P21,KEY TERMS
application software 应用软件
basic application 根本应用软件communication device 通信设备compact disc (CD) 光盘computer competency 计算机水平connectivity 连通性data数据database file 数据库文件desktop computer 台式计算机device driver 磁盘驱动程序digital versatile disc (DVD 数字多用途光盘digital video disc (DVD 数字多用途光盘document file 文档文件end user终端用户floppy disk 软盘handheld computer 手持计算机hard disk 硬盘hardware 硬件high definition 高清Information 信息information system 信息系统information technology 信息技术input device 输入设备Internet 因特网keyboard 键盘mainframe computer 主机;电脑存储机memory内存
microprocessor 微处理器midrange computer 中型机minicomputer小型计算机modems制解调器monitor监视器mouse鼠标network 网络
notebook computer 笔记本电月而operating system 操作系统optical disk 光盘
output device 输出设备palm computer 掌上电脑people用户
personal digital assistant (PDA 个人数字助理
presentation file 演示文稿
primary storage 主存
printer 打印机
procedure 规程
program 程序
random access memory 随机存储器secondary storage device 辅存software 软件
specialized application 专门应用软
件
supercomputer 巨型机
system software 系统软件
system unit 系统单元
tablet PC平板电脑
utility 实用程序
wireless revolution 无线革命worksheet file 工作表
P53,KEY TERMS address 地址
Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANETT高级研究工程署的网络
applets小型应用程序attachment 附件auction house site 拍卖行网站browser 浏览器
business-to-business (B2B)企业对企业的电子商务模式business-to-consumer (B2.企业对消费者的电子商务模式cable电缆
carder信用卡诈骗的人
microcomputer 微型机
Center for European Nuclear Research (CERN欧洲核子研究委员会
computer virus 计算机病毒consumer-to-consumer (C2C 消费者对消费者的电子商务模式
dial-up 拨号
digital cash 数字现金
directory search 目录检索domain name 域名downloading 下载
DSL数字用户
e-commerce电子商务
e-learning 电子学习
electronic commerce 电子商务electronic mail 电子邮件
e-mail电子邮件protocol ( FTP)文件传输协议
filter 过滤器
friend 支元
header标题
hit检索的结果
hyperlink 超链接
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML 超文本标记语百instant messaging (IM) 即时通讯
Internet 因特网
Internet security suite 网络平安套件Java面向对象程序设计
keyword search 关键词检索
link链接
location 存储单元
message 信息
metasearch engine 元搜索弓I 擎national service provider 国家® 务提供商online 在线
online banking 网上专艮行
online shopping 网上购物
online stock trading 网上证券交易person-to-person auction site 人际拍卖网站plug-in 插件protocol 协议
search engine 搜索弓I擎
search service 搜索®务
signature line 签名线
social networking 社交网络
spam垃圾邮件
spam blocker垃圾邮件拦截器specialized search engine 专业搜索引擎
spider网络爬虫subject 主题surf冲浪top-level domain 顶级域名
uniform resource locator (URI) 统一资源定位器universal instant messenger 通用即时信息软件uploading 上传Web网站
Web auction网上拍卖
Web-based application 网络应用Web-based service 网络效劳Webmaster网络治理员;站长Web page 网页Web utility 网络工具wireless modem 无限路由器wireless service provider 无线上网效劳
P85,KEY TERMS
analytical graph 分析图application software 应用软件AutoContent Wizard 内容提示向导basic applications 根
底应用软件
bulleted list 工程符号列表business suite 商业套装软件Button按键Cell单元格character effect 字效Chart图表Column 歹!J
Computer trainer 计算机培训员Contextual tab 上下文标签
Database数据库
database management system (DBMS) 数据库治理系统
database manager数据库治理员Design template 设计模板
dialog box 对话框
Document 文件
Editing 编辑
Field字段
find and replace 查找和替换
Font字体
font size 字号
Form窗体
Format格式
Formula 公式
Function 函数
Galleries 图库
grammar checker语法检查器graphical user interface (GUI) 图
形用户界面
home software家庭软件
home suite家庭套装软件
Icons图标
integrated package 集成组件
Label标签
master slide 母板
Menu菜单menu bar菜单栏
numbered list 编号列表
numeric entry 数值型输入
personal software 个人软件personal suite 个人套装软件
Pointer 指针presentation graphic 图形演示文稿productivity suite 生产力套装软件Query查询Range范围Recalculation 重算Record记录relational database 关系型数据Report报表Ribbons功能区、格式栏Row彳亍Sheet工作表Slide幻灯片software suite 软件套装
Sort排序specialized applications 专用应用
程序specialized suite 专用套装软件speech recognition 语音识另^ spelling checker 拼写检查器spreadsheet 电子表格system software 系统软件Table 表格text entry 文本输入Thesaurus分类词7匚集Toolbar工具栏user interface 用户界面utility suite
实用套装软件
what-if analysis 变化分析
Window® 口word processor 文字处理软件word wrap字回行workbook file 工作簿Worksheet工作表
P113.KEY TERMS Animation 动画artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能artificial reality 虚拟现实
audio editing software 音频编辑软件bitmap image 位图blog博客Buttons 按键clip art 剪辑图Desktop publisher 桌面发布
desktop publishing program 桌面印刷系统软件drawing program 绘图程序expert systems 专家系统Flash动画fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑
graphical map 框匿graphics suite 集成图HTML editors HTML 编辑器illustration program 绘图程序Image editors 图像编辑器
image gallery 图库
immersive experience 沉浸式体验industrial robots 工业机器人Interactivity 交互性knowledge bases 知识库knowledge-based system 知识库系统Link链接mobile robot 移动式遥控装置Morphing 渐变Multimedia 多媒体multimedia authoring programs 多媒
体编辑程序
page layout program 页面布局程序perception systems robot 感知系统机器人
Photo editors 图像编辑器
Pixel像素
raster image 光栅图像
Robot机器人
Robotics机器人学
stock photographs 照片库
story boards 故事版
Vector矢量
vector illustration 矢量图
vector image 矢量图像
video editing software 视频编辑软件
virtual environments 虚拟环境virtual reality 虚拟现实
virtual reality modeling language (VRML戏拟现实建模语言
virtual reality wall 虚拟现实墙VR虚拟现实
Web authoring网络编程Webauthoring program 网络编辑程序Web log网络日志
Web page editor网页编辑器
商
P141.KEY TERMS
Add Printer Wizard 添加打印机向导Antivirus program 反病毒程序Backup备份
backup program 备份程序
Booting启动、引导
cold boot 冷启动
computer support specialist 计算机支持专家
Dashboard widgets 仪表盘
Desktop 桌面
desktop operating system 桌面操作系统
device driver 磁盘驱动程序diagnostic program 诊断程序
dialog box 对话框
Disk Cleanup磁盘清理
Disk Defragmenter 磁盘碎片整理器Driver驱动器
embedded operating systems 嵌入式
操作系统
File文件
program文件压缩程序
Folder文件夹
Fragmented 碎片化
graphical user interface (GUI) 图
形用户界面
Help帮助
Icon图标
language translator 语言编译器
leopard雪豹操作系统
Linux
Mac OS Mac操作系统
Mac OS X
Menu菜单
Multitasking 多任务处理
network operating systems(NOS)网络操作系统
network server 网络效劳器One Button Checkup 一键修复operating system 操作系统Platform 平台Pointer 指针Sectors 扇区software environment 软件环境
Spotlight 聚光灯stand-alone operating system 独立操作系统system software 系统软件Tiger老虎操作系统Tracks磁道troubleshooting program 故障检修程
序Uninstall program 卸载程序UNIX user interface 用户界面Utility 实用程序
utility suite 实用套装软件
Virus 病毒warm boot热启动
Window视窗
Windows视窗操作系统Windows Update Windows 更新Windows Vista
Windows XP
P172.KEY TERMS
AC adapter交流适配器Accelerated graphics port(AGP): 图
形加速端口
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU :算术
逻辑单元
Arithmetic operation: 算术运算ASCII美国标准信息交换码
Binary coding schemes: 二进制编码制
Bit:位
Bus:总线
Bus line:总线
Byte:字节
Cable:电缆
Cache memory:高速缓存
carrier package 封装物
Central processing unit (CPU): 中央处理器
Chip:芯片
Clock speed时钟速度Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor:互补金属氧化物半导
体
Computer technician 计算机工程师Control unit: 限制单元
Coprocessor协处理器
Desktop system unit: 桌面系统单元Digital 数字的
Dual-core chips 双核芯片
EBCDIC扩展二进制编码的十进制交换码
Expansion bus扩展总线
Expansion card 扩展卡
Expansion slot 扩展槽
FireWire port:火线接口
Flash memory 闪存
Graphics card 图形适配卡
Graphics coprocessor 图形协处理器Handheld computer system unit 手持计算机系统单元
Industry standard architecture
(ISA)工业标准结构
Infrared Data Association
(IrDA)红外线传输模组
Integrated circuit: 集成电路Laptop computer膝式计算机
Logical operation 逻辑运算Microprocessor:微处理器Motherboard:主板
Musical instrument digital interface
(MIDI)乐器数字接口Network adapter card 网络适酉己卡Network interface card (NIC)网络接口卡Notebook system unit: 笔t 己本Parallel ports: 并行端口
Parallel processing 并行处理
Pc card::个人计算机插卡
PCI Express (PCIE)
Peripheral component interconnect (PCI):外围部件互联
Personal digital assistant (PDA) 个人数字助理
Plug and play: 即插即用
Port:端口
Power supply unit 供电设备Processor:处理器
RAM cache: RAM高速缓存
Random-access memory (RAM):随机存储器
Read-only memory (ROM):只读存储器RFID tag 射频识别标签Semiconductor:半导体
serial ATA (SATA 串行ATAg口规
范
Serial ports: 串行端口
Silicon chip:硅芯片
Slot:插槽
Smart card:智能卡
sound card 声卡
System board:系统板
System cabinet:主机
System clock:系统时钟
System unit:系统单元
tablet PC平板式电脑
tablet PC system unit 平板式电脑系
统单元
TV tuner card: 电视调频卡
Unicode:统一字符编码标准
Universal serial bus (USB): 通用申行总线
Universal serial bus (USB) port:
通用串行总线端口
Virtual memory:虚拟存储器
Word:字
P205,KEY TERMS active-matrix monitor 有源矩阵显示
器
bar code条形码
bar code reader 条形码阅读器cathode ray tube monitor (CRT) 阴极射线管显示器
Clarity 清楚度
combination key 组合键
cordless mouse 无线鼠标
data projector 数据投影仪
digital camera 数码照相机Digital media player 数字媒体播放器
Digital music player 数码音乐播放
器
digital video camera 数码影像摄录
机
dot pitch 点品E
dot-matrix printer 针式打印机
dots-per-inch (dpi) 点每英寸
dual-scan monitor 双向扫描显示器dumb terminal 哑终端
e-book电子图书阅读器
ergonomic keyboard 人体工程学键盘Fax machine 机
flat-panel monitor 平面显示器Flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪flexible keyboard 可变形键盘handwriting recognition software
手写识别软件
Headphones^ 机
high-definition television (HDTV)
高清电视
ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机intelligent terminal 智能终端Internet telephone 网络
Internet telephony 网络
IP Telephony IP Joystick游戏杆Keyboard 键盘
laser printer 激光打ER机light pen 光笔
Liquid crystal display (LCD 液晶
Magnetic card reader 磁卡阅读器magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) 磁性墨水字符识别
mechanical mouse 机械鼠标
Monitor显示器
Mouse鼠标mouse pointer 鼠标指针multifunction device (MFD) 多功能
设备
network terminal 网络终端
numeric keypad 数字小键盘optical-character recognition (OCR洸学字符识别
optical-mark recognition (OMR洸:
学标记识别
optical mouse 光电鼠标
Optical scanner 光电扫描仪
passive-matrix monitor 无源矩阵显小翁
PDA keyboard PDA 键盘
personal laser printer 个人激光打印机
photo printer 照片打印机picture elements 有效像素
Pixel像素Pixel pitch 像素间距platform scanner 平版式扫仪Plotter 绘图仪pointing stick 触控点portable printer 便携式打印机portable scanner 便携式扫描仪Printer打印机
Radio frequency card reader 射频卡阅读器
Radio frequency identification (RFID))射频识别
refresh rate 刷新率
Resolution 分辨率
roller ball 滚动球
shared laser printer 共享激光打印
机
Speakers扬声器
Stylus输入笔
Technical writer 技术文档编写员telephony
Terminal 终端
thermal printer 热敏打印机
thin client 瘦客户端thin film transistor monitor (TFT)
薄膜晶体管显示器
toggle key 切换键
touch pad触控板
touch screen 触摸屏
Trackball轨迹球
traditional keyboard 传统键盘Universal Product Code (UPC) 同一
厂品编码
voice-over IP (VOIP) 网络
voice recognition system 语音识另^系统
wand reader棒式阅读器
WebcamS 像头
wheel button 滚动键
wireless keyboard 无线键盘
wireless mouse 无线鼠标
P172,KEY TERMS access speed存取速度
Blue-Ray (BD 蓝光
Capacity 容量
CD (compact disc)光盘
CD-R (CD-recordable)可录式CD CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory 洸:盘库
CD-RW (compact disc rewritable) 可重写CD
Cylinder 柱面
Density 密度
direct access 直接存取disk caching 磁盘缓存DVD (digital versatile disc or digital video disc)
DVD player DVD 播放器
DVD- R (DVD recordable)可录式DVD DVD +R (DVD recordable)可录式DVD DVD-RAM(DVD random-access memory)DVD®机存取器DVD-
ROM(DVD random-read-only memory)DV*读存储器DVD-ROM jukebox
DVD-RW (DVD rewritable)可重写DVD Enterprise storage system 企业存储系统erasable optical disk 可擦光盘
文件压缩文件解压缩文件效劳器flash memory card 闪存卡floppy disk 软盘Floppy disk cartridge 软盘盒
floppy disk drive (FDD) 软磁盘驱动器
hard disk 硬盘
hard-disk cartridge 硬盘盒hard-disk pack 硬盘组
HD DVD(high-definition DVD)高清DVD
head crash磁头碰撞
Hi def(high definition) 高清high capacity disk 高容量磁盘internal hard disk 内置硬盘
Internet hard drive网络硬盘驱动器Label标签
Land平地
magnetic tape 磁带
magnetic tape reel 磁带盒magnetic tape streamer 磁带条Media多媒体optical disk 光盘optical disk drive 光盘驱动器
Organizational Internet storage 组织性网络存储
PC Card hard disk PC 卡硬盘Pit坑primary storage 主存RAID system磁碟阵列系统Redundant array of inexpensive disks(RAID)廉价磁盘冗余阵列secondary storage 辅存Sector扇区sequential access 顺序存取
Shutter 滑盖
Software engineer 软件工程师solid-state storage 固态存储器
storage devices 存储装置 tape cartridge 盒式带 Track 轨道
USB drive USB 当区动器 write-protection notch 写入保护缺
口
字用户线
Distributed data processing system 分布式数字处理系统 Distributed processing 分布式处 理
Domain name server(DNS)域名效劳 器 Ethernet 以太网
External modem 外制调制解调盔 Extranet 外联网 Fiber-optic cable 光纤电缆
Firewall 防火墙 Global positioning
system(GPS)
全球定位系统
P269
Hierarchical network 分层网络 Home network 家庭局域网 3G cellular network 3G 移动网络
Analog signal 模拟彳 Asymmetric digital subscriber line(ADSL) 非对称数字用户线
Backbone 网络中枢 Bandwidth 带竟 Base station 基站 Bits per second(bps) 比特每秒
Bluetooth 蓝牙 Broadband 宽带 Broadcast radio 播送电台 Bus 总线 Bus network 总线网络
Cable modem 电缆调制解调盔 Cellular
service 移动 效劳
Client 客户端 Client/server network 客户机 / 服
务器网站 Coaxial cable 同轴电缆
Communication channel 通信通道
Communication system 通讯系统 Computer network 计算机网络 Connectivity 连接 Demodulation 解调 Dial-up service
拨号上网效劳 Digital signal
数子彳营号
Digital subscriber line(DSL)
数
Host computer Hub 集线器 Infrared 红外线
Internal modem 内置调制解调盔 Intranet 内网
IP address (Internet protocol
address) IP 地址(互联网协议地址) Local area network(LAN) 局域网
Low bandwidth 低带竟 Medium band 中等带直
Metropolitan area network ( MAN) 城域网
Modulation 调制 Network administrator
网络治理员
Network architecture 网络架构 Network gateway 网关 Network hub 网络枢纽
Network interface card(NIC) 网络 接口卡 Network operating system (NOS)网 络操作系统 Node 节点 Packet 数据包
PC card modem PC 卡调制解调盔 Peer-to-peer network 点对点 网 网
络(P2P
Proxy server 代理效劳器
Ring network 环网
Satellite 卫星
Satellite/air connection service 卫星/航空连接效劳
Server 效劳器
Star network 星网络
Strategy 策略
T1,T2,T3,T4 lines T1 , T2, T3, T4
路线
Telephone line 线
Terminal network 终端网络
Time-sharing system 分时系统Topology 拓扑
Transfer rate 传输速率Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol(TCP/IP) 传输限制协议/internet 协议(TCP/IP 协议)
Voiceband 话音频带
Wide area network (WAN) 广域网(WAN
Wi-FI (wireless fidelity) 无线相容性认证
Wireless LAN (WLAN) 无线局域网Wireless modem 无线调制解调器Wireless receiver 无线接收器
P303
Access 访问
Accuracy 精度
Ad network cookie 网络广告小软件Adware cookie 网络广告小软件
Anti-spyware 反间谍软件Biometric scanning 生物识别扫描Bomb炸弹
Carpal tunnel syndrome 腕管综合
征
Chlorofluorocarbones(CFCs) Computer Abuse Amendments Act 计
算机滥用法修正案
Computer crime 计算机犯罪Computer ethics 计算机伦理学Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 计算机欺诈和滥用法
Computer monitoring software 电
脑监控软件
Cookie html浏览器的一小段信息
Cryptographer 密码员
Cumulative trauma disorder 积累
性损伤错乱
Data security 数据平安
Denial of service (DoS) attack 拒
绝效劳攻击
Disaster recovery plan 灾难性恢
复方案
Electronic monioring 电子监控Electronic profile 电子专页Encrypting 力口密
Energy star 能源之星
Environment protection 环境保护Ergonomics 工效学
Ethics 伦理
Financial Modernization Act 金融
现代化法案
Firewall 防火墙
Freedom of Information Act 信息自由法
Green PC 绿色PC
Hacker 黑客
History file 历史文件
Identity theft 身份盗窃
川usion of anonymity 匿名梦想
Information broke 信息拦截器Information reseller 经销商信息Internet scam 互联网骗局Keystroke logger 案件记录器Malware恶意软件
Mistaken identity 识别错误Password 密码
Physical security 实体平安Privacy 隐私
Property 属性
Repetitive motion injury 反复性
动作损伤
Repetitive strain injury (RSI) 重
复劳损
Reverse directory 方向目录
Scam 诈骗
Security 平安
Snoopware监控软件
Software copyright Act 软件著作权法
Software piracy 间谍软件
Spike 尖状物
Spy removal program 间谍删除程序Spyware间谍软件
Surge protector 浪涌保护器Technostress 重压技术
Traditional cookie 传统cookies Trojan horse 木马
Virus 病毒
Voltage surge 电压浪涌
Web bug网络漏洞
Worm蠕虫
中译英参考答案 Unit 1 A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three primary subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem. The CPU performs many operations and controls computer. The memory subsystem is used to store program being executed by the CPU, along with the program’s data. The I/O subsystem allows the CPU to interact with input and output devices such as the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer. The components of the computer are connected to the buses. The part of the computer that performs the bulk of data processing operations is called the central processing unit and is referred to as the CPU. In microcomputer, it is often called the microprocessor. The CPU is made up of three major parts: control unit, ALU, and register set. Memory is also known as internal memory or main memory. It refers to the circuits in the computer that hold whatever programs and data are available for immediate use by the CPU. I/O subsystem includes I/O devices and interface. There are a wide variety of I/O devices, such as mouse, printer, sensor, disk, and so on. Input-output interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices. Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication links for interfacing them with the CPU. The purpose of the communication link is to resolve the differences that exist between the central computer and each peripheral. Unit 2 Storage hardware provides permanent storage of information and programs for retrieval by the computer. Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk. Usually a permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives can store large amounts of information and retrieve that information very quickly. Although fixed hard drive systems offer faster access and have a higher storage capacity than optical discs, optical disc systems use removable media – a distinct benefit. Optical discs – primary CDs and DVDs – are much more widely used than removable hard drive systems. They are the standard today for software delivery, as well as commonly used for storing high-capacity music and video files. There are also versions of both CD and DVD drives available for home audio and home theater use. Optical discs are commonly referred to as compact discs. CD and DVD discs are read by CD and DVD drives. The speed of a CD or DVD drive is rated as 24x, 32x, 36x, and so on. These labels describe how fast the drive is compared to the first version of that drive. For example, a 36x drive is 36 times the speed of the baseline unit that was originally manufactured. Most optical
Unit 7 The Fundamentals of Computer Software Text 1 Data Structure A data structure is a data type. Its values are composed of component elements that are related by some structure. Since a data structure is a data type, it has a set of operations on its values. In addition, there may be operations that act on its component elements. The operations of a structured data type might not only act on the values of the data type, they might also act on component elements of the data structure. The data type’s arrays and record s are native to many programming languages. By using the pointer data type and dynamic memory allocation, many programming languages also provide the facilities for constructing linked structures. The first two higher-level abstract data types are stacks and queues. They are extremely important to computing. A stack is a data type. Its major attributes are the way the insertion and deletion of its elements. The only element that can be deleted or removed is the one that was inserted most recently. Such a structure is said to have a last-in/first-out (LIFO) behavior. Queues are familiar to us. The line of people waiting for service at a bank is an example of queues. The main feature of queues is that they follow a first-come/first-served rule. In queues, the earliest element inserted is the first served. In social settings, the rule appeals to our sense of equality and fairness.There are many applications of the first-in/first-out (FIFO) protocol of queues in computing. For example, the line of I/O requests waiting for access to a disk drive might be a queue. The line of computing jobs waiting to be run on a computer system might also be a queue. 参考译文 数据结构 数据结构是一种数据类型,其值是由通过某种结构相互关联的组成元素所构成的。 由于数据结构是一种数据类型,因此它有一组针对这些值的操作;而且,可能有一些操作是作用于其组成元素的。结构化的数据类型的操作不仅可以作用于数据类型的值,并且也可以作用于数据结构的组成元素。 数据类型数组和记录对众多程序设计语言来说都是固有的数据类型。通过使用指针数据类型和动态存储分配,很多程序设计语言还提供了建立链接结构的功能。我们将要讨论的两种更高一级的抽象数据类型是堆栈和队列,它们对计算至关重要。 堆栈是一种数据类型,其主要性质是由支配其元素的插入与删除的规则来决定的。惟一能被删除或移去的元素只能是最后插入的元素,这就是所谓具有后进先出(LIFO)性质的结构。 队列对我们来说是非常熟悉的。在银行等待服务的一队人,就是队列的一个例子。队列的主要特征是遵循先来先服务的规则。在队列中,最先插入的元素将最先被服务。这种原则
Lesson 1. PC 概述 提到“技术”一词,大多数人会想到计算机。我们生活中的几乎每个方面都有一些计算机化的成份。家里的电器中内置了微处理器,电视机也是如此,就连汽车上面也有计算机。但是,人们首先想到的计算机通常是个人计算机或PC机。 PC机是利用微处理器建立的通用工具,具有相互配合的不同的部件,如内存、硬盘、调制解调器,等等。可以用PC机输入文档、发送电子邮件、浏览Web页面和玩游戏。 可以这样看PC机:PC机是个通用信息处理设备,可以从人(通过键盘与鼠标)、设备(例如软盘与光盘)和网络(通过调制解调器或网卡)取得信息,进行处理。处理信息之后,结果向用户显示(通过显示器)、存放在设备中(如硬盘)或发送到网络上其他地方(通过调制解调器或网卡)。日常生活中有许多专用处理器。MPS播放器是处理MPS文件的专用计算机,不能做别的任何事情。GPS是处理GPS 信号的专用计算机,不能做别的任何事情。掌机是处理游戏的专用计算机,不能做别的任何事情。而PC机则具有上述所有功能,因为它是通用的。 Lesson 2. PC机内部 下面看看典型台式计算机的主要组成部分: ●中央处理单元(CPU)-计算机系统的微处理器(大脑)称为中央处理单元。计算机所做的一切 都由CPU监控。 ●内存-保存数据的高速存储器,之所以要快,是因为其与微处理器直接相连。计算机中有几种特 定类型的内存: ●随机存取内存(RAM)-临时存储计算机当前使用的信息。 ●只读内存(ROM)-永久记忆存储器,计算机用其存储不会改变的重要数据。 ●基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)-一种ROM,计算机首次打开时用其建立基本通信机制。 ●缓存-在直接连接CPU的超高速RAM中存储常用数据。 ●虚拟内存-硬盘空间,临时存储数据,在需要时与RAM交换这些数据。 ●主板-所有其他内部组件连接的主线路板。CPU和内存通常在主板上,其他系统可以直接放在主 板上,也可以通过辅助连接相连。例如,声卡可以直接放在主板上,也可以通过PCI连接。
Guest editor a vehicle of 一种手段 productivity生产力 perceive 感知 empirical means:经验方法 the prolonged exponential growth:长期的指数增长Fidelity:保真度 energy harvesting:能源获取 Ubiquitous computing:普适计算 Photosynthesis :光合作用 incident light 入射光 coated 覆盖的 humidity 湿度 moisture gradients:湿气梯度 semiconductor fabrication:半导体制造 Acoustic:声学的 Miniaturization:小型化 Photons:光子,量子 Concentrations:浓度 Tailored:定制的 Spectrum:光谱 sophisticated heterogeneous systems:复杂的异构系统Fusion:融合=aggregation Qualitative 定性的 Diffusion:扩散 duty-cycle:占空比 spatial dimension:空间范围 Dissemination:散播 Pervasive:普遍的 Trajectory:轨道 Ambient:周围的 ②leach Microsensors:微传感器 Cluster: 名词:簇动词:分簇 Cluster head:簇头 Hierarchy 分层 Application-Specific 应用相关的 In terms of 按照 Aggregate聚合 Diffusion:传播 Dissipated:耗散 Timeline 时间轴
1 1.A computer is a fast and accurate system that is organized to accept, store and process data, and produce ~program. 计算机是快速而精准的系统,他用来接收、存储和处理数据,并在已存储的程序的指引下输出结果。 2.When people use the term “memory” in reference to computer ~which is comprised of chips attached to the motherboard. 当人们谈及计算机用到内存这个术语时,他们几乎总是在指被称为随机存储器RAM的计算机的主存储器,它是由固定在主板上的芯片构成的。 3.Inside the hard disk ~are many tracks.在硬盘驱动器的盒子 里,有一张或多张圆形的金属盘,金属盘上有许多磁道。 4.Clarity is indicated by its resolution, which~ pixes , the clearer, the clearer the images.清晰度通过分辨率显示,而分辨率又由像素决定。在显示器尺寸不变的情况下,像素越多,图像越清晰。 5.A monitor is a hardware with a television-like viewing screen. 显示器是指具有类似电视机的显像屏幕的硬件。 6.Input devices translate data and ~ that computer can process. 输入设备能够将人类理解的数据和程序指令转化成计算机能处理的形式。 7.Most scanners are of the flatbed,~ are the most popular.
PC personal computer 个人计算机 IBM International Business Machine 美国国际商用机器公司的公司简称,是最早推出的个人计算机品牌。 Intel 美国英特尔公司,以生产CPU芯片著称。 Pentium Intel公司生产的586 CPU芯片,中文译名为“奔腾”。 Address地址 Agents代理 Analog signals模拟信号 Applets程序 Attachment附件 Access time存取时间 access存取 accuracy准确性 Add-ons 插件 Active-matrix主动矩阵 Adapter cards适配卡 Advanced application高级应用 Analytical graph分析图表 Analyze分析 Animations动画 Application software 应用软件 Arithmetic operations算术运算 Audio-output device音频输出设备 Basic application基础程序 Binary coding schemes二进制译码方案 Binary system二进制系统 Bit比特 Browser浏览器 Bus line总线 Backup tape cartridge units备份磁带盒单元 Business-to-consumer企业对消费者 Bar code条形码 Bar code reader条形码读卡器 Bus总线 Bandwidth带宽 Bluetooth蓝牙 Broadband宽带 Business-to-business企业对企业电子商务
Computers are machines that can be used for performing calculations automatically.They can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. 电脑是机器可用来自动执行计算。他们能够快速进行复杂的和重复的程序,精确可靠,可以快速存储和检索大量数据。 The physical components from which a computer is constructed (electronic circuits and input/output devices) are known as "hardware". Most computers have four types of hardware components: input, processor, storage (main memory, auxiliary storage) and output. 身体成分构造计算机(电子电路和输入/输出设备)被称为“硬件”。大部分的电脑有四种类型的硬件组成部分:输入,处理器,存储器(主存储器,辅助存储)和输出。 Input and output (I/O) devices allow the computer to communicate with the user and the outside world. The CPU (central processing unit) executes programs ("software") which tell the computer what to do. The two principal characteristics of a computer are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). 输入输出(I/O)设备允许计算机与用户和外界沟通。CPU(中央处理单元)执行程序(“软件”),告诉计算机做什么。 计算机的两个重要特征是:它以一种定义良好的方式的特定指令集。它可以执行一个预先录制的指令列表(程序)。 Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows: Personal computer: A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. Workstation : A powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor. 计算机可以通过规模和权力如下: 个人电脑:一个小的,基于微处理器的单用户计算机。除了微处理器,个人计算机有一个键盘输入数据,显示器显示信息,和一个用于存储数据的存储装置。 工作站:一个强大的,单用户计算机。工作站就像一台个人电脑,但它有一个更强大的微处理器和一个更高的质量监控。 The history of computer development is often referred to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate. It resulted in smaller, cheaper, and more powerful, efficient and reliable devices. 计算机发展的历史通常被称为计算机设备的不同世代。每一代计算机的特点是一个重大的科技发展,从根本上改变了电脑的操作方式。它导致更小,更便宜,更强大,有效和可靠的设备。 A computer accepts data that are provided by means of an input device. Peripherals used to transfer data from the outside world into a computer system are called Input devices. 计算机是由输入设备提供的数据接受方式。将数据从外部世界传递到计算机系统使用的外围设备被称为输入设备。
P21,KEY TERMS application software 应用软件 basic application 根本应用软件communication device 通信设备compact disc (CD) 光盘computer competency 计算机水平connectivity 连通性data数据database file 数据库文件desktop computer 台式计算机device driver 磁盘驱动程序digital versatile disc (DVD 数字多用途光盘digital video disc (DVD 数字多用途光盘document file 文档文件end user终端用户floppy disk 软盘handheld computer 手持计算机hard disk 硬盘hardware 硬件high definition 高清Information 信息information system 信息系统information technology 信息技术input device 输入设备Internet 因特网keyboard 键盘mainframe computer 主机;电脑存储机memory内存 microprocessor 微处理器midrange computer 中型机minicomputer小型计算机modems制解调器monitor监视器mouse鼠标network 网络 notebook computer 笔记本电月而operating system 操作系统optical disk 光盘 output device 输出设备palm computer 掌上电脑people用户 personal digital assistant (PDA 个人数字助理 presentation file 演示文稿 primary storage 主存 printer 打印机 procedure 规程 program 程序 random access memory 随机存储器secondary storage device 辅存software 软件 specialized application 专门应用软 件 supercomputer 巨型机 system software 系统软件 system unit 系统单元 tablet PC平板电脑 utility 实用程序 wireless revolution 无线革命worksheet file 工作表 P53,KEY TERMS address 地址 Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANETT高级研究工程署的网络 applets小型应用程序attachment 附件auction house site 拍卖行网站browser 浏览器 business-to-business (B2B)企业对企业的电子商务模式business-to-consumer (B2.企业对消费者的电子商务模式cable电缆 carder信用卡诈骗的人 microcomputer 微型机
《计算机英语》参考译文 (精读部分) 目录 第1单元课文A:计算机概览 (3) 一、引言 (3) 二、历史 (3) 三、硬件 (4) 四、编程 (5) 五、未来的发展 (5) 第2单元课文A:计算机硬件 (5) 一、引言 (5) 二、输入硬件 (6) 三、输出硬件 (6) 四、存储硬件 (7) 五、硬件的连接 (7) 第3单元课文A:操作系统 (8) 一、引言 (8) 二、操作系统是怎样工作的 (8) 三、当前的操作系统 (8) 五、未来的技术 (10) 第4单元课文A:编程语言 (11) 一、引言 (11) 二、语言类型 (11) 三、高级语言的分类 (12) 四、语言的结构与成分 (12) 五、历史 (13) 第5单元课文A:计算机程序 (13) 一、引言 (13) 二、程序开发 (14) 三、程序元素 (14) 四、程序功能 (15) 五、历史 (16) 六、未来 (16) 第6单元课文A:软件生命周期 (17) 第7单元课文A:进入关系数据库的世界 (19) 一、什么是关系数据库? (19) 二、数据库管理系统的介绍 (20)
三、不同的计算模型 (21) 第8单元课文A:电信与计算机 (22) 第9单元课文A:计算机网络 (24) 一、引言 (24) 二、调制解调器与计算机管理局 (24) 三、局域网 (24) 四、路由器与桥接器 (25) 五、广域网 (25) 六、分布式计算 (25) 七、安全与管理 (26) 第10单元课文A:因特网是如何工作的? (26) 一、因特网访问 (27) 二、信息打包 (27) 三、网络编址 (27) 四、电子邮件 (28) 五、传输模式 (28) 六、带宽 (28) 第11单元课文A:信息革命 (29) 一、引言 (29) 二、社会与技术发展 (29) 三、信息革命的方向 (29) 四、就业趋势 (30) 五、信息技术与消费者 (31) 六、信息革命的问题 (31) 第12单元课文A:电子商务简介 (32) 一、定义 (32) 二、需求与服务 (32) 第13单元课文A:计算机安全 (34) 一、计算机安全面临的威胁 (34) 二、保护计算机安全的措施 (36) 第14单元课文A:比尔•盖茨文摘 (37)
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS Communication channels are an essential element of every communication system. These channels actually carry the data from one computer to another. There are two categories of communication channels. One category connects sending and receiving devices by providing a physical connection such as a wire or cable. The other category is wireless. 沟通渠道是一个至关重要的元素的每个通信系统。这些渠道实际上把数据从一台计算机到另一个。有两个类别的沟通渠道。一个类别连接发送和接收设备通过提供一个物理连接导线或电缆等。另一类是无线。 PHYSICAL CONNECTIONS Physical connections use a solid medium to connect sending and receiving devices. These connections include telephone lines (twisted pair), coaxial cable,and fiber-optic cable. 物理连接使用固体介质连接发送和接收设备。这些连接包括电话线路(双绞线)、同轴电缆和光纤电缆。 Telephone lines you see strung on poles consist of twisted-pair cable,which is made up of hundreds of copper wires. A single twisted pair culminates in a wall jack into which you can plug your phone and computer. (See Figure 9-3.) Telephone lines have been the standard transmission medium for years for both voice and data. However, they are now being phased out by more technically advanced and reliable media.Coaxial cable, a high-frequency transmission cable, replaces the multiple wires of telephone lines with a single solid-copper core. (See Figure 9-4.) In terms of the number of telephone connections, a coaxial cable has over 80 times the transmission capacity of twisted pair.Coaxial cable is used to deliver television signals as well as to connect computers in a network.. 电话线路你看到两极串在由双绞线,是由数以百计的铜线。一个双绞线的顶端是一墙杰克,你可以插你的手机和电脑。电话线被标准的传输介质多年的语音和数据。然而,他们现在被淘汰的技术更先进、可靠的媒体。同轴电缆、高频传输电缆,取代了多个连接的电话线和一个固体铜核心。在数量方面的电话连接,一个同轴电缆有超过80倍的双绞线传输容量。同轴电缆是用于提供电视信号以及连接网络的电脑. . Fiber-optic cable transmits data as pulses of light through tiny tubes of glass. (See Figure 9-5.) In terms of the number of telephone connections,fiber-optic cable has over 26,000 times the transmission capacity of twisted-pair cable. Compared to coaxial cable, they are lighter and more reliable at transmitting data. They transmit
Unit One/Section A I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1.Charles Babbage;Augusta Ada Byron 2.input;output 3.VLSI 4.workstations;mainframes 5.vacuum;transistors 6.instructions;software 7.digit;eight;byte 8.microminiaturization;chip II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1.artificial intelligence人工智能 2.paper-tape reader纸带阅读器 3.optical computer光计算机 4.neural network神经网络 5.instruction set指令集 6.parallel processing并行处理 7.difference engine差分机 8.versatile logical element通用逻辑元件 9.silicon substrate硅衬底 10.vacuum tube真空管 11.数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data 12.超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit 13.中央处理器central processing unit 14.个人计算机personal computer 15.模拟计算机analogue computer 16.数字计算机digital computer 17.通用计算机general-purpose computer 18.处理器芯片processor chip 19.操作指令operating instructions 20.输入设备input device III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list,making changes if necessary: We can define a computer as a device that accepts input,processes data,stores data,and produces output.According to the mode of processing,computers are either analog or digital. They can also be classified as mainframes,minicomputers,workstations,or microcomputers. All else(for example,the age of the machine)being equal,this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed,size,cost,and abilities.
Cache Memory:高速缓存Virtual Memory:虚拟内存Power supply:电源Operating system:操作系统Sound card:声卡Graphics card:图形卡Removable storage:可移动存储Commercial software:商业软件Floppy disk:软盘 CD-R(recordable):可记录CD-RW(rewritable):可改写FireWire:火线Modern:调制解调器Memory management:内存管理 Device management:设备管理Storage management:存储管理 Application Interface:应用接口User Interface:用户界面Memory:存储器Motherboard:主板display:显示monitor:监视器keyboard:键盘mouse:鼠标parallel:并行的bootstrap:引导命令application:启用程序circuit board:电路板floppy disk drive:软盘驱动器digital camere:数码相机fiber-optic cables:光缆data exchange:数据交换 PC(Personal Computer):个人计算机 CPU(Central Processing Unit):中央处理器 RAM(Random-Access Memory):随机存储器 ROM(Read-Only Memory):只读存储器 BIOS(Basic Input/Output System):基本输入/输出系统 IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics):电子集成驱动器 PCI(Peripheral Component Interconnect):外部设备接口 SCSI(Small Computer System Interface):小型计算机系统接口 CD-ROM(Compact Disc,Read-Only Memory):只读光盘 EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory):电可擦除只读存储器DVD-ROM(Digital Video Disc,Read-Only Memory):只读数字化视频光盘 USB(Universal Serial Bus):通用串行总线 LAN(Local Area Netword):局域网 DSL(Digital Subscriber Line):数字线用户 VDSL(Very high bit-rate DSL):甚高位率数字线用户 POST(Power-On Self-Test):开机自检 AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port):加速图形接口 IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers):(美国)电子电器工程师协会CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor):互补金属氧化物半导体 Hyperlink:超连接Interface:接口Multimedia:多媒体 drop-down menu:下拉式菜单center-align text:中心对齐文本 back and forth:来回proofing tools:校验工具indent paragraphs:缩进段落 多媒体计算机:multimedia computer 附加内存:additional memory 自定义安装:custom installation 典型安装:typical installation 高保真文档:High-Fidelity Documents 居中排列:center-align 高分辨率:high resolution WYSIWYG(What Y ou See Is What You Get):所见即所得 HYML(Hyper Text Markup Language):超文本标注语言 MHZ(Megahertz):兆赫 MB(Megabytes):兆字节
Unite 1 Section A: 1、artificial intelligence 人工智能 2、paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器 3、Optical computer 光学计算机 4、Neural network 神经网络 5、Instruction set 指令集 6、Parallel processing 并行处理器 7、Difference engine差分机 8、Versatile logical element 多用途逻辑元件 9、Silicon substrate 硅衬底 10、Vaccum tube 真空管 11、数据的存储与管理the storage and management of data 12、超大规模集成电路large-scale integrated circuit 13、中央处理器central processing unit 14、个人计算机personal computer 15、模拟计算机analog computer 16、数字计算机digital computer 17、通用计算机general purpose computer 18、处理器芯片processor chip 19、操作指令operating instructions 20、输入设备input devices Section B 1、artificial neural network 人工智能神经网络 2、Computer architecture 计算机体系结构 3、Robust computer program 健壮的计算机程序 4、Human-computer interface 人机接口 5、Knowledge representation 知识代表 6、数值分析numerical analysis 7、程序设计环境programming environment 8、数据结构data structure 9、存储和检索信息store and retrieve information 10、虚拟现实virtual reality Unit 2 Section A: 1、function key 功能键 2、V oice recognition module 声音识别调制器 3、Touch-sensitive region 触敏扫描仪 4、Address bus 地址总线 5、Flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪 6、Dot-matrix printer 矩阵式打印机 7、Parallel connection 并行连接 8、Cathode ray tube 阴极射线管 9、Video game 电子游戏