Jonson个别戏剧的名字要能和人对上号，如Every Man in His Humor, 二外好像在这里出过一道匹配题，但是不用看太具体。 Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution 18. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost 需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，具体情节在课本124页，另外要知道 此书theme和Satan的形象。对于Samson Agonistes要知道它是poetical drama，知道故事大概情节及 其来源。另外129页到130页brief summary中5条要看。 19. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 20. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images 21. Andrew Marvell 此人不重要，但他有一首名诗To His Coy Mistress 22. John Dryden——“All for Love”(a tragedy); “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy”(Literary criticism); forerunner of the Classicism in Britain Part Four: The Eighteen Century 23. Enlightenment（名词解释） 24. Classicism（名词解释） 25. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 26. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 27. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 28. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 29. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; “The Drapier’s Letters” and “A Modest Proposal”, 后一篇比较重要，要注意后一篇作者用的irony也就是反讽手法。 30. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 31. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，179页这一节最后一段，有Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖 民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 32. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir
《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版 《英国文学简史》刘炳善中文版2010-09-09 21：00第一部分：早期和中世纪英国文学 第一章：英国的组成 1、大不列颠人(英国人) 在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。英国这个民族是一个混血族。早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。"最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力"。英国人曾生活在部落社会。 2、罗马人的占领 在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。 3、英国人的占领 同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。他们是来自北欧的三个部落：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区，并在东英吉利亚建立
英国文学简史期末考试复习要点
一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） ?《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf） ?《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ) 杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales） 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） ?托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ） 《乌托邦》（Utopia） ?埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 《仙后》（The Faerie Queene) ?弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon） 《论说文集》（Essays) 克里斯托弗·马洛 Christopher Marlowe ?《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine） ?《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） ?《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta） 威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare ） 《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet） SONNET18 三、17世纪文学 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost） ?约翰·班扬（John Bunyan） 《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress） 四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期） 18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。 亚历山大·蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛 ?丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 《鲁滨孙漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe） ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） ?乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 《格列佛游记》Gulliver’s Travels ?亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones） 托马斯·格雷 Thomas Gray 《墓园哀歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） ?罗伯特·彭斯 Robert Burns ?威廉·布莱克 William Blake ?威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth ?塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）
英国文学 Charles Dickens查理·狄更斯 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿(first true novel);Hard Times艰难时刻;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectations远大前程;Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传;David Copperfield大卫科波菲尔;Bleak House荒凉山庄 Thomas Hardy托马斯·哈代 Under the Greenwood Tree在绿荫下;Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特乔市长;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德;A Pure Women诱奸 美国文学 Part 1. The Literature of Colonial America殖民时期文学 Puritanism对美国文学最有影响力的一种文学形式 The American puritans: a group of serious, religious idealists, advocating highly religious and moral principles. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. Basic Puritan Beliefs:①total depravity (concept of Original Sin)②unconditional election(concept of predestination)③limited atonement④irresistible grace⑤Perseverance of the "saints" Part 2. National Literature民族文学(启蒙文学) Benjamin Franklin本杰明?富兰克林 The Autobiography自传 Thomas Paine托马斯?潘恩(爱国主义作家) Common Sense常识;The American Crisis美国危机 Thomas Jefferson(在其主持领导下，通过了独立宣言) The Declaration of Independence独立宣言 Part 3.Romanticism (stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war) 早期浪漫主义作家①Washington Irving华盛顿?欧文幽默大师、散文大师 A History of New York纽约外史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;The Sketch Book见闻札记;Rip Van Wrinkle瑞普·凡·温克尔;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家 ②James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯?费尼莫尔?库珀(关注西进运动) Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集(5部长篇小说：The Deerslayer杀鹿人; The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人; The Pathfinder探路者; The Pioneer拓荒者; The Prairie平原) ③William Cullen Bryant布莱恩特 Thanatopsis死亡随想;To a Waterfowl;致水鸟(被Matthew Arnold誉为英国语言中最完美的一首短诗) Transcendentalis m①oversoul超灵②believe firmly in democracy, and insisted on an intense individualism③nature Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the New England region of the United States as a protest to the general state of culture and society. ①They believe the inherent goodness of both man and nature. ②They believe that society and its institutions ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual.③They believe that man is at his best when truly "self-reliant" and independent. It is only from such real individuals that true community could be formed.