《专业英语（制药工程）》
【科技英语的常用句型和翻译技巧】
一、概述
1. 翻译的要求The Criteria of Translation：信、雅、达
2. 科技英语词汇（上节课已经介绍）
3. 科技英语句子的特点
二、科技英语常用句型及翻译
1. 被动语态
1）被动语态的常用原因
常用被动语态主要见于以下几个方面：
①不必或无法说出主动者
For a long time aluminum has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion.
长期以来，铝被当作一种有效的防止金属腐蚀的材料。
?The book has already been translated into many languages.
②强调行为对象，而非行为者，将行为对象作为句子的主语
Three machines can be controlled by a single operation.
三台机器能由一个操作者操纵。
?The work must be finished at once.
③为了更好的联系上下文
?They are going to build a library here next year. It is going to be build beside the classroom building.
2）被动语句的翻译方法
（1）仍译为被动句
最常见的是在谓语前加上助词“被”，也可使用“受到，遭到，得到，叫，称，让，给，加以，为……所”等句式。偶尔也可不加任何词直接译出。
We remember how air can be made into a liquid. If the liquid is warmed again, it “boiled”and turns back into a gas.
我们记得是如何把空气制成液体的。如果给这种液体重新加热，它“沸腾汽化”，就又还原成气体。
?Every thing is built up of atoms.
?The process by which energy is changed from one form into another is called the transformation of energy.
Water is usually considered as being a compound of two elements.
（2）译为主动句，中国汉语的习惯
①译成无主语的主动句
Measures have been taken to diminish air pollution.
已经采取了一些措施来减少空气污染。
?If the product is a new compound，the structure must be proved independently．
?Quality must be guaranteed first.
②加上不确定主语的主动句
Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals.
大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。
?All bodies are known to possess weight.
?If one or more electrons are removed, the atom is said to be positively charged．
③由by短语中的动作发出者作为主语
Heat and light are given off by the chemical reaction.
这种化学反应能发出热和光。
?The planets are held together by attractive forces.
?Every day, new compounds are produced in the laboratory by the synthetic organic chemist. （3）译成判断句
Currently most solar cells are made from crystals of high-purity silicon.
目前，绝大多数太阳能电池是用高纯度的硅晶体制成的。
?Large quantities of oil are refined locally at Abadan, Iran, in Bahrain and elsewhere.
Produced by electrons are the x-ray, which allow the doctor to took aside a patient’s body. （4）译成因果句
The crops were badly damaged by a flood. 农作物因水灾而毁坏。
The multiplicity of carbon compounds is explained in the exceptional ability of carbon atoms to combine with one another.
碳化合物之所以为数众多，是因为碳原子相互结合的能力特别强。
?The existence of organic chemistry is further justified by the importance of carbon compounds or mixtures in our lives.
2. 从句
科技英语大量使用复合句是其重要的特征之一，一个复合句可能由主句和多个主句组成。理解和掌握各种从句的译法对理解和翻译科技英语是非常重要的。
1）主语从句
①基本句型：连词（连接代词、连接副词）+主语+谓语+谓语
Why dinaucers became extinct remained a mystery for a long time.
恐龙为什么绝迹长期以来是个谜。
?Whether there is life on the Mars is a disputable topic.
②用what引起的主语从句
What we call weight is really the gravitational pull on an object.
我们所称之重量实际上是对某一物体的地心引力。
?What cannot be seen with the eye can be easily found with a radar instrument.
③用it做主语的复合句
?It is important that the metal for making aeroplanes should resist corrosion.
?It is said that all matters is made up of atoms.
2）宾语从句
①带有宾语从句的复合句：一般按原句顺序翻译
A product must be carefully tested to determine if it will perform its job properly and reliably.
产品必须自己检查，以确定是否合格可靠。
?Newton believed that gravitation is everywhere——that is, it is universal.
②用what引起的宾语从句
常有“the thing which”的含义，译为“所……的东西（或事物）”：
The computer can only do what they are told to do.
计算机只能做人们所要它做的事情。
?When the atoms of different elements combine or react chemically, they form what are called “molecules”.
③介词所带的宾语从句
除动词外，介词也可带有宾语从句，这时从句不能用that引导，而是连接代词或连接副词引导，翻译时要把宾语从句处理成一个短语。
Energy is rather difficult to define, but most of us have a concept of what it is.
给能量下定义是相当不容易的，但我们大多数人对这一概念都有所了解。
?The value of a machine depends on how much work it can do per hour, or per second.
④符合宾语中的宾语从句
?Time and again Newton made it clear that motion is relative.
?Ancient people believed it to be true that the sun turned around the earth.
3）表语从句
①表语从句一般译法
?One of the most important facts about light is that it travels in straight line.
?Why don’t we fall off the earth? The answer is that gravity keeps us from falling off.
②由what引起的表语从句
Oil coming from the ground is what we call crude oil.
从地下喷出的石油就是我们所说的原油。
?Carbon is what makes up a major ingredient in coal, wood, gasoline, oil, or any other fuel. 4）同位语从句
①把同位语从句译在其先行词之前，二者之间用“这一”或“的”连接。
The question whether there is life on Mars is still disputable.
火星是否有生命这一问题仍在争论之中。
?The distilling unit separates oil into different products by taking advantage of the fact that the hydrocarbons boils at different temperatures.
②按照原文顺序翻译，在先行词前加“这一”等次，其后加冒号或破折号，然后译出同
位语从句，这种方法只能用在同位语从句及其先行词不在句首的复合句中。
?We are thus led to the conclusion that friction is not always something undesirable.
We are all familiar with the fact that nothing in nature will either start or stop moving of itself 5）定语从句
①限制性定语从句
a)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的部分，如果除去它整个句子就可能失去意义。在翻译
时通常省去关系代词而把定语从句放在所修的名词之前。
?Anything that takes up space and has weight is matter.
任何占据空间、具有重量的东西都是物质。
b)在限制性定语从句中，做宾语的关系代词有时省去。
?The heat energy we get from the sun may be changed into other forms of energy.
我们从太阳得到的热能可以变成其他形式的能。
②非限制性定语从句
a)译为并列句，关系代词译作它所替的词，前面加上“这个”“这些”，也可以不重复所替
代的词，而用“它们”等表示。如：
?The most familiar ferrous alloy is steel, which contains iron and a very small proportion of carbon.
b)有时主句和从句之间有转折或连续关系，在翻译时除照上述方法外，还以可以加上“而，
可是，但”等连词，如：
?An atom consists of a nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in one or more shells.
c)有时定语从句含有原因、让步、条件等意义，这时可以将其译成相应的状语，如：
Computers, which have many advantages, cannot take the place of man. They can only do what they are told to do.
计算机虽然有许多优点，却不能代替人。它只能做人们要它做的事情。
?The water still cooled off quickly at night through the glass, which was exposed to the cold night air.
③关系代词which前有介词的译法
a)介词是从句中的某个动词或短语所要求，翻译时把介词作为短语的一部分，不专门译出。
The degree to which they impede the flow of current is called resistance.
阻碍电的流动的程度叫做电阻。
?Electricity is a subject about which many books have been written.
有的介词用于其本身含义，表示地点、时间、原因等，应按其含义译出。
? A machine is a mechanical contrivance by means of which a force is used to overcome a resistance.机器是一种借助它施加力以克服阻力的机械装置。
b)在which前用of表示“部分”概念时，关系代词常译为“其中”。
?An acid was originally defined as a compound containing hydrogen, some or all of which could be replaced by a metal to form a new compound known as a salt.
Fluids comprise both liquids and gases, the most common examples of which are water and air.
④关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语的译法
可译为“它的，它们的，其”
?All matter comprises atoms and molecules, whose spacing depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces.所有物质都由原子和分子组成，其间距取决于分子间诸力的大小。
⑤由where引导的定语从句
Naturally, solar water heaters work best in climates where there is a lot of sunshine and where the temperatures are quite warm.
当然，在阳光充足、温暖和煦的天气，太阳能热水器效果最好。
?See Table 4, where all metals are listed in the order of their specific weight.
⑥由which引导的特种定语从句
All matter has mass, which is known to all.
一切物质都有质量，这是众所周知的。
?The specific heat of water is 1, which means that it requires one calorie of heat to raise one gram of water one degree.
⑦用as引导的特种定语从句
As we know, the conductivity of semi-conductors increase with the increase of temperature.
正如我们所知，半导体的导电性随着温度的升高而增大。
?Power equals the square of the current multiplied by the resistance, as (is) indicated in the formula P=I2R.
6）状语从句
①时间状语从句
a)英语中时间状态从句可以放在句首、句中或句末，译成汉语时时间状语从句通常放在主
句之前。
When we speak of a force being responsible for motion, it is not enough for us to tell only its
magnitude.
当我们谈到一个力引起运动时，只谈力的大小是不够的。
An electromagnet is only a magnet while a current is flowing.
只有电流通过时，电磁铁才有磁性。
b)用until或till连接的从句一般在翻译时放在主句之后，译为“直到……为止”。
A theory in physics does not become a law until it has been tested and shown to apply in many previously untested areas.
物理学中的理论要经过检验并证明可以在许多以前未试验过的领域中应用才能变成定律。
?The development stage lasts as long as it needs to, until the working device has been constructed and tested.
c)英语中有的短语也可以起到时间状语连词的作用，这种从句在译成中文时要放在主句之
前。常见的这类短语有：
each time 每当every time 每当the moment 一……就
the minute 一……就by the time 到……时
By the time protons come out of the cyclotron, their speed has become nearly equal to that of light. 到质子离开回旋加速器时，其速度已接近于光速。
②地点状语从句
Where pipelines cross swamps, rivers, or lakes they must be encased in concrete.
在管道通过沼泽、河流或湖泊的地方，必须用混凝土把管道包起来。
?Wherever you and I and the rest of the people on the earth go there is always gravity to keep us from falling off.
③条件状语从句
a)条件状语可以放在句首、句中或句末，译成中文时一般放在句首。
If you were in a frictionless world, you would not be able to walk, no wheels would turn, and no vehicles could come to you.
如果处在一个没有摩擦的世界，你就会无法走路，车轮就无法转动，也就不会有车来接你。
b)连词as long as及so long as译为“只要”。
? A fan which is moving the air in a room helps us to feel cooler, so long as the air temperature is not warmer than that of the skin.
c)Provided及providing (that)译为“如果，假如，只要”。如果译成“条件是”则从句须后
置。
It is possible to establish an electric current in any material provided that sufficient voltage is available.
只要有足够的电压，就可以在任何材料中建立电流。
d)Unless，译为除非，如果不
Unless measures are taken at once, there is a food chance that all the oceans of the world be heavily polluted by the year 2000.
若不立即才去措施，全世界的海洋到2000年很可能受到严重的污染。
④原因从句
Because aluminium is a good conductor of electricity it is often used for cables to carry telegraph and telephone messages.
因为铝是电的良导体，常常用作传送电报和电话信息的电缆。
As heat makes things move, it is a form of energy.
由于热能使物体运动，所以它是能量的一种形式。
Why can an airplane fly up since it is much heavier than air?
既然飞机比空气重得多，为什么能飞上天空呢？
?Now that man has left his footprints on the moon, where will he go next?
⑤结果状语从句
The difficulties encountered have been such that little progress has yet been made.
所遇到困难非常之大，以致于进展甚微。
?Most cells are so small that you need a powerful magnifying lens to see one.
⑥目的状语从句
We have no protect the steel from contact with air when we heat or cool it lest oxidation should take place.
将钢加热或冷却时必须使之不与空气接触，以免发生氧化。
?They use helium rather than hydrogen for fear that explosion should take place.
⑦比较状语从句
Aluminum has a higher resistance to corrosion than many other metals.
铝的抗腐蚀能力比许多其他金属高。
Aluminum is not so expensive as copper or silver.
铝的价格不如铜或银那样贵。
?The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.
The body must dissipate heat as fast as it produces it.身体排出热量的速度必须和产生热的速度一样快。
⑧方式状语从句
Here on the earth we usually talk as if weight and mass were the same thing.
在地球上我们通常说起来仿佛重量和质量是一回事。
?All active metals react slowly with oxygen in the air, just as iron does.
⑨让步状语从句
Glass is a mixture of silicates, usually of sodium and calcium, although many variations are possible.
玻璃是硅酸盐的混合物，通常为硅酸钠和硅酸钙，不过也可能有许多其它品种。
Small as an atom is, it consists of smaller particles.
原子尽管很小，它却由更小的粒子组成。
?Pure water, no matter what its source, can always be decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen.
3. 长句（难句）
使用长句是科技英语特点之一，长句能体现科技工作者严密的逻辑推理思维。造成句子长的原因有很多，但主要的原因语言结构层次多而复杂，句中并列成分多，大量使用后置定语、各种短语和复杂的包孕结构。
原文一：Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
分析：在翻译长句时，首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它都是由一些基本的成分组成的。这个句子由一个主句，两个原因状语和一定定语从句，全句共有四个谓语结构，共有五层意思：
A.铝直到19世纪才被人发现；
B.由于在自然界找不到游离状态的铝；
C.由于它总是跟其他元素结合在一起；
D.最普遍的是跟氧结合；
E.铝跟氧有很强的亲和力。
长句的翻译方法：
①分切法：英语的长句往往借助于各种修饰成分，把句子主干连接起来，表达复杂意思。
而汉语确可以用简单句，一层层的展示思想。一般对于长句先将整个英语长句译成几个独立的句子，并按一定的顺序连接起来。
②顺序法：如果能英语原句结构的顺序与汉语相同，层次分明，译成汉语时可依次排序，
一气呵成。
③变序法：对于不能顺序法翻译的，就改变原句的顺序，汉译时符合中文由远及近，层层
展开，最后画龙点睛的表达。这时需要将原文从中间断开，原句的句首内容最后叙述。
原文二：An “alloy”steel is one which, in addition to the contents of carbon, sulphur and phosphorus, contains more than 1 percent of manganese, or more than 0.3 percent of silicon, or some other elements in amounts not encountered in carbon steels.
译文二：如果一种钢除含有碳、硫、磷以外，还含有1%多的锰或0.3%多的硅或者一些碳素钢中不包含的其他元素，那么这种钢便是“合金钢”。
Five basic sentence patterns 五大基本句型 一．五大基本句型： 1. I do. S+V（主语+谓语动词） 2. You are beautiful/handsome. S + V + C（主语+ 动词+ 主语补足语）即“主系表” 3. I love you. S+V+O（主语+ 谓语+ 宾语） 4. You make me happy. S+V+O+C（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语） 5. I will give you a kiss. S+V+O+O（主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+宾语） 二．具体讲解 1. 基本句型一：S十V主谓结构 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词：appear, apologize, arrive, come, die, disappear, fall, happen, rise等 如：学生们学习很努力。_____________________________________ 2. 基本句型二: S十V十C主系表结构 常见的系动词有：①be动词(是)； ②感官动词: look(看起来), feel(感到), smell(闻起来), ;taste(尝起来), sound(听起来); ③表示状态的: seem(似乎), appear(似乎，好像), keep(保持）, remain(仍是), stay(继续处于...状态)等等。 ④表示转变或结果的: get(变得), become(成为), turn(变得),go(变成), grow(渐渐变得), fall(变得), prove(证明) 1)我们在任何时候都应该保持安静。We should __________ __________ any time. 2)这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_________________________________________________. 3) 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。Spring comes. It is ______________________________. 4) 不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。Don't have the food. _______________________________. 3. 基本句型三: S十V十O主谓宾结构 1)我昨天看了一部电影。________________________________________________. 2）这些孩子他们照看得很好。They have ________ ________ _________ of the children．4. 基本句型四: S十V十间接宾语“人”十直接宾语“物”结构 1）昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。 Yesterday her father _______________ ________ _____ ____________ as a birthday present. 2) The old man ___ ______ ____ ________ ________ in the Long March.(正在给孩子们讲故事) 注意：这种句型还可转换为：S + V ＋直接宾语“物”＋for/ to sb. + 间接宾语“人” 1)请把你的画给我看一下。 Please show me your picture. ==Please _________ ________ __________ _____ _____.
高中英语作文常用句型和经典句型 这篇关于高中英语作文常用句型和经典句型，是特地为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助！ 高中英语作文常用句型 一、根据衔接词本身在文章中起到的作用，主要分为以下四类，即“起”、“承”、“转”、“合”。 (一)表示“起”的词/词组：用于开篇引出扩展句。 at first 最初for one thing…(for another) at present 现在;当今首先…(其次)… currently 目前;最后 recently 最近 first(ly)第一 in general 一般说来 in the beginning 起初one the one hand…(on the other hand) to begin with 首先;第一一方面…(另一方面) first of all 首先;第一 generally speaking 一般地说 in the first place 首先;第一 on the whole 总起来说 lately 最近 to start with 首先;第一
presently 现在;此刻 now 现在 (二)有关“承”的常用词语：用来承接上文。 after/after that/afterwards此后 by this time 此时after a few days 几天以后 certainly 无疑地;当然地after a while过了一会儿 therefore 因此;结果 also/too 并且;又 for example 例如 at the same time 同时 for instance 例如 beside 此外 for this purpose 为了这个目的 Besides/what,s more 而且;此外 from now on 从此 in addition 此外 second 第二;第二点 in addition to… 除…之外 secondly 第二 in fact 事实上 similarly 同样地 in other words 换句话说 so 所以 in particular 特别(地) soon 不久 in the same way 同样地 still 仍然 by the way 顺便提一句 then 然后
英语专业四级考试作文写作技巧 (一)写作题的性质 写作是人们表达思想的一种重要手段，我们称之为comprehensive test 的综合测试，体现的是学生综合运用语言的能力。因为它不仅考核考生对词汇的掌握、对语法的应用，同时也考查了学生的表达能力、思维的逻辑性和条理性。我们知道，学习英语需掌握四种技能：听、说、读、写。听和读是语言的input(输入)过程，因而对于听力和阅读的测试是考查学习者的被动英文技能；说和写是语言的output(输出)过程，对于口语和写作的测试则是考查学习者的主动英文技能。学习者的被动英文水平往往高于主动英文水平，因此听力理解材料的难度往往大于口语的内容，阅读理解材料的难度往往要大于写作。由此可见，在经过两年基础专业课的学习后，学习者应该将重点放在把被动英文水平转化成主动英文水平上。一旦我们的大脑有了大量的语言输出之后，就能达到出口成章、下笔有神的境界。 (二)英语专业四级写作要求 (1)能根据各种不同的听读材料笔头回答问题，复述内容写摘要、写提纲和记笔记。 (2)能根据题目列出写作提纲，在一小时内写出200～250词的短文。
以上均要求做到内容完整、条理清楚，语法基本正确，语言通顺恰当。 (3)能写一般的书信、通知、便条、请帖，填写简单的表格，格式正确，语言得体。 写作课培养学生初步写作能力，包括提纲、文章摘要、短文以及最简单的常用应用文。 (三)考试大纲对英语专业写作的要求和规定 (1)测试目的：按照英语专业基础阶段英语教学大纲的要求，检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。 (2)题型：主观试题，分为section a和section b两个部分。 section a: composition写作文 section b: note-writing写便条 (3)测试要求： a)作文。要求根据所给的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲) 写一篇150词的短文，能做到内容切题、完整，条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。作文的类别有说明文、议论文或记叙文。考试时间为35分钟。 b)便条。要求根据提示写大约50～60词的便条、通知、请帖等。要求做到格式正确，语言得体。考试时间为10分钟。 (四)英语专业四级写作的评分标准
大学英语作文开头结尾万能句型 英语写作有其特定的套路， 句式句型就是其中之一。 以下是小编带来的资料， 希望对你有帮助。 开头万能公式 1. 开头万能公式一：名人名言
有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”，很 好办：编! 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所 以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧? 经典句型： A proberb says, “ You are only young once.” (适用于已 记住的名言) It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自 编名言) 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2. 开头万能公式二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试 的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以 不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的， 其实都是编造出来的， 下面随便几个题目我们都 可以这样编造： Honesty： 根据最近的一项统计调查显示， 大学生向老师请假的理由当中 78% 都是假的。
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从英语的句子结构上说，除了修饰名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外，在千变万化的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式，一般地说，某些动词在某一句式中，下面我们把这些句型和常用的动词进行归类，供大家参考。 一、S(主) + Vi (不及物动词) （谓）Time (s) + flies (Vi) 两天过去了。 冬天快要来了。 受伤的猫死了。 发生了一宗交通事故。 1)S + Vi + adverbial ( 副词作状语) Birds sing beautifully. 他高兴地离开了。 女孩安静地走了进来。 战争和平地结束了。 雨渐渐地停了。 2）S + Vi + Prep phase (介词短语作状语) He went on holiday. 他们会在三点钟到。 那群孩子步行去上学。 3）S + Vi +Infinitive (不定式作状语) We stopped to have a rest. 他起得早是为了读英语。 他希望做医生。 4）S + Vi +Participle (现在分词作状语) I will go swimming. 我们明天一起去钓鱼。 我明天去划船。 昨天他们去逛街。
S（主）+ Vt( 及物动词) （谓）+ Object (宾) ------- We like English. 1）S + Vt + N/ Pron (名词或代词作宾语) I like music. / I like her. 他去年教数学。 我们已收到了他们的来信。2）S + Vt + Infinitive (不定式作宾语) I want to help him. 他爸爸期待拥有一家工厂。 他们假装在看书。 我尝试去解决那个问题。 常用于这个句型的动词有：attempt ,dare ,decide, desire, expect, hope, wish, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, want, manage, plan, fail, try, agree等。 3) S + Vt + 疑问词+ Infinitive （疑问词加不定式作宾语） I don’t know what to do. 我在想明天去哪里。 你决定要买什么了吗？ 我想知道什么时候出发。 常用于这个句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder 等。 4）S + Vt + Gerund(动名词作宾语) I enjoy living here. 他每天都练习说英语。 李阿姨忍不住笑了。 我期待明天见到你。 常用于这个句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can’t help, imagine, appreciate, escape, permit, put off, devote to, make a contribution to, look forward to, feel like, get/be used to, pay attention to, have trouble/ difficulty in, be fond of, be worth 等。
这些常用句型，熟记后，基本都可以在写作文的时候运用上。也不用绞尽脑汁去想如何表达自己的意思了。 1.While many people attach great importance to this issue, no real effective actions have been taken to solve it. Therefore, we should do our utmost in doing something to solve it. 尽管很多人非常重视这个问题，然而一直以来并没有采取真正有效的解决措施，因此，我们应该尽最大努力来解决这一问题。 2.After a good many years of efforts to/ enthusiasm for..., people begin to... 经过许多年的努力/热衷于……多年之后，人们开始…… 例句：After a good many years of enthusiasm for fighting in the city, people begin to try to live a comfortable life in the country. 热衷于在城市拼搏多年之后，人们开始想在小城镇过上舒适的生活。 3.Recently, the problem of...has aroused people's concern. 最近，……问题已引起人们的关注。 例句：Recently, the problem of abandoning animals has aroused people's concern. 最近，遗弃动物这个问题已引起人们的关注。 4.As far as I am concerned, the advantages of...is more than disadvantages. 我认为……利大于弊。 例句：As far as I am concerned, the advantages of establishing library in town is more than disadvantages. 我认为在城镇建立图书馆利大于弊。 5....has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
专四语法考点串讲之四形容词、副词及比较平行结构 一、形容词后置情况总结： （1）修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等时，例： There is something difficult in this book. （2）形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语的时候。例： This is a student worth of praise. （3）用and或or连接两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后，起强调修饰的作用。例：They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern. （4）形容词同表示数量的词组连用时亦放在后面。例：The pipe is twelve feet long. 二、感叹副词what、how之间的区别：what修饰名词或名词短语，how修饰副词或形容词。如：56．Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? （2012） A．How strange feelings they are! B．How dare you speak to me like that! C．What noise they are making! D. What a mess we are in! 三、同根副词辨析： 1）hard 努力地hardly几乎2）late晚，迟lately近来 3）most 极，非常mostly 主要地4）wide广阔地widely广泛地 5）deep深，迟deeply抽象意义上的“深”6）near 邻近nearly 几乎 7) express 用快递方式expressly清楚地，明白地8）just恰好，正是justly正义、公正地……详细阅读课本（P276-280）并做P280-281练习题24B。 四、比较等级的常见句型： （1）as+原级+ as（as+原级+a/an+单数可数名词+ as），其否定形式为not as/so+原级+ as （2）比较级+than+比较对象（less+原级+比较对象） （3）比较级+and+比较级或more and more +原级 （4）the+比较级…，the+比较级… （5）the+比较级+of the two （6）the+最高级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词 （7）be one of/among+ the+最高级+复数名词 （8）the last+原级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词 五、比较等级的修饰语： （1）修饰原级：fairly, quite, rather, so, very, too等。 （2）修饰比较级：much, even, far, rather, still, any, no (而不用very, quite, fairly，Greatly)，a bit, a little, a head, a great deal. a lot , by far等。 六、如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such；注意：little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。 七、almost与nearly的用法区别：在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。在any, no, none, never 前用almost, 不用nearly。 Eg. I’m not nearly ready. I almost never see her. 八、特殊结构: 1. A is to B what / as X is Y ; 如：53. Nine is to three _____ three is to one. (2008) A. when B. that C. which D. what 2. A+V.+倍数或分数as + adj. / adv. + as +B. A +V.+倍数或分数+名词of B
段首句 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合 仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。 更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.T o them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。
英语的五大基本句型 同一个词类可以在句中充当不同的成分，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。 句子的组成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，词与词之间有一定的组合关系，按照不同的关系，可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有六种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）和状语(adverbial)。 英语句子成分中,有些具有形态标志。如第一人称代词作主语就用主格“Ｉ”,作宾语用宾格“me”，作定语用所有格“my”。这些形态变化对分析辨认成分很有帮助。 汉语与英语就句子成分表面上看来差不多，实际上有不少差别。例如： Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he came home. 小李回家后, 立刻就睡觉了。 I'll go when I have had my dinner. 我吃了饭就去。 在英语中，同一个主语在第二次出现时不能省略，必须把每个谓语所陈述的对象都表示出来。而在汉语中，同一个主语在句中第二次出现时，就可以省略。如例（１）中，汉语说“小李回家后立刻就睡觉了”，省去了第二个分句的主语，倒可以避免造成误解。若将第二次出现的主语补出来，说成“小李回家后，他立刻就睡觉了”。听的人反而可能把那个“他”误会成另一个人。 把句子的各个成分搞清楚，也就是把句子各部分的关系搞清楚。做到这一点，才可以准确地理解句子的意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子。有一点要注意，在分析句子结构时，应该抓住主要成分。我们分析句子结构，划分句子成分无非是为了理解，或者是为了造句。各种语言有各自的规则、各自的习惯，而且语言是很灵活的东西，发展过程也很复杂，很难把语法的现象都做出明确、统一的解释来。在使用一种语言时，语法应让位于习惯。符合习惯的，有时尽管不符合语法，也是正确的。 英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 英语五种基本句型列式如下： 基本句型一：Ｓ+Ｖ（主＋谓） 基本句型二：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｐ（主＋谓＋表） 基本句型三：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋宾） 基本句型四：Ｓ+Ｖ+ｏ+Ｏ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 基本句型五：Ｓ+Ｖ+Ｏ+Ｃ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 基本句型一 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 Ｓ+Ｖ（不及物动词） 1. The sun │was shining. 2. The moon │rose. 3. The universe │remains. 4. We all │breathe,eat, and dri
英语作文万能句型 1、提出现象句型: ①Nowadays,it is common to find that......(如今，......很常见） ②In recent decades,with the rapid development of......,more and more......(近年来，随着......的快速发展，越来越多......） ③....has been gaining in popularity in recent years in China,particularly among young people.(....近年来在中国变得越来越流行，在年轻人中尤其受欢迎。） 2、引出不同观点句型： ①When it comes to ......, some people like to.......,while others choose to ...... （说到......，有的人喜欢......，有的人则选择......） ②There have been different opinions on this issue.Some people are in favor of.....However, other people hold a quit different point of view.（人们对此看法不一。一些人赞同....。然而，其他人则持不同观点） 3、分析原因句型 This phenomenon can be attributed to several main reasons. First,.....。Second,....。Third,.....。（这个现象可归因于几个主要原因。首先.....其次.....再次......） 4、分析利弊/优缺点句型 As is the case with many issues,...have both merits and dmerits.On the one hand,......On the other hand......(正如其他许多事物一样，......也是有利有弊的。一方面，......。另一方面，......。）
英语作文正文内容常用的万能语句 导读：本文英语作文正文内容常用的万能语句，仅供参考，如果能帮助到您，欢迎点评和分享。 英语作文正文内容常用的万能语句 文章中常用句子： 1. Apart from this, other ways/ aspects/functions are... 除此之外，另外一些方法(方面、作业)是…… 例句：Besides, other ways are also under considered. 除此之外，其他方法也是在考虑中。 2.The last but not the least is... 最后但并非不重要的是…… 例句：The last but not the least is that we should get up early. 最后但并非不重要的是我们要早起。 3.On the one hand,...,on the other hand,... 一方面……，另一方面…… 例句：On the one hand, we need to be helpful, on the other hand, we should be on the alert to protect ourselves. 一方面我们要乐于助人，另一方面我们要提高警惕保护自己。 4.No less important/ harmful is... 同样重要(有害)
例句：No less important is saving water. 节约用水也是同样重要的。 5.But, you may ask, why is...important/ indispensable/ necessary? 但你也许会问，为什么……很重要(必不可少、有必要)? 例句：But, you may ask, why is water important? 但你也许会问，为什么水很重要? 6.Nothing/ Few things can approach/ equal/ match/ parallel... 没有什么能与……相比 例句：Nothing can approach my pet dog. 没有什么能与我的宠物狗相比。 7.Despite the fact that most of them like..., I would like to choose... 尽管大部分人喜欢……，我还是倾向于…… 例句：Despite the fact that most of them like swimming, I would like to choose running. 尽管大部分人喜欢游泳，我还是倾向于跑步。 8.People differ greatly on their attitudes towards this problem. Some maintain that... Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that... Personally, I stand on the side of... 人们对于这个问题的态度差异很大。有人坚持认为……与此相反，
英语作文万能句子：大学英语作文万能句子精选 1.开头万能公式一：名人名言 有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办?尤其是英语(论坛)名言?”，很好办：编! 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文 章也是，所以即使编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧? 经典句型： aproberb says,“you are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言) it goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编名言) 更多经典句型：as everyone knows, no one can deny that… 2.开头万能公式二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，不过在考试的时 候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所 以不妨试用下面的句型： according to arecent survey,about78.9 the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个 题目我们都能够这样编造： honesty
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选 的交通工具是自行车。 youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 five-day workweek better than six-daywork? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： arecent statistics shows that… 1.结尾万能公式一：如此结论 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇 大论，到最后终于冒出个"总来说之"之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就能够拿高分了!比如下面的例子： Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难"显而见之"，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了! 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
英语五种简单句（一） S(主) + Vi (不及物动词) （谓） eg.Time (s) + flies (Vi) 两天过去了。 冬天快要来了。 受伤的猫死了。 发生了一起交通事故。 1)S + Vi + adverbial ( 副词作状语) eg.Birds sing beautifully. 他高兴地离开了。 女孩安静地走了进来。 战争和平地结束了。 雨渐渐地停了。 2）S + Vi + Prep phase (介词短语作状语) eg.He went on holiday. 他们会在三点钟到。 那群孩子步行去上学。 3）S + Vi +Infinitive (不定式作状语) eg.We stopped to have a rest. 他起得早是为了读英语。 他希望做医生。 4）S + Vi +Participle (现在分词作状语) eg.I will go swimming. 我们明天一起去钓鱼。 我明天去划船。 昨天他们去逛街。 英语五种简单句（二） S（主）+ Vt( 及物动词) （谓）+ Object (宾) eg.We like English. 1）S + Vt + N/ Pron (名词或代词作宾语) eg.I like music. / I like her. 他去年教数学。 我们已收到了他们的来信。 2）S + Vt + Infinitive (不定式作宾语) eg. I want to help him. 他爸爸期待拥有一家工厂。
他们假装在看书。 我尝试去解决那个问题。 常用于这个句型的动词有：attempt ,dare ,decide, desire, expect, hope, wish, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, want, manage, plan, fail, try, agree等。 3) S + Vt + 疑问词+ Infinitive （疑问词加不定式作宾语）eg.I don’t know what to do. 我在想明天去哪里。 你决定要买什么了吗？ 我想知道什么时候出发。 常用于这个句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder 等。 4）S + Vt + Gerund(动名词作宾语) eg. I enjoy living here. 他每天都练习说英语。 李阿姨忍不住笑了。 我期待明天见到你。 常用于这个句型的动词有：admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can’t help, imagine, appreciate, escape, permit, put off, devote to, make a contribution to, look forward to, feel like, get/be used to, pay attention to, have trouble/ difficulty in, be fond of, be worth 等。 英语五种简单句（三） S（主）+ Lv (系动词) + P (表) 【谓语】 eg.We are Chinese. 除了be系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词： 1)表感官的动词：feel, smell, taste, sound, look, 等 2)表变化的动词：become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run, come等
词语是语言的内容，句型是言语的框架。如果只有词语，而没有组织词语的句型，语言就难有深度，难成逻辑。所以熟记一些在文章的不同位置和用于表达不同逻辑的常用句型是英语初、中级学习者必须完成的一项任务。因此在本章中特别编辑了一些在英语写作中常用的句型，供大家在学习和实践中参考使用。 常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that …. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now. 3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that …. I believe…. 5. My argument for this view goes as follows. 6. Along with the development o f…, more and more…. 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether…. 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…. 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter. 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides. 常用于正文段的句型 一、表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. 2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect. 3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B i n…. 5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in…. 6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B…. 7. A…, on the other hand,/in contrast,/while/whereas B…. 8. While it is generally believed that A …, I believe B…. 9. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different. 10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B…. 11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…. 二、演绎法常用的句型 1．There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 2．There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones. 3．Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective. 4．Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows. 5．The reasons are as follows. 三、因果推理法常用句型 1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this,
专四英语作文写作万能句型：开头 1：It is well-known to us that……(我们都知道……)==As far as my knowledge is concerned, …( 就我所知…) 2：Recently the problem of…… has been brought into focus. ==Nowadays there is a growing concern over ……(最近……问题引起了注重) 3：Nowadays(overpopulation)has become a problem we have to face.(现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题) 4：Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.(互联网已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了很多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题) 5：With the rapid development of science and technology，more and more people believe that……(随着科技的迅速发展，越来越多的人认为……) 6：It is a common belief that……==It is commonly believed that……(人们一般认为……)