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高考英语语法精讲精练-句子的种类与类型

高考英语语法精讲精练-句子的种类与类型
高考英语语法精讲精练-句子的种类与类型

高考英语二轮语法词汇复习系列

第八章句子的种类与类型

句子是具有一定的语法结构,表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。

高考重点要求:

掌握感叹句的用法和构成

掌握祈使句的构成及作用

掌握一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句的应答

分清简单句和复合句的类型

第一节知识点概述

一、句子的类型

1.句子按结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句

简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。例如:

He likes swimming and often swims in the river.并列句由并列连词把两个或两个以上简单句连在一起构成。例如:I learn English and he learns French.

复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。例如:

It was raining hard when I got home yesterday. 2.句子按功能分可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句

陈述句用来说明一件事实或表达一种看法;疑问句用来提出问题;祈使句用来发出请求或命令;感叹句用来表达强烈的感情。

二、句子的成分

句子一般可以分为几个部分,每一个部分在句子中具有一定的功能,称为句子的成分。句子的成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语。

1.主语是一个句子的中心,主语的位置一般在句首。2.谓语动词说明主语的动作与状态,一般在主语之后。3.表语位置在连系动词之后,说明主语的身份、特征和状态。

4.宾语表示动作的对象,即动作的承受者,一般放在及物动词后。

5.补语补充说明宾语或主语

的特征或状态.

6.定语修饰名词、代词

7.状语修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。

三、祈使句

表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形

式:(1)肯定祈使句;(2)否定祈使句;(3)以Let’s开头的祈使句;(4)以助动词do开头的祈使句。

1.肯定祈使句。如:

Stop talking! Come here in time!

2.否定祈使句,即以Don’t或Never开头的句子。如:Don’t talk in class. Never leave today’s work for tomorrow.

3.以Let’s或let开头的句子。如:

Let’s go together. Let him go first.

4.以助动词do开头的祈使句,在句中起加强语气的作用,译成“一定,务必”。如:

Do come to see me if you have time.

四、感叹句

含有表示情绪色彩的句子叫感叹句。感叹句的结构通常有三种形式:(1)what引导的感叹句,强调句中的名词;(2)how引导的感叹句,强调句中的形容词或副词;(3)由感情色彩的单词或词组构成的感叹句。

1.What引导的感叹句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主谓结构!(有时主谓结构可省略)。如:

What a hot day(it is)!

What good advice the teacher gave us!

What high buildings(they are)!

2.How引导的感叹句。How+adj./adv.+主谓结构!如:How interesting the book is!

How hard they are working!

五、疑问句

用来提出问题,表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多,中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

(一)一般疑问句

一般疑问句是用来询问某人或某物是否属实,并且要用yes 或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如:

-Are you an engineer?

-Yes, I am或No, I am not.

(二)特殊疑问句

以疑问代词(who, whom, whose, what, which等)或疑问副词(when, where, why, how等)开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语

序和倒装语序两种形式。如:

What has happened to her?

When did he fly to America?

(三)选择疑问句

在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句,就叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调,最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况:即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式,都要按实际情况来回答。如:——Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball?–I enjoy playing volleyball.

——Which floor do you live , on the 15th floor or on the 21st floor?–On the 21st floor.

(四)反意疑问句

表示提问者对自己所陈述的事情有怀疑或是没有把握,需要别人加以证实的疑问句,就叫做反意疑问句。其句式结构由两部分组成,即陈述部分再加一个简略问句。如果陈述部分是肯定句,简略问句就用否定形式;反之,简略问句用肯定

。但不管用哪种形式,前后两部分中的人称、数、时态等都要保持一致,并且陈述部分中的主语不论是用什么词充当,简略问句中的主语一定是一个人称代词。对反意疑问句的回答,其肯定形式都用yes,否定回答用no。朗读时,陈述部分通常用降调,简略问句部分用升、降调随情况而定。如:——You spoke at the meeting yesterday, didn’t you? ——Yes, I did.或No, I didn’t .

第二节实战演练

一、复习时需注意的要点

在否定句中注意no与not的用法

no+名词相当于not a (any) +名词

例如:

He made no mistakes in the maths test.

He did not make mistakes in the maths test.

在表示推测的反意疑问句中,注意三种可能

对现在状况推测,附加问句用be的相应形式

例如:He must be in the library , isn’t he ?

对过去发生的状况进行推测,有表示过去的时间状语,附加问句用didn’t

例如:You must have seen the film yesterday , didn’t

对过去发生的状况进行推测,句子没有表示过去的时间状语,附加问句用haven’t (hasn’t)或didn’t均可

例如:He must have read the book , hasn’t he ?

3.陈述句为I think (suppose , expect , believe , guess)后接的宾语从句结构中,附加成分要用肯定式.

例如:I don’t think he will come tomorrow , will he ?

4.带有否定前缀的词,虽然意义上是否定,但还是肯定句,反意疑问句的附加部分用否定句.

例如:These visitors are unwelcome here, aren’t they ?

5.祈使句的反意疑问句,以表示客气,陈述部分用肯定,反意部分也用肯定.

例如: Let’s go there , shall we ?

Have a cup of coffee , will you ?

6.感叹句中除了用what……!与how……!两个常见句型外,陈述句结构,一个词组,甚至一个词表达惊异,喜悦,赞赏的感情时,加上感叹号,也可视为感叹句.

例如:The grass and the rising sun !多么青葱的草地,多么明媚的晨光!

7.在并列句和复合句中,注意连词的用法。当连词连接两个句子时,一定要注意句子结构的完整,汉语有“因为…所以…”,“虽然…但是…”结构,但英语中because不与so连用,

though不与but连用。

例如:When it rains , I usually go to the office by bus . Though it was late , we went on working .

二、历届高考试题分析

例1、There was a loud scream from the backstage immediately after the concert ended, ____?

A. wasn’t there

B. was there

C. didn’t it

D. did it 答案为A

【解析】反意疑问句前面肯定,后面否定。there be句型的反意部分不作特殊变化。

例2、Don't be discouraged._________things as they are and you will enjoy the days of your life.

A. Taking

B. To take

C. Take

D. Take

答案选C。

【解析】查“祈使句+and+简单句”句型。表示如果……就……。

例3、Mrs Black doesn't believe her son is able to design a digital camera, _______?

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3. 常用的特殊疑问句

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2021-2022年高考英语语法精讲精练专题八动词的时态和语态

2021年高考英语语法精讲精练专题八动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态(tense)是一种动词形式,同一动词的不同变化形式表达不同的时态,英语中有16种时态。《xx年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项:(1)一般现在时(2)一般过去时(3)一般将来时(4)现在进行时(5)过去进行时(6)过去将来时(7)将来进行时(8)现在完成时(9)过去完成时(10)现在完成进行时;此外还列了被动语态,并将其作为单独一项。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题(语法填空)考查了动词arrive的一般过去时arrived;第71题(短文改错)考查了think变为过去时thought;第75题(短文改错)考查了被动语态,删掉been;第79题(短文改错)考查了将动词过去时的found变为现在时的find。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题(语法填空)考查了allow的一般过去时的被动语态was allowed;第74题(短文改错)考查了将过去时had变为现在时的have;77题(短文改错)考查了将using变为被动used。 xx年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题(语法填空)考查了remove的一般现在时的被动语态are removed;第74题(短文改错)考查了将动词goes变成一般过去时went。 各种时态构成表:(以do为例)

一、一 般现在时:动词原形或第三人称单数 1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。 (1)直接加“s”:work→works,take→takes (2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变“y”为“i”,再加“es”:car ry→carries (3)以“o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”:go→goes,dress→dresses,watch→watches, finish→finishes

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