第十三章状语 Adverbials
13.0 Introduction
1. 形式：状语可以是副词形容词名词，介词词组，副词词组，形容词&名词词组，分句等。
2. 位置：可在句首，句中和句末。
3. 语法结构：1）结合性状语（integrated)。2）分离性状语(peripheral)。
判断方法：把整句带入:“It’s true that…“里可以明显看出。
slowly.
-- i t’s true that John drove slowly. (integrated，adjuncts )
Fortunately, he came back just in time.
--Fortunately, It’s true that he came back just in time. (Peripheral, disjuncts )
However, it was a good meeting.
-- However, it’s true that it was a good meeting. (Peripheral, conjuncts)
* Adjuncts: 修饰性状语，主要修饰动词
* Disjuncts: 评注性状语，对分句内容的评价。
* Conjuncts: 连接性状语，逻辑粘合剂，把新句子加入文章中。
（结合性状语） Adjuncts修饰性状语
Adverbials 状语
分离性状语)
Conjuncts:
13.1 Adjuncts 修饰性状语
分时间状语(Time Adjuncts)，地点状语(Place Adjuncts)，过程状语(Process Adjuncts)，因果状语(Contingency Adjuncts)。
13.1.1时间状语 Time Adjuncts
13.1.2地点状语 Place Adjuncts
13.1.3过程状语 Process Adjuncts
He told me in person at the meeting yesterday. (Process + Place + Time) 13.1.4因果状语 Contingency Adjuncts
2007年4月全国自考现代英语语法试题和答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共21小题，每小题1分，共21分） to bed until 1. The general sent out word that no one in the bunker further orders.【】 A. will go B. would go C. was about to go D. was to go 答案：D 2. He violin when I want to sleep.【】 A. always plays B. play always C. is always playing D. always is playing 答案：C until yesterday.【】 3. James has just arrived,but I didn＇t know he A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes 答案：B everything else.【】 4. I only called the police when I A. tried B. was trying C. had tried D. had been trying 答案：C .【】 5. Mother wished I you what she A. didn＇t tell; said B. didn＇t tell; has said C. didn＇t tell; had said D. hadn＇t told; said 答案：D 6. Jean Wagner＇s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.【】
动词部分（第5,6,7,8章） 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1.2010040 2. My train is going to arrive at Shanghai at about eight o’clock tonight. The plane I’d like to take from there ______ by then. ( ) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2.2010040 3. The young man who has applied for the post ______ in the general manager’s office.( ) A. is interviewing B. is being interviewed C. to be interviewed D. had been interviewed 3.2010040 4. It is essential that all the exam papers ______ back before the end of the term. ( ) A. must be sent B. are sent C. will be sent D. be sent 4.2010040 5. ______ for my illness, I would have got the job in the Disneyland. ( ) A. Not being B. Without being C. Had it not been D. Not having been 5.2010040 6. The car ahead of me suddenly stopped by the roadside. I think it ______ out of gas.( ) A. may run B. may have run C. must run D. should have run 6.2010040 7. The teacher won’t mind ______ the term paper. ( ) A. us to delay handing in B. our delaying handing in C. our delaying to hand in D. us delay to hand in 7.20100408. All the tasks ______ ahead of time, they decided to have a dinner party to celebrate.( ) A. have been finished B. had been finished C. having been finished D. were finished. 8.20100702. It seems that oil ____ from the tank for some time. We’ll have to take the oil tank apart to see what's wrong. （） A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking 9.20100703. A great deal of research _____ into the possible cures to AIDS in recent years.（） A. is done B. was done C. has been done D. will be done 10.20100704. Gone ____ when the Chinese people had to struggle to make a living and to worry about lack of food all day. （） A. the days B. are the days C. have the days D. the days have 11.20100705. Sometimes I wish I ____ extraordinary power to make all the impossible possible.（） A. have B. had C. have had D. am having 12.20100706. I've tried several times today, but the line is always busy; someone ____ the telephone. （） A. should be using B. must have been using C. must have used D. must be using 13.20100707. It's no use ______ the result of the exam; it's already finished. （） A. worrying about B. to worry about C. to worrying about D. having worried about 14.20100708. With so much noise outside, the speaker had to raise his voice to have himself____.（） A. hear B. heard C. to be heard D. to hear 15.20110402. The child ought to have a rest; she ______ the piano for nearly three hours. ( ) A. had practiced B. is practicing C. has been practicing D. practices
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
2010年4月全国自考现代英语语法真题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1:参考答案：A 试题内容：That definition leaves___for disagreement. A:much roomB:a small roomC:many roomsD:a big room 2:参考答案：B 试题内容：My train is going to arrive at Shanghai at about eight o’clock tonight. The plane Id like to take from there___by then. A:would leaveB:will have leftC:has leftD:had left 3:参考答案：B 试题内容：The young man who has applied for the post___in the general managers office. A:is interviewingB:is being interviewedC:to be interviewedD:had been Interviewed 4:参考答案：D 试题内容：It is essential that all the exam papers ______ back before the end of the term. A:must be sentB:are sentC:will be sentD:be sent 5:参考答案：C 试题内容：___for my illness, I would have got the job in the Disneyland. A:Not beingB:Without beingC:Had it not beenD:Not having been 6:参考答案：B 试题内容：The car ahead of me suddenly stopped by the roadside. I think it___out of gas. A:may runB:may have runC:must runD:should have run 7:参考答案：B 试题内容：The teacher won’t mind___the term paper. A:us to delay handing inB:our delaying handing inC:our delaying to hand inD:us delay to hand in 8:参考答案：C 试题内容：All the tasks___ahead of time, they decided to have a dinner party to celebrate. A:have been finishedB:had been finishedC:having been finishedD:were Finished 9:参考答案：A 试题内容：What he has done is___what I have done. A:superior toB:more superior toC:superior thanD:more superior than 10:参考答案：B 试题内容：Mary earns___as Jane does, but she spends less money on cosmetics than Jane. A:twice so muchB:twice as muchC:as much twiceD:so much twice 11:参考答案：C 试题内容：We’ll discuss a___issue before we move on to the problem of our major concern. A:lessB:moreC:lesserD:most12:参考答案：A
现代英语语法 第三章名词、代词和数 3.0引言 简单来说，名词就是表示一个人地点事物事件或者想法的名字的词。名词是语言的重要组成部分，由名词作为主要构成要素的表达，比如a knockout,honesty和the possibility都叫做名词词组，每个名词词组有一个关键成分叫做中心词。（knockout,honesty,possibility），前面还有一个附属成分叫修饰语（a,the） 名词词组可根据外部功能和内部结构来进行分类。 典型的名词词组的结构如下，括号里的部分可能会出现，但并不是一定出现。 （前置修饰语+）中心词（+后置修饰词）。 名词词组的中心词很明显是名词或代词，可带有前置修饰语或后置修饰词，修饰语可为从字到句子的各种不同的层次，如： they people the people the old people people old and sick people in hospital all the sick people in hospital people to receive treatment people receiving treatment people who are receiving treatment etc. 在英语的实际应用中，名词词组结构的变化要受某些因素如中心词的词性、修饰词的结构及修饰词顺序的影响。 就功能而言，名词词组主要可以做主语，宾语，补语和修饰语，有的名词词组甚至可以做状语： The whole building is on fire.（主语）整个大楼都着火了。 I sold my car to my neighbour.（宾语）我把车卖给了我的邻居。 The lump in my chest has melted as I think about her display of love.（主语；宾语）一想到她的爱，我不再哽咽了。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.（主语补语）患难见真情。 You can call me John.（宾补）你可以叫我约翰。 I don't mind if you do it after school.（介词补语）我不介意你放学后是不是干这件事。 He rides a mountain bike.（修饰语）他骑了一辆山地自行车。 He was here yesterday,I'm sure.（状语）我肯定他昨天在这儿。 3.1名词分类 名词有各种各样的分类，可分为具体名词和抽象名词，也可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，还可以分为有生命的名词和无生命的名词。 名词可以根据意思和形式分类，根据意思，名词可以分为两类，专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是特定的人，地点或者事物的名称，拼写时首字母大写，普通名词则是一类人，事物或者抽象的想法的统称，普通名词又可以进一步的划分为个体名词，集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词。从形式上看，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数，并可以与数字连用，带有限定词，而不可数名词则是只有一种形式的名词，使用时可以不带限定词。
名词和名词短语（2） 限定词和属格 4.1 限定词 Determiner 在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。 Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification of a noun phrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word. 限定词和形容词区别 Difference between Determiner and Adjective 1.前置限定, 限定词在形容词前面.Determiner usually precede adj. in pre-modification. 2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。The choice of Determiner is determined by the head word but not that of adj. 3.形容词表明中心词的特征，而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。Adj. describe the head word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by identifying or quantifying. 4.形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。 Adj. can post-modify the head word but not Determiner. 5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few, little, many much 外) 。 Adj. has comparative form but not Determiner （except few, little, many much ）. 4.1.2 Co-occurrence of Determiners Determiner may co-occurrence in the pre-modification of a noun phrase: two or more determiner may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes a fixed position , we identify their relative positions in the case of co-occurrence. 定义 考点1 定义
2014年自考英语（二）考试大纲 一、课程的性质和设置目的 高等教育自学考试是一种个人自学、社会助学和国家考试相结合的高等教育形式。为适应新形势，提高自学效率、助学质量和考试效能，满足国家和社会对人才培养的需要，特制定本 课程考试大纲。 英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言。它不仅是英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的通用语言，也是许多非英语国家科学技术、外交、贸易、管理和文化等方面对外交流的通用语言。英语已成为名副其实的国际通用语言，它是我国实行对外开放，开展国际交流的重要工 具之一。 本课程名称为“英语（二）”，是高等教育自学考试各专业（英语专业除外）。本科阶段的 公共基础课。 本课程既是一门语言实践课程，也是拓宽知识、了解世界文化的重要素质课程，它以培养学习者的综合语言应用能力为目标，使他们在学习、工作和社会交往中能够使用英语进行有效的交流，并能学习和借鉴外国先进科学技术、经营方式、管理方法和优秀文化成果，同时向世 界展示我国建设和发展的成就。 本课程共14学分。 二、课程的基本内容 本课程以先进的外语教学理论为指导，建立适应时代要求的科学的课程体系。课程体系包括适合个人自学和社会助学的教材，并利用现代信息技术等手段搭建先进的教学平台，形成有 自考特色的公共英语教学体系。 本课程在完成“英语（一）”课程内容基础上，培养学生掌握系统的英语语言知识，包括正确的英语语音知识、系统的英语语法知识和一定的词汇量（4，500），并熟悉英语语言的表达 方式。 本课程强调在系统掌握英语语言知识的基础上开展大量综合语言实践活动，培养学习者掌握正确的学习策略，使其能理解多种场合、多种领域的普通语言材料，能够把握重点，进行概括和分析；能使用多种交际策略参与多种一般性话题的交流和讨论，表明自己的观点和态度，表达连贯，基本得体，为以后更高阶段的英语课程学习及在工作中使用英语奠定扎实的基础。
本次语法串讲分三个部分，第一，方法篇；第二，命题特点分析；第三，重点章节复习。 第一、方法篇 自学考试英语专业《英语语法》科目是一门理论性和实践性都非常强的课程，旨在考核考生能否熟练掌握现代英语语法的基本理论和概念，掌握词的形态变化和用词造句的规则，以及组句成篇的一般形式和规律。 由于存在着英汉语言体系上的差异、教材的全英版和术语的生僻、语法本身乏味枯燥等外部因素，以及考生英语基础知识薄弱、精读和泛读的阅读数量尚未达到一定量因此不能将一些语法规则变成感性认识加以推演和归纳、甚至还有同学有畏难情绪，一旦跟不上就放弃，或者偷懒，不愿多做一些练习和多记一些概念解释，结果仅以一、二分之差没有及格，令人扼腕。 但是有志者事竟成，这句名言还没有过时。我们举几个成功的例子吧。 我教过的学生中有人刻意让自己爱上语法，首先，她克服困难，把全书通读一遍，可是有那么多不懂的单词和术语怎么办？她问我。我说，把它们暂时放在一边，然后通过例句猜测该词的含义，结果既记住了概念又结合了例句，相辅相成，直到掌握。 比如：什么是extraposition？这个词是由extra－（在……之外，额外）加position（位置），联想到appositive phrase（同位短语），appositive clause （同位语分句）等，那么从该词的外形上可以判定extraposition是“位置放在外围”。 它出现在我们教材中的《信息结构和强调》一章中，我们知道，突出强调信息的几种主要方法（postponement, fronting，inversion， cleaving，existential sentence）之一的后移又有三种后移的方法：passive voice, extraposition and discontinuity。从课本上我们看到这样的例句：To make fun of a disabled man is not funny at all. It is not funny at all to make fun of a disabled man. He found it annoying that his neighbor kept calling him by the wrong name. 你注意到这里有it出现在句中做形式主语和形式宾语，真正的主语和宾语在句末，然后，结合解释“When we re move a clausal subject or object to the final focal position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. Grammatically speaking, it is the formal subject or object while the extraposed clause is the real or notional subject or object. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object; in form it can be finite or non-finite. 后移的结果就是满足了末尾重心（end-weight）的原则，达到强调的效果。
2016年4月全国自考《现代英语语法》真题 (总分100, 考试时间90分钟) 1. Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. The Niagara Falls_______long been a popular tourist destination, boosted by a number of movies. ( ) A have B having C had D haven't 答案:A 解析：山脉、瀑布、岛屿等地理名词常常被当作复数。这些名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数，如the Alps，the highlands，the Himalayas，Niagara Falls等。答案为A。 2. There is nothing more wonderful in the world than swimming with a_______of fish around you. ( ) A sack B sheet C staff D school 答案:D 解析：本题考查单位名词。a school of fish一群(小)鱼，很多，a school of＝a lot of。答案为D。 3. There are stores on_______sides of the square. ( ) A both B every C each D all 答案:D 解析：the square(广场)是四面的，所以排除仅指两边的both。选项B和C后跟单数名词。答案为D。 4. You have not at all read my points carefully and_______the same mistakes. ( ) A continuously repeat B continuously repeated C are continuously repeating D continuously repeating 答案:C 解析：现在进行体和表示高频率的副词always，constantly，continually，continuously，all the time等连用时，失去了表示暂时性的语义含义，而经常被用来表示一种独特的习惯。答案为C。 5. Then you will come to a level plain, in which the Nile ____ round an island named Tachompso. ( ) A flows B flow C is flowing D flowing 答案:A 解析：表示客观事实用一般现在时。句意为：然后你会来到一个平坦的平原；在那里，尼罗河环绕一座名叫Tachompso的岛屿而流。答案为A。 6. He _______ hurt last year early in the playoffs and never came back. ( ) A got B were
Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base，which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference，which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns，but even in the singular they refer to groups of people，animals or things. Compound A compound，the product of composition，and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators （also termed coordinating conjunctions）which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense （be being a.）in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state，implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. （e.g. he is being rude） end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions，the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis：省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression，especially our surprise，excitement，amazement，etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.
自考现代英语语法C h a p t e r4限定词和 属格要点及翻译
Chapter 4限定词和属格 Chapter 4限定词和属格 (2) 4限定词和属格.................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。 4.0引言 (2) 4.1.2限定词的同现 (4) 4.1.3限定词的用法 (4) 4.1.4冠词 (6) 4.2属格 (9) 4.2.1属格的形式 (9) 4.2.2属格与of词组 (10) 4.2.3集体属格 (10) 4.2.4地点属格 (11) 4.0引言 一个典型的名词词组的完整结构可以用教材的图4.1来分析。 在名词词组中，修饰语对中心词进行描述或者分类，而限定词和属格则在限定性、数量、所属等方面上进行了明确，二者有着同等的句法地位，都是名词词组的主要成分。 限定词介绍名词词组。大多数常见的限定词都是冠词（定冠词和不定冠词），名词所有格，指示代词，以及数词，等等。一些限定词也许会以特定的形式同时出现在一个名词词组中。限定词只出现在名词词组中，不会出现在其他任何类型的词组中。 's被定义为名词词组的属格。物主限定词都是曲折了's的属格形式，这里's应该要从更广泛的意义上来理解，而不仅仅是传统意义的所有格。 属格与of词组，或者双重属格都是用于区分事物，指示所属的。他们对名词词组的指示对象或功能进行分类。
我们首先会在4.1中解释限定词的用法和功能，然后在4.2中探讨属格。 4.1限定词 什么是限定词？限定词就是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。从功能上主要可分为两种，类指和特指限定词和数量限定词，它们都可以用作不定指和定指；限定词还可以根据出现的位置分为前位限定词，中位限定词和后位限定词。以前的语法不承认限定词，许多这方面的词都划分成形容词，但是限定词和形容词在许多方面不同； ⑴当限定词和形容词同时出现在名词词组中，通常的顺序是限定词在前，形容词在后。 ⑵限定词的选择受名词中心词类别的严格限制，而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制，但没有语法意义上的限制。 ⑶限定词对名词中心词表示确认或定量，而形容词作为前置修饰语则表示特征。 ⑷限定词通常只能前置，而形容词作为名词修饰语时，既可前置又可后置。 ⑸形容词有比较形式，如直接在形容词后加屈折词缀，或直接在词前加more而限定词没有。 4.1.1限定词的功能 限定词在名词词组中，主要起特指、类指或不定指数量的限定作用，都具有定指和不定指的意义。 一些限定词可根据上下文来决定，是表示类指、特指或数量。
《英语语法》串讲讲义 课程介绍 一、课程性质 《现代英语语法》是高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门选修课，主要面向具有相当于英语专业本科二年级以上水平并有志参加高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）考试的学生。《现代英语语法》理论与实践并重，既是一部语法理论著作，有宏观的理论概述，对英语语言结构作了比较系统的描写。又可作为教学参考书，它根据教学要求精选语法项目、设计篇章结构，有取有舍，自成体系，既有知识性，又有实践性。本教程中例子丰富，在历年试题中直接从教材中选择的例句数量相当多，这就要求学员在学习的过程中能确实看懂例子，能真正理解理论并能把理论应用于实践。 二、教材的选用 《现代英语语法》课程所选用教材是全国高等教育自学考试指定教材，该书由李基安主编，外语教学与研究出版社出版。 三、章节体系 为了便于各位学员复习应考，我们的串讲严格按照教材章节来讲。共十六章，每章主要以哪种形式命题以及哪些是高频考点我在讲解的什么都会提到，以帮助大家在以后的复习中做到有的放矢，迅速抓住重点内容，以取得事半功倍的效果。 考情分析 一、历年真题的分布情况 根据对《现代英语语法》近5年考题（注：全国每年统考：4月，有些省份7月还有一次，浙江省每年10月份也有语法考试）分析，可以看出哪些部分是全书的重点章，具体看下列表格中的黑体。
二、题型分析 《现代英语语法》的考试题型包括五种：单项选择题、填空题、改错题、改写句子、简答题。 根据对近5年的试题进行分析，可以发现题型有变化，但总的题量没变，仍然是74个题目。 09年4月前（含09年4月）共7大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、选择填空题（本大题共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） 如：21. were, was, had, animal, animals Small amounts of land ________ used for keeping ________. （该例选自0904） 三、填空题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） A. Fill in the blank with assertive, non-assertive or negative words: 29. I think I’ve lost that green scarf of mine; I can’t find it ________. B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb or verb phrase given: 34. It is time we ________ (think) about drawing up a detailed plan for the project. 四、改错题(本大题共8小题，每小题1分，共8分) 五、改句（本大题共13小题，每小题2分，共26分）Rewrite the following sentences as required. 六、名词解释（本大题共2小题，每小题2分，共4分）Define the following terms with examples. 七、简答题（本大题共3小题，每小题2分，共6分）Answer the following questions. 10年4月开始（含1004）共五大题型： 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 二、填空题(本大题共28小题，共36分) Section A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words given in the group.（共8小题，每小题2分，共16分） Section B. Fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Make changes where necessary. （共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 三、改错题（本大题共l 2小题，每小题1分,共12分） 四、改句题（本大题共1 2小题，每小题2分，共24分） 五、简答题（本大题共2小题，每小题4分，共8分） 从以上题型变化分析，我们可以看出1004把09年4月（前）的第二、三题合成了一个大题，并且少了名词解释的题型，因此总的题型少了两个。 学员答题时要注意以下两点：
自考《现代英语语法》总结 Chapter One 1.What are the four major types of sentence and what discourse functions are they normally associated with? Statements are normally associated with declaratives and primarily concerned with giving information. Questions are associated with interrogatives and primarily concerned with requiring information. Commands are associated with imperatives and primarily concerned with requiring actions. Exclamations are associated with exclamatives and primarily concerned with expressing the speaker’s impression of something. 2.What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature? The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are: think, believe, suppose imagine and expect. They are the verbs that express “opinion”. 3.Explain the differences between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone. With a rising tone, the question expresses the speaker’s neutral expectation of the hearer’s response and invites the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement. With a falling one, the speaker asks for the hearer’s confirmation of the statement. It can be regarded as similar to an exclamation. Chapter 4 4.Can the definite article be used for generic reference and the indefinite article for specific reference? If they can, give one example for each use. The definite article can be used for generic reference. For example, the panda is a rare animal. The panda here still denotes the whole species. The indefinite artic le can also be used for specific reference. For example, a dog chained at me when I was on my way home last night. Here a dog points to a particular, actual example of the class. Here “a”shows indefinite specific reference. 5.What are some of the constraints that the double genitive is subject to? The second noun in the double genitive almost always refers to persons, never to objects, and the first noun usually has indefinite reference (typically premodified by the indefinite article and the second noun is always definite.) Chapter 5 6.Why do most contemporary English grammarians adopt a two-tense system? Because tense is a verb form. Morphologically only present tense and past tense have their forms of verbs. A language which has no verb forms has no tense. 7.If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to? When ten points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs, aspect “reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.” 8.Why is the past tense often used for politeness? Because the past tense can make a question or a statement or a suggestion less direct. It is more polite to use the past tense on the part of the speaker.