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金属的热处理外文翻译

金属的热处理外文翻译
金属的热处理外文翻译

外文资料翻译

Heat Treatment of Metal

The generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions and I or properties.”Heating for the sole purpose of hot working(as in forging operations) is excludedfrom this definition.Likewise,the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for productssuch as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition.Transformation Curves.

The basis for heat treatment is the

time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curveswhere,in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted.Because of the shape of thecurves,they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves.

Material forming processes

In this section,a short description of the process examples will begiven. But assembly andjoining processes are not described here.

Forging

Forging can be characterized as: mass conserving, solid state of work material (metal), andmechanical primary basic process-plastic deformation. A wide variety of forging processes areused, and Fig.9.1(a) shows the most common of these: drop forging. The metal is heated to asuitable working temperature and placed in the lower die cavity. The upper die is then lowered sothat the metal is forced to fill the cavity.

[1]Excess material is squeezed out between the die facesat the periphery as flash, which is removed in a later trimming process. When the term forging isused, it usually means hot forging. Cold forging has several specialized names. The material lossin forging processes is usually quite small.

Normally, forged components require some subsequent machining, since the tolerances andsurfaces obtainable are not usually satisfactory for a finished product. Forging machines includedrop hammers and forging presses with mechanical or hydraulic drives. These machines involvesimple translatory motions.

金属的热处理

普遍认同对金属及合金热处理的定义是,以一定的方式加热或冷却固态金属或合金,以达到一定的条件和/或获得某些性能。以热加工(如锻造)为目的的加热,不在此定义之列。同样地,有时用于生产诸如玻璃或塑料制品的热处理也不属于该定义的范畴。

相变曲线热处理的基础分别是时间—温度相变曲线,即TTT曲线,3 个参数都绘制在一个图中。根据曲线的形状特点,分别称为C 曲线或S 曲线。

为了绘制TTT 曲线,将特定的钢置于给定温度下,以预先确定的时间间隔检查其结构,记录发生相变的量。我们知道共析钢(C80)在平衡条件下,在723℃以上时全为奥氏体,而低于此温度,则为珠光体。为了形成珠光体,碳原子将产生扩散形成渗碳体。扩散是一种渐进过程,需要足够的时间完成奥氏体向珠光体的转变。对于不同的样品,可以记录下在任一温度时产生相变的量。然后把这些点绘制在一条以时间和温度为坐标轴的曲线上。通过这些点就可以得到共析钢的相变曲线。左边的曲线表示任一给定温度下奥氏体

材料成型工艺方法

锻造:锻造是对固态金属材料进行初步机械加工,是产生塑性成形的质量守恒的一种基本工艺方法。锻造有很多类型,最普通的锻造为金属加热到适合加工的温度,并放进下型腔里。上型腔与下型腔合拢,迫使金属充满型腔。多余的材料被从型腔接缝处挤出,并将被后续的清理型腔接缝工艺清除。当提到锻造术语时,通常意味热锻。冷锻有几种专门的名称。锻造工艺中损失的材料通常相当少。通常,由于公差和表面粗糙度通常不能满足最终产品的需要,因此对锻造的零件要进行一些后续加工。锻造机械包

括落锤和机械或水力驱动的锻压。这些机械包括简单的平移运动。

滚轧:滚轧是对固态金属材料进行初步机械加工,使其产生塑性变形的质量守恒的一种工艺方法。滚轧广泛应用在板材、薄板和结构桁条等制造中。图9.1(b)显示了板材或薄板的滚轧。铸造生产出的铁锭加热后,经过几个阶段厚度上变薄。由于工件的宽度保持不变,工件的长度将随着厚度的变薄而变长。在热轧阶段之后,最终阶段是进行冷却,以提高表面质量、公差,并提高强度。滚轧工艺中,根据需要,轧辊的外形被设计生产成期望的几何形状。

粉末挤压:粉末挤压是对粒状材料进行机械加工,使其产生塑性变形的质量守恒的一种工艺方法。在这里仅提到了金属粉末挤压,但通常成型砂、陶瓷材料的挤压等也属于此加工工艺。金属粉末挤压时,型腔充满标称体积粉末,见图9.1(c)施加大约500 N/mm2 的压力压紧粉末。在挤压过程中,粉末颗粒充满型腔并发生塑性变形。挤压后的典型密度是固态材

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译50材料的热处理

外文资料 HEAT TREATMENT OF METALS The understanding of heat treatment is embrace by the broader study of metallurgy .Metallurgy is the physics, chemistry , and engineering related to metals from ore extraction to the final product . Heat treatment is the operation do heating and cooling a metal in its solid state to change its physical properties. According to the procedure used, steel can be hardened to resist cutting action and abrasion , or it can be softened to permit machining .With the proper heat treatment internal ductile interior . The analysis of the steel must be known because small percentages of certain elements,notably carbon , greatly affect the physical properties . Alloy steels owe their properties to the presence of one or more elements other than carbon, namely nickel, chromium , manganese , molybdenum , tungsten ,silicon , vanadium , and copper . Because of their improved physical properties they are used commercially in many ways not possible with carbon steels. The following discussion applies principally to the heat treatment of ordinary commercial steel known as plain-carbon steels .With this proves the rate of cooling is the controlling factor, produces the opposite effect . A SIMPLIFIED IRON-CARBON DAGRAM If we focus only on the materials normally known as steels, a simplified diagram is often used . Those portions of the iron-carbon diagram near the delta region and those above 2% carbon content are of little importance to the engineer and are deleted. A simplified diagram, such as the one in Fig . 2.1 focuses on the eutectoid region and is quite useful in understanding the properties and processing of steel.

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外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

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Introduction Introduction With the continuous development of our economy, rapidly rising living standards, people working and living environment have become increasingly demanding, while the lighting system requirements have become more sophisticated, the traditional lighting technology has been a strong blow. On the one hand because of information technology and computer technology changes in lighting technology, providing technical support; the other hand, due to energy shortage, the state more and more attention on energysaving lighting, new lighting control technology to develop rapidly to meet with By energy conservation, comfort, convenience requirements. Lighting control lighting control from the traditional manual method, automated lighting control to today's intelligent lighting control. Intelligent lighting control system is based on computercontrolled alldigital platform, modular, distributed bus control system, the central processor modules communicate directly through the network bus, the bus makes use of lighting, dimming, blinds, scene control to achieve intelligent, and become a complete bus system. Can be based on changes in the external environment in the device automatically adjust the status of the bus to reach safety, energy conservation, human effects, and can use in the future, in accordance with the requirements of users through the computer Way to increase or modify the system's functionality, without having to relaying of cables, intelligent lighting control system, high reliability, flexible control, lighting control is the traditional way can not be done. The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System The basic components and monitoring the contents of the system System components Intelligent lighting control system is usually dimmer module, switch module, input module, the control panel, liquid crystal display touch screen, smart sensors, PC interface, time management module, handheld programmer, monitoring computer (need to bridge a large network connection) and other components composition.

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外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.doczj.com/doc/c44290148.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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