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背景介绍-杭州文澜中学

背景介绍-杭州文澜中学
背景介绍-杭州文澜中学

一个出乎意料的结论 ——《直角三角形相似复习课》教学案例

杭州市文澜中学 卜春兰

背景介绍

这节课的内容曾在一次市级公开课上进行展示,由于是借班上课,学生情况不了解。因此,本节课中学生探究出的一些结论,都精心设计成几个问题串的形式,学生的思维都按照教师事先设计好的程序顺利进行。虽然有些教师说这堂课设计得很好,但课堂中没有学生的灵动,也没有出现学生思维碰撞的火花,我总觉得有些遗憾。因此在自己班上这节课内容时,我放手大胆地改变了教学模式。

我们学校实施小班化教学,每班不超过30名学生。入学时经过考试选拔,学生层次相对较整齐。平时注重营造民主、宽松的教学氛围,创设开放的课堂教学环境,因此,经常能看到学生思维的火花。下面的情境描述就是我在本班教学的情景。

情境描述

上课一开始,我就笑眯眯地走进教室对学生说:这一节课我们一起来玩一玩,一边玩,一边想,好吗?先请同学们把这四块直角三角形拼成一个正方形好吗?

学生一听很来劲,,这不是简单又好玩嘛!一下子就把课前事先设计好的四块直角三角形拼成了如图所示的一个正方形。 师:这节课我们就对这个正方形的有关问题进行探究。 正方形ABCD 中,P 是AB 的中点,E 是AD 上一点,且AE=

4

1AD,

结论来吗?

我允许学生可以独立思考,也可以小组合作、讨论、交流。

有几个优秀的学生马上进入了沉思,其他学生则一边比划,一

边热烈地讨论着。我一边巡视一边用期待的眼光看着他们,及

时发现讨论过程中出现的问题。

5分钟过去了,每一小组都得出了一些结论,我便宣布讨论结束,让学生说说他们刚才得出的一些结论。

生一:我们小组经过讨论得出的结论是:AP 2+AE 2=PE 2,BP 2+BC 2=PC 2,PE 2+PC 2=EC 2,

DE 2+DC 2=EC 2,2AP 2+AE 2+BC 2=EC 2,2AP 2+AE 2=DE

2 这时,有许多学生笑了起来,为了不打击这位学生的积极性,我反问其他同学:这难道不是结论吗?这时同组的一位学生马上起来响应:“我们组认为,结论可以是边之间的关系,也可以是角之间的关系,可以是图形的形状,也可以是图形之间的关系。刚才说的这些结论是利用勾股定理得到的。”

师:非常好!结论可以是浅层次的,也可以是深层次的。只要是结论就行。我对这位同学的回答加以肯定,又问:还有其他结论吗?

生一:△APE ∽△BCP ∽△PCE ,而△DEC 与其他三个三角形中的任何一个都不相似。 这时又有一学生马上反驳:△EDC 与△EPC 相似。我不置可否,没有马上进行裁决,而是让学生继续思考,说其他结论。

生二:S △APE +S △BCP =S △PCE

生三:EP 平分∠AEC ,CP 平分∠BCE

生四:AE+BC=EC A P D C B

生五:PE 2=AE ·EC ,PC 2=BC ·EC

我把学生得出的结论一一写在黑板上。见已没人举手,便让学生说说是如何得到的。 生一:我是这样发现相似与不相似的,我把每个直角三角形的角重叠在一起,发现 △APE 、△BCP 、△PCE 的角都对应相等,而△EDC 的两个锐角与其余三个三角形的锐角明显不等。

师:噢!你是动手操作比较角的大小得出的,这不失为一种好方法。

生二:我是通过证明得出的,∵∠EPC=90°,∴∠APE+∠BPC=90°,而

∠BPC+∠PCB=90°,∴∠APE=∠BCP ,又∵∠A=∠B=90°,∴△APE ∽△BCP 。 生二:我还有一种方法,∵1

2==AE BP AP BC ,∠A=∠B=90°,∴△APE ∽△BCP 。 又125

52==PE PC ,而12==BP BC AE AP ,∴△APE ∽△BCP ∽△PCE 。 师:非常好!同学们不仅进行了实践,而且从理论的角度进行了论证。当点P 是AB 的中点时,刚才同学们通过动手操作得出△EDC 与△EPC 不相似,如果点P 是AB 上的一个动点(不与A 、B 重合),在运动过程中始终保持∠EPC=90°,是否存在一点P ,使△EDC 与△EPC 相似呢?(我一边说,一边拖动点P 几何画板演示着。)

这时有学生在低声咕噜着:“相似”,“不相似”,也有学生在犹豫着。

师:如果相似,你能证明吗?如果不相似,又该如何说明,以前我们证明一个否命题时,又是如何证明的呢?

生一:哦!用反证法。

生二:如果△DCE ∽△PCE ,则∠DEC=∠ECP ,而∠DEC=∠ECB ,∠ECP ≠∠ECB ,∴两个三角形不可能相似。

生三:还有一种情况,△DCE ∽△PCE ,也可能是∠DEC=∠PEC ,这时,△DCE ≌△PCE ,得EP=ED ,PC=PD 。

“哦!不可能的,因为DC=BC ≠PC 。”其他学生也嚷起来了。

这时我及时地进行了归纳:要证明一个结论不存在,我们可以先假设存在,通过推理论证得出矛盾。也就是以前我们所学的反证法。

“好,再来说说下一个结论。”

生一:我这个结论是拼出来的,把△APE 与△BCP 分别绕PE 、PC 翻过去,△APE 与△BCP 刚好能盖住△EPC 。

生二:我是利用特殊值来算的。设AE=1,则AP=BP=2,BC=4,PE=5,PC=25, S △APE =1,S △BCP =4,S △PCE =5,∴S △APE +S △BCP =S △PCE

生三:只需把AE 设为k ,用刚才的方法就能证出。

师:用计算的方法进行证明在许多时候都是一种非常简单、有效的方法。同学们再想想看,能否用几何的方法证明呢?

生四:有了,刚才我们操作时把两个三角形翻过去能重合,实际上就是过点P 作PH ⊥EC 于H ,只要证明△APE ≌△HPE , △BCP ≌△HCP ,∵△APE ∽△BCP ∽△PCE ,∴∠AEP=∠HEP , ∠BCP=∠HCP ,再加上公共边,全等不难得出。 师:好!这位同学是在动手操作的过程中受到了

启发,想出了添辅助线的方法。所以我们在平时的解题过程中

A P D C

B

可以去动手拼一拼,有时在动手操作过程中会灵感忽现。

生五:我还有方法,延长EP 、CB 相交于点M ,则

△APE ≌△

BPM ,EP=PM ,又∠EPC=90°,∴△EMC 是等腰 三角形,

根据等腰三角形的对称性得S △PCM =S △PCE ,∴S △APE +S △BCP =S △PCE 生六:也可以延长CP 、DA 相交于点M ,用同样的方 法证明。

生七:刚才我拼凑了一下,想到了割补法。 由于语言表述困难,我让他到黑板前一边画一边讲 给同学们听,(如图1)

师:同学们的思维很活跃,方法也很多,在这么多的 方法中,哪种方法最好呢? “计算的方法!”

“好!其他结论呢?” 这时学生都嚷嚷开了:其他的结论全证出来了。这时学生 举手的积极性非常高涨,我让中等或中等偏下的学生口头

进行了证明。

师:对于这个图形,我们还可以编很多的题目,谁能试着编编看吗?

见学生蒙声不响,我先编了一个:已知正方形边长为5,AE=1,在AB 上是否存在一点P ,使△APE 与△BCP 相似,若存在,这样的点P 有几个?并指出P 点的位置,若不存在,请说明理由。

解决了这个问题后,学生思如泉涌,把这个问题进行了改编。

生一:若其他条件不变,AE=k ,则当k 取什么值时,P 点位置有一个,两个,三个? 生二:还可以这样改,其他条件不变,AE=1,正方形的边长为k ,则当k 取什么值时,P 点位置有一个,两个,三个?

这时下课铃声响起,我让学生带着他们自己改编的题目课外去探究,下课了,学生还在热烈地讨论着······

问题讨论

1、 对于本节课中的拼图,有些教师认为是搞花样、作秀,不实惠,也有些教师认为让学生动一下,可以活跃课堂气氛,拼图等操作活动究竟可起多大的作用?

2、 如何把课堂真正还给学生?像这堂课,关注了学生,关注了课堂,但如果不了解所授班级的学生情况,教学时间与教学进度的关系如何处理?

3、 “世界上没有两片相同的树叶”,每一个班的学生或多或少总存在一些差异,在开放的课堂中,在探究性教学过程中,如何更好地体现分层次教学?

4、 在探究性教学过程中,好学生的思维表现非常活跃,而且一段时间下来,思维的敏捷性、广阔性、完整性都有了显著提高。但是,两极分化现象严重。有专家认为,这样的课堂教学,好、差学生在某种程度实际上都有了提高,只不过好学生的思维发展得更快些,两极分化现象不管怎样始终存在。那么,如何缩小两极分化现象呢?

5、 在探究性教学过程中,教师的能力显得非常突出,如何才能更好地发现、把握学生的生成资源,及时回应,提升学生的思维?

诠释与研究

1、 本节课中一开始安排了一个拼图活动,虽然这个拼图活动简单,但是简简单单的拼图活动,却启迪了学生多少智慧!使学生利用叠合比较角的大小,从而发现了三角形间的相似和D C A P D C B F (1)

不相似的关系、三角形间的面积关系;找到了通过作高解决问题的方法;创造性地想到了利用割补法进行面积的证明。简简单单的拼图居然会产生这么大的效果,这是我没有预料到的。

2、关注课堂,关注学生。在新课程背景下,课堂是动的,是活的,是情景化的,也是富有个性的。而我在市公开课的教学过程中,唯恐课堂出现意外,使自己丢脸,以一连串的问题串控制着整个具体过程,课堂的凡事、凡物都在我的意料之中,掌控之内。没有了课堂的灵动,没有了学生的思维碰撞。而在本班的课堂教学过程中,蕴含了巨大的生命活力。学生发现了这么多的结论,而“S△APE+S△BCP=S△PCE”这个结论的发现却是我没有预料到的,更没想到这个结论的发现会给课堂带来如此大的活力!学生通过叠合三角形、特殊值计算验证了三角形面积之间关系的这一猜想,发现了“计算”证明面积问题的简洁方法,通过操作联想到了作高这种添辅助线的方法,根据拼凑想到了割补法。而且这个结论的探究使其他几个结论轻而易举地解决。对中等及中下学生提供了一个很好的练习机会。

3、教师的作用。课堂上可能发生的一切,不是都能在备课时预测的。教学过程的真实推进及最终结果,更多由课的具体行进状态,以及教师当时处理问题的方式决定的。因此,一个教师尽管教同一门课,同一节内容,但在每堂课上所处的具体情况和经历的过程却并不相同,每一次都是唯一的、不可重复的、丰富而具体的综合。教师的创造才能、主导作用,正是在处理这些活的情境中得到发挥,这些活的情境向教师的智慧与能力提出一系列的挑战:当学生精神不振时,你能否使他振奋?当他过度兴奋时,你能否使他归于平静?当学生茫无头绪时,你能否给以启迪?当学生没有信心时,你能否唤起他的力量?你能否从学生的眼睛里读出愿望?你能否听出学生回答中的创造?你能否觉察出学生细微的进步与变化?你能否让学生明白自己的错误?你能否用不同的语言方式让学生感受关注?你能否使学生觉得你的精神脉搏与他们一起欢跳?你能否让学生的争论擦出思维的火花?你能否使学生在课堂上学会合作,感受和谐的欢愉、发现的惊喜?·······

把课堂还给学生,让课堂焕发生命活力!

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