非谓语动词
三过去分词
定义:过去分词既具有动词的特征,又具备形容词和副词的语法功能. 表完成、被动、状态。
1做定语表完成\被动。
表完成----这类词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
Boiled water [开了的水] Fallen leaves[落叶] Newly arrived goods[0新到的货] The risen sun[升起的太阳] The changed world The changed out looking.
表被动：A invited client [一位受邀请的客人] The window broken by the little boy The car found by the local police The injured worker was sent away.
※注※:
分词单独作定语时,放在被修饰词语前面Our class went on an [organized] trip last Monday.
分词短语做定语时,放在被修饰词语后面Those [elected as committee members] will attend the meeting. ※注※:过去分词做定语,相当于一个定语从句:
Our class went on an trip [which was organized] last Monday.
Those [ who were elected as committee members] will attend the meeting.
2做表语: 表状态----表示其[逻辑主语] 所处的状态：
[注：被动语态中，动作的承受者称为[逻辑主语],如She was seen by me中She是逻辑主语，Me是实际主语。] The window is broken. We feel bored. She looks disappointed.
They became confused. The door remained locked. We are pleased with the meal.
The case stay closed. They were frightened at the sad sight.
※注※:作表语的过去分词在字典中已经被列为形容词
Crowed Devoted Discouraged Done Dressed Experienced Frightened Broken Drunk Learned Satisfied interested killed known Undressed Surprised Hurt Gone Worried Lost Completed Shut covered Astonished Pleased
※注※:表状态的过去分词有：Lost Seated Hiddden Lost in Dressed in
Frightened Satisfied tired Disappointed Interested Relaxed Pleased Scared.
常用的词组
Stationed Absorbed in[沉溺于] Born Dressed in Tired of Fixed on Prepared for Furnished with Equipped with Devoted to Armed with Caught in Located in situated in Employed in Delighted at Disappointed at Surprised at Shocked at Astonished at Experienced in Satisfied with concerned with Worried about Supposed to crowed with Determined to.
※注※: B e+过去分词，过去分词可作表语也可充当被动语态。但其格式相同，注意区别：
The window is broken[系表）
The window was broken by the boy[被动]
3做宾语补足语表完成\被动\状态：
使役动词+ 宾语+过去分词：Let Get Make Have Keep Leave
感官系动词+ 宾语+过去分词：Watch See Here Feel Notice Observe Taste Smell Listen to 期望系动词+ 宾语+过去分词：Want Wish Like Order
With[介词] + 宾语+过去分词：With One’s hand tied behind.
They keep the door locked for a long time Those toys kept the children amused.
The villagers had many trees planted just then, She kept the child quiet.
I have the thief caught by the police. Pat had his hands burned.
Don’t leave your children scared. If it is left untreated.
Don’t let the windows broken like this. He left the box opened.
I raised my voice to make myself heard. I found her surprised at the news.
We felt her satisfied with the answer. When we got school we saw the gate locked.
He saw her dressed in a red skirt. We found ourselves lost in the forest.
I heard the song sung several times last week. I want the suit made to his own measure.
She wore high-heeled shoes to make herself looked higher.
They managed to make themselves understood, using simple English.
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out next year.
He was disappointed to find his suggestion turned down.
We can hear the window glass hit/beaten by the very heavy rain drop.
The teachers would like the problem discussed at the moment.
The thief was brought in with his eyes covered by cloth.
With many brightly-colored flowers planed ,the building looks like a garden.
With the work done, they went out to play.
※注※:Have后的宾补如为过去分词，常表示分词所代表的动作是由别人[而不是由句中主语]来执行的。
I had my bike repaired. 句中repaired这个动作是由别人[而不是由主语Bike]来执行。
The boy has his hair cut in the salon. 句中cut这个动作是由别人[而不是由主语Hair]来执行。
3做状语表完成\被动\状态：
※注※:过去分词作状语，源自状语从句
1:过去分词作状语，表示时间条件原因让步时，可转换为相应的状语从句
2:过去分词作状语，表示方式结果伴随时，可转化为相应的并列分句
时间：Given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
→When you are given a medical examination, you should keep calm.
Buried under the ground, the truth can still grow and will bursts out on the other day.
→When truth is buried under the ground it can still grow and will bursts out on the other day.
条件：Looked at a distance, the painting seems much more beautiful.
→IF it is looked at a distance, the painting seems much more beautiful.
Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast → If these seeds are grown in rich soil, they can grow fast.
Unless invited, I won’t attend his birthday party.--> I won’t attend his birthday party unless I am invited.
原因：Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. → Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. Encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.
→ As he is encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.
让步：Given the right kind of training, the teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars.→ IF the teenage soccer players are given with the right kind of training, they may one day grow into international stars. Although/Though exhausted, still he kept on working. Although/Though he is exhausted, still he kept on working. Though studied hard, he failed in the exam. →Though she had not studied hard. she failed in the exam
Even if guided by the satellite map, he got lost.--> Even if he was guided by the satellite map, he got lost.
方式：Carried by the bus, we got there earlier.—> We were carried by the bus and got there earlier.
As if (as though) hit by lighting, he looked ugly.→As if [as though] he had been hit by lighting and looked ugly
结果：The cup fell down to the grown, broken.--> The cup fell down to the grown and it was broken.
She watched all the gifts, greatly amazed→ She watched all the gifts and looked greatly amazed
伴随：Aunt Wu came in, followed by her daughter→ Aunt Wu came in, and she was followed by her daughter.
The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red→ The little girls were playing with snow and
their hands frozen red.
※注※:独立主格
He will go abroad, all expenses paied
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was
assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
This done, we went home. The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
2. With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised【raising亦可】.
The murder was brought in, with his hands_behind his back。A.being tied B having tied C to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
※附注※独立主格
1概念独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
3功能“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
3构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但with 的复合结构不受此限制 A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题：Weather___, we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit 在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
动词-ing 形式 动词-ing形式由动词加-ing变化而成, 它同时具有名词和动词的特征, 在句中可以作主语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语及状语。 动词-ing形式不能单独作谓语,有时态和语态的变化。 主动形式被动形式 一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 否定形式: not+ -ing 构成 一、动词-ing形式作主语 1. 表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态, 谓语动词通常用单数。如： Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old. 无论对年轻人和老年人来讲, 走路是一种很好的锻炼。 Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。Asking a woman’s age is impolite in some countries.在一些国家问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。 2. -ing形式作主语时常后置, 此时须用it作形式主语。如：It is no use / no good / fun / hard work / a hard (difficult) job / a waste of time / dangerous / worthwhile / useless + doing。如: It’s no use making an excuse for this. 为这件事找借口是没有用的。 It is no good waiting for other people to make decisions for you. 等别人替你做决定是没有用的。It’s a waste of time talking about such a useless thing. 谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。 二、动词-ing用作宾语 1. 只能后接动名词作宾语的动词, 常见的有：finish, enjoy, avoid, admit, keep, mind, imagine, risk, practice, appreciate, consider, escape, miss, suggest, can’t stand, can’t help, give up, feel like, put off, permit等。 2. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 意义差别不大的动词，常见的有: like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue等。 3. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词, 但意义完全不一样的，常见的有：forget, remember, mean, regret, stop, try等。 4. 动词-ing形式作介词的宾语。devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to(反对), pay attention to, get down to, lead to, be crazy about, be tired of, succeed in, have difficulty in等。 三、-ing形式作定语 1. 单个动词的-ing形式作定语位于被修饰名词的前面, 既可以表示被修饰者的作用或功能, 也可以表示被修饰者的动作或状态。如： printing factory = a factory for printing; the shopping center = the center for shopping; tiring music = music that is tiring; a surprising result = a result that is surprising 2. –ing 形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。如： They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。 The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。 Anybody swimming in this river will be fined. = Anybody who is swimming in this river will be fined. 在这条河里游泳的任何一个人都会被罚款。 The building being built now is our new library. 现在正在建造的这栋楼房室我们的新图书馆。 3. -ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语, 相当于一个非限制性定语从句, 这时, 它与句子其他部分用逗号分开。如： His brother, working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. = His brother, who is working as a teacher, lives in Beijing. 他那个当教师的哥哥住在北京。 四、-ing形式作宾语补足语 1. 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后面, 表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作, 强调一个过程或一种状态。如： When we returned to the school, we found a stranger standing at the entrance. 当我们回到学校时, 发现一个陌生人站在大门口。 2. 能用-ing 形式作宾语补足语的几类动词： 1）、表示感觉和心理状态的动词：see, watch, smell, feel, hear, find, notice, observe, catch, look at, listen to等。2）、表示指使意义的动词：have, leave, set, keep, get 等。 五、-ing形式作状语 -ing作状语时, 其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。 现在分词在句中作状语,表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等。 1.–ing 形式作时间状语 Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. While walking along the road, Cruse caught sight of a poor dog. Having finished the work, they went out for a walk. 2.–ing 形式作原因状语
过去分词 1．______ twice，the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A．Being bitten B．Bitten C．Having bitten D．To b e bitten 2．Passengers on board aren’t allowed ______ calls during take-off. A．making or receiving B．to make or receive C．to have made or received D．having made or received 3．Is there any possibility of this product ______ in Paris or New York market? A．trying out B．to try out C．being tried out D．tried out 4．Mr Jones，a professor，______ for his excellent lectures，is popular with his students. A．known B．knowing C．to be known D．having known 5．—Why are the students working so hard these days? — ______ ready for the coming entrance examination. A．To get B．Get C．Getting D．Got 6．In 2010，China enjoyed its best Winter Olympic Games results，______ 11 medals in Vancouver—five gold included. A．to collect B．collected C．being collected D．collecting 7．The girl glanced over her shoulder and found herself ______ by a young man in black. A．was followed B．followed C．following D．had been followed 8．An air France jet is reported ______ in the Atlantic Ocean with 228 people aboard，the airline’s worst disaster in its 75-year history. A．to have crashed B．to have been crashed C．having crashed D．having bee n crashed 9．Alcohol is classified as a downer，and although it is legal，it can damage the liver and do great harm if ______ in large quantities. A．consume B．to consume C．consuming D．consumed 10．______ in the leg made it impossible for me to walk as fast as usual. A．Being injured B．To be injured C．Having injured D．Injured 11．Misunderstandings ____ from l ack of social communication，unless ____ properly，may lead to serious problems. A．arisen；handling B．arising；handled C．rising；handled D．risen；handling 12．______ by a greater demand for green products，the food company has set higher standards to ensure the quality. A．Driven B．Being driven C．To drive D．Having driven 13．—Will the match be cancelle d because of the bad weather? —No.Rain or shine，the match will be held as______. A．schedule B．scheduling C．scheduled D．to schedule 14．Subway Line 4，______ into use in September，has made traveling in Beijing easier. A．having been put B．putting C．being put D．put 15．On the bank of the river，we found him ______ on a beach，with his eyes ______ on a kite in the sky. A．seated；fixing B．sitting；fixing C．seated；being fixed D．sitting；fixed 16．Tsinghua University，______ in 1911，is home to a great number of outstanding figures. A．found B．found ing C．founded D．to be founded 17．Th e players ______ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. A．selecting B．to select C．selected D．having selected 18．The island，______ to the mainland by a bridge，is easy to go to. A．joining B．to join C．joined D．having joined 19．Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself ______ of his own dreams. A．reminding B．to remind C．r eminded D．remind 20．______ an important role in a new movie，Andy has got a chance to become famous. A．Offer B．Off erring C．Offered D．To offer 21．The rare fish，______ from the cooking pot，has been returned to the sea. A．saved B．saving C．to be saved D．having saved 22．Even the best writers sometimes find themselves ______ for words. A．lose B．lost C．to lose D．having lost 23．______ into English，the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. A．Translating B．Translated C．To translate D．Having translated 24．I’m calling to enquire about the position______ in yesterday’s China Daily. A．advertised B．to be advertised C．advert ising D．having advertised
非谓语动词(一)——现在分词 考点一：现在分词作状语。 A、做时间状语 1. _____________________，he looked for them everywhere.(hold) （2011湖北卷） 他把钥匙握在手上，到处寻找. 2. _____________________to this area，the storm left .(cause) 暴风雨给这个地区造成巨大灾害后离开了。 B、做原因状语： 3. _____________________the programme , they have to stay there for another two weeks .(complete) 没有完成节目，他们不得不再呆两星期。 4.Accustomed to _____________________by others , the little boy likes ti be his own listener .(look) 习惯了被瞧人看不起，这个小男孩喜欢自己做自己的听众。 C、做条件状语 5. _____________________ ，We will visit you . (come) 如果我们来这个城市，我们会去拜访你的。 比较： 6. _____________________ ，We will start at six this afternoon .(permit) 天气允许的话，我们将今天下午六点出发。 D、做让步状语 7．_____________________,he still reapted the same mistakes .(tell) 虽然告诉了他很多次，可他仍然重复着同样的错误。 E、做伴随状语 8. The lady walked around the shops, _____________________bargains.（keep）(2010江西卷) 这位女士在商场转悠着，留意着里面的减价商品 9．The lawyer listened with full attention ,____________________any point . (try) (2010四川卷) 律师专注地听着，努力不错过任何要点。 F、做结果状语 10.More highways have been built in China,___________ for people to travel from one place to another. (make) (2011陕西卷) 更多的高速公路建造起来了，使人们更容易从一个地方旅行到另一个地方。 考点二：现在分词作定语 11.A medical team ____________________will come to our school tomorrow .(consist ) 由三人组成的医疗队明天回来我们学校。 考点三：现在分词做补足语 12.They use computers to keep the traffic __________________(smoothly) (2009全国卷2) 他们用电脑来保持交通运行顺利 考点四：现在分词做表语： 13.The day was so _________________(charm) 考点五：用在with复合结构中 14.With the boy ___________________, we had no difficulty in finding his house . (lead) 有这个孩子带路我们找到他的房子毫无困难。
英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（动名词） 敬告： 以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。 过去分词长什么样？规则的情况下与动词过去式相同，当然有不规则的情况；过去分词可以充当定语、状语、补语、定语，不可能充当主语、宾语； 过去分词不像现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式，只有一种形式done表示。 1、过去分词可以充当主谓宾补句型中的宾语补语；它与宾语是被动关系，或者说它与宾语是动宾关系。 (1) We found the fish eaten by our cat. (2) I can’t make myself understood because of my poor English. 2、过去分词可以充当定语；充当定语当然是修饰主语、宾语等名性的结构；表达过去分词的动作是被动的或完成，或即被动又完成的。 (1) The party had last night (which was had last night) was very cheerful. (2) USA is a developed country (a country which has been developed). (3) A great number of students questioned (who had been questioned) said they were forced to practice the piano. 3、过分词可以充当状语，它与主句主语是被动关系，或者说它与主句的主语是动宾关系； 过去分词一般只强调被动动作而不强调时间，多用于条件和原因状语；(1) Taken in time, the medicine will turn out to be very effective. If the medicine is taken in time, it will turn out to be very effective. (2) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.
非谓语动词之过去分词专项练习 姓名_________ 学号_________ 专项训练1： 1. ___ poor at English, I'm afraid I can't make myself ___. A. To be;understand B. I'm ;to understand C. Being ;understanding D. Being;understood 2. I have had my bike ___ ,and I'm going to have somebody ___ my radio tomorrow. A. repair;to repair B. repairing;to be repaired C. repaired;repair D. to repair;repairing 3. You must get the work ___ before Friday. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done 4. ___ the room,the nurse found the tape-re corder ___. A. Entering;stealing B. Entering;gone C. To have entered; being stolen D. Having entered;to be stolen 5.We are pleased to see the problem ___ so quickly. A. settled B. having been settled C. be s ettled D. settling 6. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again. (上海1999） A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired 7. It is wise to have some money ___ for old age. (NMET1996) A. put away B. keep up C. give away D. laid up 8. I don't want the children ___ out in such weather. A. take B. to take C. taken D. taking 9. I'm afraid that I can't make myself ___ be cause of my poor English. A. understand B. understanding C. to understand D. understood 10. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied [来源:学科网]8. 专项训练2： 1. We found her greatly ___. A. improving B. changed C. to help D. having disturbed 2. Jane got her bad tooth ___ at the dentist's. A. to put in B. pulled out C. pushed out D. drawing out 3. When ____,the museum will be open to the public next year. (上海2002) https://www.doczj.com/doc/c79460208.html,pleted B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式(to do)、动名词(－ing)、现在分词(－ing)与过去分词(－ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制，在句子中不能充当谓语，但可以充当句子的其他成分，并且有时态和语态的变化。 动词-ing形式的要点 1．-ing的形式 2.-ing形式的基本用法 (1)作主语：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 (2)作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. (3)作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much. ②作某些短语动词的宾语。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York. ③ do＋限定词(my, some, any, the等)＋v.-ing，表示“做…事”之如 do some cleaning打扫卫生do some shopping购物
④作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics. ⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语： This book is well worth reading. 只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有： admit 承认appreciate 感激avoid 避免put off 推迟keep 保持consider 考虑delay/ postpone 耽搁dislike 嫌恶resist 抵制mention 提及enjoy 喜欢escape 避免excuse 原谅practice 练习mind介意fancy想不到feel like 意欲finish 完成risk 冒险include 包括forgive 原谅give up 放弃suggest 建议miss 逃过imagine 想象can’t help 情不自禁involve 需要can’t stand无法忍受understand 理解 常见的带介词to的短语： be used to 习惯be related to 与……有关get down to 着手做contribute to 贡献put one’s mind to全神贯注于give rise to 引起 be equal to 胜任devote oneself to 献身于lead to 导致be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望object to 反对stick to 坚持pay attention to 注意 (4)作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. (5)作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
非谓语动词动词不定式现在分词过去分词和动 名词 Coca-cola standardization office【ZZ5AB-ZZSYT-ZZ2C-ZZ682T-ZZT18】
非谓语动词（动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词） 一、概念 一个简单句只能有一个动词做谓语，这个动词叫谓语动词；在这个简单句中，其他没有做谓语的动词，不管有多少个，都不能做谓语，这些动词就叫非谓语动词。 这是英语语法极其重要的一个原则。谓语动词要以谓语动词形式表达出来，非谓语动词要以非谓语动词的形式表达出来。 非谓语动词包括：动词不定式-to do 动名词-doing 现在分词-doing 过去分词-done 非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不是做谓语的动词；非谓语动词除了不做谓语，可以做主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语等各种其他句子成分。要掌握非谓语动词的用法，就是要掌握不同非谓语动词在各个句子成分的不同含义和用法。 二、非谓语动词的用法区别 从含义上大略可以区别：过去分词-done一般表示被动、完成的意思，所以从主动和被动方面先可以把过去分词和动词不定式、现在分词、动名词区分开来。
动词不定式一般表示目的、还未发生的动作。 现在分词一般表示正在进行或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 动名词具有名词的特性，在句中一般做主语、宾语、表语。 所以，就区别to do与doing的区别就可以了。 1、to do与doing（动名词）的区别（主要是在做主语、表语和宾语时的区别） （1）做主语和表语的区别 一般来说，在表示比较抽象的一般行为或者经常性行为时多用动名词；在表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来发生的动作，多作不定式。 做主语: Smoking is prohibited here.此地禁止抽烟。 To invite him to tomorrow party is necessary.邀请他参加明天的聚会是必要的。 做表语： My job is teaching English .我的工作是教英语。 Our task now is to increase food production.我们现在的任务是增加粮食产量。
分词有现在分词（the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle），在句中充当定语、表语、补语和状语。 一、现在分词 主动语态被动语态 语态 时态 一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 其否定形式是在doing之前加上not 【随时练】 1). He ran back home at night, ______ (look) behind at times. 2). ______ (tell) many times, the old man forgot the name of the supermarket. 3). ______ (not get) well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting. 【答案】 1)looking 2)Having been told 3)Not having got (二) 分词在句中所做成分 分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。 1、作定语 分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。 1）前置定语 He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。 Make less noise. There’s a sleeping child. 不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。 2）后置定语 The young man running after Jim was the winner in the last year race. 跟在吉姆身后跑的年轻人是去年比赛的冠军。 3）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如： Those wishing to see the film star have been waiting for hours. (=Those who wish to see the film star have been waiting for hours.) 想见那个电影明星的人已经等了几个小时。 4）完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：我们一般不说：The girl having passed the driving test is a friend of mine. 而常这样说：The girl who has passed the driving test is a friend of mine. 5）非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如： Anyone having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。 Charlie, having lived in Paris for years, decided to return to London. 在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。
Unit 1过去分词做定语和表语 Part 1 过去分词作定语 [例句] 仔细观察下列句子中的过去分词的用法。 1. The polluted water was to blame. 2. We should also respect the retired workers. 3. Paper cuts used for religious purposes are often found in temples. 4. He is a teacher loved by his students. 5. The student dressed in white is my daughter. = The student who is dressed in white is my daughter. [归纳] 1. 过去分词作定语时，表示的动作在______之前发生，已经完成（见句1）。作定语的过去分词由_____动词变时，和所修饰的词语之间是________关系。 不及物动词的过去分词也可作定语，一般作前置定语，不表示被动意义，只强调动作完成。如句2中的retired , 又如： _______________落叶；_________________升起的太阳。 2. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词_____（见句1、句2）。_____作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面，作后置定语，表示被动或完成，其作用相当于一个______（见句3、句4、句5）。 [拓展] 2. 如果被修饰的词是由every / some / any / no + thing / body / one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those或these等时，即使是单一的过去分词作定语，也要放在被修饰词的后面。如： There is nothing changed here since I left this town. 3. 过去分词短语有时还可用作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，前后用逗号分开。如： Some of them, born and brought up in rural villages, had never seen a train. 【练一练】 一、用所给单词的适当形式填空。 1.This is the severely ___________(pollute) lake I mentioned to you the other day. 2.Huang Lin ______________(educate) in Germany has the ability to deal with such a situation well. 3. Do you know the number of books___________(order) by the library?
非谓语动词（II）----------动词ing形式的用法 （现在分词/ 动名词） 划出下列句子中的V-ing形式，并分析其句子成分。 ⑴Smoking does great harm to people’s health. ⑵ My job is looking after children. ⑶ I have finished reading the novel. ⑷ We have got a swimming pool in our school. (5) He made me angry by hitting my car. (6) Having heard the news, I wrote to him to comfort him. (7) This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. (8) I heard him singing a song in the classroom. (9) Do you know the boy standing at the gate? (10)The news he told us is exciting 动词的ing形式，在作非谓语动词时，根据其在句子中充当的句子成分，可以叫做现在分词或动名词。 表示主动，或动作正在进行。 一般时doing 完成时having done 被动式being done 现在分词：现在分词的意义和作用：分词在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语。 动名词：在句子中可以作主语，宾语 I．doing作主语：表示经常性的动作。to do 常表示未发生的动作 Eg：Doing sports regularly is good for our health. 1.______________________________(早起) is too difficult for the lazy boy. 2.______________________________(多植树) can help protect the environment. 3.______________________________(打篮球) is my favorite sport. 4.______________________________(走路上班) is a kind of green lifestyle. 5.______________________________(错过比赛时间) led to his failure. 6.______________________________(保护野生动物)means protecting ourselves. 7.______________________________(考试中作弊) is a terribly bad behavior. 8.______________________________(相信我们自己) makes a great difference to our study. 9.______________________________(照顾父母) is thought to be our duty. 10.______________________________(吸烟和喝酒) do harm to our health.
非谓语动词之现在分词和动名词 今天我们来学习另外两种非谓语动词形式—现在分词和动名词。 现在分词和动名词的形式是一样的，都是doing，但它们的含义和用法存在很大差别，即便都可以做表语、定语，其含义也是大不相同的。 希望同学们通过今天的学习，能够真正领悟它们的用法和区别。 一.现在分词（The Present Participle）: doing 1、现在分词由动词加“ing”构成，表示主动或正在进行，主要起形容词、副词和动词的作用，可在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等成份。 （1）作表语。（与主语存在主动的逻辑关系） The news is exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。
The result is amazing. 这个结果令人惊异。 （2）作定语。（与被修饰词之间存在主动的逻辑关系） Do you know the young man standing under the tree? 你认识站在树下的年轻人吗？ The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt. 穿红外套的女人是我的阿姨。 （3）作状语。（与句子主语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano .（时间状语） 经过这所房子的时候，他看到一个女孩正在弹钢琴。
A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand.(结果状语) 大量的土地已经与树木一起消失了，只留下了沙子。 They wake up their parents , calling “Merry Christmas”（伴随状语）他们弄醒了他们的父母，喊着“圣诞节快乐”。 （4）作宾补。（与宾语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生） I hear a girl singing in the next room. 我听到一个女孩正在隔壁唱歌。 2、现在分词的否定式：not doing Not knowing where he is, she is feeling anxious. 不知道他在哪里，她感到非常焦急。
1. _____ from the top of the TV tower, and we can get a beautiful sight of most of the city. A. To see B. Seen C. Seeing D. See 2. All things _____, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. be considered B. considering C. having considered D. considered 3. ______ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of her life. A. Saw; frightened B. Seen; frightened C. To see; frightening D. Seeing; frightened 4. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. When taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken 5. The research is so designed that once ______ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. begun C. beginning D. having begun 6. _____ in 1613, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United Stated. A. being founded B. Founded C. It was founded D. Founding 7. If you go to Xi’an, you will find the palaces there more magnificent than commonly _____. A. supposed B. supposing C. to suppose D. suppose 8. _____ more attention, the tree could have grown better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 9. In order not to be disturbed, I spent three hours _____ my study. A. locking B. to lock C. locked D. being locked 10. _____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all. A. When compared B. Compare C. While comparing D. Comparing 11. Mrs. Bush stood ______ for a moment when an old soldier suddenly appeared before her. A. surprised B. surprising C. being surprised D. to be surprised 12. ____ alone in the dark room, the little boy was so frightened as to cry. A. Leaving B. Left C. To be left D. Having left 13. _____ to complete the job on time, they set out to work immediately. A. Being determined B. On having determined C. Determined D. To be determined 14. ______ in a friendly way, their quarrel came to an end. A. Being settled B. Having settled C. Settled D. Settling 15. If law-breaker ____, the society will be in disorder. A. made unpunished B. came unpunished C. not punished D. went unpunished 16. He must be angry, for we heard the glass ____ on the floor. A, being broken B. break C. to be break D. broken 17. You can fly to the UK this morning _____ you don’t mind changing planes in A. because B. provided C. unless D. so far as 18. _____ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing. A. To look B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at 19. _____ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars. A. To be judged the best B. Judged the best C. Having judged the best D. Judging the best